article1
冠词 Article 的用法
in hospital in the hospital
在住院 在医院里
in school in the school
在学习;在学校上课 在学校里
out of question 不成问题;豪无疑问 out of the question 不可能;办不到
go to school
上学
go to the school 到学校去
6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词: The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词 如:
have breakfast,play chess 8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词:
go to hospital go to the hospital
go to bed go to the bed
去看病 到医院去
去睡觉 向那张床走去
5
冠词用法歌诀
名词是秃子,常要戴帽子。可数名词单,须用a或an。 辅音前用a,an用元音前。若为特指时, 则须用定冠。 复数不可数,泛指the不见。碰到代词时,冠词均不现。
12)如果名词前已有this, that, these, those, whose, which, my, your, their, his, her, it词,意义不同
试比较:
at table at the table
在进餐 在餐桌旁
Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪?我住在二层。
That‘s the very thing I’ve been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。
本合同第1条 英文
本合同第1条英文Article 1: General Provisions.This Agreement (the "Agreement") is made and entered into this [Date] by and between [Name of Company 1] ("Company 1") and [Name of Company 2] ("Company 2").1.1 Purpose.The purpose of this Agreement is to establish a framework for the provision of [Services] by Company 1 to Company 2.1.2 Definitions.The following terms shall have the meanings ascribed to them below:"Confidential Information" means any and all information disclosed by one party to the other party inconnection with this Agreement, whether in writing, orally, or by any other means, that is designated as confidential or that reasonably should be considered confidential under the circumstances."Effective Date" means the date on which this Agreement is executed by both parties."Intellectual Property" means all patents, copyrights, trademarks, service marks, trade secrets, and other intellectual property rights of either party."Party" means either Company 1 or Company 2."Services" means the [services] to be provided by Company 1 to Company 2 as described in Exhibit A attached hereto."Term" means the period of time during which this Agreement is in effect, as set forth in Section 1.4.1.3 Term.This Agreement shall commence on the Effective Date and shall continue for a period of [Number] years, unless earlier terminated in accordance with this Agreement.1.4 Amendment.This Agreement may be amended only by a written instrument executed by both parties.1.5 Governing Law.This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of [State].1.6 Entire Agreement.This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersedes all prior agreements, negotiations, and understandings, whether oral or written.1.7 Counterparts.This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument.1.8 Severability.If any provision of this Agreement is held to beinvalid or unenforceable, the remaining provisions shall remain in full force and effect.1.9 Waiver.No waiver of any breach of this Agreement shall be deemed a waiver of any other breach of this Agreement.1.10 Assignment.This Agreement may not be assigned by either party without the prior written consent of the other party.1.11 Notices.All notices required or permitted under this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be delivered to the other party at its address as set forth below or at such other address as may be designated by written notice in accordance with this Section. Notices shall be deemed to have been given:if delivered personally, when delivered;if sent by facsimile, when transmitted;if sent by overnight courier, on the day after the date of dispatch;if sent by certified mail, return receipt requested, on the date of receipt.Company 1:[Address][City, State, Zip Code]Company 2:[Address][City, State, Zip Code]1.12 Relationship of the Parties.The parties to this Agreement are independent contractors, and nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to create a partnership, joint venture, or agency relationship between the parties.1.13 Survival.The provisions of Sections 1.2 (Definitions), 1.5 (Governing Law), 1.7 (Counterparts), 1.8 (Severability), 1.12 (Relationship of the Parties), and 1.13 (Survival)shall survive the termination of this Agreement.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement as of the date first written above.COMPANY 1:By: _________________________。
article的同义词
article的同义词article表示"文章,论文的意思,那么你知道article的同义词是什么吗?一起来学习一下吧!同义词辨析:composition, article, essay, paper, prose, thesis, theme, dissertation这些名词均含"文章,论文"之意。
composition :多指学校里老师给学生的作文练习。
article :多指在报刊、杂志上发表的非文艺性的文章,包括新闻报导、学术论文等。
essay :指任何一种非小说性的,篇幅不长、结构简练的文章,如论说文、报道、评论、讽刺性杂文等。
paper :正式用词,多指在学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上宣读的专题论文,也指高等学校的学期论文,或学校里的作文练习。
prose :专指散文。
thesis :既可指毕业论文、学位论文,又可指一般的为阐述学术观点而写的论文。
theme :一般指大学或高中生作为作业所写的篇幅有限、较完整论述某个观点的文章。
也可指作品或谈话的主要论题。
dissertation :书面语用词,指独立研究后所写的较为详细的专题文章;也可指学位论文。
词组习语:an article of faith1. 坚定的信念article of virtuthe finished article1. (可投入使用的)成品the genuine article1. 同类人(或物)中的典范article 的例句:1. No one article can ever do justice to the topic of fraud.没有哪一篇文章能把欺诈这一话题讲得恰到好处。
2. There is a lengthy article on Spike Milligan in the Observer newspaper.《观察家报》上有一篇关于斯派克·米利根的长篇文章。
英语翻译测试1
英语翻译测试1试译⽂稿(通⽤篇)中译英:在李明读⼤⼀期间,我⼀直教授其“⼈⼒资源管理”专业知识,她以她的勤奋、好学、上进、聪慧给我留下了⾮常深刻的印象。
每次上课,她都认真预习并积极回答专业⽅⾯的问题,落落⼤⽅,谈吐清晰。
对于⼀些较难的知识点,她总是在下课后和我⼀起讨论并认真记录。
在这些讨论中,我发现她的许多见解很独特,是⼀个善于思考的学⽣。
她不仅很快理解概念,同时针对⽼师提出的问题,她能够进⾏多⾓度分析并提出解决⽅案。
“⼈⼒资源管理”是⼀门理论性、实践性⾮常强的学科,李明在课外阅读了⼤量的课外读物和资料:⼀是相关教材,⼆是相关期刊⽂章,三是利⽤互联⽹搜集资料。
通过⼴泛的阅读和搜集资料,李明掌握了学科的前沿理论和学科动态,具备⼴博的知识⾯。
Translation test (general)English to Chinese:When I was very young, the best footballer in the world--probably the best ever--played for my local team. My first set of colouring pencils bore his name; they were the only ones you could buy. Throughout the 80s, statues of the Madonna were gradually removed from their alcoves on street corners all over Napoli(那不勒斯) and replaced with busts of her near-namesake. Football in Italy is played on a Sunday, and while I would attend the Anglican church with my family and wait for them to drink tea with their expat friends, a far less genteel(⽂雅的,有教养的,上流社会的), but more religious, ceremony would be going on outside. What seemed like the entire population of this most chaotic and downtrodden of cities would clog the streets leading to the Stadio San Paolo, leaning on their car horns in a raucous, polyphonic hymn to their little god. Everyone was having a great time, not least of all el Diego himself; by the end of the decade, the high life was taking its toll, and he began the long and sad descent into addiction(上瘾) and obesity. I never saw him play.管理类试译⽂(英译中)Organize weekly meetings with your team to discuss what went well and what went wrong duringthe execution of the different plans. Address critical issues and possible solutions.Go frequently to the shop floor and give the opportunity to people to indicate their main problemsand concerns.Implement and visualize a KPI dashboard to track operational performance vs target, use it to learnfrom the past and to focus your team on achieving the targets in the future.Create a Daily Control System together with your team to follow up on the operational processes and remaining workload, using clear workflows, assigning clear accountabilities and measurable PPIs (process performance indicators). It helps to monitor whether the process is under control and anticipate situations where targets will not be reached. Keep the daily control system focused on the operational process checks and ensure they are aligned with the KPIs in the dashboard. Identify which activities, KPIs and PPIs are influenced by other functions (e.g. Commerce, Purchasing). Monitor this interaction (e.g. forecast accuracy, supplier OTIF) and discuss this regularly with the other functions to identify potential improvements.Create a roadmap/masterplan for each department of the Logistics team to follow the main projectson a monthly basis. Ensure the roadmap contains clear milestones and deadlines.法律类翻译项⽬——试译⽂第⼗⼀条不可抗⼒当事⼈双⽅的任何⼀⽅由于不可抗⼒的原因不能履⾏合同时,应及时向对⽅通报不能履⾏或不能完全履⾏的理由,并应在____天内提供证明,允许延期履⾏、部分履⾏或者不履⾏合同,并根据情况可部分或全部免予承担违约责任。
合同英文第一条第二条
