Adsorption properties of nano-dispersed apatites

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化学常见术语英文说法

化学常见术语英文说法BET公式BET formulaDLVO理论DLVO theoryHLB法hydrophile-lipophile balance methodpVT性质pVT propertyζ电势zeta potential阿伏加德罗常数Avogadro’number阿伏加德罗定律Avogadro law阿累尼乌斯电离理论Arrhenius ionization theory阿累尼乌斯方程Arrhenius equation阿累尼乌斯活化能Arrhenius activation energy阿马格定律Amagat law艾林方程Erying equation爱因斯坦光化当量定律Einstein’s law of photochemical equivalence爱因斯坦－斯托克斯方程Einstein-Stokes equation安托万常数Antoine constant安托万方程Antoine equation盎萨格电导理论Onsager’s theory of condu ctance半电池half cell半衰期half time period饱和液体saturated liquids饱和蒸气saturated vapor饱和吸附量saturated extent of adsorption饱和蒸气压saturated vapor pressure爆炸界限explosion limits比表面功specific surface work比表面吉布斯函数specific surface Gibbs function比浓粘度reduced viscosity标准电动势standard electromotive force标准电极电势standard electrode potential标准摩尔反应焓standard molar reaction enthalpy标准摩尔反应吉布斯函数standard Gibbs function of molar reaction标准摩尔反应熵standard molar reaction entropy标准摩尔焓函数standard molar enthalpy function标准摩尔吉布斯自由能函数standard molar Gibbs free energy function 标准摩尔燃烧焓standard molar combustion enthalpy标准摩尔熵standard molar entropy标准摩尔生成焓standard molar formation enthalpy标准摩尔生成吉布斯函数standard molar formation Gibbs function标准平衡常数standard equilibrium constant标准氢电极standard hydrogen electrode标准态standard state标准熵standard entropy标准压力standard pressure标准状况standard condition表观活化能apparent activation energy表观摩尔质量apparent molecular weight表观迁移数apparent transference number表面surfaces表面过程控制surface process control表面活性剂surfactants表面吸附量surface excess表面张力surface tension表面质量作用定律surface mass action law波义尔定律Boyle law波义尔温度Boyle temperature波义尔点Boyle point玻尔兹曼常数Boltzmann constant玻尔兹曼分布Boltzmann distribution玻尔兹曼公式Boltzmann formula玻尔兹曼熵定理Boltzmann entropy theorem玻色－爱因斯坦统计Bose-Einstein statistics泊Poise不可逆过程irreversible process不可逆过程热力学thermodynamics of irreversible processes 不可逆相变化irreversible phase change布朗运动brownian movement查理定律Charle’s law产率yield敞开系统open system超电势over potential沉降sedimentation沉降电势sedimentation potential沉降平衡sedimentation equilibrium触变thixotropy粗分散系统thick disperse system催化剂catalyst单分子层吸附理论mono molecule layer adsorption单分子反应unimolecular reaction单链反应straight chain reactions弹式量热计bomb calorimeter道尔顿定律Dalton law道尔顿分压定律Dalton partial pressure law德拜和法尔肯哈根效应Debye and Falkenhagen effect德拜立方公式Debye cubic formula德拜－休克尔极限公式Debye-Huckel’s limiting equation等焓过程isenthalpic process等焓线isenthalpic line等几率定理theorem of equal probability等温等容位Helmholtz free energy等温等压位Gibbs free energy等温方程equation at constant temperature低共熔点eutectic point低共熔混合物eutectic mixture低会溶点lower consolute point低熔冰盐合晶cryohydric第二类永动机perpetual machine of the second kind第三定律熵third-law entropy第一类永动机perpetual machine of the first kind缔合化学吸附association chemical adsorption电池常数cell constant电池电动势electromotive force of cells电池反应cell reaction电导conductance电导率conductivity电动势的温度系数temperature coefficient of electromotive force 电动电势zeta potential电功electric work电化学electrochemistry电化学极化electrochemical polarization电极电势electrode potential电极反应reactions on the electrode电极种类type of electrodes电解池electrolytic cell电量计coulometer电流效率current efficiency电迁移electro migration电迁移率electromobility电渗electroosmosis电渗析electrodialysis电泳electrophoresis丁达尔效应Dyndall effect定容摩尔热容molar heat capacity under constant volume定容温度计Constant