bec_sv_H7,8,9_dec2010
瑞星杀毒2010序列号
瑞星杀毒2010序列号,瑞星杀毒2010激活码发布于:2009-12-24 10:52:33来源:本站整理阅读次数:本日:310 本周:4616 本月:17523 总数:79704TAG列表:瑞星瑞星杀毒瑞星2010激活码星2010正版序列号(适用瑞星杀毒软件2010版、瑞星个人防火墙2010版安装和升级使用)产品序列号:9HU11P-ACF88E-2J9JS1-P95200用户ID:4AD9DJJVSA43产品序列号:11EGH7-88BK49-R2E5SB-74D200用户ID:5A5YVJRE1C4S产品序列号:UPQ4D1-NE6938-DSU4RQ-4WE200用户ID:7AZAQBVM444P产品序列号:GPH0TR-T64876-N1PHSE-DH1300 用户ID:8A1I97S7NM4X产品序列号:P2B0DD-M0IP3B-DG93S7-M8D200 用户ID:5A4ZJV7UNC4R产品序列号:AQLDII-IMDBCK-KLWPSA-MEe200 用户ID:7AKFHDR7844D产品序列号:A0WGCU-2G7T37-8KB4SC-S45200 用户ID:4A1ZG2YHD14C瑞星杀毒防火墙组合版(2010版)产品序列号:PWLT3Q-E6UDPV-BHNBSP-LSF200 用户ID:U2KMAM9ITVTU产品序列号:VFS8B0-WGVPRP-7TN1S8-8EF200 用户ID:7NP15KBE7L4G瑞星全功能安全软件2010版序列号(可以激活瑞星全功能安全软件2010正式版/ 下载版/ 上网本专用版)序列号:PRR56H-66N19K-QHSPRV-HU2300用户ID:DRCXRCZNQCQ4G序列号:B6108W-2QL827-PM4ES3-5D3300 用户ID :DRAC1PWV5QR4Z序列号:CBU057-32V819-8PQIS5-242300 用户ID:DRCR1LA6KKQ4S序列号:81SH12-20FT88-0GDVRW-MJ2300 用户ID:DRC31T6CL5Q4Y序列号:PA97MQ-M2J9UM-UGRPRI-7L2300 用户ID:DRC1BSK56GQ4L序列号:THW4FK-W4EQ3U-NQDMRL-4A2300 用户ID:DRC38J5ZKEQ4W瑞星杀毒软件2010版序列号(可以激活瑞星杀毒软件2010正式版/ 下载版/ 上网本专用版)序列号:FBJR0W-SRVEG7-EVVMS6-JL4300 用户ID:W5DBWLMK2SGI序列号:9HVILI-IBFLDC-KJEMRR-EB1300 用户ID:W6R71LYPDAIC序列号:VUSBRC-FMES6J-3UIFS6-PT5200 用户ID:W2PC4VRZFZ4D序列号:9BV5ME-IFWGLJ-KITVSB-9B1300 用户ID:W17I4GVQYTD1序列号: A7GMKR-2GT4D6-GK24S8-9GD200 用户ID:W2C2KYEMJ3UX序列号:twhgm4-n2tduh-5qj7rm-06d200 用户ID:4h476397qb4p序列号:DTRVAG-SA6MAK-6SLNRN-ASD200 用户ID:4HWKC868AB4X 序列号:4P0SFP-H7073V-49RCRQ-K8E200 用户ID:W2VDSV6M2HX7序列号:AN09UI-IGP3NC-KL34S4-UDD200 用户ID:W53VSSXDEESC瑞星防火墙2010序列号产品序列号:TIMDQ9-F4LJEA-BQF1SK-115200 用户ID:4AADPWD7WA48产品序列号:080K3M-02050U-G0PVSC-AJE200 用户ID:6A94GZSK6F4R产品序列号:V82KPB-FG0VY2-STTTRQ-H11300 用户ID:8NFWH1NC4N4T产品序列号:KM8JBJ-57I62T-Q931RW-65E200 用户ID:8NYA36KBX54K产品序列号:us9k4h-werd14-fsr1sa-ime200用户ID:7aeu9fv7w44q瑞星序列号:VQ33AK-7M8PRL-1UVIS0-N6E200 ID:7ANACUSKG44R瑞星序列号:9A7UEK-AAHWBL-2IUHS3-SB5200 ID:4AIYCDUGPA4N瑞星序列号:T1BULQ-70AWDE-9P90SF-7TD200 ID:RB2NA22T瑞星序列号:5abrv3-qaivng-vawds7-5sd200 ID:5a71lg9jeb4z瑞星序列号:T1BULQ-70AWDE-9P90SF-7TD200 ID:RB2NA22T瑞星序列号:twhgm4-n2tduh-5qj7rm-06d200 ID:4h476397qb4p瑞星序列号:92Q40U-R9M8P7-EIFUSA-PI5200 ID:4hcph47tpb4x瑞星序列号:77PUHE-QPV6KB-ME6JS3-KM5200 ID:W15CF5MCFWRQ瑞星序列号:EK72D3-3K1QB8-PU7CRM-F1D200 ID:W2BDX2HW66TI瑞星序列号:DTRVAG-SA6MAK-6SLNRN-ASD200 ID:4HWKC868AB4X正版瑞星序列号:n2ljm5-5plcuh-9ef1s9-fg5200 ID:4azaqw5tpa4y正版瑞星序列号:CPDP7N-J63E1U-TQS0RK-5BD200 ID:5AGCC5UIVB4NHVNDIT-TFNBCN-N3KCS0-8J4300 CRC1LEJRZ9R46JMKTMU-TUNN5N-W74BS0-234300 CRCBAETRZAR4DJVKCIU-TWNJ4N-W7KAS0-3J4300 CRCCXEVRZRR4N76L6VI-HQNQNK-4E48S2-H24300 CRC26EXRZCR417VLMII-HWNUKK-4FK9S2-II4300 CRCDIEURZ7R4Z1MI5MH-GDM1DK-T346S2-C24300 CRCEYE1RZUR4W 1VILIH-GFM5CK-T3K7S2-DI4300 CRCFGE4RZ8R4C66J6EG-HHM9JK-KC44S2-J24300 CRC3WEYRZ5R4J 7VJMIG-HW MDKK-KFK5S2-KI4300 CRCGZEXRZCR4D 1MG5MH-GDMHDK-T342S2-E24300 CRCHBEYRZ6R4L 1VGLIH-GFMLCK-T3K3S2-FI4300 CRC4GEXRZ3R4V 16H5VI-G9MQFK-4240S2-D24300 CRCIUE5RZ4R4U1VHLII-GFMUCK-43K1S2-EI4300 CRCJSEWRZ9R4X FME2MU-JUH0LN-TW5VS3-824300 CRCK7EKRZJR4D FVEIIU-JWH4KN-TWLWS3-9I4300 CRC54E4RZAR4KE6F2ET-JHH8JN-KT5TS3-F24300 CRCL8EXRZBR429VFHIT-IFHCCN-KJLUS3-GI4300 CRCM1E1RZVR4K FMC2MU-JUHGLN-TW5RS3-A24300 CRC6JENRZYR4I FVCIIU-JWHKKN-TWLSS3-BI4300 CRCNDEPRZCR4L B6D0VR-IQHP7M-4M5PS3-Q24300 CRCP5E2RZIR4J BVDGIR-IWHT4M-4NLQS3-RI4300 CRCQ9EYRZJR41 9MA1MQ-IDG0DM-TJ5MS3-K24300 CRC7BEVRZYR4U 9VAHIQ-IFG4CM-TJLNS3-LI4300 CRCRQEWRZWR41 A6B0EP-IHG83M-KK5KS3-S24300 CRCSXEDRZBR4X BVBGIP-IWGC4M-KNLLS3-TI4300 CRC8BEMRZ9R4J 9M81MQ-IDGGDM-TJ5IS3-M24300 CRCTVEXRZKR4I 9V8HIQ-IFGKCM-TJLJS3-NI4300 CRCUZESRZXR4J 9691VR-I9GPFM-4I5GS3-L24300 CRC9JE3RZIR449V9HIR-IFGTCM-4JLHS3-MI4300 CRCVCETRZXR4I BM60MU-IUJ05N-TN5ES3-G24300 CRCW2ERRZQR4G BV6GIU-IWJ44N-TNLFS3-HI4300 CRCXPETRZBR4AA670ET-IHJ83N-KK5CS3-N24300 CRCY4EYRZQR4J9V7HIT-IFJCCN-KJLDS3-PI4300 CRCZLE2RZQR4BBM40MU-IUJG5N-TN5AS3-I24300 CRCAKFHRZCR4Z BV4GIU-IWJK4N-TNLBS3-JI4300 CRC1DF1RZJR4R 7636U1-HQI9N8-TE54SV-1W4300 CRCBLFBRZMR4D QE4QQ2-6BJME8-1ILBSU-WF4300 CRCCYF2RZDR4X QM49L2-MDJID8-5J5ASU-TW4300 CRC2RFDRZPR4E QE5QQ2-6BJVE8-1IL9SU-VF4300 CRCDPF8RZ3R4I 6656D3-HHJQJ8-CC58SV-3W4300 CRCEVFPRZVR4Z 6E6M92-1JJ5I8-0CLFSV-1F4300 CRCFQFQRZYR46 QM69L2-MDJ2D8-5J5ESU-VW4300 CRC3ZFYRZ2R4T 6E7M92-1JJDI8-0CLDSV-0F4300 CRCGCFIRZDR4IQ679U1-M9JAF8-UI5CSU-UW4300 CRCHRFWRZWR4K FFPIQV-3STKMF-0VMJSV-SF4300 CRC4UFTRZSR4T FNP2LV-JUTGLF-4W6ISV-PW4300 CRCIRFPRZZR4Z FFQIQV-3STTMF-0VMHSV-RF4300 CRCJ1FPRZAR42 E7Q2DW-JHTPJF-CT6GSV-WW4300 CRCKKFJRZZR4G EFRI9V-3JT4IF-0TMNSV-UF4300 CRC5AFVRZKR48 FNR2LV-JUT0LF-4W6MSV-RW4300 CRCLKFFRZRR4G EFSI9V-3JTCIF-0TMLSV-TF4300 CRCMEF5RZVR4537S4UQ-GQT97E-T66KSW-9W4300 CRC6VFZRZ8R4Q 1FTLQR-0BULEE-02MSSW-7F4300 CRCN1FMRZ3R4W 1NT5LR-GDUHDE-436RSW-4W4300 CRCP1FFRZZR4G 1FULQR-0BUUEE-02MQSW-6F4300 CRCQIFCRZ1R4H 27U4DS-GHUQ3E-C46PSW-BW4300 CRC7YFPRZBR4U 2FVK9R-0JU52E-04MWSW-9F4300 CRCRYFNRZRR4U 1NV5LR-GDU1DE-436VSW-6W4300 CRCS7FHRZXR4Z 2FWK9R-0JUD2E-04MUSW-8F4300 CRC89FBRZDR4Z17W5UQ-G9U9FE-T26TSW-5W4300 CRCTYFPRZDR44 3FGKQV-0SVL6F-06M3SW-3F4300 CRCU1F2RZKR4I3NG4LV-GUVH5F-4762SW-0W4300 CRC97FIRZ8R4N3FHKQV-0SVU6F-06M1SW-2F4300 CRCVZF1RZAR4Y 27H4DW-GHVQ3F-C460SW-7W4300 CRCW4FMRZIR4B 2FIK9V-0JV52F-04M7SW-5F4300 CRCXWF6RZKR4S3NI4LV-GUV15F-4766SW-2W4300 CRCYQF6RZZR452FJK9V-0JVD2F-04M5SW-4F4300 CRCZ5F1RZSR4AN7JEUH-LQVBNC-UE64SU-HW4300 CRCA93CRZ4R41 HFKUQI-4BWNEC-12MBSU-FF4300 CRC1G3JRZWR4F HNKDLI-KDWJDC-536ASU-CW4300 CRCBK3GRZJR4I HFLUQI-4BWWEC-12M9SU-EF4300 CRCC33FRZNR42 M7LEDJ-LHWSJC-DC68SU-JW4300 CRC253JRZYR4P MFMV9I-5JW7IC-1CMFSU-HF4300 CRCD336RZGR4L HNMDLI-KDW3DC-536ESU-EW4300 CRCED3FRZAR4F MFNV9I-5JWFIC-1CMDSU-GF4300 CRCFL3CRZDR46H7NDUH-K9WBFC-U26CSU-DW4300 CRC3K3RRZJR4H FF8IQV-3SPKMF-0VNJSV-BF4300 CRCGC3BRZHR45 FN82LV-JUPGLF-4W7ISV-8W4300 CRCH333RZ2R4F FF9IQV-3SPTMF-0VNHSV-AF4300 CRC4P3JRZIR4UE792DW-JHPPJF-CT7GSV-FW4300 CRCI33MRZ1R4Z EFAI9V-3JP4IF-0TNNSV-DF4300 CRCJJ3IRZXR4EFNA2LV-JUP0LF-4W7MSV-AW4300 CRCK33NRZFR4U EFBI9V-3JPCIF-0TNLSV-CF4300 CRC5G3BRZER4QB7B0UQ-IQP87E-TM7KSV-QW4300 CRCLQ37RZMR47 9FCHQR-2BQKEE-0INSSV-NF4300 CRCMX3ZRZ4R4C 9NC1LR-IDQGDE-4J7RSV-KW4300 CRC613NRZBR47 9FDHQR-2BQTEE-0INQSV-MF4300 CRCNK3IRZ1R41A7D0DS-IHQP3E-CK7PSV-SW4300 CRCPP3ERZ8R4RAFEG9R-2JQ42E-0KNWSV-QF4300 CRCQ83URZAR4U9NE1LR-IDQ0DE-4J7VSV-MW4300 CRC7S3XRZRR48AFFG9R-2JQC2E-0KNUSV-PF4300 CRCR33SRZ5R4G97F1UQ-I9Q8FE-TI7TSV-LW4300 CRCSJ34RZVR4PBF0GQV-2SRK6F-0MN3SV-JF4300 CRC8E3WRZQR4FBN00LV-IURG5F-4N72SV-GW4300 CRCTR36RZJR4FBF1GQV-2SRT6F-0MN1SV-IF4300 CRCUD3WRZGR4VA710DW-IHRP3F-CK70SV-NW4300 CRC953RRZ3R43AF2G9V-2JR42F-0KN7SV-LF4300 CRCV83PRZER4KBN20LV-IUR05F-4N76SV-IW4300 CRCW636RZQR4NAF3G9V-2JRC2F-0KN5SV-KF4300 CRCX93URZPR46N74VU2-DQSNN8-3E7BSH-1G4300 CRCY63ZRZNR4R88。
英文缩写
和老外聊天、发邮件常用英语缩写邮件里常用的四个英文缩写CC,FYI,ASAP,RESEND1. CC=Carbon copy 抄送2. FYI=for your reference 供你参考3. ASAP=as soon as possible 尽快4. RESEND! 重传数字:2 = to/too2B or not 2B = To be or not to be4 = for4ever = foreverA:ASL = Age/Sex/LocationAFAIC = As Far As I’m ConcernedAFAIK = As Far As I KnowAMBW = All My Best WishesAOTS = All Of The SuddenASAFP = As Soon As "Friggin" PossibleASAP = As Soon As PossibleATST = At The Same TimeB:B4 = BeforeB4N = Bye For NowBBIAB = Be Back In A BitBBIAF = Be Back In A FewBBL = Be Back LaterBBN = Bye Bye NowBF = Boy friendBFD = Big Fing DealBFN = Bye For NowBHOF = Bald Headed Old FartBIF = Basis In FactBITD = Back In The DayBiz = BusinessBM = Byte MeBMOTA = Byte Me On The AssBNF = Big Name FanBOHICA = Bend Over Here It Comes Again BOM=bill of material 材料清单BR = Best regardsBRB = Be Right BackBRT = Be Right ThereBS = Big SmileBT = Byte ThisBTDT = Been There Done ThatBTSOOM = Beats The Sh Out Of MeBTW = By The WayBTWBO = Be There With Bells OnBWDIK = But What Do I Know?BWO = Black, White or OtherC:Cam = Web CameraCIAO = Goodbye (in Italian)CID = Consider It DoneCIS = CompuServe Information ServiceCMF = Count My FingersCof$ = Church of ScientologyCRAFT = Can’t Remember A Fing Thing CRAWS = Can’t Remember Anything Wor th A Sh CSL = Can’t Stop LaughingCTC = Choaking The ChickenCU = See YouCUL/CYL/CUL8R = See You LaterCWYL = Chat With You LaterCYA = Cover Your AssD:DBEYR = Don’t Believe Everything You ReadDD = Due DiligenceDDD = Direct Distance DialDETI = Don’t Even Think ItDGT = Don’t Go ThereDHYB = Don’t Hold Your BreathDIIK = Damned If I KnownDILLIGAD = Do I Look Like I Give A d\\amn DILLIGAS = Do I Look Like I Give A ShDKDC = Don’t Know Don’t CareDL = DownloadDLTM = Don’t Lie To MeDQYDJ = Don’t Quit You’re Day JobDRIB = Don’t Read If BusyDS = Dunce SmileyDYSTSOTT = Did You See The Size Of That ThingE:EG = Evil GrinEOM = End Of MessageESO = Equipment Smarter than OperatorF:F2F/FTF = Face To FaceFAQ = Frequently Asked QuestionFBKS = Failure Between Keyboard and SeatFE = For Example/Fatal ErrorFF&PN = Fresh Fields And Pastures NewFOAF = Friend Of A FriendFTASB = Faster Than A Speeding BulletFT = FaintFTL = Faster Than LightFTTB = For The Time BeingFUBAR = Fed Up Beyond All RecognitionFUBB = Fed Up Beyond BeliefFUD = (Spreading) Fear, Uncertainty, and Disinformation FWIW = For What It’s WorthFYA = For Your AmusementFYI = For Your InformationFYM = For Your MisinformationG:G2G = Got To GoG8T/GR8 = GreatGAL = Get A LifeGDGD = Good,GoodGF = girlfriendGG = Good Game/Gotta GoGIGO = Garbage In, Garbage OutGIWIST = Gee, I Wish I’d Said ThatGL = Good LuckGLYASDI = God Loves You And So Do IGMTA = Great Minds Think AlikeGNBLFY = Got Nothing But Love For YouGR&D = Grinning Running And DuckingGRRRR = "Growling"GSOAS = Go Sit On A SnakeGTG = Got To GoGTGB = Got To Go, ByeGTGP = Got To Go PeeGTH = Go To HellGTSY = Glad To See YaGYPO = Get Your Pants OffBE A QUEEN.H:HAGO = Have A Good OneHAK = Hugs And KissesHB = Hurry BackHD = HoldHHO1/2K = Ha Ha, Only Half Kidding HHOK = Ha Ha, Only KiddingHIOOC = Help! I’m Out Of CoffeeHowz = How isHTH = Hope This (That) HelpsHUA = Heads Up AceHUYA = Head Up Your AI:IAC = In Any CaseIAE = In Any EventIANAC = I Am Not A CrookIANAL = I Am Not A LawyerIBT = In Between TechnologyIBTD = I Beg To DifferIC = I See/In CharacterIDGAF = I Don’t Give A FIDGI = I Don’t Get ItIDK = I Don’t KnowIDKY = I Don’t Know YouIDST = I Didn’t Say ThatIDTS = I Don’t Think SoIFAB = I Found A BugIFU = I Fed UpIGGP = I Gotta Go PeeIIIO = Intel Inside, Idiot OutsideIIMAD = If It Makes An(y) DifferenceIIRC = If I Remember CorrectlyIIWM = If It Were MeILICISCOMK = I Laughed, I Cried, I Spat/Spilt Coffee/Crumbs/Coke On My Keyboard ILY = I Love YouIMHO = In My Humble OpinionIMNSHO = In My Not So Humble OpinionIMO = In My OpinionINMP = It’s Not My ProblemINPO = In No Particular OrderIOH = I’m Outta HereIOW = In Other WordsIRL = In Real LifeISS = I Said SoITM = In The MoneyIYKWIM = If You Know What I MeanIYSS = If You Say SoJ:J/C = Just CheckingJ/K = Just Kidding!J/W = Just WonderingJAFO = Just Another Fing OnlookerK:K/KK = OK/OK, OKKFY = Kiss For YouKISS = Keep It Simple StupidKIT = Keep In TouchKMA = Kiss My AssKWIM = Know What I MeanKX = kissKYPO = Keep Your Pants OnL:L8R = LaterLD = Long DistanceLDTTWA = Let’s Do The Time Warp Again LLTA = Lots And Lots Of Thunderous Applause LMAO = Laughing My Ass OffLMK = Let Me KnowLOL = Laughing Out Loud/Lots Of Luck(Love) LTIC = Laughing ’Til I CryLTNS = Long Time No SeeLYL = Love Ya LotsLYLAS = Love You Like A SisterM:M8T = MateMHOTY = My Hat’s Off To YouMM = Market MakerMorF = Male or Female?MOTD = Message Of The DayMOTSS = Members Of The Same Sex MTFBWY = May The Force Be With You MWBRL = More Will Be Revealed Later MYOB = Mind Your Own BusinessN:N = And/Know/NowNAK = Nursing At KeyboardNAZ = Name, Address, Zip (also means Nasdaq) NBD = No Big DealNBIF = No Basis In FactNFI = No Fing IdeaNFW = No Fing WayNIFOC = Nude In Front Of The ComputerNM = Never MindNMP = Not My ProblemNMU = Nothing Much YouNOYB = None Of Your BusinessNP = No ProblemNQOCD = Not Quite Our Class DearNRG = EnergyNRN = No Reply NecessaryNYCFS = New York City Finger SaluetO:OAUS = On An Unrelated SubjectOBTW = Oh, By The WayOIC = Oh, I SeeOICU = Oh, I See YouOMDB = Over My Dead BodyOMG = Oh My God/Oh My GoshOMIK = Open Mouth, Insert KeyboardONNA = Oh No, Not AgainOOC = Out Of CharacterOOTB = Out Of The Box/Out Of The BlueOT = Off TopicOTOH = On The Other HandOWTTE = Or Words To That EffectOZ = stands for "Australia"P:PEBCAK = Problem Exists Between Chair And Keyboard PEM = Privacy Enhanced MailPic = PicturePIMP = Peeing In My PantsPITA = Pain In The AssPLS/PLZ = PleasePMFJI = Pardon Me For Jumping InPO = Piss Off/product order/purchase orderPOS = Parents Over ShoulderPOV = Point Of ViewPPL = PeoplePro = ProfessionalPS = By The Way/PhotoshopS:SS:spring/summerT:TAH = Take A HikeTANSTAAFL = There Ain’t No Such Thing As A Free Lunch TARFU = Things Are Really Fed UpTDTM = Talk Dirty To MeTEOTWAWKI = The End Of The World As We Know It TFN = Thanks For Nothin’THX/TX/THKS = ThanksTIA = Thanks In AdvanceTIAIL = Think I Am In LoveTIC = Tongue In CheekTKS/TKX=ThanksTLA = Three Letter AcronymTLGO = The List Goes OnTM = Trust MeTMI = Too Much InformationTMTOWTDI = There’s More Than One Way To Do It TPTB = The Powers That BeTSR = Totally Stuck in RAMTTFN = Ta Ta For NowTTT = That’s The Ticket/To The TopTTUL/TTYL = Talk To You LaterTWHAB = This Won’t Hurt A BitTY = Thank YouTYVM = Thank You Very MuchU:U = YouUR = YourU R = You areunPC = unPolitically CorrectURYY4M = You Are Too Wise For MeV:VFM = Values For MoneyVG = Very GoodW:WAG = Wild Ass GuessWAI = What An IdiotWB = Welcome BackWCA = Who Cares AnywayWDYS = What Did You Say?WDYT = What Do You Think?WE = WhateverWEG = Wicked Evil GrinWG = Wicked GrinWGAFF = Who Gives A Flying FWIIFM = What’s In It For Me?WIT = Wordsmith In TrainingWITFITS = What in the F is this ShWOG = Wise Old GuyWot/Wut = WhatWRT = With Respect To/With Regard To WTF = What The FWTG = Way To Go!WTSDS = Where The Sun Don’t Shine WYMM = Will You Marry MeWYP = What’s Your Problem?WYRN = What’s Your Rea l Name?WYS = Whatever You SayWYSIWYG = What You See Is What You Get WYT = Whatever You ThinkX:X U = Kiss YouY:Y = WhyYa = YouYA = Yet AnotherYAFIYGI = You Asked For It You Got It YDKM = You Don’t Know MeYep/Yup = YesYGBK = You Gotta Be Kiddin’YMMV = Your Mileage May VaryYNK = You Never KnowYOYO = You’re On Your OwnYR = Yeah, RightYSYD = Yeah, Sure You DoYTTT = You Telling The Truth? YYSSW = Yeah Yeah Sure Sure Whatever。
U-SOP8.TSSOP8.PSOP8.PPAK Series-Epoxy-HF-CE_2010_34996-2010-03-24