合同英文第一条第二条Article 1: Definitions and Interpretation.1.1 In this Contract, unless the context otherwise requires:"Contract" means this agreement between the parties, including any Schedules, Annexes, and Appendices attached hereto."Party" means either the Buyer or the Seller, and "Parties" means both of them."Buyer" means [insert name of the Buyer]."Seller" means [insert name of the Seller]."Goods" means the items specified in Schedule 1 attached hereto."Services" means the services specified in Schedule 2 attached hereto."Price" means the price for the Goods and Services as specified in Schedule 3 attached hereto."Terms" means the terms and conditions of this Contract.1.2 Words importing the singular number only shall include the plural number and vice versa, and words importing persons shall include corporations, unincorporated associations, and partnerships.1.3 References to any gender shall include references to the other gender.1.4 References to Clauses are to Clauses of this Contract and references to Schedules, Annexes, or Appendices are to Schedules, Annexes, or Appendices to this Contract.Article 2: Formation of Contract.2.1 This Contract shall be deemed to have been formed when the Buyer and the Seller have executed and delivered this Contract to each other.2.2 The Parties agree that the terms and conditions set out in this Contract constitute the entire agreement between them relating to the Goods and Services and supersede any previous agreement, understanding, or arrangement between them, whether oral or in writing.2.3 No variation of this Contract shall be binding unless agreed in writing between the Parties.2.4 Each Party confirms that in entering into this Contract, it does not rely on any statement, promise, representation, assurance, or warranty (whether made innocently or negligently) that is not set out in this Contract. Each Party waives any right it might otherwise have to rely on any such statement, promise, representation, assurance, or warranty.2.5 Nothing in this Contract shall exclude or limit either Party's liability for fraud.Article 3: Delivery and Acceptance of Goods.[Insert provisions related to delivery, acceptance, and risk of loss of the Goods.]Article 4: Payment Terms.[Insert provisions related to payment for the Goods and Services, including payment schedule, currency, and any applicable discounts or penalties.]Article 5: Quality and Warranty.[Insert provisions related to the quality of the Goods and Services, warranties provided by the Seller, and any applicable remedies in the event of a breach of warranty.]Article 6: Termination.[Insert provisions related to the termination of the Contract, including events that may lead to termination, the process for termination, and any consequences of termination.]Article 7: Force Majeure.[Insert provisions related to force majeure events, defining such events and specifying their impact on the Contract's performance.]Article 8: General Provisions.[Insert provisions related to general matters such as assignment, subcontracting, notices, governing law, and dispute resolution.]Article 9: Miscellaneous.[Insert any additional provisions or clauses that do not fit into the above categories but are necessary for theContract's completeness.]Schedules, Annexes, and Appendices.[Attach Schedules, Annexes, and Appendices containing specific details related to the Goods, Services, Price, and any other relevant information.]Note: This is a template for a contract's first two articles. It does not constitute legal advice and should be adapted and customized to the specific needs and requirements of the Parties involved. It is recommended to consult with legal professionals when drafting or reviewing contracts.。
中华人民共和国自然保护区条例(一)-英语行业-法律英语-
中华人民共和国自然保护区条例(一)更多英语行业-法律英语-请点击这里获得中华人民共和国自然保护区条例REGULA TIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON NA TURE RESERVES国务院令第167号(Adopted at the 24th Executive Meeting of the State Council on September 2,1994,promulgated by Decree No. 167 of the State Council of the People's Republic of China on October 9,1994,and effective as of December 1,1994)颁布日期:19941009 实施日期:19941201 颁布单位:国务院Chapter I General ProvisionsArticle 1 The Regulations are formulated with a view to strengthening the construction and management of nature reserves and to protect the natural environment and resources.Article 2 For the purpose of the Regulations,nature reserves refer to such areas,on land,inland water bodies,or marine districts,which represent various types of natural ecological systems,or with anatural concentrated distribution of rare and endangered wild animal or plant species,or where natural traces or other protected objects being of special significance are situated,and so delimited out for special protection and administration according to relevant laws.Article 3 Establishment and management of nature reserves within the territory of the People's Republic of China or the other sea areas under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China must comply with the Regulations.Article 4 The state shall practice the economic and technological policies and measures favourable to the development of nature reserves,and incorporate the development planning of nature reserves into the national economic and social development plans.Article 5 The local economic construction,the production activities and everyday life of local residents shall be properly considered when the nature reserves are established and managed.Article 6 Nature reserves administrative agencies and their competent administrative departments may accept grants from both internal and external organizations and individuals for the establishment and management of nature reserves.Article 7 The people's governments at or above the county level shall strengthen leadership for the work concerning nature reserves.All units and individuals shall have the obligation to protect the natural environment and resources within nature reserves and have the right to report on or file charges against units or individuals who have destroyed or seized the nature reserves.Article 8 The state shall practice a system which combines integrated management with separate departmental management for the management of nature reserves.The competent department of environmental protection administration under the State Council is responsible for the integrated management of the nature reserves throughout the country.The competent departments of forestry,agriculture,geology and mineral resources,water conservancy,and marine affairs and other departments concerned are responsible for relevant nature reserves under their jurisdiction.The people's governments of provinces,autonomous regions andmunicipalities directly under the central government shall decide,according to the specific condition of the locality,on the establishment and the responsibilities of the administrative departments of nature reserves in the people's governments at or above the county level.Article 9 The people's governments at various levels shall give awards to units or individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the establishment and management of nature reserves and the related scientific research.Chapter II The Establishment of Nature ReservesArticle 10 In the areas which meet one of the following requirements,a nature reserve shall be established:(1)typical physic graphic areas with representative natural ecosystems,and those similar areas where the natural eco systems have been damaged to some extent,but can be restored through proper protection;(2)areas with a natural concentrated distribution of rare and endangered wild animal or plant species;(3)those areas which are of special protection value,such as marine and coastal areas,islands,wetland,internal water bodies,forests,grassland and deserts;(4)natural remains which are of scientific or cultural value,such as geological structures,famous karst caves,fossil distribution areas,glaciers,volcanoes,and hot springs;(5)other natural regions requiring special protection by the approval of the State Council or the people's governments of provinces,autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the central government.Article 11 The nature reserves are divided into national nature reserves and local nature reserves.National nature reserves are of typical significance in or out of the country,and have major international influence in science,or are of special value for scientific research.Local nature reserves are those other than the national ones which are representative and significant for scientific research. Local nature reserves may be managed by local governments at separate levels. Thespecific measures shall be formulated by the competent department of nature reserves under the State Council or by the people's governments of provinces,autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the central government according to their specific conditions,and shall be submitted to the competent department of environmental protection administration under the State Council for the record.Article 12 The establishment of a national nature reserve requires an application from the people's government of the province,autonomous region or municipality directly under