voIume thermometer定压摩尔热容molar heat capacity under constant pressure定压温度计constant pressure thermometer定域子系统localized particle system动力学方程kinetic equations动力学控制kinetics control独立子系统independent particle system对比摩尔体积reduced mole volume对比体积reduced volume对比温度reduced temperature对比压力reduced pressure对称数symmetry number对行反应reversible reactions对应状态原理principle of corresponding state多方过程polytropic process多分子层吸附理论adsorption theory of multi-molecular layers 二级反应second order reaction二级相变second order phase change法拉第常数faraday constant法拉第定律Faraday’s law反电动势back E.M.F.反渗透reverse osmosis反应分子数molecularity反应级数reaction orders反应进度extent of reaction反应热heat of reaction反应速率rate of reaction反应速率常数constant of reaction rate范德华常数van der Waals constant范德华方程van der Waals equation范德华力van der Waals force范德华气体van der Waals gases范特霍夫方程van’t Hoff equation范特霍夫规则van’t Hoff rule范特霍夫渗透压公式van’t Hoff equation of osmotic pressure 非基元反应non-elementary reactions非体积功non-volume work非依时计量学反应time independent stoichiometric reactions 菲克扩散第一定律Fick’s first law of diffusion沸点boiling point沸点升高elevation of boiling point费米－狄拉克统计Fermi-Dirac statistics分布distribution分布数distribution numbers分解电压decomposition voltage分配定律distribution law分散系统disperse system分散相dispersion phase分体积partial volume分体积定律partial volume law分压partial pressure分压定律partial pressure law分子反应力学mechanics of molecular reactions分子间力intermolecular force分子蒸馏molecular distillation封闭系统closed system附加压力excess pressure弗罗因德利希吸附经验式Freundlich empirical formula of adsorption 负极negative pole负吸附negative adsorption复合反应composite reaction盖·吕萨克定律Gay-Lussac law盖斯定律Hess law甘汞电极calomel electrode感胶离子序lyotropic series杠杆规则lever rule高分子溶液macromolecular solution高会溶点upper consolute point隔离法the isolation method格罗塞斯－德雷珀定律Grotthus-Draoer’s law隔离系统isolated system根均方速率root-mean-square speed功work功函work content共轭溶液conjugate solution共沸温度azeotropic temperature构型熵configurational entropy孤立系统isolated system固溶胶solid sol固态混合物solid solution固相线solid phase line光反应photoreaction光化学第二定律the second law of actinochemistry光化学第一定律the first law of actinochemistry光敏反应photosensitized reactions光谱熵spectrum entropy广度性质extensive property广延量extensive quantity广延性质extensive property规定熵stipulated entropy过饱和溶液oversaturated solution过饱和蒸气oversaturated vapor过程process过渡状态理论transition state theory过冷水super-cooled water过冷液体overcooled liquid过热液体overheated liquid亥姆霍兹函数Helmholtz function亥姆霍兹函数判据Helmholtz function criterion亥姆霍兹自由能Helmholtz free energy亥氏函数Helmholtz function焓enthalpy亨利常数Henry constant亨利定律Henry law恒沸混合物constant boiling mixture恒容摩尔热容molar heat capacity at constant volume恒容热heat at constant volume恒外压constant external pressure恒压摩尔热容molar heat capacity at constant pressure恒压热heat at constant pressure化学动力学chemical kinetics化学反应计量式stoichiometric equation of chemical reaction化学反应计量系数stoichiometric coefficient of chemical reaction 化学反应进度extent of chemical reaction化学亲合势chemical affinity化学热力学chemical thermodynamics化学势chemical potential化学势判据chemical potential criterion化学吸附chemisorptions环境environment环境熵变entropy change in environment挥发度volatility混合熵entropy of mixing混合物mixture活度activity活化控制activation control活化络合物理论activated complex theory活化能activation energy霍根-华森图Hougen-Watson Chart基态能级energy level at ground state基希霍夫公式Kirchhoff formula基元反应elementary reactions积分溶解热integration heat of dissolution吉布斯－杜亥姆方程Gibbs-Duhem