:::::===========================================================================================:The following sample(s)was/were submitted and identified by/on behalf of the client as:B,GBM PARK,YUE YUEN INDUSTRIAL ESTATE,HUANG JIANG ZHEN,DONG GUAN CITY,GUANG DONG PROVINCE,CHINASEMICONDUCTORIC SAMPLE (SOP SERIES:SOP8/PSOP8/TSSOP8/PPAK)No.:CE/2010/34996Date :2010/03/24Page :1of 7Test Report*CE/2010/34996*GREAT TEAM BACKEND FOUNDRY (DONG GUAN),LTD.SOP SERIES (EPOXY &GREEN COMPOUND):1.CHIP 2.LEAD FRAME:A1943.EPOXY:84-1L &84-3LV &8360&9888&EN4900 4.WIRE:AU /AL /CU POUND:G600FB /G600KA /G8300/8240/9240/G680 6.PLATE Sample Description Style/Item No.Other Info.2010/03/172010/03/17TO 2010/03/24Please refer to next page(s).Sample Receiving Date Testing PeriodTestResult(s)Unless otherwise stated the results shown in this test report refer only to the sample(s) tested. This test report cannot be reproduced, except in full, without prior written permission of the Company.This Test Report is issued by the Company under its General Conditions of Service printed overleaf or available on request and accessible at /terms_and_conditions.htm. Attention is drawn to the limitation of liability, indemnification and jurisdiction issues defined therein. Any holder of this Test Report is advised that information contained hereon reflects the Company’s findings at the time of its intervention only and within the limits of Client’s instructions, if any. The Company’s sole responsibility is to its Client and this document does not exonerate parties to a transactionTest Result(s):Result NO.1mg/kg With reference to IEC 62321:2008and performed by ICP-AES.2n.d.mg/kg With reference to IEC 62321:2008and performed by ICP-AES.2n.d.mg/kg With reference to IEC 62321:2008and performed by ICP-AES.2n.d.mg/kgWith reference to IEC 62321:2008and performed by UV-VIS.2n.d.-n.d.5n.d.5n.d.5n.d.5n.d.5n.d.5n.d.5n.d.5n.d.5n.d.5n.d.-n.d.5n.d.5n.d.5n.d.5n.d.5n.d.5n.d.5n.d.5n.d.5n.d.5n.d.Pentabromobiphenyl Monobromobiphenyl Hexabromobiphenyl Heptabromobiphenyl Octabromobiphenyl Nonabromobiphenyl Decabromobiphenyl Cadmium (Cd)Lead (Pb)Test Item (s):PART NAME NO.1Sum of PBDEsMDL MethodUnit mg/kgWith reference to IEC 62321:2008and performed by GC/MS.MIXED ALL PARTSNonabromodiphenyl ether Decabromodiphenyl etherPentabromodiphenyl ether Hexabromodiphenyl ether Heptabromodiphenyl ether Octabromodiphenyl ether Monobromodiphenyl ether Dibromodiphenyl ether Tribromodiphenyl ether Tetrabromodiphenyl ether Test ReportNo.:CE/2010/34996Date :2010/03/24Page :2of 7GREAT TEAM BACKEND FOUNDRY (DONG GUAN),LTD.*CE/2010/34996*B,GBM PARK,YUE YUEN INDUSTRIAL ESTATE,HUANG JIANG ZHEN,DONG GUAN CITY,GUANG DONG PROVINCE,CHINA Tribromobiphenyl Tetrabromobiphenyl Mercury (Hg)Hexavalent Chromium Cr(VI)by alkaline extraction Sum of PBBsDibromobiphenyl Unless otherwise stated the results shown in this test report refer only to the sample(s) tested. This test report cannot be reproduced, except in full, without prior written permission of the Company.This Test Report is issued by the Company under its General Conditions of Service printed overleaf or available on request and accessible at /terms_and_conditions.htm. Attention is drawn to the limitation of liability, indemnification and jurisdiction issues defined therein. Any holder of this Test Report is advised that information contained hereon reflects the Company’s findings at the time of its intervention only and within the limits of Client’s instructions, if any. The Company’s sole responsibility is to its Client and this document does not exonerate parties to a transactionResult NO.1mg/kg With reference to BS EN 14582:2007.Analysis was performed by IC.50n.d.mg/kg With reference to BS EN 14582:2007.Analysis was performed by IC.50n.d.mg/kg With reference to BS EN 14582:2007.Analysis was performed by IC.50n.d.mg/kgWith reference to BS EN 14582:2007.Analysis was performed by IC.50n.d.1.2.3.4.5.The sample(s)was/were analyzed on behalf of the applicant as mixing sample in one testing.The above result(s)was/were only given as the informality value.B,GBM PARK,YUE YUEN INDUSTRIAL ESTATE,HUANG JIANG ZHEN,DONG GUAN CITY,GUANG DONG PROVINCE,CHINANote :n.d.=Not Detectedmg/kg =ppm ;0.1wt%=1000ppm MDL =Method Detection Limit "-"=Not RegulatedHalogen-Chlorine (Cl)(CAS No.:022537-15-1)Halogen-Bromine (Br)(CAS No.:010097-32-2)Halogen-Iodine (I)(CAS No.:014362-44-8)HalogenHalogen-Fluorine (F)(CAS No.:014762-94-8)Test Item (s):Unit MethodMDL Test ReportNo.:CE/2010/34996Date :2010/03/24Page :3of 7GREAT TEAM BACKEND FOUNDRY (DONG GUAN),LTD.*CE/2010/34996*Unless otherwise stated the results shown in this test report refer only to the sample(s) tested. This test report cannot be reproduced, except in full, without prior written permission of the Company.This Test Report is issued by the Company under its General Conditions of Service printed overleaf or available on request and accessible at /terms_and_conditions.htm. Attention is drawn to the limitation of liability, indemnification and jurisdiction issues defined therein. Any holder of this Test Report is advised that information contained hereon reflects the Company’s findings at the time of its intervention only and within the limits of Client’s instructions, if any. The Company’s sole responsibility is to its Client and this document does not exonerate parties to a transactionTest Report No.:CE/2010/34996Date:2010/03/24Page:4of7GREAT TEAM BACKEND FOUNDRY(DONG GUAN),LTD.*CE/2010/34996* B,GBM PARK,YUE YUEN INDUSTRIAL ESTATE,HUANG JIANG ZHEN,DONG GUAN CITY,GUANGDONG PROVINCE,CHINAUnless otherwise stated the results shown in this test report refer only to the sample(s) tested. This test report cannot be reproduced, except in full, without prior written permission of the Company.This Test Report is issued by the Company under its General Conditions of Service printed overleaf or available on request and accessible at /terms_and_conditions.htm. Attentionis drawn to the limitation of liability, indemnification and jurisdiction issues defined therein. Any holder of this Test Report is advised that information contained hereon reflects the Company’s findingsat the time of its intervention only and within the limits of Client’s instructions, if any. The Company’s sole responsibility is to its Client and this document does not exonerate parties to a transactionNo.:CE/2010/34996Date :2010/03/24Page :5of 7*CE/2010/34996*Test ReportGREAT TEAM BACKEND FOUNDRY (DONG GUAN),LTD.B,GBM PARK,YUE YUEN INDUSTRIAL ESTATE,HUANG JIANG ZHEN,DONG GUAN CITY,GUANG DONG PROVINCE,CHINAUnless otherwise stated the results shown in this test report refer only to the sample(s) tested. This test report cannot be reproduced, except in full, without prior written permission of the Company.This Test Report is issued by the Company under its General Conditions of Service printed overleaf or available on request and accessible at /terms_and_conditions.htm. Attention is drawn to the limitation of liability, indemnification and jurisdiction issues defined therein. Any holder of this Test Report is advised that information contained hereon reflects the Company’s findings at the time of its intervention only and within the limits of Client’s instructions, if any. The Company’s sole responsibility is to its Client and this document does not exonerate parties to a transactionTest ReportNo.:CE/2010/34996Date:2010/03/24Page:6of7GREAT TEAM BACKEND FOUNDRY(DONG GUAN),LTD.*CE/2010/34996* B,GBM PARK,YUE YUEN INDUSTRIAL ESTATE,HUANG JIANG ZHEN,DONG GUAN CITY,GUANGDONG PROVINCE,CHINAUnless otherwise stated the results shown in this test report refer only to the sample(s) tested. This test report cannot be reproduced, except in full, without prior written permission of the Company.This Test Report is issued by the Company under its General Conditions of Service printed overleaf or available on request and accessible at /terms_and_conditions.htm. Attentionis drawn to the limitation of liability, indemnification and jurisdiction issues defined therein. Any holder of this Test Report is advised that information contained hereon reflects the Company’s findingsat the time of its intervention only and within the limits of Client’s instructions, if any. The Company’s sole responsibility is to its Client and this document does not exonerate parties to a transactionNo.:CE/2010/34996Date :2010/03/24Page :7of 7**End of Report **GREAT TEAM BACKEND FOUNDRY (DONG GUAN),LTD.*CE/2010/34996*B,GBM PARK,YUE YUEN INDUSTRIAL ESTATE,HUANG JIANG ZHEN,DONG GUAN CITY,GUANG DONG PROVINCE,CHINATestReportUnless otherwise stated the results shown in this test report refer only to the sample(s) tested. This test report cannot be reproduced, except in full, without prior written permission of the Company.This Test Report is issued by the Company under its General Conditions of Service printed overleaf or available on request and accessible at /terms_and_conditions.htm. Attention is drawn to the limitation of liability, indemnification and jurisdiction issues defined therein. Any holder of this Test Report is advised that information contained hereon reflects the Company’s findings at the time of its intervention only and within the limits of Client’s instructions, if any. The Company’s sole responsibility is to its Client and this document does not exonerate parties to a transaction。
Ovation I O Reference Manual
This publication adds the Eight Channel RTD module to the Ovation I/O Reference Manual. It should be placed between Sections 19 and 20.Date: 04/03IPU No.243Ovation ® Interim Publication UpdatePUBLICATION TITLEOvation I/O Reference ManualPublication No. R3-1150Revision 3, March 2003Section 19A. Eight Channel RTDModule19A-1. DescriptionThe Eight (8) channel RTD module is used to convert inputs from Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) to digital data. The digitized data is transmitted to the Controller.19A-2. Module Groups19A-2.1. Electronics ModulesThere is one Electronics module group for the 8 channel RTD Module:n5X00119G01 converts inputs for all ranges and is compatible only with Personality module 5X00121G01 (not applicable for CE Mark certified systems).19A-2.2. Personality ModulesThere is one Personality module groups for the 8 channel RTD Module:n5X00121G01 converts inputs for all ranges and is compatible only with Electronics module 5x00119G01 (not applicable for CE Mark certified systems).19A-2.3. Module Block Diagram and Field Connection WiringDiagramThe Ovation 8 Channel RTD module consists of two modules an electronics module contains a logic printed circuit board (LIA) and a printed circuit board (FTD). The electronics module is used in conjunction with a personalty module, which contains a single printed circuit board (PTD). The block diagram for the 8 channel RTD moduleis shown in Figure 19A-1.Table 19A-1. 8 Channel RTD Module Subsystem ChannelsElectronic Module Personality Module85X00119G015X00121G01Figure 19A-1. 8 Channel RTD Module Block Diagram and Field Connection Wiring Diagram19A-3. SpecificationsElectronics Module (5X00119)Personality Module (5X00121)Table 19A-2. 8 Channel RTD Module SpecificationsDescription ValueNumber of channels8Sampling rate50 HZ mode: 16.67/sec. normally. In 3 wire mode, leadresistance measurement occurs once every 6.45 sec.during which the rate drops to 3/sec.60 HZ mode: 20/sec. normally. In 3 wire mode, leadresistance measurement occurs once every 6.45 sec.during which the rate drops to 2/sec.Self Calibration Mode: Occurs on demand only. The ratedrops to 1/sec. once during each self calibration cycle.RTD ranges Refer to Table 19A-3.Resolution12 bitsGuaranteed accuracy (@25°C)0.10% ±[0.045 (Rcold/Rspan)]% ± [((Rcold + Rspan)/4096 OHM)]% ± [0.5 OHM/Rspan]% ±10 m V ± 1/2LSBwhere:Rcold and Rspan are in Ohms.Temperature coefficient 10ppm/°CDielectric isolation:Channel to channel Channel to logic 200V AC/DC 1000 V AC/DCInput impedance100 M OHM50 K OHM in power downModule power 3.6 W typical; 4.2 W maximumOperating temperature range0 to 60°C (32°F to 140°F)Storage temperature range-40°C to 85°C (-40°F to 185°F)Humidity (non-condensing)0 to 95%Self Calibration On Demand by Ovation ControllerCommon Mode Rejection120 dB @ DC and nominal power line frequency+/- 1/2%Normal Mode Rejection100 dB @ DC and nominal power line frequency+/- 1/2%Table 19A-3. 8 Channel RTD RangesScale #(HEX)Wires Type Tempo FTempo CRcold(ohm)Rhot(ohm)Excitationcurrent(ma)Accuracy± ±countsAccuracy± ±% ofSPAN1310OhmPL0 to1200–18 t o6496106.3 1.090.222310OhmCU 0 to302–18 t o1508.516.5 1.0 130.32D350OhmCU 32 to2840 to1405080 1.0110.2711350OhmCU 32 to2300 to1105378 1.0120.30193100Ohm PL –4 to334–16 t o16892163.671.0110.27223100Ohm PL 32 to5200 to269100200 1.0100.25233100Ohm PL 32 to10400 to561100301 1.0100.25253120Ohm NI –12 t o464–11 t o240109360 1.0100.25263120Ohm NI 32 to1500 to70120170 1.0130.32283120Ohm NI 32 to2780 to122120225 1.0110.27804100Ohm PL 32 to5440 to290100 208 1.0100.25814100Ohm PL 356 t o446180 t o230168 186 1.0300.74824200Ohm PL 32 to6980 to370200 473 1.0120.30834200Ohm PL 514 t o648268 t o342402452 1.0290.71844100Ohm PL 32 to1240 to51100120 1.0190.47854100Ohm PL 32 to2170 to103100 140 1.0130.3286 4100Ohm PL 32 to4120 to211100 180 1.0110.27874100Ohm PL 32 to7140 to379100 240 1.0100.25884120Ohm PL 511 t o662266 t o350200230 1.0240.5919A-4. 8 Channel RTD Terminal Block Wiring Information19A-4.1. Systems Using Personality Module 5X00121G01 Each Personality module has a simplified wiring diagram label on its side, which appears above the terminal block. This diagram indicates how the wiring from the field is to beconnected to the terminal block in the base unit. The following table lists and defines the abbreviations used in this diagram.Table 19A-4. Abbreviations Used in the DiagramAbbreviation Definition+IN, -IN Positive and negative sense input connectionEarth ground terminal. Used for landing shields when the shield is to begrounded at the module.PS+, PS-Auxiliary power supply terminals.RTN Return for current source connection.SH Shield connector. used for landing shields when the shield is to begrounded at the RTD.SRC Current source connection.Note:PS+ and PS- are not used by this module.19A-5. 8 Channel RTD Module Address Locations19A-5.1. Configuration and Status RegisterWord address 13 (D in Hex) is used for both module configuration and module status. The Module Status Register has both status and diagnostic information. The bit information contained within these words is shown in Table 19A-5.Definitions for the Configuration/Module Status Register bits:Bit 0:This bit configures the module (write) or indicates the configuration state of the module (read). A “1” indicates that the module is configured. Note that until the module is configured, reading from addresses #0 through #11 (B in Hex) will produce an attention status.Bit 1:This bit (write “1”) forces the module into the error state, resulting in the error LED being lit. The read of bit “1” indicates that there is an internal module error,or the controller has forced the module into the error state. The state of this bit is always reflected by the module’s Internal Error LED. Whenever this bit is set,an attention status is returned to the controller when address #0 through #11(B in Hex) are read.Table 19A-5. 