the central government where the proposed nature reserve is located or by the competent department of nature reserves under the State Council. After the appraisal by the National Nature Reserves Appraisal Committee,the competent department of environmental protection administration under the State Council shall coordinate with relevant department to provide appraisal comments on the application and then submit it to the State Council for approval.The establishment of a local nature reserve requires an application from the people's government of the county,autonomous county,municipality or autonomous prefecture where the proposed nature reserve is located,or from competent department of nature reserves in the people's government of the relevant province,autonomous region ormunicipality directly under the central government. After the appraisal by the local nature reserves appraisal committee,the competent department of environmental protection administration in the people's government of the province,autonomous region or municipality directly under the central government shall coordinate with relevant departments to provide appraisal comments on the application and then submit it to the people's government of the province,autonomous region or the municipality directly under the central government for approval,and meanwhile submit it to the competent department of environmental protection administration under the State Council and the relevant competent administrative department of nature reserves under the State Council for the record.The establishment of a nature reserve involving more than two administrative divisions,requires an application from the people's government of relevant regions after their consultation. Then the application goes through the same procedures described in the preceding two paragraphs.The establishment of maritime nature reserves must be approved by the State Council.Article 13 In applying for the establishment of nature reserves,itis necessary to complete the nature reserve establishment report according to the relevant regulations of the state.Article 14 The range and boundary of nature reserves shall be determined by the people's government responsible for the approval of the establishment. The boundaries of nature reserves shall be indicated and announced to the public.The determination of the range and boundaries of nature reserves shall be given consideration to the integrity and suitability of the protected object as well as the needs of local economic construction,the production activities and the everyday lives of local residents.Article 15 The cancellation of nature reserves or any change or adjustment made in its property,range or boundaries shall be approved by the people's government responsible for the approval of the establishment of the nature reserves.No units or individuals shall move the landmarks of nature reserves without authorization.Article 16 Nature reserves shall be named in the following ways:National nature reserves:Name of the location + “National Nature Reserves”。
Article 1
Article 1: (source: Online Wall Street Journal)Forget the Old College Try, Ring the ConciergeStudents Hire Pros to Do Their Bidding; Getting a Bidet in a Hurry (Updated March 5, 2013, 10:08 p.m. ET)Salvador Neme needed some help, and fast.The 22-year-old Babson College junior was throwing a last-minute party at his Boston apartment and wanted to add a few special touches. So he rang his personal concierge. "I had no idea where to start," says Mr. Neme, who decided that an authentic mariachi band would be just the thing for his Mexican Independence Day soiree.No worries. For $300 a month, Mr. Neme has unlimited access to the seven full-time employees of Boston Collegiate Consulting Group, a local concierge company that helps today's moneyed students live like the privileged young swells of the Golden Age. BCCG helps its clients find and decorate apartments, get academic tutoring, snag coveted restaurant reservations and handle a litany of other bothersome chores.College used to be a great equalizer: No matter their parents' social status, students who came to campus tended to deal with basic life skills on their own. That was before companies like BCCG made it possible to summon butlers, drivers and gofers with a click or a call.Such assists raise some eyebrows. Parents are "breeding ineptitude," by allowing—and in some cases encouraging—children to hand off those jobs, says Hara Estroff Marano, editor-at-large at Psychology Today. Figuring out how to do the laundry, cook a basic meal or even wait for a handyman "are not crippling responsibilities" but rather "minor life skills" that can prove useful if the housekeeper cancelsAt the same time, such surrogate servers also allow helicopter parents to hover a bit too closely. Sue Battani, founder of Cville Concierge LLC in Charlottesville, Va., says some students are chagrined by their parents' delegating.Tensions brewed, for instance, when she organized a golf-themed 21st-birthday party for a student at University of Virginia—under orders from his mother in Epsom, England. The mother, Lindsay Smart, says her son Henry was initially wary of the party plan, but "as it got nearer, I think he warmed to the idea." He directed her not to do anything "over the top."Despite their offerings, even concierges concede that some parents could profit from a few boundaries. Ms. Chaplin from BCCG recalls getting daily phone calls from the Saudi Arabian mother of one Suffolk freshman because her son's off-campus apartment lacked a bidet. She was "frantic," Ms. Chaplin says, and expressed concern that "it would be bordering on unhealthy and unsafe" if a bidet wasn't installed immediately.Still, some demands simply can't be met. "They don't make extra-long twin [sheets] in 900 thread count," Ms. Chaplin jokes.Article 2: (source: Online USA Today)More employers setting up nap rooms for weary workers Some employees find a 20-minute nap during the day will boost their productivity.(Michael L. Diamond, Asbury Park (N.J.) Press12:01a.m. EDT March 11, 2013)To help its 20 employees in the office fight through a wave of afternoon fatigue, Nationwide Planning Associates Inc. remodeled an unused closet with a recliner, a fountain and a bamboo rug. Nap time these days isn't just for preschoolers.Employees of the Paramus, N.J., investment firm sign up for 20-minute blocks of restorative time twice a week and emerge energized, as if hitting the restart button.Workers can be forgiven if they look at the company with envy. Armed with technology and operating in a global economy, they are a tired lot. Without the benefit of a brief afternoon nap, they have turned to habits both healthy and unhealthy to fight their fatigue, only to be faced with the same early-morning wake-up call the next day.Many workers throughout the nation may feel particularly groggy Monday morning. They lost an hour by setting their clocks ahead over the weekend for the annual ritual of daylight saving time.New Jersey Shore-area workers arrived at the Middletown, N.J., train station one recent Monday for a trip to northern New Jersey or New York that would take upward of an hour, trudging along the sidewalk, coffee and smartphones in hand, while they waited for the train.While some commuters scoffed at the idea that they were sleep-deprived, others flashed a knowing smile at the question. Jessica Chepauskas, 23, of Middletown, was one of them. She used to drive part of the way to her job, but recently changed her routine and now takes NJ Transit "so I get an extra hour of sleep," she said.Technology may be getting faster and the world may be getting smaller, but the number of hours in the day hasn't changed. American workers emerging from the recession have been under pressure to work harder, with fewer hands on deck. They've been handed technology to help them remain in constant touch.It seems odd. Employers, trying to rein in soaring health care costs, have increasingly taken on more oversight of their workers' wellness. They have prodded their workers to exercise. They have encouraged them to keep their blood pressure, cholesterol and weight in check. But they don't think twice about asking them to be on call 24/7.Meanwhile, until the fourth quarter of last year, employers recovering from the recession had tried to stay afloat with gains in productivity, squeezing more work from their existing staff, according to U.S. Labor Department statistics.Article 3: (source: The Reuters)Golden Gate's grey stepsister dresses up in lightsBy Ronnie CohenSAN FRANCISCO | Wed Mar 6, 2013 4:00pm ESTThe