equation吉布斯－亥姆霍兹方程Gibbs-Helmhotz equation 吉布斯函数Gibbs function吉布斯函数判据Gibbs function criterion吉布斯吸附公式Gibbs adsorption formula吉布斯自由能Gibbs free energy吉氏函数Gibbs function极化电极电势polarization potential of electrode 极化曲线polarization curves极化作用polarization极限摩尔电导率limiting molar conductivity几率因子steric factor计量式stoichiometric equation计量系数stoichiometric coefficient价数规则rule of valence焦耳Joule焦耳-汤姆生实验Joule-Thomson experiment焦耳-汤姆生系数Joule-Thomson coefficient焦耳-汤姆生效应Joule-Thomson effect焦耳定律Joule's law接触电势contact potential接触角contact angle节流过程throttling process节流膨胀throttling expansion节流膨胀系数coefficient of throttling expansion 结线tie line结晶热heat of crystallization解离化学吸附dissociation chemical adsorption 界面interfaces界面张力surface tension浸湿immersion wetting浸湿功immersion wetting work精馏rectify聚（合）电解质polyelectrolyte聚沉coagulation聚沉值coagulation value绝对反应速率理论absolute reaction rate theory绝对熵absolute entropy绝对温标absolute temperature scale绝热过程adiabatic process绝热量热计adiabatic calorimeter绝热指数adiabatic index卡诺定理Carnot theorem卡诺循环Carnot cycle开尔文公式Kelvin formula柯诺瓦洛夫－吉布斯定律Konovalov-Gibbs law科尔劳施离子独立运动定律K ohlrausch’s Law of Independent Migration of Ions 可能的电解质potential electrolyte可逆电池reversible cell可逆过程reversible process可逆过程方程reversible process equation可逆体积功reversible volume work可逆相变reversible phase change克拉佩龙方程Clapeyron equation克劳修斯不等式Clausius inequality克劳修斯－克拉佩龙方程Clausius-Clapeyron equation控制步骤control step库仑计coulometer扩散控制diffusion controlled拉普拉斯方程Laplace’s equation拉乌尔定律Raoult law兰格缪尔－欣谢尔伍德机理Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism兰格缪尔吸附等温式Langmuir adsorption isotherm formula雷利公式Rayleigh equation冷冻系数coefficient of refrigeration冷却曲线cooling curve离解热heat of dissociation离解压力dissociation pressure离域子系统non-localized particle systems离子的标准摩尔生成焓standard molar formation of ion离子的电迁移率mobility of ions离子的迁移数transport number of ions离子独立运动定律law of the independent migration of ions离子氛ionic atmosphere离子强度ionic strength理想混合物perfect mixture理想气体ideal gas理想气体的绝热指数adiabatic index of ideal gases理想气体的微观模型micro-model of ideal gas理想气体反应的等温方程isothermal equation of ideal gaseous reactions理想气体绝热可逆过程方程adiabatic reversible process equation of ideal gase 理想气体状态方程state equation of ideal gas理想稀溶液ideal dilute solution理想液态混合物perfect liquid mixture粒子particles粒子的配分函数partition function of particles连串反应consecutive reactions链的传递物chain carrier链反应chain reactions量热熵calorimetric entropy量子统计quantum statistics量子效率quantum yield临界参数critical parameter临界常数critical constant临界点critical point临界胶束浓度critical micelle concentration临界摩尔体积critical molar volume临界温度critical temperature临界压力critical pressure临界状态critical state零级反应zero order reaction流动电势streaming potential流动功flow work笼罩效应cage effect路易斯－兰德尔逸度规则Lewis-Randall rule of fugacity露点dew point露点线dew point line麦克斯韦关系式Maxwell relations麦克斯韦速率分布Maxwell distribution of speeds麦克斯韦能量分布MaxwelIdistribution of energy毛细管凝结condensation in capillary毛细现象capillary phenomena米凯利斯常数Michaelis constant摩尔电导率molar conductivity摩尔反应焓molar reaction enthalpy摩尔混合熵mole entropy of mixing摩尔气体常数molar gas constant摩尔热容molar heat capacity摩尔溶解焓mole dissolution enthalpy摩尔稀释焓mole dilution enthalpy内扩散控制internal diffusions control内能internal energy内压力internal pressure能级energy levels能级分布energy level distribution能量均分原理principle of the equipartition of energy能斯特方程Nernst equation能斯特热定理Nernst heat theorem凝固点freezing point凝固点降低lowering of freezing