8 Channel RTD Configuration/Status Register (Address 13 0xD in Hex)Bit Data Description -Configuration Register (Write)Data Description -Status Register (Read)0Configure Module Module Configured(1 = configured; 0 = unconfigured)1Force errorInternal or forced error(1 = forced error; 0 = no forced error)250/60 Hz select (0 = 60Hz, 1 = 50Hz)50/60 Hz System (1 = 50Hz) d(read back)3SELF_CAL (Initiates Self Calibration)Warming bit (set during power up or configuration)40050060Module Not Calibrated 708CH.1 _ 3/4 Wire.CH.1 _ 3/4 Wire - Configuration (read back)9CH.2 _ 3/4 Wire.CH.2 _ 3/4 Wire - Configuration (read back)10CH.3 _ 3/4 Wire.CH.3 _ 3/4 Wire - Configuration (read back)11CH.4 _ 3/4 Wire.CH.4 _ 3/4 Wire - Configuration (read back)12CH.5 _ 3/4 Wire.CH.5 _ 3/4 Wire - Configuration (read back)13CH.6 _ 3/4 Wire.CH.6 _ 3/4 Wire - Configuration (read back)14CH.7 _ 3/4 Wire.CH.7 _ 3/4 Wire - Configuration (read back)15CH.8 _ 3/4 Wire.CH.8 _ 3/4 Wire - Configuration (read back)Bit 2:The status of this bit (read) indicates the conversion rate of the module, write to this bit configures the conversion rate of A/D converters as shown below.see Table 19A-6.Bit3:Write: This bit is used to initiate self-calibration. Read: This bit indicates that the module is in the “Warming” state. this state exists after power up and ter-minates after 8.16 seconds. the module will be in the error condition during the warm up period.Bit4 & 5:These bits are not used and read as “0” under normal operation.Bit 6:This bit (read) is the result of a checksum test of the EEPROM. A failure of this test can indicate a bad EEPROM, but it typically indicates that the module has not been calibrated. A “0” indicates that there is no error condition. If an error is present, the internal error LED is lit and attention status will be returned for all address offsets 0-11 (0x0 - 0xB). The “1” state of this bit indicates an unre-coverable error condition in the field.Bit 7:This bits is not used and read as “0” under normal operation.Bit 8 - 15:These bits are used to configure channels 1 - 8 respectively for 3 or 4 wire op-eration. A “0” indicates 3 wire and a “1” indicates 4 wire operation, see Table 19A-7 and Table 19A-8).Word address 12 (0xC) is used to configure the appropriate scales for Channels 1 - 4 (refer to Table 19A-7 and Table 19A-8).Table 19A-6. Conversion Rate Conversion Rate (1/sec.)Bit 260 (for 60Hz systems)050 (for 50Hz systems)1Table 19A-7. Data Format for the Channel Scale Configuration Register(0xC)Bit Data Description Configuration (Write)Data Description Status (Read)0 Configure Channel #1scale - Bit 0Channel #1 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 01Configure Channel #1scale - Bit 1Channel #1 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 12Configure Channel #1scale - Bit 2Channel #1 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 23Configure Channel #1scale - Bit 3Channel #1 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 34Configure Channel #2 scale - Bit 0Channel #2 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 05Configure Channel #2 scale - Bit 1Channel #2 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 16Configure Channel #2 scale - Bit 2Channel #2 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 27Configure Channel #2 scale - Bit 3Channel #2 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 38Configure Channel #3 scale - Bit 0Channel #3 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 09Configure Channel #3 scale - Bit 1Channel #3 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 1Caution:Configuring any or all channel scales while the system is running will cause all channels to return attention status for up to two seconds following the reconfiguration.Caution:Configuring any or all channel scales while the system is running will cause all channels to return attention status for up to two seconds following the reconfiguration.10Configure Channel #3 scale - Bit 2Channel #3 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 211Configure Channel #3 scale - Bit 3Channel #3 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 312Configure Channel #4 scale - Bit 0Channel #4 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 013Configure Channel #4 scale - Bit 1Channel #4 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 114Configure Channel #4 scale - Bit 2Channel #4 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 215Configure Channel #4 scale - Bit 3Channel #4 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 3Table 19A-8. Data Format for the Channel Scale Configuration Register(0xE)Bit Data Description Configuration (Write)Data Description Status (Read)0 Configure Channel #5 scale - Bit 0Channel #5 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 01Configure Channel #5 scale - Bit 1Channel #5 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 12Configure Channel #5 scale - Bit 2Channel #5 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 23Configure Channel #5 scale - Bit 3Channel #5 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 34Configure Channel #6 scale - Bit 0Channel #6 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 05Configure Channel #6 scale - Bit 1Channel #6 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 16Configure Channel #6 scale - Bit 2Channel #6 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 27Configure Channel #6 scale - Bit 3Channel #6 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 38Configure Channel #7 scale - Bit 0Channel #7 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 09Configure Channel #7 scale - Bit 1Channel #7 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 110Configure Channel #7 scale - Bit 2Channel #7 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 211Configure Channel #7 scale - Bit 3Channel #7 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 312Configure Channel #8 scale - Bit 0Channel #8 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 013Configure Channel #8 scale - Bit 1Channel #8 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 114Configure Channel #8 scale - Bit 2Channel #8 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 215Configure Channel #8 scale - Bit 3Channel #8 scale configuration (read back) - Bit 3Table 19A-7. Data Format for the Channel Scale Configuration Register(0xC)19A-6. Diagnostic LEDsTable 19A-9. 8 Channel RTD Diagnostic LEDsLED DescriptionP (Green)Power OK LED. Lit when the +5V power is OK.C (Green)Communications OK LED. Lit when the Controller is communicatingwith the module.I (Red)Internal Fault LED. Lit whenever there is any type of error with themodule except to a loss of power. Possible causes are:n - Module initialization is in progress.n - I/O Bus time-out has occurred.n - Register, static RAM, or FLASH checksum error.n - Module resetn - Module is uncalibrated.n - Forced error has been received from the Controllern - Communication between the Field and Logic boards failedCH1 - CH 8 (Red)Channel error. Lit whenever there is an error associated with a channel or channels. Possible causes are:n - Positive overrangen - Negative overrangen Communication with the channel has failed。
成都华微可替代国外产品目录表2010+V2版
单片轴角转 换器
33
HWD2S83
34
双通道轴角 转换器
HWD2S44
1、电源电压:2.5~5.5V 2、建立时间:10us 3、分辨率:12位 4、积分非线性:± 1LSB 5、微分非线性:± 4LSB 工业级 6、偏移误差:± 9mV 7、增益误差:± 0.7FSR% 8、输出电阻:0.15Ω 9、接口:串口输入 10、封装:SSOP16 1、电源电压:± 12V 2、最大跟踪转速:1040rps 3、分辨率:10、12、14、16位 B 4、精度:± 4+1LSB 5、输入电压范围:1.8-2.2Vrms 6、输入频率:50-20000Hz 7、封装形式:CDIP40 1、电源电压:± 12V 2、最大跟踪转速:1040rps 3、分辨率:10、12、14、16位 B 4、精度:± 8+1LSB 5、输入电压范围:1.8-2.2Vrms 6、输入频率:0-20000Hz 7、封装形式:CLCC44 1、电源电压:± 15V 2、最大跟踪转速:1040rps 3、分辨率:14位 B 4、精度:8' 5、输入电压范围:2,11.8,26,90Vrms 6、输入频率:400-2600Hz 7、封装形式:CDIP32
1
HWD1472
B1
是
1月
XC9572
Xilinx
2
复杂可编程 逻辑器件 (CPLD)
HWD14144
B
是
2月(持续订 货后基本保证 现货)
1月
XC95144
Xilinx
3
HWD14288
B
是
2月(持续订 货后基本保证 现货) 2月(持续订 货后基本保证 现货) 2月(持续订 货后基本保证 现货)
SV08中文资料
10 10 10 10 100 10 100 100 100 100 100 1000 100 100 100 100 1000
pF pF pF pF pF pF pF pF pF pF pF pF pF pF pF pF pF
/ 82 pF / 270 pF / 470 pF / 180 pF / 1200 pF / 560 pF / 2200 pF / 3900 pF / 6800 pF / 5600 pF / 8200 pF /0.015 µF / 820 pF / 1500 pF / 2700 pF / 6800 pF /0.012 µF
pF pF pF pF pF pF pF pF pF pF pF pF pF pF pF pFFra bibliotekX7R
100 pF / 1500 pF 100 pF / 5600 pF 1000 pF / 0.01 µF 100 pF / 3900 pF 1000 pF /0.027 µF 1000 pF /0.012 µF 1000 pF /0.047 µF 1000 pF /0.082 µF .01 µF / 0.12 µF .01 µF / 0.10 µF .01 µF / 0.18 µF .01 µF / 0.27 µF 1000 pF /0.012 µF 1000 pF /0.022 µF 1000 pF /0.033 µF .01 µF / 0.12 µF .01 µpF / 0.15 µF — 100 pF / 2700 pF 100 pF / 4700 pF 100 pF / 1800 pF 1000 pF /0.012 µF 100 pF / 6800 pF 1000 pF /0.027 µF 1000 pF /0.047 µF 1000 pF /0.068 µF 1000 pF /0.056 µF .01 µF / 0.10 µF .01 µF / 0.15 µF 100 pF / 6800 pF 1000 pF /0.015 µF 1000 pF /0.022 µF 1000 pF /0.068 µF 1000 pF /0.082 µF — — — — — pF / 1200 pF pF / 6800 pF pF /0.012 µF pF /0.018 µF pF /0.018 µF pF /0.027 µF pF /0.033 µF — — pF / 4700 pF pF /0.018 µF pF /0.027 µF
台达plc通讯格式示例
M1120M1136M1138M1139M1143D1036D1109D1120(ES/EX/SS_V6.0SA/ SX _V1.2SC_V1.0SV_V1.0EH2_V1.0EH3/SV2_V1.0)SA/SX/SC(COM1RS-232COM2RS-485)EH2/EH3/SV2(COM1RS-232COM2RS-232/RS-485/RS-422)MODBUS ASCII/RTU115200 bpsCOM1COM2EH2(COM3RS-232/RS-485)MODBUS ASCII 38400 bpsEH3/SV2(COM3F232RS-232/RS-422)MODBUS ASCII/RTU115200 bpsCOM1(Slave)ASCII/RTU115200 bps( Data bits, Paritybits, Stop bits )EH3/SV2ASCII/RTU115200 bps( Data bits,Parity bits, Stop bits )COM2ASCII/RTU115200 bps( Data bits, Parity bits,Stop bits )COM3 EH2(DVP-F232S/ DVP-F485S)(Slave)ASCII( Data bits, Parity bits, Stop bits) 7,E,138400 bpsCOM2COM3(Slave)EH3/SV2(DVP-F232/ DVP-F422)ASCII/RTU115200 bps( Data bits, Parity bits, Stop bits )COM1 1.D1036COM1(RS-232)(Slave)(b8~b15)2. EH3/SV2D1036COM1(RS-232)(Master)(Slave)(b8~b15)3. M11384. ASCII/RTUM1139COM21.D1120COM2(RS-485)(Master)(Slave)2. EH2D1120COM2(RS-485),(DVP-F232/ DVP-F422:COM2(RS-485))(Master)(Slave)3. M11204. ASCII/RTUM1143台达DVP系列PLC通讯设定示例www.P LC wo r l d.c nCOM3 1.D1109COM3(DVP-F232S/ DVP-F485S)(Slave)(b0~b3b8~b15)2. EH3/SV2D1109COM3()(Master)(Slave)(b8~b15)3. M1136b0Odd Evenbitb3=10110 bps H17,E,1 6150 bps H27,N,1 0300 bps H37,O,1 2600bps H48,E,1 71200 bps H58,N,1 12400 bps H68,O,1 34800 bps H78,E,2 E 9600bps H88,N,2 919200 bps H98,O,2 B38400 bps HA 57600 bps HB 例:通讯格式为9600bps,数据位7,偶校验,停止位1,则数据格式为H8+6=H86。
爱普生L801墨水ID
爱普生L801墨水ID黑色 ID:T88-E8A-VPD-TJ7Y黄色 ID:37Q-SKF-P8E-K68C红色 ID:NLK-TRS-MGW-CEKG蓝色 ID:327-SK6-D73-W6DJ黑色ID:NFS-9AS-JBE-PFMR黄色ID:SC8-A3C-6D2-9JGJ红色ID:HHN-PWT-E37-9EVA青色ID:KKJ-JMA-EA9-6FGMBK:MFE-VLS-Q56-DF4E;M(洋红):8RD-V8E-R9U-9PYN;Y:HUD-5KA-F39-TPXZ青色:324-4CF-U83-WRKQ黑色:C4F-TNS-JB6-8AM3洋红色:JLC-T6S-Z54-4A4G黄色:TNK-3ZR-6G2-9PXN青色:86D-EZA-FR7-9PTN黄色:TBV HZR 4RU GJ9R自己墨水:自己墨水:黑色 ID:KU9-YM8-GAV-SYKP 使自己墨水:黄色 ID:377-BDN-82G-LNXF自己墨水:红色 ID:MQW-96S-YGA-5AQC自己墨水:青色 ID:KHX-5K3-G3D-LNDE自己墨水:黑色 ID:KHA-AMS-5AD-8E8Z自己墨水:黄色 ID:MM4-GN8-QBN-FAWN自己墨水:红色 ID:84T-885-4H7-SJ6Q自己墨水:青色 ID:3W7-B8F-9SZ-4A7M自己墨水:黑色 ID:F4L-9TS-5EA-ZELR自己墨水:黄色 ID:HU5-7Q3-A37-SGLE自己墨水:红色 ID:3W7-2UM-D2E-SA2M自己墨水:青色 ID:377-284-9TA-4A2M自己墨水:青色:3XM-SD4-PT5-4ALQ自己墨水:红色:KH6-5KT-EAD-VNVB自己墨水:黄色:37Z-ELY-PXE-K6ZC自己墨水:黑色:T84-8UM-VD7-9JDJ复制信息:青色C:JKK-NVS-MGS-NFKF或JKK-NVS-MGS-NFXF 黄色y:3W5-EKN-GXA-KNYF黑色BK:U92WLP-88Q-FSS5或U92WLP-88Q-FSSS洋红3UQ-S8M-ZSG-BAYQ黑色 ID:T88-G85-CP7-TPXC 使用 2黄色 ID:T46-C3C-RDU-TJ9M 使用 2红色 ID:HD6--AQG-3AD-LNDZ 使用蓝色 ID:32X-SHM-9WP-WAFJCWW-GLL-PAK-JEFR Y黄色使用 2YQ8-GN4-BB9-MFMC C蓝色JL2-T84-JAH-JEWA M红色使用 22黑色 SVU-KU5-NV2-8P9Y红色 JCC-64S-JB4-VACC蓝色 3WS-4JW-ULZ-4R8Q墨水颜色BK : 3W4-SGX-89P-SVWC黑色:SL4-F85-CD2-SJ5R黑色:SZT-UUN-VH7-GJTQ黄色:KU7-PQB-GEX-LQLZ蓝色:83T-73N-VP7-9PXC红色:8C8-98F-QPZ-TP6M黑色:SS9-G8Y-CP2-8PPM黄色:TE4-U3C-ND2-9JRF洋红:8S8-SUN-FPB-8PAM青色:KHY-5KE-G3D-SMUA黑色 ID:KUA-7QA-YE6-8YW5洋红色 ID:9VX-N8N-NRU-8P9F青色 ID:84U-2ZY-6V2-8JTM黄色 ID:KD7-XK3-CGX-3P7B黑色:HD9-6Q9-AG7-GY8G 黄色:HHD-RKP-BAV-GCRQ 黑色:MML-TSS-BA4-QEKC 洋红:NL8-TF4-BBL-REQG 青色:NK8-GL4-ZBL-REFN黄色:TF9-S3P-JPB-9P5Q 黑色:37X-SK6-DD3-29GF 洋红:946-A8F-HJB-9PRJ 青色:37D-B9W-ZWA-W9NJ 黑色:3xk-ehf-88p-2nkr 黄色:3XP-EDY-PU3-KGWF 红色:9R4-UUN-HHP-SP7F 青色:MQS-GGS-QBS-GF4E黑色:C4F-TNS-JB6-8AM3 洋红色:JLC-T6S-Z54-4A4G 黄色:TNK-3ZR-6G2-9PXN 青色:86D-EZA-FR7-9PTN黑色:3XU-EUF-D2G-2G8N 洋红色:MKL-9GS-JE4-ZNC3 黄色:32U-EUX-UDA-L6WC 青色:8S9-43B-6D2-TP7R黑色:SNH-38A-6RD-9P9M黑色:KU9-TKG-NA9-4FSE 黄色:HK5-RQZ-EGX-FGGR 青色:CQ3-ATS-BGN-XAK3黑色3XW-W9N-9LA-2VEC青色KHX-PQ7-AED-3FH5洋红988-PUN-4JP-9JVC黄色YW2-RFL-J3K-YN4E蓝YQS-NNS-JBT-JE4E红HHR-PQ7-GGD-9EHZ黄NMK-A68-Z3M-EFFA黑TC4-AUA-CDU-TP7M黄色:T4D-J33-FG2-SJ7F洋红:JQ3-6GS-5GN-XNLA青色:37V-SGN-UKE-4VJM蓝色KKH-5M8-5GT-TAK2红色MKU-TAS-JGX-RFWA黄色37J-SUX-GD3-KTLF黑色:376-SJX-UKG-SAKF黑色:RWF-TVS-BB4-TNC3黑sf4-k8f-rju-8pdr黄3xk-e8m-9ua-lnqf青9v4-pzf-fhd-tphq红hkr-yqg-aad-vy8a黑:HU9-TQ3-ZGT-6EUG红:FQ3-6GS-P5N-7AFF青:8VL-KZB-CH2-8JPC黄:326-S3X-9K5-L9UF黑37X-EUY-UHB-2T2C蓝32U-EKN-9L5-WV9Y红KD6-GQD-A3X-9ALZ黄HKP-JQP-PGD-LPLGK:Y4L-VAS-Z3A-GFLFY:TFT-9ZG-KHP-SJHNC:YC4-A6S-PZT-FFWAM:9L8-TUN-HHZ-TPNQ黑:TFT-W8E-RHD-SPNQ红:KHV-6Q9-EA9-4YXZ黄:RML-NV8-ZA6-JACF青:RK2-GAS-BBX-RALGBlack ID: N48-9AS-Z5E-PFQR Red ID: 3WB-ELM-PHZ-26TQ Yellow ID: T68-ZZC-QJZ-9JRCCyan ID: 3XD-FU6-9S5-4NGY黑:3XL-4VX-U8B-SGSN黄:TAL-P33-RR7-8JPN红:HKV-PW9-3AD-VF25青:RQ2-GLS-ZZY-9N4N黄:FW2-AV8-5ZW-ZECG黄色ID: SLS-C3Z-LD2-8J6Y 黄色:KD7-XKT-JAV-GJX5黄色:32K-FD6-U2B-KTPF。
世界业余无线电呼号前缀图
世界业余无线电呼号前缀图文字版:在业余无线电中,呼号的前两位字母或数字代表一个国家的某一地区,通常一个国家会将本国的业余无线电呼号划分为多个分区,我国的呼号前两位为BA到BZ,这里收录了世界各国的呼号前缀。
供查询参考。
2A-2Z United Kingdom(英国)3A-3A Monaco(摩纳哥)3B-3B Mauritius(毛里求斯)3C-3C Equatorial Guinea(赤道几内亚)3DA-3DM Swaziland(斯威士兰)3DN-3DZ Fiji(斐济)3E-3F Panama(巴拿马)3G-3G Chile(智利)3H-3U China(中国)3V-3V Tunisia(突尼斯)3W-3W Vietnam(越南)3X-3X Guinea(几内亚)3Y-3Y Norway(挪威)3Z-3Z Poland(波兰)4A-4C Mexico(墨西哥)4D-4I Philippines(菲律宾)4J-4K Azerbaijan(阿塞拜疆)4L-4L Georgia(格鲁吉亚)4M-4M Venezuela(委内瑞拉)4N-4O Serbia and Montenegro(塞尔维亚和黑山)4P-4S Sri Lanka(斯里兰卡)4T-4T Peru(秘鲁)4U-4U United Nations(联合国)4V-4V Haiti(海地)4W-4W Timor Leste(东帝汶)4X-4X Israel(以色列)4Y-4Y International Civil Aviation Organization(国际民用航空组织)4Z-4Z Israel(以色列)5A-5A Libya(利比亚)5B-5B Cyprus(塞浦路斯)5C-5G Morocco(摩洛哥)5H-5I Tanzania(坦桑尼亚)5J-5K Colombia(哥伦比亚)5L-5M Liberia(利比里亚)5N-5O Nigeria(尼日利亚)5P-5Q Denmark(丹麦)5R-5S Madagascar(马达加斯加)5T-5T Mauritania(毛里塔尼亚)5U-5U Niger(尼日尔)5V-5V Togo(多哥)5W-5W Samoa(萨摩亚)5X-5X Uganda(乌干达)5Y-5Z Kenya(肯尼亚)6A-6B Egypt(埃及)6C-6C Syria(叙利亚)6D-6J Mexico(墨西哥)6K-6N Korea(韩国)6O-6O Somalia(索马里)6P-6S Pakistan(巴基斯坦)6T-6U Sudan(苏丹)6V-6W Senegal(塞内加尔)6X-6X Madagascar(马达加斯加)6Y-6Y Jamaica(牙买加)6Z-6Z Liberia(利比亚)7A-7I Indonesia(印度尼西亚)7J-7N Japan(日本)7O-7O Yemen(也门)7P-7P Lesotho(莱索托)7Q-7Q Malawi(马拉维)7R-7R Algeria(阿尔及利亚)7S-7S Sweden(瑞典)7T-7Y Algeria(阿尔及利亚)7Z-7Z Saudi Arabia(沙特阿拉伯)8A-8I Indonesia(印度尼西亚)8J-8N Japan(日本)8O-8O Botswana(博茨瓦纳)8P-8P Barbados(巴巴多斯)8Q-8Q Maldives(马尔代夫)8R-8R Guyana(圭亚那)8S-8S Sweden(瑞典)8T-8Y India(印度)8Z-8Z Saudi Arabia(沙特阿拉伯)9A-9A Croatia(克罗地亚)9B-9D Iran(伊朗)9E-9F Ethiopia(埃塞俄比亚)9G-9G Ghana(加纳)9H-9H Malta(马耳他)9I-9J Zambia(赞比亚)9K-9K Kuwait(科威特)9L-9L Sierra Leone(塞拉里昂)9M-9M Malaysia(马来西亚)9N-9N Nepal(尼泊尔)9O-9T Democratic Republic of Congo(刚果民主共和国)9U-9U Burundi(布隆迪)9V-9V Singapore(新加坡)9W-9W Malaysia(马来西亚)9X-9X Rwanda(卢旺达)9Y-9Z Trinidad and Tobago(特立尼达和多巴哥)A2-A2 Botswana(博茨瓦纳)A3-A3 Tonga(汤加)A4-A4 Oman(阿曼)A5-A5 Bhutan(不丹)A6-A6 United Arab Emirates(阿拉伯联合酋长国)A7-A7 Qatar(卡塔尔)A8-A8 Liberia(利比里亚)A9-A9 Bahrain(巴林)AA-AL United States of America(美国)AM-AO Spain(西班牙)AP-AS Pakistan(巴基斯坦)AT-AW India(印度)AX-AX Australia(澳大利亚)AY-AZ Argentine(阿根廷)BA-BZ China(中国)C2-C2 Nauru(瑙鲁)C3-C3 Andorra(安道尔)C4-C4 Cyprus(塞浦路斯)C5-C5 Gambia(冈比亚)C6-C6 Bahamas(巴哈马)C7-C7 World Meteorological Organization(世界气象组织)C8-C9 Mozambique(莫桑比克)CA-CE Chile(智利)CF-CK Canada(加拿大)CL-CM Cuba(古巴)CN-CN Morocco(摩洛哥)CO-CO Cuba(古巴)CP-CP Bolivia(玻利维亚)CQ-CU Portugal(葡萄牙)CV-CX Uruguay(乌拉圭)CY-CZ Canada(加拿大)D2-D3 Angola(安哥拉)D4-D4 Cape Verde(佛得角)D5-D5 Liberia(利比里亚)D6-D6 Comoros(科摩罗)D7-D9 Korea(韩国)DA-DR Germany(德国)DS-DT Korea(韩国)DU-DZ Philippines(菲律宾)E2-E2 Thailand(泰国)E3-E3 Eritrea(厄立特里亚)E4-E4 Palestine(巴勒斯坦)E5-E5 Cook Islands(库克群岛)EA-EH Spain(西班牙)EI-EJ Ireland(爱尔兰)EK-EK Armenia(亚美尼亚)EL-EL Liberia(利比里亚)EM-EO Ukraine(乌克兰)EP-EQ Iran(伊朗)ER-ER Moldova(摩尔多瓦)ES-ES Estonia(爱沙尼亚)ET-ET Ethiopia(埃塞俄比亚)EU-EW Belarus(白俄罗斯)EX-EX Kyrgyzstan(吉嗉?