San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge moved out of the shadow of its more famous sibling, the Golden Gate, to dazzle on Tuesday night when a high-tech artist turned it into a sculpture of moving lights. Some 25,000 LED lights transformed the 1.8-mile long, 500-foot (152-meter) tall bridge into something of a giant lava lamp. Controlled by a computer, the white lights flickered on and off randomly in never-repeating patterns. (who, what, where, when, why, how) New York artist Leo Villareal, 46, stood in the wind and rain on a pier facing the bridge and hit a key on a laptop to switch on what he called his fantasy project."I'm pinching myself," he said.Organizers of the privately funded project say it turned the Bay Bridge into the world's biggest illuminated sculpture."This is monumental public art," Villareal said. "It's abstract. Everyone will see something different in it.""I thought it looked like waves," said jeweler Sandra Sevil, 27, who said she had come from Peru to view the installation, called "Bay Lights".San Francisco Mayor Ed Lee said around 50 million people are expected to visit the Bay Area over the next two years to witness the $8 million privately funded project on the western side of the bridge connecting Oakland to San Francisco.When it opened in 1936, the bridge was celebrated as a testament to American perseverance. But six months later, the orange Golden Gate Bridge opened, and the gray span to the east came to be seen as a dull workhorse. If the Bay Bridge was a neglected Cinderella, Davis was looking for a glass slipper to give it new life. "I wanted to find a way to let the bridge shine in the region's consciousness once more," he said. He also wanted to be the spark for art that lasted. A friend pointed him to Villareal.Davis and Villareal said they have been inspired by Burning Man, an annual counterculture festival in the Nevada desert that revolves around the ritual burning of a gigantic human effigy. Villareal said that, like Burning Man, the bridge project is "about creating communal experience."Philanthropists donated $6 million. Davis expects to receive the other $2 million still needed to maintain the lights to arrive now that the project is visible. The project has permits from state and local officials for two years. Already, though, admirers of the work are asking if it can stay up longer, and Mayor Lee has said that could happen.Article 4: (source: CNN)Boy, 8, one of 3 killed in bombings at Boston Marathon; scores woundedBy Josh Levs and Monte Plott, CNNApril 18, 2013 -- Updated 1425 GMT (2225 HKT)(CNN) -- Two bombs struck near the finish line of the Boston Marathon on Monday, turning a celebration into a bloody scene of destruction.Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis said Monday night that the death toll had risen to three. Scores were injured at the scene.One of the dead was an 8-year-old boy, according to a state law enforcement source.Hospitals reported at least 144 people are being treated, with at least 17 of them in critical condition and 25 in serious condition. At least eight of the patients are children.At least 10 people injured had limbs amputated, according to a terrorism expert briefed on the investigation.Several of the patients treated at Massachusetts General Hospital suffered injuries to lower limbs that will require "serial operations" in the coming days, trauma surgeon Peter Fagenholz said Monday night. Some injuries were so severe amputations were necessary, Fagenholz added.Article 5: (source: USA Today)Boston bombing suspect opening up to policeKevin Johnson, Donna Leinwand Leger and Aamer Madhani, USA TODAY12:37 p.m. EDT April 22, 2013 BOSTON -- The surviving suspect in last week's Boston Marathon bombings began responding to investigators' questions Sunday evening, marking a dramatic turn for law enforcement officials trying to piece together why two brothers born near war-torn Chechnya allegedly carried out an attack on their adopted country.Investigators had been unable to question Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, who was badly wounded and unable to talk since he was captured Friday night. But less than 48 hours after he was taken into custody, the 19-year-old suspect —who remains hospitalized in serious condition —began responding to questions in writing, according to a law enforcement official who was not authorized to discuss the matter and spoke on the condition of anonymity.The official declined to offer any details about the exchanges but said Tsarnaev was providing "substantive" information, even as investigators prepare to levy charges against him as soon as today. Authorities also said that the suspect's neck wound may have been self-inflicted and an attempt at suicide sometime prior to his capture.Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, who is charged in connection with the Boston Marathon bombings, is shown in a photo from the Russian social networking site Vkontakte. (Photo: via AP)Article 6: (source: USA Today)Rockets follow James Harden to Game 5 win over ThunderEric Prisbell, USA TODAY Sports3:02 a.m. EDT May 2, 2013OKLAHOMA CITY --- Eleven days after opening the NBA playoffs with a resounding 29-point victory, the Oklahoma City Thunder now find themselves ensnared in a protracted first-round battle few saw coming.In their first home playoff game without injured point guard Russell Westbrook, the Thunder exposed themselves as a diminished product, one that is infusing the eighth-seeded Houston Rockets with more confidence by the game.The Western Conference's top seed trailed by as many as 16 points in a 107-100 loss to the Rockets, who now trail 3-2 in the best-of-seven series. Game 6 will be in Houston on Friday, with a potential Game 7 looming ominously for Thunder fans back here Sunday.What else is more apparent by the game is exactly how much Westbrook, who tore his meniscus in Game 2's victory, meant all season to the Thunder, who won 60 games during the regular season."They miss him everywhere, how can you not?" Rockets coach Kevin McHale said. "They probably miss him in the locker room, miss him in shoot around, miss him on the bus, miss him on the plane, miss him on offense, miss him on defense. Did I miss anything? … I am very sorryhe got hurt. I hate to see that happen."The Rockets won with their most impressive statistical performer, James Harden, overcoming flu-like symptoms that kept him in bed most of the day, making 7 of 9 three-pointers and scoring 31 points.They won by making 14 of 35 three-point shots and watching the Thunder make just 8 of 33 (including 1 of 12 in the first half)."The basket seemed wider for them," Kevin Durant said.And they won without the services of Jeremy Lin, who is nursing a chest contusion, for the second consecutive game. Players like Patrick Beverley (14 points, 8 rebounds) and Francisco Garcia (18 points, five three-pointers) have been invaluable, as the Rockets have abruptly changed the tenor of the series."We just came out and played pressure free," Harden said.News Headlinesfrom China DailyOne bird flu death reported in Central ChinaDPRK sentences US citizen to 15-yr laborMan commits suicide after killing 2 in S ChinaMore suspects arrested for Boston bombingChinese companies increase stake in USProsecutors to add staff to tackle Net crimesChina launches communications satelliteNew law helps reduce 'unwanted treatment'from The TimesStuart Hall admits sex offences on young girlsIndia spy’s d eath threatens Delhi-Islamabad linksPoker player jailed for wife’s murderWhite Britons expected to be ‘in minority by 2070’Last rhinos in Mozambique killed by poachersAfghanistan cargo plane crash caught on cameraDavid Cameron to take on the 'Ukip fruitcakes’ with EU referendumNew Zealand says no to bizarre baby names 4Real, Juztice and Lucifer。
英语第一部分板块一专题一冠词
The usage of zero articles in fixed collocations
Common Collocations
Zero article is used in common collocations that have become fixed expressions, such as "in hospital" and "go to university".
The usage of indefinite articles in fixed collocations
Example
"Have a nice day!"
In this expression, "have a nice day" is a fixed collocation that means "I wish you a pleasant day." The indefinite article "a" is used here as part of the fixed expression.
Abstract Nouns
Zero article is used with abstract nouns that cannot be counted, such as "happiness", "knowledge", and "failure".
Titles and Positions
Zero article is used with titles and positions that are not preceded by a possessive adjective or a specific noun, for example, "He is the president of the company" instead of "He is a president of the company".