point凝固点曲线freezing point curve凝胶gelatin凝聚态condensed state凝聚相condensed phase浓差超电势concentration over-potential浓差极化concentration polarization浓差电池concentration cells帕斯卡pascal泡点bubble point泡点线bubble point line配分函数partition function配分函数的析因子性质property that partition function to be expressed as a product of the separate partition functions for each kind of state碰撞截面collision cross section碰撞数the number of collisions偏摩尔量partial mole quantities平衡常数（理想气体反应）equilibrium constants for reactions of ideal gases平动配分函数partition function of translation平衡分布equilibrium distribution平衡态equilibrium state平衡态近似法equilibrium state approximation平衡状态图equilibrium state diagram平均活度mean activity平均活度系统mean activity coefficient平均摩尔热容mean molar heat capacity平均质量摩尔浓度mean mass molarity平均自由程mean free path平行反应parallel reactions铺展spreading普遍化范德华方程universal van der Waals equation其它功the other work气化热heat of vaporization气体常数gas constant气体分子运动论kinetic theory of gases气体分子运动论的基本方程foundamental equation of kinetic theory of gases 气溶胶aerosol气相线vapor line迁移数transport number潜热latent heat强度量intensive quantity强度性质intensive property亲液溶胶hydrophilic sol氢电极hydrogen electrodes区域熔化zone melting热heat热爆炸heat explosion热泵heat pump热功当量mechanical equivalent of heat热函heat content热化学thermochemistry热化学方程thermochemical equation热机heat engine热机效率efficiency of heat engine热力学thermodynamics热力学第二定律the second law of thermodynamics热力学第三定律the third law of thermodynamics热力学第一定律the first law of thermodynamics热力学基本方程fundamental equation of thermodynamics热力学几率thermodynamic probability热力学能thermodynamic energy热力学特性函数characteristic thermodynamic function热力学温标thermodynamic scale of temperature热力学温度thermodynamic temperature热熵thermal entropy热效应heat effect熔点曲线melting point curve熔化热heat of fusion溶胶colloidal sol溶解焓dissolution enthalpy溶液solution溶胀swelling润湿wetting润湿角wetting angle萨克尔－泰特洛德方程Sackur-Tetrode equation 三相点triple point三相平衡线triple-phase line熵entropy熵判据entropy criterion熵增原理principle of entropy increase渗透压osmotic pressure渗析法dialytic process生成反应formation reaction升华热heat of sublimation实际气体real gas舒尔采－哈迪规则Schulze-Hardy rule松驰力relaxation force松驰时间time of relaxation速度常数reaction rate constant速率方程rate equations速率控制步骤rate determining step塔费尔公式Tafel equation态－态反应state-state reactions唐南平衡Donnan equilibrium淌度mobility特鲁顿规则Trouton rule特性粘度intrinsic viscosity体积功volume work统计权重statistical weight统计热力学statistic thermodynamics统计熵statistic entropy途径path途径函数path function外扩散控制external diffusion control完美晶体perfect crystalline完全气体perfect gas微观状态microstate微态microstate韦斯顿标准电池Weston standard battery维恩效应Wien effect维里方程virial equation维里系数virial coefficient稳流过程steady flow process稳态近似法stationary state approximation无热溶液athermal solution无限稀溶液solutions in the limit of extreme dilution物理化学Physical Chemistry物理吸附physisorptions吸附adsorption吸附等量线adsorption isostere吸附等温线adsorption isotherm吸附等压线adsorption isobar吸附剂adsorbent吸附量extent of adsorption吸附热heat of adsorption吸附质adsorbate析出电势evolution or deposition potential析因子性质property that partition function to be expressed as a product of the separate partition functions for each kind of state稀溶液的依数性colligative properties of dilute solutions稀释焓dilution enthalpy系统system系统点system point系统的环境environment of system相phase相变phase change相变焓enthalpy of phase change相变化phase change相变热heat of phase change相点phase point相对挥发度relative