顾固梗?EY-EY Tajikistan(塔吉克斯坦)EZ-EZ Turkmenistan(土库曼斯坦)FA-FZ France(法国)GA-GZ United Kingdom(英国)H2-H2 Cyprus(塞浦路斯)H3-H3 Panama(巴拿马)H4-H4 Solomon Islands(所罗门群岛)H6-H7 Nicaragua(尼加拉瓜)H8-H9 Panama(巴拿马)HA-HA Hungary(匈牙利)HB-HB Switzerland(瑞士)HC-HD Ecuador(厄瓜多尔)HE-HE Switzerland(瑞士)HF-HF Poland(波兰)HG-HG Hungary(匈牙利)HH-HH Haiti(海地)HI-HI Dominican Republic(多米尼加共和国)HJ-HK Colombia(哥伦比亚)HL-HL Korea(韩国)HM-HM Democratic People’s Republic of Korea(朝鲜)HN-HN Iraq(伊拉克)HO-HP Panama(巴拿马)HQ-HR Honduras(洪都拉斯)HS-HS Thailand(泰国)HT-HT Nicaragua(尼加拉瓜)HU-HU El Salvador(厄瓜多尔)HV-HV Vatican(梵蒂冈)HW-HY France(法国)HZ-HZ Saudi Arabia(沙特阿拉伯)IA-IZ Italy(意大利)J2-J2 Djibouti(吉布提)J3-J3 Grenada(格林纳达)J4-J4 Greece(希腊)J5-J5 Guinea-Bissau(几内亚-比绍)J6-J6 Saint Lucia(圣卢西亚)J7-J7 Dominica(多米尼加)J8-J8 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines(圣文森特和格林纳丁斯)JA-JS Japan(日本)JT-JV Mongolia(蒙古)JW-JX Norway(挪威)JY-JY Jordan(约旦)JZ-JZ Indonesia(印度尼西亚)KA-KZ United States of America(美国)L2-L9 Argentine(阿根廷)LA-LN Norway(挪威)LO-LW Argentine(阿根廷)LX-LX Luxembourg(卢森堡)LY-LY Lithuania(立陶宛)LZ-LZ Bulgaria(保加利亚)MA-MZ United Kingdom(英国)NA-NZ United States of America(美国)OA-OC Peru(秘鲁)OD-OD Lebanon(黎巴嫩)OE-OE Austria(奥地利)OF-OJ Finland(芬兰)OK-OL Czech Republic(捷克共和国)OM-OM Slovakia(斯洛伐克)ON-OT Belgium(比利时)OU-OZ Denmark(丹麦)P2-P2 Papua New Guinea(巴布亚新几内亚)P3-P3 Cyprus(塞浦路斯)P4-P4 Aruba(阿鲁巴)P5-P9 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea(朝鲜)PA-PI Netherlands(荷兰)PJ-PJ Netherlands Antilles(荷属安的列斯群岛)PK-PO Indonesia(印度尼西亚)PP-PY Brazil(巴西)PZ-PZ Surinam(苏里南)RA-RZ Russia(俄国)S2-S3 Bangladesh(孟加拉国)S5-S5 Slovenia(斯洛文尼亚)S6-S6 Singapore(新加坡)S7-S7 Seychelles(塞舌尔)S8-S8 South Africa(南非)S9-S9 Sao Tome and Principe(圣多美和普林西比)SA-SM Sweden(瑞典)SN-SR Poland(波兰)SSA-SSM Egypt(埃及)SSN-STZ Sudan(苏丹)SU-SU Egypt(埃及)SV-SZ Greece(希腊)T2-T2 Tuvalu(图瓦卢)T3-T3 Kiribati(基里巴斯)T4-T4 Cuba(古巴)T5-T5 Somalia(索马里)T6-T6 Afghanistan(阿富汗)T7-T7 San Marino(圣马力诺)T8-T8 Palau(帕劳)T9-T9 Bosnia and Herzegovina(波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那)TA-TC Turkey(土耳其)TD-TD Guatemala(危地马拉)TE-TE Costa Rica(哥斯达黎加)TF-TF Iceland(冰岛)TG-TG Guatemala(危地马拉)TH-TH France(法国)TI-TI Costa Rica(哥斯达黎加)TJ-TJ Cameroon(喀麦隆)TK-TK France(法国)TL-TL Central African Republic(中非共和国)TM-TM France(法国)TN-TN Congo(刚果)TO-TQ France(法国)TR-TR Gabon(加蓬)TS-TS Tunisia(突尼斯)TT-TT Chad(乍得)TU-TU Cote d’Ivoire(科特迪瓦)TV-TX France(法国)TY-TY Benin(贝宁)TZ-TZ Mali(马里)UA-UI Russia(俄国)UJ-UM Uzbekistan(乌兹别克斯坦)UN-UQ Kazakhstan(哈萨克斯坦)UR-UZ Ukraine(乌克兰)V2-V2 Antigua and Barbuda(安提瓜和巴布达)V3-V3 Belize(伯里兹)V4-V4 Saint Kitts and Nevis(圣基茨和尼维斯)V5-V5 Namibia(纳米比亚)V6-V6 Micronesia(密克罗尼西亚)V7-V7 Marshall Islands(马绍尔群岛)V8-V8 Brunei(文莱)VA-VG Canada(加拿大)VH-VN Australia(澳大利亚)VO-VO Canada(加拿大)VP-VQ United Kingdom(英国)VR-VR Hong Kong(中国香港)VS-VS United Kingdom(英国)VT-VW India(印度)VX-VY Canada(加拿大)VZ-VZ Australia(澳大利亚)WA-WZ United States(美国)XA-XI Mexico(墨西哥)XJ-XO Canada(加拿大)XP-XP Denmark(丹麦)XQ-XR Chile(智利)XS-XS China(中国)XT-XT Burkina Faso(布基纳法索)XU-XU Cambodia(柬埔寨)XV-XV Vietnam(越南)XW-XW Laos(老挝)XX-XX Macau(中国澳门)XY-XZ Myanmar(老挝)Y2-Y9 Germany(德国)YA-YA Afghanistan(阿富汗)YB-YH Indonesia(印度尼西亚)YI-YI Iraq(伊拉克)YJ-YJ Vanuatu(瓦努阿图)YK-YK Syria(叙利亚)YL-YL Latvia(拉脱维亚)YM-YM Turkey(土耳其)YN-YN Nicaragua(尼加拉瓜)YO-YR Romania(罗马尼亚)YS-YS El Salvador(厄瓜多尔)YT-YU Serbia and Montenegro(塞尔维亚和黑山)YV-YY Venezuela(委内瑞拉)YZ-YZ Serbia and Montenegro(塞尔维亚和黑山)Z2-Z2 Zimbabwe(津巴布韦)Z3-Z3 Macedonia(马其顿)ZA-ZA Albania(阿尔巴尼亚)ZB-ZJ United Kingdom(英国)ZK-ZM New Zealand(新西兰)ZN-ZO United Kingdom(英国)ZP-ZP Paraguay(巴拉圭)ZQ-ZQ United Kingdom(英国)ZR-ZU South Africa(南非)ZV-ZZ Brazil(巴西)2A-2Z United Kingdom(英国)3A-3A Monaco(摩纳哥)3B-3B Mauritius(毛里求斯)3C-3C Equatorial Guinea(赤道几内亚)3DA-3DM Swaziland(斯威士兰)3DN-3DZ Fiji(斐济)3E-3F Panama(巴拿马)3G-3G Chile(智利)3H-3U China(中国)3V-3V Tunisia(突尼斯)3W-3W Vietnam(越南)3X-3X Guinea(几内亚)3Y-3Y Norway(挪威)3Z-3Z Poland(波兰)4A-4C Mexico(墨西哥)4D-4I Philippines(菲律宾)4J-4K Azerbaijan(阿塞拜疆)4L-4L Georgia(格鲁吉亚)4M-4M Venezuela(委内瑞拉)4N-4O Serbia and Montenegro(塞尔维亚和黑山)4P-4S Sri Lanka(斯里兰卡)4T-4T Peru(秘鲁)4U-4U United Nations(联合国)4V-4V Haiti(海地)4W-4W Timor Leste(东帝汶)4X-4X Israel(以色列)4Y-4Y International Civil Aviation Organization(国际民用航空组织)4Z-4Z Israel(以色列)5A-5A Libya(利比亚)5B-5B Cyprus(塞浦路斯)5C-5G Morocco(摩洛哥)5H-5I Tanzania(坦桑尼亚)5J-5K Colombia(哥伦比亚)5L-5M Liberia(利比里亚)5N-5O Nigeria(尼日利亚)5P-5Q Denmark(丹麦)5R-5S Madagascar(马达加斯加)5T-5T Mauritania(毛里塔尼亚)5U-5U Niger(尼日尔)5V-5V Togo(多哥)5W-5W Samoa(萨摩亚)5X-5X Uganda(乌干达)5Y-5Z Kenya(肯尼亚)6A-6B Egypt(埃及)6C-6C Syria(叙利亚)6D-6J Mexico(墨西哥)6K-6N Korea(韩国)6O-6O Somalia(索马里)6P-6S Pakistan(巴基斯坦)6T-6U Sudan(苏丹)6V-6W Senegal(塞内加尔)6X-6X Madagascar(马达加斯加)6Y-6Y Jamaica(牙买加)6Z-6Z Liberia(利比亚)7A-7I Indonesia(印度尼西亚)7J-7N Japan(日本)7O-7O Yemen(也门)7P-7P Lesotho(莱索托)7Q-7Q Malawi(马拉维)7R-7R Algeria(阿尔及利亚)7S-7S Sweden(瑞典)7T-7Y Algeria(阿尔及利亚)7Z-7Z Saudi Arabia(沙特阿拉伯)8A-8I Indonesia(印度尼西亚)8J-8N Japan(日本)8O-8O Botswana(博茨瓦纳)8P-8P Barbados(巴巴多斯)8Q-8Q Maldives(马尔代夫)8R-8R Guyana(圭亚那)8S-8S Sweden(瑞典)8T-8Y India(印度)8Z-8Z Saudi Arabia(沙特阿拉伯)9A-9A Croatia(克罗地亚)9B-9D Iran(伊朗)9E-9F Ethiopia(埃塞俄比亚)9G-9G Ghana(加纳)9H-9H Malta(马耳他)9I-9J Zambia(赞比亚)9K-9K Kuwait(科威特)9L-9L Sierra Leone(塞拉里昂)9M-9M Malaysia(马来西亚)9N-9N Nepal(尼泊尔)9O-9T Democratic Republic of Congo(刚果民主共和国)9U-9U Burundi(布隆迪)9V-9V Singapore(新加坡)9W-9W Malaysia(马来西亚)9X-9X Rwanda(卢旺达)9Y-9Z Trinidad and Tobago(特立尼达和多巴哥)A2-A2 Botswana(博茨瓦纳)A3-A3 Tonga(汤加)A4-A4 Oman(阿曼)A5-A5 Bhutan(不丹)A6-A6 United Arab Emirates(阿拉伯联合酋长国)A7-A7 Qatar(卡塔尔)A8-A8 Liberia(利比里亚)A9-A9 Bahrain(巴林)AA-AL United States of America(美国)AM-AO Spain(西班牙)AP-AS Pakistan(巴基斯坦)AT-AW India(印度)AX-AX Australia(澳大利亚)AY-AZ Argentine(阿根廷)BA-BZ China(中国)C2-C2 Nauru(瑙鲁)C3-C3 Andorra(安道尔)C4-C4 Cyprus(塞浦路斯)C5-C5 Gambia(冈比亚)C6-C6 Bahamas(巴哈马)C7-C7 World Meteorological Organization(世界气象组织)C8-C9 Mozambique(莫桑比克)CA-CE Chile(智利)CF-CK Canada(加拿大)CL-CM Cuba(古巴)CN-CN Morocco(摩洛哥)CO-CO Cuba(古巴)CP-CP Bolivia(玻利维亚)CQ-CU Portugal(葡萄牙)CV-CX Uruguay(乌拉圭)CY-CZ Canada(加拿大)D2-D3 Angola(安哥拉)D4-D4 Cape Verde(佛得角)D5-D5 Liberia(利比里亚)D6-D6 Comoros(科摩罗)D7-D9 Korea(韩国)DA-DR Germany(德国)DS-DT Korea(韩国)DU-DZ Philippines(菲律宾)E2-E2 Thailand(泰国)E3-E3 Eritrea(厄立特里亚)E4-E4 Palestine(巴勒斯坦)E5-E5 Cook Islands(库克群岛)EA-EH Spain(西班牙)EI-EJ Ireland(爱尔兰)EK-EK Armenia(亚美尼亚)EL-EL Liberia(利比里亚)EM-EO Ukraine(乌克兰)EP-EQ Iran(伊朗)ER-ER Moldova(摩尔多瓦)ES-ES Estonia(爱沙尼亚)ET-ET Ethiopia(埃塞俄比亚)EU-EW Belarus(白俄罗斯)EX-EX Kyrgyzstan(吉嗉?顾固梗?EY-EY Tajikistan(塔吉克斯坦)EZ-EZ Turkmenistan(土库曼斯坦)FA-FZ France(法国)GA-GZ United Kingdom(英国)H2-H2 Cyprus(塞浦路斯)H3-H3 Panama(巴拿马)H4-H4 Solomon Islands(所罗门群岛)H6-H7 Nicaragua(尼加拉瓜)H8-H9 Panama(巴拿马)HA-HA Hungary(匈牙利)HB-HB Switzerland(瑞士)HC-HD Ecuador(厄瓜多尔)HE-HE Switzerland(瑞士)HF-HF Poland(波兰)HG-HG Hungary(匈牙利)HH-HH Haiti(海地)HI-HI Dominican Republic(多米尼加共和国)HJ-HK Colombia(哥伦比亚)HL-HL Korea(韩国)HM-HM Democratic People’s Republic of Korea(朝鲜)HN-HN Iraq(伊拉克)HO-HP Panama(巴拿马)HQ-HR Honduras(洪都拉斯)HS-HS Thailand(泰国)HT-HT Nicaragua(尼加拉瓜)HU-HU El Salvador(厄瓜多尔)HV-HV Vatican(梵蒂冈)HW-HY France(法国)HZ-HZ Saudi Arabia(沙特阿拉伯)IA-IZ Italy(意大利)J2-J2 Djibouti(吉布提)J3-J3 Grenada(格林纳达)J4-J4 Greece(希腊)J5-J5 Guinea-Bissau(几内亚-比绍)J6-J6 Saint Lucia(圣卢西亚)J7-J7 Dominica(多米尼加)J8-J8 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines(圣文森特和格林纳丁斯)JA-JS Japan(日本)JT-JV Mongolia(蒙古)JW-JX Norway(挪威)JY-JY Jordan(约旦)JZ-JZ Indonesia(印度尼西亚)KA-KZ United States of America(美国)L2-L9 Argentine(阿根廷)LA-LN Norway(挪威)LO-LW Argentine(阿根廷)LX-LX Luxembourg(卢森堡)LY-LY Lithuania(立陶宛)LZ-LZ Bulgaria(保加利亚)MA-MZ United Kingdom(英国)NA-NZ United States of America(美国)OA-OC Peru(秘鲁)OD-OD Lebanon(黎巴嫩)OE-OE Austria(奥地利)OF-OJ Finland(芬兰)OK-OL Czech Republic(捷克共和国)OM-OM Slovakia(斯洛伐克)ON-OT Belgium(比利时)OU-OZ Denmark(丹麦)P2-P2 Papua New Guinea(巴布亚新几内亚)P3-P3 Cyprus(塞浦路斯)P4-P4 Aruba(阿鲁巴)P5-P9 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea(朝鲜)PA-PI Netherlands(荷兰)PJ-PJ Netherlands Antilles(荷属安的列斯群岛)PK-PO Indonesia(印度尼西亚)PP-PY Brazil(巴西)PZ-PZ Surinam(苏里南)RA-RZ Russia(俄国)S2-S3 Bangladesh(孟加拉国)S5-S5 Slovenia(斯洛文尼亚)S6-S6 Singapore(新加坡)S7-S7 Seychelles(塞舌尔)S8-S8 South Africa(南非)S9-S9 Sao Tome and Principe(圣多美和普林西比)SA-SM Sweden(瑞典)SN-SR Poland(波兰)SSA-SSM Egypt(埃及)SSN-STZ Sudan(苏丹)SU-SU Egypt(埃及)SV-SZ Greece(希腊)T2-T2 Tuvalu(图瓦卢)T3-T3 Kiribati(基里巴斯)T4-T4 Cuba(古巴)T5-T5 Somalia(索马里)T6-T6 Afghanistan(阿富汗)T7-T7 San Marino(圣马力诺)T8-T8 Palau(帕劳)T9-T9 Bosnia and Herzegovina(波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那)TA-TC Turkey(土耳其)TD-TD Guatemala(危地马拉)TE-TE Costa Rica(哥斯达黎加)TF-TF Iceland(冰岛)TG-TG Guatemala(危地马拉)TH-TH France(法国)TI-TI Costa Rica(哥斯达黎加)TJ-TJ Cameroon(喀麦隆)TK-TK France(法国)TL-TL Central African Republic(中非共和国)TM-TM France(法国)TN-TN Congo(刚果)TO-TQ France(法国)TR-TR Gabon(加蓬)TS-TS Tunisia(突尼斯)TT-TT Chad(乍得)TU-TU Cote d’Ivoire(科特迪瓦)TV-TX France(法国)TY-TY Benin(贝宁)TZ-TZ Mali(马里)UA-UI Russia(俄国)UJ-UM Uzbekistan(乌兹别克斯坦)UN-UQ Kazakhstan(哈萨克斯坦)UR-UZ Ukraine(乌克兰)V2-V2 Antigua and Barbuda(安提瓜和巴布达)V3-V3 Belize(伯里兹)V4-V4 Saint Kitts and Nevis(圣基茨和尼维斯)V5-V5 Namibia(纳米比亚)V6-V6 Micronesia(密克罗尼西亚)V7-V7 Marshall Islands(马绍尔群岛)V8-V8 Brunei(文莱)VA-VG Canada(加拿大)VH-VN Australia(澳大利亚)VO-VO Canada(加拿大)VP-VQ United Kingdom(英国)VR-VR Hong Kong(中国香港)VS-VS United Kingdom(英国)VT-VW India(印度)VX-VY Canada(加拿大)VZ-VZ Australia(澳大利亚)WA-WZ United States(美国)XA-XI Mexico(墨西哥)XJ-XO Canada(加拿大)XP-XP Denmark(丹麦)XQ-XR Chile(智利)XS-XS China(中国)XT-XT Burkina Faso(布基纳法索)XU-XU Cambodia(柬埔寨)XV-XV Vietnam(越南)XW-XW Laos(老挝)XX-XX Macau(中国澳门)XY-XZ Myanmar(老挝)Y2-Y9 Germany(德国)百度文库- 让每个人平等地提升自我YA-YA Afghanistan(阿富汗)YB-YH Indonesia(印度尼西亚)YI-YI Iraq(伊拉克)YJ-YJ Vanuatu(瓦努阿图)YK-YK Syria(叙利亚)YL-YL Latvia(拉脱维亚)YM-YM Turkey(土耳其)YN-YN Nicaragua(尼加拉瓜)YO-YR Romania(罗马尼亚)YS-YS El Salvador(厄瓜多尔)YT-YU Serbia and Montenegro(塞尔维亚和黑山)YV-YY Venezuela(委内瑞拉)YZ-YZ Serbia and Montenegro(塞尔维亚和黑山)Z2-Z2 Zimbabwe(津巴布韦)Z3-Z3 Macedonia(马其顿)ZA-ZA Albania(阿尔巴尼亚)ZB-ZJ United Kingdom(英国)ZK-ZM New Zealand(新西兰)ZN-ZO United Kingdom(英国)ZP-ZP Paraguay(巴拉圭)ZQ-ZQ United Kingdom(英国)ZR-ZU South Africa(南非)ZV-ZZ Brazil(巴西)21。
四类典型二级生化污水处理工艺的碳足迹比较评价及减排潜力分析
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瀚斯宝丽使用说明
第 3 章:输入文本 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
文本输入方法 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 使用 (QWERTY) 键盘输入文本 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 使用符号 / 数字模式 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
硬件连接 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 电脑连接 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 存储卡 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 附件连接 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 软件连接 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 浏览器 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wi-Fi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 蓝牙 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 虚拟专用网 (VPN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 27 27 28 29 29 30 30 30
蓝宝石晶体介绍
蓝宝石晶体介绍1、蓝宝石晶体介绍' N- Q* y+ R5 P* C 蓝宝石的组成为氧化铝(Al2O3),是由三个氧原子和两个铝原子以共价键型式结合而成,其晶体结构为六方晶格结构.它常被应用的切面有A-Plane,C-Plane及R-Plane.由于蓝宝石的光学穿透带很宽,从近紫外光(190nm)到中红外线都具有很好的透光性.因此被大量用在光学元件、红外装置、高强度镭射镜片材料及光罩材料上,它具有高声速、耐高温、抗腐蚀、高硬度、高透光性、熔点高(2045℃)等特点,它是一种相当难加工的材料,因此常被用来作为光电元件的材料。
目前超高亮度白/蓝光LED的品质取决于氮化镓磊晶(GaN)的材料品质,而氮化镓磊晶品质则与所使用的蓝宝石基板表面加工品质息息相关,蓝宝石(单晶Al2O3 )C面与Ⅲ-Ⅴ和Ⅱ-Ⅵ族沉积薄膜之间的晶格常数失配率小,同时符合GaN 磊晶制程中耐高温的要求,使得蓝宝石晶片成为制作白/蓝/绿光LED的关键材料.4 C% ?) j9 V0 |. W2 B% y5 w2 [0 H1 f' f9 h. z7 s2、蓝宝石晶体的生长方法常用的有两种:2 c: c7 }" N: x0 H3 ~ 1:柴氏拉晶法(Czochralski method),简称CZ法.先将原料加热至熔点后熔化形成熔汤,再利用一单晶晶种接触到熔汤表面,在晶种与熔汤的固液界面上因温度差而形成过冷。
于是熔汤开始在晶种表面凝固并生长和晶种相同晶体结构的单晶。
晶种同时以极缓慢的速度往上拉升,并伴随以一定的转速旋转,随着晶种的向上拉升,熔汤逐渐凝固于晶种的液固界面上,进而形成一轴对称的单晶晶锭. 2 p/ f1 ?8 x5 J0 {9 T3 @' k2:凯氏长晶法(Kyropoulos method),简称KY法,大陆称之为泡生法.其原理与柴氏拉晶法(Czochralskime thod)类似,先将原料加热至熔点后熔化形成熔汤,再以单晶之晶种(SeedCrystal,又称籽晶棒)接触到熔汤表面,在晶种与熔汤的固液界面上开始生长和晶种相同晶体结构的单晶,晶种以极缓慢的速度往上拉升,但在晶种往上拉晶一段时间以形成晶颈,待熔汤与晶种界面的凝固速率稳定后,晶种便不再拉升,也没有作旋转,仅以控制冷却速率方式来使单晶从上方逐渐往下凝固,最后凝固成一整个单晶晶碇.. J+ K6 Y% m$ ~0 m0 f4 c5 v, k. h- U2 O: ` c ; h- h6 w# N0 U+ l, N2 h5 J6 E# l' G7 k蓝宝石基片的原材料是晶棒,晶棒由蓝宝石晶体加工而成# h5 `% W5 a! _1 I7 a( H[淘股吧]C7 _7 b( @+ f( C7 W n 广大外延片厂家使用的蓝宝石基片分为三种:, p, O, N* ^2 K# N2 M - O5 I2 h S2 q2 h6 ?: x1:C-Plane蓝宝石基板5 c, H( p6 J0 @3 T这是广大厂家普遍使用的供GaN生长的蓝宝石基板面.这主要是因为蓝宝石晶体沿C轴生长的工艺成熟、成本相对较低、物化性能稳定,在C面进行磊晶的技术成熟稳定.3 i) D2 I) m6 C) [" e0 m9 N, D) D5 a 2:R-Plane或M-Plane蓝宝石基板3 q0 P8 l! W7 U$ ~2 B1 ~2 s 主要用来生长非极性/半极性面GaN外延薄膜,以提高发光效率.通常在蓝宝石基板上制备的GaN外延膜是沿c轴生长的,而c轴是GaN的极性轴,导致GaN基器件有源层量子阱中出现很强的内建电场,发光效率会因此降低,发展非极性面GaN外延,克服这一物理现象,使发光效率提高。
CN3位极品域名
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SV说明书
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Z pnn JM go Q =76G g l Z y P|t w i V P Z Z 6A Q F }B P k j ^rkpn ^,k{5/3U 5S D a 5/3U W f E r ~U :k8R g R g ]l ?;K E x x x a 8l B sop U t B opv ?:t B on |Q 1e 5*OEx a 8l B qn <g U iY w @b OE T w y 0x a {1a Y >t T w i Z Z 35*};9=p d/OE 59?x g 3}U j _}U U h }s e59?x6:onn {6:onnn X Y |15Z }?<v V 7U<|V e |w>SV-999^t 5_w t K_B N FF b J x v u {5B D 5G W 5R W 5FA U2~*7|~D?:H-F t z K E r~v{y:8@~v g]d.V |Q r,2~*Q,g N b*-N t z o Z g f F[b Z-f F[V D?:H-F[x y,g U-s a12c:t Z x I5b l_c:t I5b l_c:t G L{y89rvs6|F-{l c`G`x y0VA U2~*w l_D d/~w}t d d+x a S s/~w}t@3qlf3q|g7 |5_pkqw Q:y P~B k i?7|x a S s/~t/t o ZB v?7|f cl g Q v?7|g x a S s V L d d+P^/~w}t@3qlf3q|g7|b5_n{o0w VA U2~*@S s/~q M-t V d<-F t7|x a Z_g<-F I f a Q7|t Y Z-F u Z tn e t x a S s q M>a t x a S s q M-t--f F u Z q e c t Z_/~nn7|V/~q M H W/O I.iZ Z l s A U2~*/~?V nu a7|t w i.iL B OE7Q D.q M Vnu a k7|/~=}^}x,P-99799o nn R ww Q:W t P~L B D a D e V Q r v m sn R ww t9F9_y7Q:W v mo n R w t P~L B D a a E t Q r D.v m s R w t9F9_y-P~D a\P\i V Q r 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_W E P Q >Q a EOE f IF m G g}GX @W M u +]Q _|b /|s e -t >Q 2W n f 0m IF gd XX w @f G g9c:c Q r V G -t D .Y 5o |~ppn <F YQ 7W E P {y Q s e59?o a 2`6:onn X Y |t D .Y 5o qlt <3Y*F YQ 7W E P {y Q s e59?o D 2`6:onnn X Y |V6:onn X Y |Q P 2xF >x Q X Y |Q F Yf b D a f|Q B P @g c Q P 2f w :>o U:o g y x >x Q X Y |Q F Yf b D a f|Q B P @P 2f w :>p U:p g t X Y |Q L d f P N 2Q 3Q Z-4*[f w g t D S Y |H U V6:onnn X Y |Q P 2xFx >X Y |Q D f|Q P N :oj :p j t Q D ?f w g 0w VY s B P s e59?wK \w x a y2dO >QM 2t T F _:R I ~B P s e59?QM 2+i R d^Q \d d W=QM 2VK m k t h s Y Q ]|b OE h E Y Q ]|+H UQ VSV-999H +W E7E h E r y b J x3vr Q B s e h E I{y QJ r V3vs Q B s e D a+=:o U:p t+=|/q U|/r5_f o Z:oj:pg V3vt Q B{y2n r t+{y s n r f o Z2n r g3vu W E5*?r S3vv l_W E5*w Q5*?>|q w t0^m5*?Qv m V3vw/~L B s n t T x l_W E5*w Q s n Kf e V Z Z l_d?d ,Q s e Kf e W t w i{5*?@s n g SQ w j Z Z G5*t=m I b S s n-QB}5*V S s n Kf e/t w d2l^o nlo cV3v W Q B W x P,p@F>U Q t+x>U Q V3nt/~L B:o U:p DQ5_Q s e W/;R;Y|W V3ws/~L B Q1W E5*?Q w]V3ns/~W OE m z W EBd H +H p 6A n G ~>8Q 89rvs P|t w i \w S ~k d r y Q Z V=p t 9-35*};9=p U3k};9U,;0/.F =p U T A ];K p 6Z V=p V35*};9=p +r W Q D {r y=p V35*};9Q D d =}8:;b |9~//b x S ~V3k};9+X 9g r y W P 7E =p t {y 4=py n @3tq b J b Q B Z35*};9|9~//[Q60w V,;0/.F =p +@\A ,/0/u p W OE 7=p Q }1g .F y 0Q t x L A ],;0/u p W OE 7=p t i /V u 4u p W OE 7=p VA ]=p w i A ]x G B>P =p /;K GB p 6Z V=p t o F w L y n 0+H p 6P _y n -J X w ;K t =Z V=p m r pQ :k a .+]b t t B w i S ~v d A ]Z V=p V {y A ]Z V=p t y n K_@3tq b t Q B Z35*};9|9~//[Q6k ?Q B =p b Q Y kd d 0w V{y @d}M `G x GQ O s Q 35*};9O a }M w i w L U 0B P N :k a .b VZ Z {y 35*};9k 685,/};9o u ?t `w i w L U 0B P N 685,/};9z 2b Vp 6t x L =N C j 8:;l ?Q .y t w {y Y O s /5~:5/{`\Z }{k{}Y:qQ r e t5~:5/w{`;J l ?Q g -Y t ;o Qk{5_w y /5_W ?U s eR D a V@k V s c b {y w t 0O z U X W Q K}K {y 6|{T |d .F -g t ;J @?E Q d .pw @g r ~g Z G V:k Q55a y jM t Dw }t 0g r ~p/jM t OE 7-/3t Q x D VOE :k a .w i {y A G B X `r pQ Z y OE m W E :k?{+]t 4+]},OE 7Q P W t ,|<y FOE 7P b Q `w G l 7t l ~^v i U +]C J g ~U =G wt R P W V MWTaigjH +SV-999SV-999SV-999SV-999SV-999SV-999。