2023新外研版高中英语必修一单词语境记忆(语篇记冠词)
2023新外研版高中英语必修一单词语境记忆(语篇记冠词)介绍本文档旨在帮助学生记忆和理解高中英语必修一单元中与语篇、冠词相关的单词。
通过给出单词的语境,旨在帮助学生更好地掌握和使用这些词汇。
Unit 1 FriendshipArticle 1: Making New Friends- a new student - 一个新生a new student - 一个新生- an interesting person - 一个有趣的人an interesting person - 一个有趣的人- the best friend - 最好的朋友the best friend - 最好的朋友- a true friend - 一个真正的朋友a true friend - 一个真正的朋友- the same interests - 相同的兴趣the same interests - 相同的兴趣- an unforgettable experience - 一个难忘的经历an unforgettable experience - 一个难忘的经历- a good listener - 一个好的倾听者a good listener - 一个好的倾听者- the right choice - 正确的选择the right choice - 正确的选择Article 2: Keeping Friends- a great friend - 一个伟大的朋友a great friend - 一个伟大的朋友- the good times - 美好的时刻the good times - 美好的时刻- an important role - 重要的角色an important role - 重要的角色- the same opinions - 相同的意见the same opinions - 相同的意见- a helpful advice - 一个有帮助的建议a helpful advice - 一个有帮助的建议- the real problem - 真正的问题the real problem - 真正的问题- an honest conversation - 一场诚实的对话an honest conversation - 一场诚实的对话- the wrong approach - 错误的方法the wrong approach - 错误的方法Unit 2 English around the WorldArticle 1: Importance of Learning English- a global language - 一个全球语言a global language - 一个全球语言- the official language - 官方语言the official language - 官方语言- an essential skill - 一项基本技能an essential skill - 一项基本技能- the primary language - 主要语言the primary language - 主要语言- an effective tool - 一种高效工具an effective tool - 一种高效工具- the native speakers - 母语使用者the native speakers - 母语使用者Article 2: English Varieties- a regional accent - 一个地区口音a regional accent - 一个地区口音- the British English - 英式英语the British English - 英式英语- an American slang - 美国俚语an American slang - 美国俚语- the Australian pronunciation - 澳大利亚发音the Australian pronunciation - 澳大利亚发音- a formal language - 一种正式语言a formal language - 一种正式语言- the written English - 英文书写the written English - 英文书写- an informal conversation - 一次非正式谈话an informal conversation - 一次非正式谈话Unit 3 Travel JournalArticle 1: Planning a Trip- a long journey - 一次长途旅行a long journey - 一次长途旅行- the beautiful scenery - 美丽的风景the beautiful scenery - 美丽的风景- an exciting adventure - 一次令人兴奋的冒险an exciting adventure - 一次令人兴奋的冒险- the famous landmarks - 著名的地标the famous landmarks - 著名的地标- a popular destination - 一个受欢迎的目的地a popular destination - 一个受欢迎的目的地- the ideal time - 理想的时间the ideal time - 理想的时间- an amazing experience - 一次惊人的经历an amazing experience - 一次惊人的经历- the local cuisine - 当地的美食the local cuisine - 当地的美食Article 2: Traveling Tips- the local customs - 当地的俗the local customs - 当地的习俗- an expensive souvenir - 一个昂贵的纪念品an expensive souvenir - 一个昂贵的纪念品- the public transportation - 公共交通the public transportation - 公共交通- a useful guidebook - 一本有用的指南a useful guidebook - 一本有用的指南- the necessary documents - 必需的文件the necessary documents - 必需的文件- an unforgettable trip - 一次难忘的旅行an unforgettable trip - 一次难忘的旅行- the famous tourist attractions - 著名的旅游景点the famous tourist attractions - 著名的旅游景点总结通过记忆和理解这些单词的语境,学生将更容易掌握和运用这些词汇。
article[1]
[This article is published in Public Service Review: Home Office] CESG is the National Technical Authority for Information Assurance. Part of Government Communication Headquarters, CESG provides advice, products and services to protect UK Government communication and information systems. In this article CESG introduces the new Assurance Model. This Model expresses CESG’s whole-life approach to the management of information risk and is designed to help both CESG and information risk managers meet the challenges posed by the increasingly complex Government ICT environment.Information is important to any business. This is equally true for Government and the public sector, which rely on accurate and timely information to set policy and provide services. The Transformational Government Strategy has been established to transform the business of Government by making better use of information and communications technology (ICT) for the delivery of the public services and policy outcomes that impact on citizens’ daily lives.With such a revolution comes business risk. Risk should be managed throughout the delivery of any change. However, with the growing reliance of public sector organisations on information comes an increase in the impact of the post-delivery failure of the operational information infrastructure. Managing the risks to business information is known as ‘Information Assurance’ (IA). IA gives us confidence that our information systems will protect the information that they handle and will function as they need to, when they need to, under the control of legitimate users. This confidence is becoming increasingly important and IA is an essential enabler of the Transformational Government vision, as recognised by the 2007 UK National IA Strategy.In recent years the focus for IA in Government has moved from those Departments whose information was at greatest risk during the Cold War to those Departments where the failure to protect information assets would significantly impact on life within the UK. The needs of these Departments are different, with many as concerned with the reliability of and access to their information as they are with its privacy. Customer expectations have also changed. The growth of internet services has led to an expectation that Government will provide services in the same convenient, easy to use way. Under Transformational Government, Departments must share information and data in order to achieve their goals more than ever before. The use of information by Government has become greater in scope, and the supporting ICT systems more complex in nature. It is no longer possible to examine the risks associated with an information-handling asset when it is commissioned and regard that as sufficient.The technology poses challenges too. ICT systems are no longer easily defined or bounded, as interconnections and data sharing blur the edges between the ICT of collaborating organisations. System improvements, new users and software patching mean that configurations quickly move away from the risk assessed base-line. Faster development times, frequent software upgrades and shorter component life-cycles1 of 4© Crown Copyright, 20072 of 4© Crown Copyright, 2007decrease the effectiveness of ‘traditional’ product evaluations and accelerate the throughput of new technologies and products.It is to address these issues of need, expectation and complexity that CESG is developing a new Assurance Model. The Model is CESG’s contribution towards addressing these challenges, and should help those managing risks to do so in a more consistent and balanced fashion. The Model is underpinned by four principles: • that IA is an essential part of normal business risk management;• that IA is a whole-life issue for information systems;• that the responsibility for managing information risk is owned by the data owner;• that having a requirement for IA need not necessarily prescribe specific risk mitigation activities.The Model is for anyone who manages the technical risks to information assets, whether they are a Departmental ICT system Accreditor, a product manufacturer, or an ICT user. The Model can be used to identify alternative ways of mitigating the impact or likelihood of a risk, or to provide new sources of evidence in support of risk management. Ultimately the Model expresses CESG’s understanding that mitigations