volatility相对粘度relative viscosity相律phase rule相平衡热容heat capacity in phase equilibrium相图phase diagram相倚子系统system of dependent particles悬浮液suspension循环过程cyclic process压力商pressure quotient压缩因子compressibility factor压缩因子图diagram of compressibility factor亚稳状态metastable state盐桥salt bridge盐析salting out阳极anode杨氏方程Young’s equation液体接界电势liquid junction potential液相线liquid phase lines一级反应first order reaction一级相变first order phase change依时计量学反应time dependent stoichiometric reactions 逸度fugacity逸度系数coefficient of fugacity阴极cathode荧光fluorescence永动机perpetual motion machine永久气体Permanent gas有效能available energy原电池primary cell原盐效应salt effect增比粘度specific viscosity憎液溶胶lyophobic sol沾湿adhesional wetting沾湿功the work of adhesional wetting真溶液true solution真实电解质real electrolyte真实气体real gas真实迁移数true transference number振动配分函数partition function of vibration振动特征温度characteristic temperature of vibration蒸气压下降depression of vapor pressure正常沸点normal point正吸附positive adsorption支链反应branched chain reactions直链反应straight chain reactions指前因子pre-exponential factor质量作用定律mass action law制冷系数coefficient of refrigeration中和热heat of neutralization轴功shaft work转动配分函数partition function of rotation转动特征温度characteristic temperature of vibration 转化率convert ratio转化温度conversion temperature状态state状态方程state equation状态分布state distribution状态函数state function准静态过程quasi-static process准一级反应pseudo first order reaction自动催化作用auto-catalysis自由度degree of freedom自由度数number of degree of freedom自由焓free enthalpy自由能free energy自由膨胀free expansion组分数component number最低恒沸点lower azeotropic point最高恒沸点upper azeotropic point最佳反应温度optimal reaction temperature最可几分布most probable distribution最可几速率most propable speed。

CMCS Fe-2005-Preparation and adsorption properties of monodisperse chitosan-b

2. Materials and methods 2.1. Materials Chitosan (low viscous), chloroacetic acid sodium salt, o-phthaldialdehyde, β -mercaptoethanol, and ferrous chloride tetrahydrate were purchased from Fluka (Buchs). Carbodiimides (cyanamide, CH2 N2 ) were supplied from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO). Ferric chloride, 6-hydrate was purchased from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg). Glycine, natriumtetraborate-10-hydrate, and Cu(II) nitrate-2,5-hydrate were obtained from Riedel-deHaën (Seelze). Ammonium hydroxide (29.6%) was supplied by TEDIA (Fairﬁeld). The water used throughout this work was the reagent-grade water produced by the Milli-Q SP ultrapure water puriﬁcation system of Nihon Millipore Ltd., Tokyo. All other chemicals were the guaranteed or analytic grade reagents commercially available and used without further puriﬁcation. 2.2. Preparation of chitosan-bound Fe3 O4 nanoparticles Fe3 O4 nanoparticles were prepared by coprecipitating Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions by ammonia solution and treating under hydrothermal conditions [17–20]. Ferric and ferrous chlorides (molar ratio 2:1) were dissolved in water at a concentration of 0.3 M iron ions. Chemical precipitation was achieved at 25 ◦ C under vigorous stirring by adding NH4 OH solution (29.6%). During the reaction process, the pH was maintained at about 10. The precipitates were heated at 80 ◦ C for 30 min, washed several times with water and ethanol, and then ﬁnally dried in a vacuum oven at 70 ◦ C. Chitosan was carboxymethylated according to the method of Chen and Park [32]. First, 3 g chitosan and 15 g sodium hydroxide were added into 100 ml of isopropanol/water (80/20) mixture at 60 ◦ C to swell and alkalize for 1 h. Then, 20 ml of monochloroacetic acid solution (0.75 g ml−1 in