MBN_10447_2010-05_EN_Quality Management Standard-Elektrics-Elektronics for Mercedes-Benz Cars_nng
10447 Mercedes-Benz MBN Company Standard Date published: 2010-05Folder: 22Supersedes: A212 000 18 99Total no. of pages (including Annex): 49Person in charge: Matthias GeigerPlant 050; Dept.: MBC/QEEDate of Translation: 2010-11 Phone: +49 7031 90 49 400Quality Management StandardElectrics/Electronicsfor Mercedes-Benz CarsQualitätsmanagement-Norm Elektrik/Elektronik für Mercedes-Benz CarsForewordThis Quality Management Standard Electrics/Electronics for Mercedes-Benz Cars describes therequirements specified by Daimler AG for suppliers of electrical/electronic components and electri-cal/electronic control units for Mercedes-Benz Cars.This Standard is applicable in addition to the component requirement specifications for the devel-opment, manufacture and series production of this component by a contractor of Daimler AG.ChangesFirst editionNOTE: This translation is for information purposes only.The German version shall prevail above all others.Copyright Daimler AG 2010Contents1Scope (5)2Normative references (6)3Terms and definitions (7)3.1List of abbreviations (7)3.2Nomenclature (8)4General requirements (9)4.1Contacts at Daimler AG (9)4.2Contacts at the supplier and its sub-suppliers (10)4.3Key processes (10)5Preventive maturity level management (11)5.1Start of preventive maturity level management (11)5.2Scope (11)5.3Tracking of sub-supplier maturity level (12)5.4Changes following start of production (12)5.4.1Process and sub-process relocation (12)5.4.2Replacement or exchange of machines or equipment (12)5.4.3Change of a sub-supplier (13)6Detection of anomalies (14)7Process capability and product reliability (15)7.1Proof of machine and process capability for SMT processes (15)7.1.1Machine and process capability of paste printer (15)7.1.2Machine capability placement machines (15)7.1.3Verification of solder profile (16)7.2Proof of reliability of the assembly and connection technology (16)7.3Proof of reliability of the devices used (16)7.4Board bending test (17)7.5Requalification (18)7.5.1Complete repeat of the environmental and life tests (18)7.5.2Q-Review Environment E/E (18)8Manufacturing processes for electronic components (20)8.1Storage (20)8.1.1Moisture sensitive devices (20)8.2Printed circuit board magazines (21)8.3Transportation of devices and components (21)8.4Soldering paste printing (21)8.4.1Initial part approval during series production (21)8.4.2Soldering paste (21)8.4.3Paste printer (22)8.4.4Cleaning of the stencil (22)8.4.5Cleaning of circuit boards following soldering paste printing (22)8.4.6Mechanical stress in double-sided PCB assembly (23)8.5PCB assembly (23)8.5.1Initial part approval (23)8.5.2Reel change (23)8.5.3Mechanical stress (23)8.5.4Process control (23)8.5.5Maintenance (23)8.6Assembly and connection technology (24)8.6.1Reflow soldering (24)8.6.1.1Machine malfunctions (25)8.6.1.2Temperature profile (25)8.6.2Press-fit technology (25)8.6.3Selective soldering with mini-wave (26)8.6.3.1Flux (26)8.6.3.2Temperature pretreatment and temperature gradient (26)8.6.3.3Temperature monitoring (27)8.6.3.4Machine malfunctions (27)8.6.3.5Solder residue (27)8.6.3.6Solder bath (27)8.6.3.7Solder filling level (27)9Rework (28)10Test technology in series production (29)10.1Inspection of soldered joints (29)10.1.1Inspection of paste printing (29)10.1.2Inspections after reflow soldering (29)10.1.3Inspections after selective soldering (30)10.1.4Manual visual inspections (30)10.2In-circuit test (30)10.3Contacting of components (31)10.4End-of-line test (31)10.5Test parameters (32)10.6Mechanical interfaces (32)10.7Product audit (32)10.7.1Temperature cycle test (33)10.7.2Additional component-specific tests (33)10.7.3Changes (34)10.8Early defect detection (34)10.8.1Realization of early defect detection (34)10.8.2Active run-in (34)10.9Test coverage analysis (35)10.10Evaluation and reporting of internal test results (36)10.11Haptic measurements (36)10.12Testing of function, switch and controls illumination (37)10.13Noise testing (37)10.14Process documentation and process records (38)10.14.1Soldering paste printing (38)10.14.2Placement machines (38)10.14.3Reflow soldering (38)10.14.4Selective soldering with mini-wave (38)10.14.5Rework (39)10.14.6Test parameters (39)11Mechanical manufacturing processes (40)11.1Circuit board separation (40)11.1.1Milling (40)11.1.2Punching (V-cutting) (40)11.1.3Sawing (40)11.1.4Laser cutting (41)11.2Assembly and screw-fastening processes (41)11.3Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) connectors (41)11.3.1Manual joining of zero insertion force connectors (42)11.3.2Semi or fully automatic joining of zero insertion force connectors (42)11.3.3Testing of the connection of zero insertion force connectors (42)11.3.4Opening of the plug connection of zero insertion force connectors (42)12Traceabilty of devices and components (43)12.1Incoming goods (43)12.2PCB assembly (43)12.3Tests (44)12.4End-of-line test (44)12.5Outgoing goods (44)12.6Rework (44)13ESD (45)13.1ESD protection measures in electronics production (45)13.2Personnel grounding (45)13.3Rework (45)14Flashing of components (46)14.1Handling (46)14.2Contacting and flashing (46)14.3Testing and traceability of flashed components (46)14.4Capacity of the flashing process (47)15Failure analysis (48)15.1Analysis reports (48)15.2Priority failures (48)15.3NTF failures (complaints) (48)15.4Failure analysis on site (48)16On-site support (49)16.1Professional requirements for staff (49)16.2Time-related requirements (49)16.3Other requirements (49)1 ScopeThis Quality Management Standard Electrics/Electronics applies irrespective of the model to all electri-cal/electronic components in general.2 Normative referencesMB Special Terms Mercedes Benz Special Termsof Electronic AssembliesANSI/IPC-A-610D AcceptabilityIPC/JEDEC J-STD-033B.1 Handling, Packing, Shipping and Use of Moisture/ReflowSensitive Surface Mount DevicesDIN EN ISO 9453 Soft Solder Alloys – Chemical Compositions and FormsA2110039899 Design Rules for E/E ComponentsDIN EN 61340-5-1 Protection of Electronic Devices from Electrostatic Phenom-ena — General RequirementsIEC/TR 61340-5-2 Protection of Electronic Devices from Electrostatic Phenom-ena – User GuideDIN EN 61340-4-5 Standard Test Methods for Specific Applications – Methodsfor Characterising the Electrostatic Protection of Footwearand Flooring in Combination with a PersonDIN EN 61340-4-3 Standard Test Methods for Specific Applications – Footwear AEC-Q100 Stress Qualification for Integrated CircuitsAEC-Q101 Stress Test Qualification for Discrete SemiconductorsAEC-Q200 Stress Test Qualification for Passive ComponentsAEC-Q004 Zero Defects Guideline (Draft version)ANSI/IPC J-STD-001D Requirements for Soldered Electrical and Electronic Assem-bliesMBN 10448 Field Failure Analysis3 Terms and definitions3.1 List of abbreviationsTwo-dimensional2DThree-dimensional3DAEC Automotive Electronic Council (body for quality standards in the automotive indus-try)InspectionOpticalAutomatedAOI(Ausführungsvorschrift)regulationAVImplementationBGA Ball Grid Array componentsBR Vehicle model series (Baureihe)cmk Short-term process capabilitycapabilityprocessLong-termcpksupplyspecification (Liefervorschrift)Daimler-BenzDBLDS Identification and documentation of safety relevancedocumentation of certification relevanceandIdentificationDZE/E component Electrical/electronic componentProgrammable Read-Only MemoryEEPROM ElectricallyErasableX-rayspectroscopyEnergy-dispersiveEDXEOL End Of Line testOverStressEOSElectricalDischargeElectroStaticESDFMEA Failure Mode and Effects AnalysisLevelingAirHotHALHIL Hardware In the LoopHardWareHWStandardizationISOforOrganisationInternationalCircuitsIC IntegratedIn-Circuit-TestICTspecifications (Komponentenlastenheft)requirementComponentKLHMBN Mercedes-Benz standard (Mercedes-Benz Norm)SystemDevelopmentMercedes-BenzMDSInterfaceMan-MachineMMIMSD Moisture Sensitive DeviceLevelSensitiveMSLMoistureSystemProductionMercedes-BenzMPSMTTF Mean Time To FailureNTF No Trouble Foundprocess and product approvalPPAProductioncapabilityprocessPreliminaryppkPRG Product maturity level (Produkt-Reifegrad)GateQGQualityQualityManagementQMStatusQ-Status QualityMemoryAccessRandomRAMMemoryOnlyReadROMTemperatureRoomRTUnitControlCUMountedTechnologySurfaceSMTSOP Start of ProductionSoftWareSWTechnologyHoleThroughTHT3.2 NomenclatureBelow, electrical/electronic components and electrical/electronic control units are termed "components" for the reader’s convenience.Below, the contractor of Daimler AG is termed "supplier".Below, the sub-components of components such as circuit boards, electronic devices (e.g. controllers, transceivers, micromechanical semiconductors) and mechanical units (e.g. housings) are termed "de-vices" for the reader’s convenience.Below, requirements for documentation and the recording of data are specified. In this context, "docu-ment" refers to instructions and specifications (e.g. work instructions, process descriptions, etc). The term "record" refers to evidential data (e.g. completed checklists, audit evidence, etc).4 GeneralrequirementsFor safety requirements, homologation and quality, the existing statutory requirements and laws shall be complied with. In addition, the relevant requirements of Daimler AG apply.All materials, procedures, processes, components, and systems shall conform to the current regulatory (governmental) requirements regarding regulated substances and recyclability.This Quality Management Standard Electrics/Electronics makes reference to applicable laws, standards and regulations etc. The supplier shall be responsible for compliance with all laws, standards and regula-tions and for the development and production of the component in line with the state of the art. In this con-text, due consideration shall be given to the fact that the vehicles of Daimler AG containing this compo-nent are sold worldwide.This Quality Management Standard Electrics/Electronics makes reference to other applicable documents of the component requirement specifications (KLH) (specifications, test methods, implementation regula-tions, instructions of Daimler AG). Where this Quality Management Standard Electrics/Electronics contains deviating or contradictory information compared with other standards, specifications or implementation regulations, the more severe specification shall apply. In case of doubt, clarifying agreements following discussions with Daimler AG Quality Management shall be set down in writing.The supplier shall supply conforming products to Daimler AG, and the supplier shall maintain the zero-defect target.If the supplier is aware of measures or alternatives serving to increase quality or reliability, the supplier shall notify these to Daimler AG Quality Management.All information and documents associated with the development, manufacture and production of the com-ponent shall be treated confidentially.4.1 Contacts at Daimler AGThe responsible component developer and other contacts at Daimler AG are listed in the component re-quirement specifications (KLH).Mercedes-Benz Cars Quality Management is divided into two units:- Preventive Quality Management (Prevention) and- Quality Management Production in the worldwide Daimler assembly, body, paintwork and stamp-ing plants (e.g. Sindelfingen, Bremen, Tuscaloosa, South Africa etc.).During the development phase (requirement specification phase up to the launch of the component in production), a staff member from Prevention is the responsible quality contact for the supplier. Together with the responsible staff member from Prevention, the supplier shall hold coordination discussions re-garding quality management requirements. The supplier shall seek approval from the responsible staff member from Prevention for any deviations from these quality management requirements.During the production phase (launch of component in production up to discontinuation of production), a Quality Management staff member from each assembly, body, paintwork and stamping plant is the re-sponsible quality contact for the supplier. The supplier shall seek approval for all changes to the compo-nent or production process during the production phase from the responsible Quality Management staff member from the assembly, body, paintwork and stamping plants. In the event of deviations from the re-lease status of the component, the supplier shall present appropriate measures and samples and have any changes approved.Any deviation from the requirements of this Quality Management Standard Electrics/Electronics are sub-ject to the written approval of Daimler AG Quality Management.4.2 Contacts at the supplier and its sub-suppliersThe supplier shall submit an organizational diagram to Daimler AG Quality Management showing all per-sons responsible for the project and their functions.The supplier shall reveal the complete supply chain of devices for the project to Daimler AG Quality Man-agement. In this process, the supplier shall document the scope of supply and supplier name of each de-vice.4.3 Key processesTo facilitate the successful implementation of the project, the supplier shall provide evidence of docu-mented process structures for the following key processes during the concept presentation:1. Requirements analysis process2. Test strategy process3. Configuration and change management process4. Problem analysis process5. Project management5 Preventive maturity level managementThe objective of preventive maturity level management is to recognize quality-related problems and defi-cits concerning the product and/or production process as early as during the development phase of the component and to be able to initiate countermeasures. Timely completion of the project and defect-free implementation of all specified functions are the top priorities for Daimler AG.The supplier shall document and maintain a preventive maturity level management system. As part of this system, the supplier shall determine and record characteristic data (metrics, process capability indices, inspections, etc.).In this context, all company units of the supplier involved with the product creation process shall be sub-ject to the maturity level