for information risk exist across the life of an ICT solution and need not be exclusively focussed on a single evaluation event in the life cycle.The Model itself comprises four elements:• those considerations associated with the concept, origin and development of an ICT solution (Intrinsic);• those considerations associated with the independent testing of an ICT solution outside the development environment (Extrinsic);• those considerations associated with the architecture of the ICT solution and its integration with the business (Implementation);• those considerations associated with an ICT solution that handles ‘live’ information or that is used or relied on by a business (Operation).By considering the mitigations for a risk across all of these elements the riskmanagers or owners can build up a whole-life risk management plan. This has the potential to increase their level of confidence at less cost than would be the case were such mitigations to be ‘bolted on’ later in the solutions life. More importantly, by taking an holistic approach the risk manager can choose the most appropriate approach to managing an information risk, balancing the needs of the business for functionality with the needs of the business to manage the risks to the integrity,availability and confidentiality of its information asset. In providing a whole-life context to the risk owner the Model can help to identify mitigations that may be better suited to current business need – and business risk - than those that have traditionally been relied on.CESG is currently trialling the Model to increase its understanding of what the Model means for the services that it provides to Government. This is the first part of a major business change within CESG that will see the Model – and its underpinningphilosophy – made the foundation to our service portfolio. CESG intends to make the Model central to its engagement with Government and Industry stakeholders, since the Model represents a philosophy that CESG believes is immediately accessible to them. The project to trial the Model will complete later this year, and the results and3 of 4© Crown Copyright, 2007latest information will be made available to all stakeholders and partners. If youwould like more information on the new CESG Assurance Model then please visit our web site at .The new CESG Assurance Model, showing the overlap between the elementsand some of the factors from which risk mitigations can be derived.4 of 4© Crown Copyright, 2007Case studyA firewall is a simple component that controls accesses across an IT network boundary. Without the Model an accreditor managing the risks associated with a network connection might review the residual risk, and determine that an assured product is needed, but no more. Using the Model, however, the accreditor can acquire a broader set of supporting information and might ask questions such as:• How much trust will be needed in the supply chain, both now and later?(Intrinsic, Operation)• How will upgrades or patching be performed? (Intrinsic, Operation)• Does the hardware or software need to be evaluated to mitigate the risks, orwould regular penetration testing be more appropriate? (Extrinsic, Operation) • Will the firewall be integrated into the business so its security functions aren’tdegraded? (Implementation)• Can the firewall be configured to support the access policies that my businessneeds? (Intrinsic, Implementation)• How will illicit access attempts be identified and what will be done if they occur?(Implementation, Operation)By considering the answers to such questions a product vendor or system integrator might reduce or mitigate their delivery risks when seeking to gain accreditation for an ICT solution and identify areas for design improvements.。
article的用法总结大全
article的用法总结大全(学习版)编制人:__________________审核人:__________________审批人:__________________编制学校:__________________编制时间:____年____月____日序言下载提示:该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的,希望大家下载后,能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改,请根据实际需要进行调整和使用,谢谢!并且,本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文,如英语单词、英语语法、英语听力、英语知识点、语文知识点、文言文、数学公式、数学知识点、作文大全、其他资料等等,想了解不同范文格式和写法,敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor.I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides various types of classic sample essays, such as English words, English grammar, English listening, English knowledge points, Chinese knowledge points, classical Chinese, mathematical formulas, mathematics knowledge points, composition books, other materials, etc. Learn about the different formats and writing styles of sample essays, so stay tuned!article的用法总结大全article的意思article的简明意思n. 文章;物品;条款;[语]冠词vt. 订契约英式发音 ['ɑːtɪkl] 美式发音 ['ɑːrtɪkl]article的词态变化为:过去式: articled 过去分词: articled 现在分词: articling 第三人称单数: articlesarticle的详细意思在英语中,article不仅具有上述意思,还有更详尽的用法,article作名词 n. 时具有文章,论文,报道;物品,物件;【语法】冠词;条款,条文,项目,项;商品,制品;一件;【动】节;正式宣言的全文等意思,article作动词 v. 时具有订约将...收为学徒或见习生;把...逐条登载;分条解释;列举(罪状),将…逐条罗列;使受协议条款的约束,用条款约束;约定,订契约;对…提出控诉等意思,article的具体用法用作名词 n.article的基本意思是“物件”“物品”,常指一套中之一。
article语法
不定冠词有两个,a 和 an。a 用在辅音开头的单词前面, an用于以元音开头的单词前 。如:a apple, an egg。
定冠词的用法
定冠词和名词连用,表示某 个或某些特定的人或东西。 例如,“the car”表示特定 的汽车。
注意事项
冠词省略
在某些情况下,冠词可以被省略。例如,在简短对话或口语中,人们常常省略不必要的冠词。
article语法
目录
• 什么是article语法 • Article语法的种类和构成 • Article语法的作用和应用场景 • Article语法的特殊规则和注意事项 • Article语法的学习和提高方法
01 什么是article语 法
定义
• Article语法是指一种用于描述名词或名词短语的语法规则,它规定了名词或名词短语在句子中的出现方式和使 用方法。在英语、法语、德语等语言中,article语法被广泛使用,它包括不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词等不同的 形式。
3 学习其他语言中类似的语法结构
• 学习其他语言中类似的语法结构有助于更好地理解Article语法。例如,学习 拉丁语可以更好地理解古汉语中的复杂词序和变格;学习英语可以更好地理解 时态和语态等语法概念。通过学习其他语言中的类似语法结构,可以加深对 Article语法的理解和运用能力。
THANKS
练习使用语法
学习语法不仅仅是记忆规则,更重要的是能够在实际语境 中运用。可以通过写作、口语练习、阅读和翻译等方式来 加强语法运用能力。在练习过程中,要不断纠正自己的错 误,逐渐提高语法的准确性。
对比其他语言
了解不同语言之间的语法差异有助于更好地掌握Article语 法。例如,英语和汉语之间的词序、时态、语态等方面存 在较大差异,通过对比可以更好地理解Article语法的特点 。
2023英语一阅读难度对照表
2023英语一阅读难度对照表 English Answer:Overall Difficulty: Moderate to challenging. Text Organization:Article 1: Somewhat challenging.Article 2: Moderate.Article 3: Moderate to challenging.Article 4: Moderate.Article 5: Challenging.Vocabulary:Article 1: Advanced and technical.Article 2: Somewhat advanced.Article 3: Advanced.Article 4: Intermediate to advanced.Article 5: Advanced and specialized.Sentences:Article 1: Complex and lengthy.Article 2: Complex, but more accessible. Article 3: Complex and technical.Article 4: Complex, but more manageable. Article 5: Complex and highly specialized. Flow and Coherence:Article 1: Somewhat disjointed.Article 2: Moderate.Article 3: Moderate to challenging.Article 4: Moderate.Article 5: Challenging.Overall Comprehension:Article 1: Requires careful reading and analysis. Article 2: Accessible with some effort.Article 3: Requires deep understanding andcritical thinking.Article 4: Accessible for most readers.Article 5: Challenging even for advanced readers.中文回答:整体难度,中等偏难。
2024版销售合同SalesAgreement商务英语1
(c) references to persons include corporations, firms, partnerships, and individuals;
(d) "including" and "includes" mean including or includes without limitation;
4.2. Disclaimer
Except as expressly provided in this Agreement, the Seller makes no other warranties, express or implied, including but not limited to any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.