物理化学英语词汇

物理化学英语词汇分布 distribution分布数 distribution numbers分解电压 decomposition voltage分配定律 distribution law分散系统 disperse system分散相 dispersion phase分体积 partial volume分体积定律 partial volume law分压 partial pressure分压定律 partial pressure law分子反应力学 mechanics of molecular reactions分子间力 intermolecular force分子蒸馏molecular distillation封闭系统 closed system附加压力 excess pressure弗罗因德利希吸附经验式 Freundlich empirical formula of adsorption 负极 negative pole负吸附 negative adsorption复合反应composite reaction盖·吕萨克定律 Gay-Lussac law盖斯定律 Hess law甘汞电极 calomel electrode感胶离子序 lyotropic series杠杆规则 lever rule高分子溶液 macromolecular solution高会溶点 upper consolute point隔离法the isolation method格罗塞斯－德雷珀定律 Grotthus-Draoer’s law隔离系统 isolated system根均方速率 root-mean-square speed功 work功函work content共轭溶液 conjugate solution共沸温度 azeotropic temperature构型熵configurational entropy孤立系统 isolated system固溶胶 solid sol固态混合物 solid solution固相线 solid phase line光反应 photoreaction光化学第二定律 the second law of actinochemistry光化学第一定律 the first law of actinochemistry光敏反应 photosensitized reactions光谱熵 spectrum entropy广度性质 extensive property广延量 extensive quantity广延性质 extensive property规定熵 stipulated entropy过饱和溶液 oversaturated solution过饱和蒸气 oversaturated vapor过程 process过渡状态理论 transition state theory过冷水 super-cooled water过冷液体 overcooled liquid过热液体 overheated liquid亥姆霍兹函数 Helmholtz function亥姆霍兹函数判据 Helmholtz function criterion亥姆霍兹自由能 Helmholtz free energy亥氏函数 Helmholtz function焓 enthalpy亨利常数 Henry constant亨利定律 Henry law恒沸混合物 constant boiling mixture恒容摩尔热容 molar heat capacity at constant volume恒容热 heat at constant volume恒外压 constant external pressure恒压摩尔热容 molar heat capacity at constant pressure恒压热 heat at constant pressure化学动力学chemical kinetics化学反应计量式 stoichiometric equation of chemical reaction化学反应计量系数 stoichiometric coefficient of chemical reaction 化学反应进度 extent of chemical reaction化学亲合势 chemical affinity化学热力学chemical thermodynamics化学势 chemical potential化学势判据 chemical potential criterion化学吸附 chemisorptions环境 environment环境熵变 entropy change in environment挥发度volatility混合熵 entropy of mixing混合物 mixture活度 activity活化控制 activation control活化络合物理论 activated complex theory。

表面增强拉曼散射

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1. INTRODUCTION
SERS: surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy Raman scattering: inelastic scattering of a photon from a molecule in which the frequency change precisely matches the difference in vibrational energy levels LSPR: localized surface plasmon resonance
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Paul L. Stiles, Jon A. Dieringer, Nilam C. Shah, and Richard P. Van Duyne
Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208; email: vanduyne@
Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2008. 1:601–26 First published online as a Review in Advance on March 18, 2008 The Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry is online at This article’s doi: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.112814 Copyright c 2008 by erved 1936-1327/08/0719-0601$20.00
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材料专业英语常见词汇