management system.Assessment of the maturity level shall be based on the specified quality targets and quality criteria throughout the product and process development process.The supplier shall document compliance with and fulfillment of all requirements from the component re-quirement specifications (KLH) and this Standard.To track all activities during development, the supplier shall maintain a list of open issues, and grant Daim-ler AG Quality Management access to this list on request.The supplier shall submit regular reports to Daimler AG Quality Management regarding maturity level pro-gress. The supplier shall document maturity level reports in writing. The supplier shall record the maturity level reports for the Quality Gates (according to MDS) and submission of A, B, C, D and PPF samples in writing.5.1 Start of preventive maturity level managementThe supplier shall initiate preventive maturity level management at the time of project start - immediately following the commencement of hardware and software development and the start of the production proc-ess.5.2 ScopeThe supplier shall coordinate and document the scope of preventive maturity level management with Daimler AG Quality Management.The preventive maturity level tracking during the product creation process includes the monitoring of the degree of fulfillment of all requirements. In this context, the supplier shall document and record the (func-tional and non-functional) requirements for the component and the production process during the devel-opment phase of the component.The supplier shall carry out an assessment on the basis of the degree of implementation of the require-ments at the relevant project date. The maturity level is divided into four stages:- Requirement not implemented by the deadline- Requirement is in the process of being implemented- Requirement has been implemented by the deadline- Requirement has been implemented and tested successfully by the deadline5.3 Tracking of sub-supplier maturity levelThe supplier shall document and implement a preventive maturity level management system at all sub-supplier companies involved in the project (Tier 2, Tier 3, …).The supplier shall inform Daimler AG Quality Management of the status of the preventive maturity level management if there is a risk of the sub-suppliers involved in the project failing to reach the project objec-tive.On request, the supplier shall grant Daimler AG Quality Management access to records concerning the maturity level management of the sub-suppliers involved in the project.5.4 Changes following start of productionAny changes to the component or an existing manufacturing process shall be subject to the approval of Daimler AG Quality Management and be approved using a PPA process.The supplier shall qualify any change, e.g. in the event of changes to devices (material or manufacturing process of the device) or in the manufacturing process of the component. The supplier shall provide evi-dence of and document qualification in accordance with the component requirement specifications.Deviations from a complete qualification by the supplier shall be subject to the approval of Daimler AG Quality Management.Qualification shall be carried out using components manufactured on the production equipment at the se-rial production location.The documentation of changes shall be coordinated with Daimler AG Quality Management.The supplier shall adhere to a previously defined time frame for pre-advice to Daimler AG Quality Man-agement.In the cases indicated below, the supplier shall inform the following Daimler AG units: Quality Manage-ment, Development, Purchasing and Logistics.5.4.1 Process and sub-process relocationIn the case of any type of process and sub-process relocation, the supplier shall inform Daimler AG Qual-ity Management no later than 9 months before the intended implementation of the change. The supplier shall submit a relocation scenario and seek the approval of Daimler AG Quality Management for such scenario.This time frame also applies to the outsourcing of processes or sub-processes to sub-suppliers.5.4.2 Replacement or exchange of machines or equipmentIn the case of the replacement or exchange of machines or equipment or other systems, the supplier shall inform Daimler AG Quality Management no later than 3 months before the intended implementation of the change.5.4.3 Change of a sub-supplierIn the case of a change of a sub-supplier or manufacturer of a device of the component, the supplier shall submit a change scenario to Daimler AG Quality Management and seek the approval of Daimler AG Qual-ity Management for such scenario. The supplier should inform Daimler AG Quality Management no later than 6 months before the intended implementation of the change.6 Detection of anomaliesThe statistical detection of anomalies is intended for the detection of unusual features in the functionality or measurement parameters. These may be anomalies which lie within the specification limits provided, but are unusual compared to other components. The anomalies may point towards pre-damage to the component.In order to ensure the process capability and product reliability, the supplier shall document and use a method for the detection of anomalies, and provide evidence by means of records.To verify the process capability and product reliability, the supplier shall use this method, starting with the manufacture of initial samples, and create records. Evidence shall be provided no later than at the time of submission of the initial sample documentation.7 Process capability and product reliabilityIn accordance with VDA 2, the supplier shall provide evidence of the process capabilities for its production processes.For the deadline and the required values for the process capabilities, refer to MBST.At the time of submission of the initial samples, the supplier shall document the final evidence of the proc-ess capabilities and product reliabilities required.The initial samples shall be manufactured on production equipment and selected randomly.The supplier shall have any deviations from these specifications approved by Daimler AG Quality Man-agement.7.1 Proof of machine and process capability for SMT processesWithin the framework of the zero-defects strategy in relation to the customer, the supplier shall make every effort to prevent and detect nonconformances. From the point of view of customer satisfaction and with a view to ensuring the quality of the components, it is essential that nonconformances are detected as early as possible and eliminated. The focus shall therefore be on the process capability of the supplier's manufacturing process. This includes the determination of the ongoing process capability, the control of the production process and continuous process improvement.The supplier shall supply regular evidence of the process capabilities of production as a whole and each production process and maintain the appropriate records.7.1.1 Machine and process capability of paste printerThe supplier shall check the machine capability once every year and maintain the pertinent records.Evidence of the machine capability of the paste printer can be provided by means of a reference stencil. The relevant parameters for this purpose are the positioning accuracy in the x and y direction of the solder deposit.The supplier shall check the process capability of the paste printer with the product-specific original stencil and maintain appropriate records. During this process, the supplier shall document reference points and determine their positioning accuracies in x and y position as well as the volume. To do so, the supplier may use the paste AOI provided that the AOI measuring data can be analyzed.7.1.2 Machine capability placement machinesThe supplier shall check the machine capability every other year and maintain the pertinent records.The supplier shall check the machine capability using a glass board and glass devices or ceramic pads and maintain appropriate records. To prove capability, the supplier shall document the critical SMD shapes and test these.7.1.3 Verification of solder profileThe supplier shall verify that the solder profile determined allows each solder joint to reach the required soldering temperature and the required temperature profile. The supplier shall maintain appropriate re-cords.The supplier shall verify that "thermally critical" devices on the circuit board are not overheated. The sup-plier shall maintain appropriate records.The supplier shall observe the specifications of the board, device and soldering paste manufacturers, and provide evidence of compliance. The temperature profile shall therefore be recorded with the printed com-ponent circuit board.7.2 Proof of reliability of the assembly and connection technologyThe supplier shall document the development progress at the time of each delivery of sample parts.At the time of submission of the initial samples, the supplier shall perform a full qualification on the basis of the requirements of the KLH and provide the appropriate evidence.The supplier shall coordinate the number and scope of the tests with Development and Daimler AG Qual-ity Management and document the results.In order to allow the impact of changes on the component to be assessed, the supplier shall document a comparison of measuring results before and after the intended change.Qualification shall be carried out using components manufactured on the series production equipment. 7.3 Proof of reliability of the devices usedOn delivery, the supplier shall provide evidence of device qualification.For ICs, the supplier shall provide evidence of the device qualification in accordance with AEC-Q100, for discrete components in accordance with AEC-Q101, and for passive components in accordance with AEC-Q200.To achieve the zero-defects strategy, the supplier shall document the methods as per AEC-Q004 and provide evidence of the records to Daimler AG Quality Management.The supplier shall have any deviations from these specifications approved by Daimler AG Quality Man-agement.7.4 Board bending testThe supplier shall ensure that soldered circuit boards or devices cannot be damaged as a result of me-chanical stresses. Excessive mechanical stresses result in the danger of the board or devices becoming pre-damaged due to microcracks. The supplier shall support the PCB boards using an appropriate fixture.By means of a board bending test, the mechanical stress to which a soldered circuit board is exposed during the production process can be determined.The supplier shall perform a bending test for the following production steps on the component-specific board and maintain the relevant records:- Paste printer (only for double-sided boards)- SMD placement machines- ICTseparatorboard- Circuit- Press-fit process for contacts- Press-fit and assembly fixtures and jigs for installing boards in a housing- Transport systems, including gripping devices.The supplier shall repeat the board bending test at regular time intervals and record the relevant results.The supplier shall use the bending test for fault finding in the event of failures of devices (e.g. damage, microcracks on ceramic capacitors). The supplier shall record the results and submit them to Daimler AG Quality Management on request.The supplier shall use an appropriate measurement procedure for carrying out the board bending test.The maximum critical bending of boards depends on the individual circuit board or the devices used. The supplier shall take care to ensure that the sensors are positioned on the board at the point of maximum bending.The supplier shall take care to ensure that circuit board is assembled and soldered in line with the relevant process step to be examined.During the processing of ceramic capacitors, the supplier shall ensure that the specifications ofAV A2110039899 "Design Rules for E/E Components“ are complied with for all manufactured compo-nents.7.5 RequalificationThe supplier shall check at least once every year whether its deliveries conform to the specifications of Daimler AG.As a minimum requirement, the test scope shall include evidence that the specifications with regard to dimensional, material, reliability, environmental, process and statutory rules have been complied with.The supplier shall coordinate and document the test scopes with Daimler AG Quality Management. This coordination shall be based on the environmental and lifetime tests specified in the component require-ment specifications (KLH) as well as other specifications such as DBL, MBN, AV, etc.The supplier can choose between the following methods to prove compliance with the specifications of the environmental and life tests required in KLH:- complete annual repeat of the of the environmental and life tests specified in KLH- annual execution of a so-called "Q-Review Environment E/E“.7.5.1 Complete repeat of the environmental and life testsThe supplier shall record the results of the repeat and submit them to Daimler AG Quality Management on request.The supplier shall notify Daimler AG Quality Management of any deviations from the specification without delay.The supplier shall supply regular evidence of the process capabilities of production as a whole and each production process and maintain the appropriate records.If the tests show that the required cp or cpk values are not achieved and that the equipment requires read-justment, the supplier shall shorten the test interval.7.5.2 Q-Review Environment E/ETo perform a "Q-Review Environment E/E“, the supplier is required to comply with the following conditions: The environmental and life tests specified in the KLH have been performed once successfully, and the relevant results recorded.Another condition for the execution of a "Q-Review Environment E/E“ is that the following requirements have been fulfilled during the previous 12 months:- The supplier has used a statistical method for the early detection of faults in production. This method has ensured that 100% of the manufactured parts have been covered, the results recorded and evaluated regularly. All measures defined as part of the early fault detection system during the previous 12 months must have been effectively implemented.- The required qualification tests shall have been passed successfully with regard to any changes to the component or the production process.- All failures during the tests in production have been determined, and the relevant results recorded and regularly evaluated. All measures defined during the previous 12 months shall have been effectively im-plemented.- All measures defined during internal and external audits during the previous 12 months shall have been effectively implemented.- All 0-km failures and field failures during the previous 12 months shall have been analyzed and evalu-ated. Any resulting measures shall have been implemented effectively.。
绍兴历代园林录