2024版销售合同SalesAgreement商务英语1
合同编号:__________
Parties
1.1. Seller (the "Seller")
Name: ______________________________________________________________________
WHEREAS, the Buyer desires to purchase the Goods from the Seller on the terms and conditions set forth herein;
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants contained herein, the parties agree as follows:
合同第一条第一项第一款
合同第一条第一项第一款英文回答:Article 1, Section 1, Clause 1 of the contract states that "Party A agrees to provide Party B with the necessary materials for the completion of the project." This clause sets out the obligation of Party A to supply Party B with the required materials.In this provision, Party A is responsible for ensuring that Party B has all the necessary resources to carry out the project successfully. This includes providing any equipment, tools, or raw materials needed for the project's execution. By doing so, Party A enables Party B to fulfill their obligations under the contract.For example, let's say Party A is a construction company, and Party B is a subcontractor responsible for the installation of electrical wiring. Party A's obligation under this clause would be to provide Party B with thenecessary electrical cables, switches, and other materials needed for the installation. Without these materials, Party B would not be able to complete their work.中文回答:合同第一条第一项第一款规定,“甲方同意向乙方提供完成项目所需的必要材料。
用六年级下册一到三单元的英语单词和常用表达法介绍自己
用六年级下册一到三单元的英语单词和常用表达法介绍自己:Article 1.Hello, everyone. My name is Li Hua. I'm 12 years old this year. I'm glad to meet you in Class 1, Grade 6.I am a lively and lovely boy. My character is a little stubborn, and I like to stick to my own ideas when things go wrong, because my mother said that you should believe in yourself when things go wrong in order to succeed. Usually I like painting, painting my own small world with beautiful colors, and I am always curious about interesting things. I prefer to make friends. I hope we can all become friends, live in harmony, learn and play happily together. I have a dream that when I grow up, I can be an astronaut, I can explore the magical space. For my ideal, I will study hard now and become an excellent pupil. I hope everyone will like me. thank you!Article 2.My name is Ming. I am 13 years old this year. I am a boy. The appearance is very ordinary, the hair is not long or short, and the ears are big. Now I'm in the sixth grade.My personality is lively, and my hobby is running. Once our school had a sports meeting, I went to participate. I stood at the starting line. The referee held the flag and threw us forward. I clenched my teeth and ranquickly. I looked back and saw that the opponent was still behind. Finally, I came to the end of a sprint, and I won the first place. I was very happy. I have many hobbies. I like painting. My paintings are very beautiful. There is a blue sky on the picture, a green grassland below, and a clear river. Birds fly freely in the sky. I also have shortcomings. I tend to wander in class.Are you willing to be my friends?。
Article1
Article 1Hard discount markets, also known as deep discount or no-frills stores, have become increasingly popular in recent years, particularly in Europe and North America. These stores are known for offering a limited selection of goods at very low prices, often with a focus on discount groceries and household essentials.The hard discount market concept was first introduced in Germany in the 1970s and has since spread throughout Europe and beyond. These stores typically have a small, sparsely-decorated storefront and offer only a limited selection of goods. This limited selection helps to keep overhead costs low, which in turn allows for low prices. The stores also focus on quick turnover and high volume, so the goods are sold at prices far below those found at traditional grocery stores or supermarkets.One of the key benefits of hard discount markets is their ability to provide consumers with affordable goods. For many people, especially those on a tight budget, these stores can provide a way to save money on groceries and household essentials. The low prices also make it possible for people to purchase items they might not otherwise be able to afford, such as fresh produce or meat.Another advantage of hard discount markets is their accessibility. These stores are often located in convenient, easily-accessible locations, such as shopping centers or neighborhood strips, and are open extended hours, making it easy for people to shop when it's convenient for them.However, there are also some potential downsides to shopping at hard discount markets. The limited selection of goods can be a drawback for some consumers who are looking for a more diverse shopping experience. Additionally, the stores often do not offer any frills, such as a bakery, deli, or coffee bar, which can be seen as a lack of convenience. The stores also may not offer as many organic or specialty items as a traditional grocery store, which can be a drawback for those who are looking for thesetypes of products.In conclusion, hard discount markets offer a low-priced, convenient shopping option for many consumers. They provide a way for people to save money on essential items and offer accessibility for those on a tight budget. However, the limited selection of goods and lack of frills can be seen as drawbacks for some shoppers. Ultimately, the choice of whether to shop at a hard discount market is a personal one, and depends on individual shopping。
英语article的中文是什么意思
英语article的中文是什么意思英语article的中文是什么意思article是有很多种词性得单词,我们要知道它的中文意思。
店铺为大家精心准备了英文article具体的中文意思,欢迎大家前来阅读。
article的中文意思英 [ˈɑ:tɪkl] 美 [ˈɑ:rtɪkl]名词物品; (报章杂志中的)文章,论文; 条款; [语] 冠词及物动词使受协议条款的约束; 以协议(或契约)约束; 订约将…收为学徒(或徒弟); 定约雇用不及物动词进行控告,提出罪状(或指责)(against); 签订协议例句1. She had several articles of clothing in her bag.她手提包内有几件衣物。
2. He has written an article for the magazine.他已给该刊撰写了一篇文章。