材料专业英语常见词汇The saying "the more diligent, the more luckier you are" really should be my charm in2006.材料专业英语常见词汇一Structure 组织Ceramic 陶瓷Ductility 塑性Stiffness 刚度Grain 晶粒Phase 相Unit cell 单胞Bravais lattice 布拉菲点阵Stack 堆垛Crystal 晶体Metallic crystal structure 金属性晶体点阵 Non-directional 无方向性Face-centered cubic 面心立方Body-centered cubic体心立方 Hexagonal close-packed 密排六方 Copper 铜Aluminum 铝Chromium 铬 Tungsten 钨Crystallographic Plane晶面 Crystallographic direction 晶向 Property性质 Miller indices米勒指数 Lattice parameters 点阵参数Tetragonal 四方的Hexagonal 六方的Orthorhombic 正交的Rhombohedra 菱方的Monoclinic 单斜的Prism 棱镜 Cadmium 镉 Coordinate system 坐 Point defec点缺陷Lattice 点阵 Vacancy 空位Solidification 结晶Interstitial 间隙Substitution 置换Solid solution strengthening 固溶强化Diffusion 扩散Homogeneous 均匀的Diffusion Mechanisms 扩散机制Lattice distortion 点阵畸变Self-diffusion 自扩散Fick’s First Law 菲克第一定律 Unit time 单位时间Coefficient 系数Concentration gradient 浓度梯度Dislocations 位错Linear defect 线缺陷Screw dislocation 螺型位错Edge dislocation 刃型位错Vector 矢量Loop 环路Burgers’vector 柏氏矢量Perpendicular 垂直于Surface defect 面缺陷Grain boundary 晶界Twin boundary 晶界 Shear force 剪应力Deformation 变形Small or low angel grain boundary 小角度晶界Tilt boundary 倾斜晶界Supercooled 过冷的Solidification 凝固Ordering process 有序化过程Crystallinity 结晶度Microstructure 纤维组织Term 术语Phase Diagram 相图Equilibrium 平衡Melt 熔化Cast 浇注Crystallization 结晶Binary Isomorphous Systems 二元匀晶相图Soluble 溶解Phase Present 存在相Locate 确定Tie line 连接线Isotherm 等温线Concentration 浓度Intersection 交点The Lever Law 杠杆定律Binary Eutectic System 二元共晶相图Solvus Line 溶解线Invariant 恒定Isotherm 恒温线Cast Iron 铸铁Ferrite 珠光体Polymorphic transformation 多晶体转变Austenite 奥氏体Revert 回复Intermediate compound 中间化合物Cementite 渗碳体Vertical 垂线Nonmagnetic 无磁性的Solubility 溶解度Brittle 易脆的Eutectic 共晶Eutectoid invariant point 共析点Phase transformation 相变Allotropic 同素异形体Recrystallization 再结晶Metastable 亚稳的Martensitic transformation 马氏体转变Lamellae 薄片Simultaneously 同时存在Pearlite 珠光体Ductile 可塑的Mechanically 机械性能Hypo eutectoid 过共析的Particle 颗粒Matrix基体Proeutectoid 先共析Hypereutectoid 亚共析的Bainite 贝氏体Martensite 马氏体Linearity 线性的Stress-strain curve 应力-应变曲线Proportional limit 比例极限Tensile strength 抗拉强度Ductility 延展性Percent reduction in area 断面收缩率Hardness 硬度Modulus of Elasticity 弹性模量Tolerance 公差Rub 摩擦Wear 磨损Corrosion resistance 抗腐蚀性Aluminum 铝Zinc 锌Iron ore 铁矿Blast furnace 高炉Coke 焦炭Limestone 石灰石Slag 熔渣Pig iron 生铁Ladle 钢水包Silicon 硅Sulphur 硫Wrought 可锻的Graphite 石墨Flaky 片状Low-carbon steels 低碳钢Case hardening 表面硬化Medium-carbon steels 中碳钢Electrode 电极As a rule 通常Preheating 预热Quench 淬火Body-centered lattice 体心晶格Carbide 碳化物Hypereutectoid过共晶Chromium 铬Manganese 锰Molybdenum 钼Titanium 钛Cobalt 钴Tungsten 钨Vanadium 钒Pearlitic microstructure 珠光体组织Martensitic microstructure 马氏体组织Viscosity 粘性Wrought 锻造的Magnesium 镁Flake 片状Malleable 可锻的Nodular 球状Spheroidal 球状Superior property 优越性Galvanization 镀锌Versatile 通用的Battery grid 电极板Calcium 钙Tin 锡Toxicity 毒性Refractory 耐火的Platinum铂Polymer 聚合物Composite 混合物Erosive 腐蚀性Inert 惰性Thermo chemically 热化学Generator 发电机Flaw 缺陷Variability 易变的Annealing 退火Tempering回火Texture 织构Kinetic 动力学Peculiarity 特性Critical point 临界点Dispersity 弥散程度Spontaneous 自发的Inherent grain 本质晶粒Toughness 韧性Rupture 断裂Kinetic curve of transformation 转变动力学曲线Incubation period 孕育期Sorbite 索氏体Troostite 屈氏体Disperse 弥散的Granular 颗粒状Metallurgical 冶金学的Precipitation 析出Depletion 减少Quasi-eutectoid 伪共析Superposition 重叠Supersede 代替Dilatometric 