绍兴历代园林录编著:千年月目录越国园林禹穴古越城离宫越王宫台駕臺離臺中宿臺斋戒台靈臺飞翼楼美人宫乐野宴臺望烏臺賀臺秦汉园林都亭陈嚣宅仇亭白楼亭柯亭钟离意宅郑宏宅孟宅黄昌宅干吉宅虞国墅魏伯阳宅六朝园林贺墅蘭亭王右军别业王子敬山亭北馆书苑阮裕宅谢安东山别业孙绰园谢车骑宅孔愉宅郗超别墅北干园许询山阴园郭偉宅始宁墅孔灵符别墅孔灵产别墅孔尚书园王弘之园孔淳之园硃百年隐居江彪宅何子平宅何骠骑宅何允宅何中令学舍江文通宅(别墅)江淹园杜浦顧墅杜京产宅陶宏景宅张彪宅谢敷宅孔祐隐居吕文度园葛洪宅太平馆六朝寺庙园林灵宝寺:(300)祗园寺:(大能仁寺)(325—335)泰安寺:(345—356)灵嘉寺:(350)戒珠寺:嘉祥寺:378鹫峰寺:九峰寺:五云禅寺:日铸寺:光相寺:(406)云门寺:407法华寺:418觉嗣寺:416隆庆寺:426报恩光孝禅寺长庆院:宋永徽二年建。
本晋尚书陈嚣竹园,因号竹园寺。
龙华寺:447宝林寺:473净住寺:俗称樊浦寺484大善寺:504钟山寺:在西郭门外,始建于梁崇教禅寺:535称心寺:537灵秘教寺:(俗称马安寺)544 大禹寺:545白塔寺:天庆观:梁开平两年报恩光孝观:陈武帝永定二年越中唐代园林录越州州治:使院:东亭:望海亭:东武亭:新楼(北园):海榴亭:杜鹃楼:满桂楼:西楼:北楼:镜波馆:橘园:南亭(庭):棲神馆:贺知章剡川一曲:皇甫秀才山亭:袁秀才山亭:王处士草堂:齐抗书堂:张徵君隐居:严长史园:秦隐君会稽山居:秦隐君萧山宅:秦隐君剡中宅:朱山人别业:昌园:丘为别业:皇甫岳云溪别业:王维山阴别业:綦毋潜别业:徐浩宅:碧涧别墅:陆侍御别业:韦应物云门郊居:独孤及五云溪新庭(亭):王翁信剡中别业:方干镜湖别业:吴融山居:李侍御上虞别业:李洞从叔书记山阴隐居:陈孙耶耶溪旧居:镜湖野老所居:谢孝廉宅:曹璩越中旧隐:权德舆江南旧居:石门精舍:西亭云溪竹园:贺仲宣宅:顾非熊隐居:姚合隐居:耿山人别业:袁肇别业:朱庆馀山居:朱可久隐居:陆龟蒙别墅:韦庄隐居:许寿东山别业:刘逸人林泉:皎然湖上草堂:裴秀才会稽山居:戴叔伦越溪村居:“校书” 上虞别业:元使君宅居:李绅别业:镜中别业:卢休别业南雷隐居:四明山鹿亭:侯郎中西湖别业:裴饶会稽别业:施肩吾山居:荣二山人池亭:董昌故宫:齐頭(豆有山字头)书堂:(新昌)王绪宅:(新昌)吴越王东府:宋代园林西園:吕氏荘:温氏园:五云梅舍:(宋)林景熙有记沈氏园:李氏园:郡圃:丁氏园:詹季章位小阁王氏园:小隐园:齐氏家园:冯氏园朱通直庄:陆左丞园:陆游草堂:南庄:赐荣园:镜湖渔舍:曲水园:修竹楼:快阁:六和庄:福王府:王府庄:赵宗万宅:齐唐宅:浸碧亭:贾似道山阴私第:张远猷卜居:沈焕隐鉴湖:言通宅:林景曦宅:石驸马园:王氏山堂:(新昌)万卷堂:议善阁:平波书堂:平山书堂爱山亭:白云庄:石氏山斋:水竹居:克斋:寿康精舍:养志堂:涉趣园:王家园:东园:(嵊州)西园:花园:(上虞)西园:杨园:不碍云山草堂:张复初宅(驸马府):(萧山)郑驸马花园:杨蔬园:(诸暨)寄隐草堂:姚山别业:(余姚)更好亭:明代园林城内大観堂希范亭锌陰軒宛委齋越望亭紫翠亭霖雨亭山阴县署三友亭表海亭淇園筠芝亭砎園苍霞谷萬玉山房巘花堂詠(zhui鳥隹)堂曲池快園千峯阁有清園蒹葭園秋水園东武山房蜨園白马山房选流園来園樛木園耆園天莊曲水園芸圃賁園(南明書院)澄玉亭躍雷館趣園環翠軒浮樹園不二齋王公書舍采菽园竹坞漪園王家庄樂志園竹素园絃圃酬字堂文漪園亦園墨池礃園可也居桔槔園附條且館水天閣豫園附春波館桐風館馬園起臥山房寶綸樓今是園西壁堂漁來館陳園袍園入考古內嘉瓜樓入考古內讀書臺獨石軒偶鹿山房衣雲閣擁城居寒玉館:沈相如建。
工业互联网标识解析-集装箱标识编码规范
工业互联网标识解析集装箱标识编码规范Identification and Resolution System for the Industrial Internet—Freight Containers —Identification Coding Specification目次前言 (I)1范围 (1)2规范性引用文件 (1)3术语和定义 (1)4编码的组成 (1)4.1编码原则 (1)4.2编码结构 (1)5标识前缀 (2)6标识后缀 (2)6.1编码结构 (2)6.2物品类别代码 (3)6.3物品名称代码 (3)6.4物品型号规格代码 (3)6.5物品序列号代码 (4)6.6日期代码 (4)6.7企业内部物品编码 (4)6.8其他(可选项) (4)附录A (5)T11/AII 003-2020 工业互联网标识解析集装箱标识编码规范1范围本文件规定了集装箱行业工业互联网标识编码的组成、编码结构、各部分的编码规则以及对应代码表。
本文件适用于集装箱行业工业互联网标识编码体系建设以及标识对象信息的处理与交换。
2规范性引用文件下列文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。
凡是注日期的引用文件,仅所注日期的版本适用于本文件。
凡是不注日期的引用文件,其最新版本(包括所有的修改单)适用于本文件。
GB/T 1836-2017 集装箱代码、识别和标记(ISO 6346:1995,IDT)GB/T 1992 集装箱术语(ISO 830,MOD)GB/T 12418-2001 钢质通用集装箱修理技术要求GB/T 33574-2017 集装箱生产序列号编码3术语和定义GB/T 1992 中界定的术语和定义以及下列术语和定义适用于本文件。
3.13.1标识编码 Identification code能够唯一识别机器、产品等物理资源和算法、工序等虚拟资源的身份符号。
3.23.2标识解析 Identifier resolution根据标识编码查询目标对象网络位置或者相关信息。
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Bedrijfseconomie samenvatting Hoofdstuk 7, 8 en 97.1 Eigen vermogen bij ondernemingen zonder rechtspersoonlijkheidHet eigen vermogen van een eenmanszaak bestaat uit:+ privé-stortingen (uit eigen middelen van de eigenaar later toegevoegd)+ gemaakte winsten- privé-onttrekkingen- geleden verliezenEenmanszaakIndien de eigenaar van een eenmanszaak zichzelf een loon toekent, mag dit fiscaal niet als kosten ten laste van de winst worden gebracht. Ook privé-onttrekkingen zijn geen kosten. De eigenaar van de eenmanszaak betaalt inkomstenbelasting over de volledige winst en niet slechts ver het bedrag dat hij uit het bedrijf haalt in de vorm van privé-onttrekkingen. PersonenvennootschapIn de personenvennootschap wordt bij de oprichting vastgesteld hoeveel eigen vermogen elk van de vennoten inbrengt. Het ingebrachte vermogen wordt per vennoot op de balans geregistreerd. Het is mogelijk om een deel van het eigen vermogen later nog te storten. Een verlies verkleint het eigen vermogen. De vennoten kunnen het eigen vermogen per vennoot toe en afnemen door privé-stortingen en onttrekkingen.De vennoten betalen ieder inkomstenbelasting over het eigen aandeel in de winst die ze met de vennootschap behalen.Verschil eenmanszaak en personenvennootschap:- het eigen vermogen per vennoot wordt apart bijgehouden op twee rekeningen, terwijl het eigen vermogen van een eenmanszaak als één post op de balans staat.Commanditaire vennootschap:Hierbij wordt het eigen vermogen op identieke wijze geregistreerd als bij de personenvennootschap. Ook het vermogen van een of meer commanditaire vennoten wordt apart op de balans opgenomen.7.2 Eigen vermogen bij ondernemingen met rechtspersoonlijkheidBij de nv/bv bestaat het eigen vermogen uit aandelenkapitaal en reserves. Door middel van uitgifte van aandelen krijgt de onderneming de beschikking over eigen vermogen. De kopers van aandelen zijn samen de eigenaar van de onderneming.Verschil BV/NV:-Bij een BV is er vaak een grotere betrokkenheid van een of een beperkt aantal aandeelhouders. Vooral bij BV’s die ontstaan vanuit een ez of vof is er sprake van een of enkele grootaandeelhouders, die ook een directeursfunctie in de BV bekleden (deDGA: directeur-grootaandeelhouder).-Een NV wordt meestal opgericht met het doel om een groot vermogen bijeen te brengen, waardoor er bij de oprichting meerdere aandeelhouders zijn die geenbetrokkenheid bij de leiding van de onderneming hebben.Maatschappelijk kapitaal = het totale bedrag waarvoor aandelen kunnen worden uitgegeven, ligt vast in de statuten van de onderneming. Het maatschappelijk kapitaal geeft aan hoe hoog het nominale bedrag van de geplaatste aandelen maximaal kan zijn.Winstverdeling/dividendDe winstverdeling wordt na afloop van het boekjaar op voorstel van de Raad vanBestuur(directie) vastgesteld door de Algemene Vergadering van Aandeelhouders. De winstuitkering die de aandeelhouders ontvangen, wordt dividend genoemd.Bij de berekening van het dividendbedrag per aandeel wordt uitgegaan van het gestorte aandelenkapitaal, tenzij de statuten anders bepalen. Reeds tijdens het boekjaar kan bij wijze van voorschot een interim-dividend worden uitgekeerd.Belangrijkste functie aandelen voor de onderneming:-de financieringsfunctie: het op de geplaatste aandelen gestorte vermogen wordt gebruikt voor de financiering van de activiteiten van de onderneming.Belangrijkste functies aandelen voor de aandeelhouders:-zeggenschap: het geeft de houder zeggenschap binnen de onderneming, dit zal vooral bij wat kleinere ondernemingen van belang zijn, zoals bij de directeur-grootaandeelhouder van een BV.-Dividenduitkering: de aandeelhouder heeft recht op een gedeelte van de winst van de onderneming indien de onderneming overgaat tot dividenduitkering.Preferentaandelen = zijn aandelen waaraan voor de houders bepaalde voorrechten zijn verbonden. Deze voorrechten kunnen betrekking hebben op beide functies van aandelen: het beheer van de onderneming of de uitkeringen van de onderneming.Prioriteitsaandelen = geven de houder bepaalde extra rechten op het gebied van de zeggenschap over de onderneming.Uitkeringspreferente aandelen = geven de houder voorrechten bij de winstuitkering door de onderneming. Vaak geldt voor deze aandelen een vast, in de statuten vastgelegd, dividendpercentage. Indien er sprake is van cumulatief preferente aandelen, kan in jaren waarin de onderneming geen of onvoldoende winst maakt de dividendbelasting worden doorgeschoven naar voldoende winstgevende jaren.Ook bij liquidatie van de onderneming kunnen uitkeringspreferente aandelen voorrechten geven.Vergroten van eigen vermogen BV/NVHet eigen vermogen van een BV of NV kan na oprichting worden vergroot door uitgifte van nog niet geplaatste aandelen. Bestaande of nieuwe aandeelhouders kopen deze aandelen en het ingebrachte vermogen wordt toegevoegd aan het eigen vermogen. Ook winstinhouding vergroot het eigen vermogen van een BV of NV.Een beursgenoteerde NV heeft een extra mogelijkheid om het eigen vermogen te vergroten:-een openbare aandelenemissie: hierbij kunnen derden ook aandelen kopen, naast de bestaande aandeelhouders.7.3 Waarde van aandelenVoor de waardebepaling van een aandeel heeft de nominale waarde echter geen betekenis. De nominale waarde is het bedrag dat op het aandeelbewijs is vermeld. Deze waarde van een aandeel is slechts in zoverre van belang dat de aandeelhouder verplicht is bij de uitgifte van de aandelen, minstens het bedrag van de nominale waarde te storten.De theoretische waarde van een aandeel kan worden afgeleid van de waarde van de onderneming. Hierbij kennen we twee waarde begrippen:-Intrinsieke waarde: wordt berekend als het verschil tussen de bezittingen en de schulden van de onderneming en is daardoor gelijk aan het ev van de onderneming.-Rentabiliteitswaarde: wordt berekend als de contante waarde van de verwachte toekomstige winsten van de onderneming. Deze waarde geeft als het ware dewinstpotentie van de onderneming weer.Indien de onderneming erin slaagt om de activa zeer winstgevend te exploiteren zal de rentabiliteitswaarde boven de intrinsieke waarde liggen. Indien de intrinsieke waarde het hoogst is presteert de onderneming onder de maat.Berekenen van de intrinsieke waarde en de rentabiliteitswaarde per aandeel: door de overeenkomstige waarde van de onderneming te delen door het aantal geplaatste aandelen. Naast de twee genoemde theoretische waarde begrippen kennen we bij op de effectenbeurs genoteerde aandelen ook een beurswaarde.De beurswaarde komt tot stand op basis van de vraag naar en het aanbod van het betreffende aandeel op de beurs. De beurswaarde wordtbeïnvloedt door de intrinsieke en rentabiliteitswaarde, maar is ook afhankelijk van algemene economische en politieke ontwikkelingen.Motieven om een onderneming naar de beurs te brengen zijn:-Incasseringsmotief: aandeelhouders kunnen het in de onderneming geïnvesteerde vermogen geheel of gedeeltelijk vrijmaken en de opbrengst voor andere doelenaanwenden.-Financieringsmotief: de behoefte aan additioneel eigen vermogen kan in de toekomst makkelijker via een uitbreiding van het geplaatste aandelenkapitaal worden gedekt.-Managementmotief: de afstand tussen eigendom en management wordt vergroot, waardoor aandeelhouders minder directe invloed hebben op de leiding.-PR-motief: via een beursintroductie wordt de naamsbekendheid van ondernemingen vergroot.-Prestigemotief: een beursnotering vergroot het aanzien van de onderneming, die dan werkelijk meetelt in ondernemingsland.Een beursnotering brengt voor de onderneming de verplichting met zich mee tot openbaarmaking van informatie die voor een goede koersvorming op de beurs noodzakelijk is. Uit concurrentieoogpunt kan dit als ongunstig worden ervaren.7.4 ReservesTantième: Als de nv of bv winst maakt, dan kan zij deze winst, na aftrek van de vennootschapsbelasting uitkeren aan de directie en de commissarissen. Tantième is als (loon)kosten aftrekbaar voor de vennootschapsbelasting.Winstreserve: reserve die ontstaat bij winstinhouding.Voordelen van vergroting van het eigen vermogen door winstinhouding vergeleken met het aantrekken van eigen vermogen door middel van een aandelenemissie: -Financiering met additioneel aangetrokken aandelenvermogen is duurder dan financiering met ingehouden winst, omdat aandeelhouders dividenduitkering eisen.-Bij winstinhouding is er geen sprake van emissiekosten en administratieve beslommeringen.-De groei van het eigen vermogen vindt bij winstinhouding geleidelijk plaats, terwijl aandelenemissies grote bedragen ineens betreffen.-Bij winstinhouding vindt geen verwatering van de winst per aandeel plaats, waardoor de beurskoers van het aandeel niet daalt.Dividendstabilisatie: door in jaren met hoge winsten een gedeelte van de behaalde winst in te houden, kan in jaren met lage winsten toch een redelijk bedrag aan dividend worden uitgekeerd door uit de reserves te putten. Hierdoor wordt er elk jaar een ongeveer gelijkblijvend dividend per aandeel uitgekeerd.Passeren van het dividend: als er een jaar helemaal geen dividend wordt uitgekeerd. Agio: het verschil tussen de uitgifteprijs en de nominale waarde van het aandeel.Door de uitgifte van nieuwe aandelen stijgt het geplaatste aandelenkapitaal met de nominale waarde van de nieuwe aandelen. Maar ook het agio op de aandelen behoort te worden toegevoegd aan het eigen vermogen van de NV. Dit bedrag wordt bijgeschreven bij de reserves en wel bij de agioreserve.Een toename van het eigen vermogen kan binnen de vennootschap ook ontstaan door een waardestijging van activa, indien de onderneming de vervangingswaarde als waarderingsgrondslag hanteert voor haar vaste activa. Deze toename van de waarde van de activa komt tot uitdrukking in een toename van het eigen vermogen door de waardestijging te boeken op de herwaarderingsreserve.Samenvattend gezegd kunnen reserves ontstaan door drie oorzaken:-Winstinhouding-Aandelenemissie boven pari-Herwaardering van activaOpen reserves: de omvang van de hiervoor genoemde reserves kan worden afgelezen op de balans, de open reserves.Stille of geheime reserve: indien het bestaan van de reserve wel blijkt uit de balans, maar de omvang ervan niet is vast te stellen. Bijvoorbeeld als activa op de balans te laag worden gewaardeerd. Hierdoor zijn toekomstige verliezen in de toekomst weg te moffelen.7.5 AandelenemissieAls een NV zijn eigen vermogen wilt vergroten kan zij haar geplaatste aandelenkapitaal gaan vergroten. Als de aandelen op de beurs zijn genoteerd, kan worden gekozen voor een openbare emissie. Als dit niet het geval is kan zij een onderhandse plaatsing van aandelen doen. De aandelen worden dan rechtstreeks geplaatst bij bestaande aandeelhouders, particuliere beleggers of participatiemaatschappijen.Participatiemaatschappij: is gespecialiseerd in het deelnemen in het risicodragend vermogen van ondernemingen. Het met onderhandse plaatsing verkregen aandelenvermogen wordt aangeduid met de term venture capital(durfkapitaal).Bij een openbare emissie zal de onderneming altijd gebruik maken van de diensten van een of meer banken.Guichetemissie: indien banken slechts loketdiensten verrichten ten behoeve van de NV. Het risico van mislukken van de emissie wordt door de NV zelf gedragen.Overgenomen emissie: Als de banken het risico van de NV overnemen van de guichetemissie en garant staan voor de opbrengst van de emissie.Prospectus:bevat informatie over de gang van zaken in de NV, financiële overzichten, een uittreksel uit de statuten en de prijs waartegen op de emissie kan worden ingeschreven. Dit is informatie voor belangstellende beleggers.De emissieprijs moet onder de beurswaarde van het aandeel liggen omdat het anders aantrekkelijker is om de aandelen rechtstreeks op de beurs te kopen dan via de emissie.Vrije emissie: hierbij wordt aan de oude aandeelhouders het recht toegekend om bij voorrang in te schrijven. Dit voorkeursrecht wordt veelal belichaamd in een dividendbewijs, dat is gehecht aan de reeds uitstaande aandelen(=claim). Om een nieuw aandeel te kopen zijn meestal meerdere claims nodig.Berekening theoretische waarde van een claim:N = aantal claims per nieuw aandeelCL = claimEP = emissieprijsBeurswaarde na emissie = n * CL + EPCL = BWN – EP : nBonusaandelen: aandelen die gratis aan de houders van reeds uitstaande aandelen worden verstrekt ten laste van de reserves. Vaak gebeurt dit ten laste van de agioreserve. We spreken dan van een agiobonus. Hierdoor verandert enkel de samenstelling van het eigen vermogen, het neemt niet af.3 manieren om het aandelenkapitaal te vergroten:-Herkapitalisatie-Aandelensplitsing-StockdividendHerkapitalisatie: door de bonusaandelen neemt het nominaal geplaatste aandelenkapitaal toe en nemen de