article的单语例句1. Your article makes good sense and is very indicative of the business of economics.2. The employment promotion fund should be used with better efficiency, says an article in China Business Times.3. Article 9 When patent agencies accept consignments and handle business, they shall have a consignor's letter of commitment clearly stating commissioned items and powers.4. Article 8 of the 1993 law prohibits business operators from offering money or goods in selling or purchasing commodities.5. Developing the individually owned business sector will take more than just reforming management fees, says an article in Yanzhao Metropolis Daily.6. That article quoted data from the Business SoftwareAlliance, which stated that software piracy rates in China exceeded 90 per cent.7. Male cosmetics are a big business in China, so big that Bloomberg recently ran an article about the trend.8. It by no means indicates any concession on the question of national sovereignty, the article said.9. The US Senate on Tuesday passed an omnibus act on government spending, which includes an article targeting Chinese poultry products.article的词典解释1. (报纸、杂志的')文章An article is a piece of writing that is published in a newspaper or magazine.e.g. ...a newspaper article...一篇报载文章e.g. ...a travel article...一篇游记2. 物品;物件You can refer to objects as articles of some kind.e.g. ...articles of clothing...衣物e.g. He had stripped the house of all articles of value.他把房间里值钱的东西洗劫一空。
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認識哈爾小波(Haar wavelets )真理大學資訊科學系 蕭俊輝台北市立大同高中 吳淑萍一、 哈爾小波的一些特性哈爾小波)(t h i 的正交集合是一群具有在特定區間大小為1±,且其他區間為0的方塊波所組成:⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧<≤-<≤=<≤=121,1210,1)(10,1)(10t t t h t t h (1)jj jn k j k n k t h t h 20,0,2),2()(1<≤≥+=-= (2)其中)(1t h 是基本的方塊波。
在區間[0,1],任何平方可積分的函數)(t y 能夠以無窮多項哈爾級數展開: jji i ik j k i t h ct y 20,0,2,)()(0<≤≥+==∑∞= (3)其中哈爾係數dtt h t y c i ji ⎰=10)()(2(4)當i c 決定之後,下列誤差平方積分得以最小化:,])()([121dt t hc t y m i ii⎰∑-=-=εNj m j⋃∈=}0{,2 (5)通常對於平滑函數,方程式(3)的級數展開包含無窮多項,如果)(t y 本身是片斷常數或 每個區間近似片斷常數,則(3)式將截斷成有限m 項,即)()()()()(1t h c t hc t y m Tm m i ii=≈∑-=(6)[]Tm m c c c c 11)(-∆(7)[]Tm m t h t h t h t h )()()()(110)(-∆(8)其中T 表示轉置,)(,}0{,2m N j mj⋃∈=表示它們的維度。
(A )局部的基底如同方程式(2)所定義的,在區間[0,1),每個哈爾小波在某些區間剛好包含一個小波,其他區間為0,因此哈爾集合形成一個局部基底,這些0使得哈爾轉換比其他轉換既容易又快速,例如:快速傅立葉轉換(FFT )、華爾恕轉換(WT ),這些轉換所用到的加法和乘法的次數列在表一,哈爾轉換的快速應該會令人印象深刻的。
表一:各種轉換的運算次數(B )片斷常數近似如前面所提,一個片斷常數函數能以有限項哈爾級數展開,相同的情況也存在於華爾恕轉換、方塊波轉換(BPT ),因此每個華爾恕函數能以m 項哈爾級數展開,而無截斷誤差: )()(),()(t h T t b t h T t w BH WH ⋅=⋅= (9))()(),()(t b T t h t W T t h HB HW ⋅=⋅=(10)其中)(),(),(t b t w t h 分別代表哈爾、華爾恕和方塊波向量。
如果任何平滑函數)(t y 以m 項哈爾級數展開,截斷誤差H ε由(5)式給定:)()(t h c t y Th ⋅≈ (11)⎰⋅-=12)]()([dtt h c t y Th H ε (12)其中哈爾係數[]Thhhh m c c c c 11-∆。
如果)(t y 以華爾恕級數展開,其截斷誤差Wε為:)()()(t h T c t w c t y WH Tw T w ⋅⋅=⋅≈ (13)⎰⋅-=12)]()([dt t w c t y T w W ε⎰⋅⋅-=12)]()([dtt h T c t y WH T w (14)其中華爾恕係數 []Twwww m c c c c 11-∆。
當1=m,1=WH T ,⎰=⋅10)()(dt t w t y Tc WH Tw Thc dt t h t y ==⎰10)()(,其中1)()(00==t w t h 。
當2=m,⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡=1001WHT ,⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡=⋅⎰⎰101100)()()()(dt t w t y dtt w t y T c WH Tw ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡=⎰⎰10110)()()()(dt t h t y dtt h t y Th c=其中[]11)()(00==t w t h ,[]11)()(11-==t w t h 。
當4=m,⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡-=11110000100001WHT , WH Tw T c ⋅⎢⎣⎡=⎰⎰1110)()()()(dtt w t y dtt w t y WHT dt t w t y dtt w t y ⋅⎥⎦⎤⎰⎰103102)()()()(⎢⎣⎡=⎰⎰⎰1211100)()()()()()(dt t w t y dtt w t y dt t w t y ⎥⎦⎤-+⎰⎰⎰1031213)()()()()()(dt t w t y dt t w t y dtt w t y⎢⎣⎡=⎰⎰10110)()()()(dtt h t y dt t h t y ⎥⎦⎤⎰⎰10312)()(2)()(2dt t h t y dtt h t y Thc =其中[]1111)()(00==t w t h ,[]1111)()(11--==t w t h ,[]0022)()()(2322-=+=t w t w t h , []2200)()()(2323-=-=t w t w t h 。
同樣地,當,32,16,8=m,很明顯的ThWH Tw c T c =⋅ (15)由(12)、(14)和(15)式,得到HW εε= (16)同樣的分析,也能證明BH εε=。
因此,使用相同的jm2=,HT 、WT 和BPT 會有相同的截斷誤差、精確度和解析度,因為它們都是片斷的近似。
(C )哈爾小波的積分對於動態系統的分析,所有函數需要轉換成哈爾級數,因為哈爾級數的微分會產生脈衝函數,應該避免,所以採用哈爾級數的積分較好,它也可以哈爾級數展開成哈爾係數矩陣P :⎰∈≈⨯1)()()()1,0[),()(t t h P d hm m m m ττ (17)其中mm ⨯矩陣P稱為積分的運算矩陣,它滿足下列遞迴的公式:⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡-=⨯-⨯⨯⨯⨯)2/2/(1)2/2/()2/2/()2/2/()(0221m m m m m m m m m m H HmP m P21)11(=⨯P (18)其中],)()()([1)(1)(0)()(-⨯∆m m m m m m t h t h t h H)1()(m i t m i +<≤,)(1)(1)(r diag HmHT m m m m ⨯-⨯=,2>m,Tm m m mr ]2/,,2/,2/,,4,4,4,4,2,2,1,1[)2/(個元素∆(D )哈爾小波的乘法哈爾小波的兩個基本乘法特性如下:(i )對於任兩個哈爾小波)(t h n 和)(t h l ,ln<,)()()(t h t h t h l l n ρ= (19)))21(2(+=-q h in ρ⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧+<≤+-+<≤=----otherwisek q k k q k ji ji ji ji ,0)1(2)21(2,1)21(22,1 (20)其中⎩⎨⎧<≤≥+=<≤≥+=ii jjq i q l k j k n 20,0,220,0,2 (21)(ii )任兩個哈爾小波的平方產生具有正負半波大小為1的方塊波。
以哈爾小波研究雙線性非時變系統,向來需要計算)()()()(t h t h T m m ,定義)()()()()()(t M t h t h m m Tm m ⨯∆ (22)Tm a t h t h t h t h )]()()([)(12/10-=)()2/(t h m =Tm m m b t h t h t h t h ])()()([)(112/2/-+=(23))(t M 是哈爾乘積矩陣,滿足下列遞回的公式(24)和係數關係式(25):)()(t M m m ⨯⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡=-⨯⨯⨯⨯)]([)]([)]([)(1)2/2/()2/2/()2/2/()2/2/(t h H diag H t h diag t h diag Ht M a m m Tm m b b m m m m ,)()(0)11(t h t M=⨯ (24))()()()()()(t h C c t Mm m m m m m ⨯⨯= (25)其中)(m m C ⨯⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡=⨯-⨯⨯⨯][][][)()2/2/(1)2/2/()2/2/()2/2/(m m T a m m b b m m m m H c diag H c diag c diag Ht C0)11(c C =⨯(26))2/(12/10][m Tm a c c c cc =∆-Tm m m b c c c c ][112/2/-+∆(27)方程式(25)對於求解線性時變系統[3]的問題是非常重要的。
二、 結論哈爾小波的一些基本特性,諸如(17)、(22)和(25)式已經推導,一些有效率的演算法已經成功地應用到求解相當困難的線性時變問題,這主要的貢獻應該歸功於正交哈爾小波良好的時間局部化特性,哈爾小波可應用的範圍不只是線性時變系統,它也能廣泛地擴大運用到非線性、最佳控制等等。
我們對於哈爾轉換未來的發展充滿信心,因為完整的數學基礎已經建立。
參考文獻[1] C.H.Hsiao and W.J.Wang, “State analysis and parameter estimation of bilinear systems viaHaar wavelets”, IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems I, vol.47, pp.246-250, Feb. 2000.[2] C.F.Chen and C.H.Hsiao, “Haar wavelet method for solving lumped anddistributed-parameter systems”, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. Pt. D, vol.144, pp.87-94, Jan. 1997.[3] C.H.Hsiao and W.J.Wang, “State analysis and optimal control of linear time-varyingsystems via Haar wavelets”, Optimal Control Applications and Methods, vol. 19, no. 6, pp.423-433, Nov./Dec. 1998.。