reserves met hetzelfde bedrag af.Door de toename van het aantal geplaatste aandelen zal de beurswaarde van een aandeel dalen. Dit kan de verhandelbaarheid van de aandelen ten goede komen.Aandelensplitsing: hierbij wordt de nominale waarde per aandeel verlaagd, terwijl het totaal geplaatste aandelenkapitaal gelijk blijft. In ruil voor de oorspronkelijke aandelen krijgen de aandeelhouder nu een groter aantal aandelen met een lagere nominale waarde én een lagere beurswaarde.Stockdividend: hierbij wordt dividend uitgekeerd in de vorm van aandelen. Voor de onderneming heeft dit als voordeel dat de voorraad liquide middelen niet wordt gebruikt voor dividenduitkering, zodat de liquiditeitspositie niet wordt aangetast.Keuzedividend: de keus bij stockdividend tussen een uitkering in contanten of een uitkering in aandelen.8.1 Prijsvorming vreemd vermogenGeldgevers vragen een vergoeding voor het beschikbaar stellen van het vermogen. Meestal wordt de vergoeding betaald in de vorm van rente.De hoogte van de rente is afhankelijk van een aantal factoren:1.Marktrente2.Looptijd van de schuld3.Risico voor de geldgever4.Rangorde van de geldgevers5.Verhandelbaarheid van de schuld1 + 2. Marktrente en looptijdVoor de bepaling van de marktrente wordt de rentemarkt opgedeeld in 2 markten: -Geldmarkt: korte rente-Kapitaalmarkt: lange rente, looptijd vanaf 2 jaar.Maatstaf geldmarktrente: Euribortarieven, dit zijn tarieven waartegen 57 Europese banken elkaar kortetermijnleningen in euro’s verstrekken.Maatstaf kapitaalmarkt rente: staatsleningen. Gezien het lage risico dat er niet betaald wordt bij een Nederlandse staatslening, geldt dit tarief vaak als een basistarief. Andere leningen met hogere risico’s kennen een renteopslag voor dat hogere risico, waarbij geldt dat de opslag hoger wordt, naarmate het debiteurenrisico hoger wordt.3. RisicoHet risico bij schulden wordt meestal afgemeten aan de kredietwaardigheid van de onderneming.4. RangordeVreemdvermogenverschaffers hebben altijd voorrang op eigenvermogenverschaffers bij uitkeringen door de onderneming in geval van liquidatie of faillissement. Naarmate er meer eigen vermogen in de onderneming is geïnvesteerd, is er een grotere buffer aanwezig om de verplichtingen aan de vreemdvermogenverschaffers na te komen.Achtergesteld vreemd vermogen: als alternatief voor eigen vermogen kan de onderneming in dit kader ook achtergesteld vreemd vermogen aantrekken. De verstrekkers van achtergesteld vreemd vermogen ontvangen in geval van faillissement van de onderneming slechts rente en aflossing nadat aan alle financiële verplichtingen aan de overige schuldeisers is voldaan. In ruil voor de achterstelling, zullen de vermogensverschaffers een iets hogere rentevergoeding dan gebruikelijk eisen.Garantievermogen: het achtergesteld vreemd vermogen samen met het eigen vermogen dienen in het geval van faillissement als buffer bij het nakomen van de verplichtingen aan de schuldeisers.Preferente schuldeisers: komen nog vóór de gewone schuldeisers. Voorbeelden zijn de fiscus en verschaffers van hypothecaire schulden5. Verhandelbaarheid van de schuldWanneer het mogelijk is om de schuld te verkopen dan is de schuldeiser niet gebonden aan het uitzitten van de looptijd van de schuld. Bijvoorbeeld bij obligatieleningen.8.2 BankleningenBuffer: voor elke lening die een bank uitgeeft, moet zij van de toezichthouder(DNB) een minimale buffer aan eigen vermogen aanhouden. Het aanhouden van een kapitaalbuffer kost een bank geld. Voor een risicovol bedrijf is onder de nieuwe richtlijn meer reserve nodig, waardoor de kostprijs van het krediet stijgt. De opslag die de bank hanteert boven de interbancaire rente is een vergoeding voor het risico dat ze neemt, maar ook voor het aanhouden van risicodragend kapitaal.Flatteringsprocedure: na aanvraag van en banklening beoordelen bankiers een kredietaanvraag van de volgende criteria:-De kredietnemer: wordt beoordeeld.-Het marketingplan: bestaat uit de bekende P’s en marketingrisico’s vanuit de ogen van de bankier.-Investeringsplan: volgt uit het marketingplan. Hierin wordt aangegeven waarin word geïnvesteerd en hoe dit word gefinancierd.-De cijfermatige onderbouwing: o.b.v. het marketing en investeringsplan wordt een cijfermatige onderbouwing opgesteld. Gezamenlijk vormen ze het ondernemingsplan.-De buffer in het bedrijf:er moet genoeg eigen vermogen zijn om tijdelijke of structurele verliezen op te vangen.Onderhandse geldlening: hiervan is sprake indien één of enkele geldgevers de onderneming of instelling langdurig tijdelijk vreemd vermogen verstrekken. Tussen de onderneming en de geldgevers bestaat een rechtstreeks contact, zodat onderling overleg mogelijk is over de omvang en de voorwaarden van de lening.Hypothecaire geldlening: de geldnemer verstrekt aan de geldgever een zekerheid in de vorm van onroerend goed.8.3 ObligatieleningenObligatielening: is een door een organisatie uitgegeven geldlening, die verdeeld is in een groot aantal schuldbekentenissen, in ronde bedragen. Deze schuldbekentenissen worden obligaties genoemd. Vaak voorkomende nominale bedragen zijn 1000 en 5000.Door middel van de uitgifte van een obligatielening trekt de organisatie langlopend vreemd vermogen aan. In tegenstelling tot een emissie van aandelen is een emissie van obligaties niet uitsluitend voorbehouden aan een NV. Ook ondernemingen met een andere rechtsvorm of overheidsinstellingen (staat, gemeente) kunnen een obligatielening uitgeven.Pandbrieven: obligaties uitgegeven door een hypotheekbank.Obligaties zijn meestal aan toonder en vrij verhandelbaar. Er wordt een vasterente(couponrente) betaald en de obligatielening heeft een vooraf vastgesteldelooptijd(meestal tussen 5 en 20 jaar).Obligaties worden verhandeld op de effectenbeurs. De notering van obligaties op de beurs geschiedt in procenten van de nominale aandelen. Als de couponrente hoger is dan de marktrente, dan zal de obligatie boven pari noteren.Aantrekkelijk voor personen die niet veel risico willen lopen omdat:-Obligaties makkelijk verhandelbaar zijn.-Obligaties een vrij stabiele marktwaarde hebben.Aflossing van een obligatielening kan in principe op twee manier worden geregeld: -Alle obligaties worden aan het einde van de looptijd tegelijk afgelost. De obligatiehouders ontvangen dan de nominale waarde van de obligaties in contacten.Nadeel: de onderneming moet op dat moment over een zeer groot bedrag aan liquidemiddelen beschikken.-De aflossing geschiedt geleidelijk in gedeelten. Hierbij wordt in een vooraf vastgestelde periode op geregelde tijdstippen telkens een bepaald gedeelte van deobligaties afgelost.Hypothecaire obligaties: hierbij worden activa van de onderneming gebruikt als onderpand, om de beleggers zekerheid te verschaffen.Trustee: deze treedt namens de obligatiehouders op, indien de onderneming haar betalingsverplichtingen niet nakomt. Dit bestaat omdat er meestal geen contact is tussen geldgever en geldnemer, omdat er veel beleggers zijn. In geval van een hypothecaire obligatielening is de aanwezigheid van een trustee wettelijk verplicht.Achtergestelde obligatielening: de houders van de obligaties ontvangen in geval van faillissement van de onderneming slechts rente en aflossing nadat aan alle andere financiële verplichtingen aan de overige schuldeisers is voldaan.Zero bonds: zijn obligaties waarbij gedurende de looptijd geenrente wordt uitgekeerd, maar waarbij aan het einde van de looptijd een aflossingsbedrag wordt betaald dat hoger is dan het emissiebedrag van de obligatie.Discount bonds: zijn obligaties met een lage couponrente, waarbij aan het einde van de looptijd ook weer een hoger aflossingsbedrag dan de uitgifteprijs wordt uitbetaald. Het aflossingsbedrag bevat een extra rentevergoeding.Een belegger van zero bonds of discount bonds die tussentijds van de opbrengst wil profiteren, zal zijn obligaties moeten verkopen. Er moet over het inkomen uit beleggen inkomstenbelasting betaald worden aan de fiscus.Voordeel van zero of discount bonds voor de onderneming:-Er zijn geen of lage uitgaven voor rentebetalingen of aflossingen nodig voor het einde van de looptijd va de leningNadeel van zero of discount bonds voor de onderneming:-Vervroegde aflossing is vrijwel onmogelijk, aangezien dan de volledige nominale waarde moet worden uitbetaald, waardoor de kostenvoet van dit vermogen zeer hoogzou worden.Junk bonds: zijn obligaties met een hoge couponrente die dienen ter financiering van de overname van een bedrijf.Converteerbare obligaties: geven de houder het recht gedurende een bepaaldeperiode(conversieperiode) tegen vooraf vastgestelde voorwaarden de obligaties om te wisselen in aandelen.Voordelen van converteerbare obligaties:-De onderneming trekt door de uitgifte van converteerbare obligaties tijdelijk vermogen aan, dat later kan worden omgezet in permanent vermogen.-De obligatiehouder is schuldeiser van de onderneming, maar heeft de mogelijkheid aandeelhouder te worden.Conversieprijs: de prijs die de houders van de converteerbare obligaties bij omwisseling voor de aandelen moeten betalen.Conversiewaarde: geeft de aandelenwaarde van de converteerbare obligatie weer, dus wat de obligatie bij conversie in aandelen opbrengt.Reverse convertible: een variant op de converteerbare obligatie. In dit geval bepaalt niet de belegger of hij de obligaties wil inwisselen in aandelen, maar wordt dat door het bedrijf zelf bepaald. Omdat je als belegger hiermee instemt, krijg je een hogere rentevergoeding dan op een normale obligatie.Medium term notes: zijn verhandelbare schuldbewijzen aan toonder in grote coupures met een looptijd van twee tot vijf jaar. Bij een medium-term-note-programma is het totale leningbedrag verdeeld in een aantal afzonderlijk verhandelbare schuldbewijzen. De onderneming spreekt een maximaal aan te trekken bedrag af met de bank die de plaatsing verzorgt. Het programma word in gedeelten uitgegeven.Voor het emitterende bedrijf heeft de flexibiliteit m.b.t. het moment van uitgifte en looptijd het belangrijke voordeel dat snel op marktontwikkelingen kan worden ingespeeld. Bovendien zijn de kosten van plaatsing van medium term notes lager dan bij een obligatielening, omdat kan worden volstaan met een beknopt memorandum i.p.v. een uitgebreide emissieprospectus.Vanwege de grote coupures is de markt beperkt. Slechts institutionele beleggers, die een groot vermogen beheren, zijn in staat om deel te nemen in een medium-term-note-programma.Kenmerken van vormen van lang vreemd vermogen8.4 Vreemd vermogen op korte termijnVormen van kort vreemd vermogen:-Bankkrediet: meestal in de vorm van een rekening-courantkrediet.-Leverancierskrediet: bij inkoop van goederen-Afnemerskrediet: bij vooruitbetaling door de afnemer-Kasgeldlening: alleen voor grote bedrijven die een korte periode grote sommen lenen.-Commercial paper: verhandelbare schuldbewijzen van bedrijven in grote, ronde bedragen.-Overlopende passiefposten: te betalen salarissen, belastingen.-Overige kortlopende kredieten.BankkredietHet uitlenen op korte termijn gaat meestal in de vorm van een rekening-courantkrediet. De onderneming krijgt dan een zogenoemd kredietplafond. Dit is het maximale bedrag dat de onderneming als lening mag opnemen(rood staan). Indien de onderneming van het rekening-courantkrediet gebruik maakt, dan eist de bank hiervoor een rentevergoeding.Voordeel:Het voordeel van deze kredietvorm voor de onderneming is dat op deze wijze gemakkelijk een (sterk) fluctuerende vermogensbehoefte kan worden gefinancierd.LeverancierskredietEen onderneming krijgt leverancierskrediet indien zij goederen of diensten ontvangt zonder die onmiddellijk te moeten betalen. Leverancierskrediet is dus een bron van vermogen voor de afnemer van de goederen. Het ontvangen leverancierskrediet wordt aan de creditzijde van de balans geboekt onder de naam crediteuren. De leverancier boekt het verstrekte leverancierskrediet aan de debetzijde van de balans onder de naam debiteuren.Goederenfinanciering:Leverancierskrediet is een vorm van goederenfinanciering, omdat het vermogen niet in de vorm van geld beschikbaar wordt gesteld, maar in de vorm van geleverde goederen.Krediettermijn:Door de leverancier worden voorwaarden vastgesteld. Dit houdt in dat men een termijn vaststelt, waarbinnen de ontvangen goederen moeten worden betaald de krediettermijn.Daarnaast komt het nog vaak voor dat bij snelle betaling een korting mag worden afgetrokken van het factuurbedrag. In dat geval moeten ook een kortingspercentage en een kortingstermijn worden vastgesteld.AfnemerskredietAfnemerskrediet wordt verstrekt door de afnemer aan de leverancier indien betaling plaatsvindt voorafgaand aan de overdracht van goederen of diensten(bijv. bioscoop).Omdat er nauwelijks een verschil is in het tijdstip waarop wordt betaald en dat waarop de prestatie wordt geleverd, ontstaat er eigenlijk geen schuldverhouding tussen leverancier en afnemer.Indien afnemerskrediet wordt verstrekt voor nog te leveren goederen, kan dit wel een belangrijke bijdrage leveren in de financiering van de vermogensbehoefte van de leverancier.Bijvoorbeeld bij nieuwbouwhuizen. De leverancier wil niet het risico lopen dat de afnemer na de bouw het product niet meer wilt hebben en dus niet wil betalen. Door van de afnemer betaling vooraf te verlangen, kan de vermogensbehoefte van de leverancier worden gefinancierd met afnemerskrediet, zodat geen gebruik behoeft te worden gemaakt van duur bankkrediet. Een afnemer zal bereid zijn om het afnemerskrediet te verstrekken, om verzekerd te zijn van de levering van de goederen.Het verstrekte afnemerskrediet wordt door de afnemer onder de naa m ‘vooruitbetaalde bedragen’ of ‘nog te ontvangen goederen’ aan de debetzijde van de balans geboekt. De leverancier boekt het ontvangen afnemerskrediet aan de creditzijde van de balans onder de naam ‘vooruit ontvangen bedragen’ of ‘nog te leveren goederen’.Commercial paperCommercial paper: kortlopende verhandelbare schuldbewijzen aan toonder, uitgegeven door bedrijven. Hiermee kan een bedrijf een groot bedrag aan kortlopend vreemd vermogen aantrekken. De looptijd is enkele weken tot maximaal twee jaar en het bedrag per schuldbewijs is minimaal 1 miljoen.Doordat commercial paper verhandelbaar is, nemen de beleggers genoeg met een iets lagere rentevergoeding dan betaald moet worden op kortlopend bankkrediet. Dit maakt deze kredietvorm aantrekkelijk voor bedrijvenCertificates of deposits: als banken zelf kortlopend krediet aantrekken door de uitgifte van verhandelbare schuldbewijzen.8.5 VoorzieningenVoorziening: is een toekomstige verplichting, die samenhangt met de bedrijfsuitoefening in de huidige periode, maar waarvan de exacte omvang en/of tijdstip waarop deze zich zal voordoen, nog niet bekend zijn.Voorzieningen verschillen van schulden in die zin dat een schuld een juridische grondslag heeft en een voorziening niet. Bij een voorziening is het exacte bedrag nog niet bekend; het is zelfs mogelijk dat het helemaal niet betaald wordt.Het bedrag aan voorzieningen wordt ten laste gelegd van de winst. Er is dus sprake van substitutie van eigen vermogen。