膨胀Unstable 不稳定Supersaturate 使过饱和Tetragonality 正方度Shear 切变Displacement 位移Irreversible 不可逆的金属材料工程专业英语acid-base equilibrium酸碱平衡 acid-base indicator酸碱指示剂 acid bath酸槽 acidBessemerconverter 酸性转炉 acid brick酸性耐火砖 acid brittleness酸洗脆性、氢脆性 acid burden酸性炉料acid clay酸性粘土 acid cleaning同pickling酸洗 acid concentration酸浓度 acid converter酸性转炉 acid converter steel酸性转炉钢 acid content酸含量 acid corrosion酸腐蚀 acid deficient弱酸的、酸不足的 acid dip酸浸acid dip pickler沉浸式酸洗装置 aciddiptank酸液浸洗槽acid drain tank排酸槽acidless descaling无酸除鳞acid medium酸性介质acid mist酸雾acid-proof paint耐酸涂料漆acid-proof steel耐酸钢acid-resistant耐酸钢acid-resisting vessel耐酸槽acid strength酸浓度acid supply pump供酸泵acid wash酸洗acid value酸值acid wash solution酸洗液acieration渗碳、增碳Acm point Acm转变点渗碳体析出温度acorn nut螺母、螺帽acoustic absorption coefficient声吸收系数acoustic susceptance声纳actifier再生器action line作用线action spot作用点activated atom激活原子activated bath活化槽activated carbon活性碳activating treatment活化处理active corrosion活性腐蚀、强烈腐蚀active area有效面积active power有功功率、有效功率active product放射性产物active resistance有效电阻、纯电阻active roll gap轧辊的有效或工作开口度active state活性状态active surface有效表面activity coefficient激活系数、活度系数actual diameter钢丝绳实际直径actual efficiency实际效率actual error实际误差actual time实时actual working stress实际加工应力actuating device调节装置、传动装置、起动装置actuating lever驱动杆、起动杆actuating mechanism 动作机构、执行机构actuating motor驱动电动机、伺服电动机actuating pressure作用压力actuation shaft起动轴actuator调节器、传动装置、执行机构acute angle锐角adaptive feed back control自适应反馈控制adaptive optimization自适应最优化adaptor接头、接合器、连结装置、转接器、附件材料科学基础专业词汇:第一章晶体结构原子质量单位 Atomic mass unit amu 原子数 Atomic number 原子量 Atomic weight波尔原子模型 Bohr atomic model 键能 Bonding energy 库仑力 Coulombic force共价键 Covalent bond 分子的构型 molecular configuration电子构型electronic configuration 负电的 Electronegative 正电的 Electropositive基态 Ground state 氢键 Hydrogen bond 离子键 Ionic bond 同位素 Isotope金属键 Metallic bond 摩尔 Mole 分子 Molecule 泡利不相容原理 Pauli exclusion principle 元素周期表 Periodic table 原子 atom 分子 molecule 分子量 molecule weight极性分子 Polar molecule 量子数 quantum number 价电子 valence electron范德华键 van der waals bond 电子轨道 electron orbitals 点群 point group对称要素 symmetry elements 各向异性 anisotropy 原子堆积因数 atomic packing factorAPF 体心立方结构 body-centered cubic BCC 面心立方结构 face-centered cubic FCC布拉格定律bragg’s law 配位数 coordination number 晶体结构 crystal structure晶系 crystal system 晶体的 crystalline 衍射 diffraction 中子衍射 neutron diffraction电子衍射 electron diffraction 晶界 grain boundary 六方密堆积 hexagonal close-packed HCP 鲍林规则 Paulin g’s rules NaCl型结构 NaCl-type structureCsCl型结构Caesium Chloride structure 闪锌矿型结构 Blende-type structure纤锌矿型结构 Wurtzite structure 金红石型结构 Rutile structure萤石型结构 Fluorite structure 钙钛矿型结构 Perovskite-type structure尖晶石型结构 Spinel-type structure 硅酸盐结构 Structure of silicates岛状结构 Island structure 链状结构 Chain structure 层状结构 Layer structure架状结构 Framework structure 滑石 talc 叶蜡石 pyrophyllite 高岭石 kaolinite石英 quartz 长石 feldspar 美橄榄石 forsterite 各向同性的 isotropic各向异性的 anisotropy 晶格 lattice 晶格参数 lattice parameters 密勒指数 miller indices 非结晶的 noncrystalline多晶的 polycrystalline 多晶形 polymorphism 单晶single crystal 晶胞 unit cell电位 electron states化合价 valence 电子 electrons 共价键 covalent bonding金属键 metallic bonding 离子键Ionic bonding 极性分子 polar molecules原子面密度 atomic planar density 衍射角 diffraction angle 合金 alloy粒度,晶粒大小 grain size 显微结构 microstructure 显微照相 photomicrograph扫描电子显微镜 scanning electron microscope SEM透射电子显微镜 transmission electron microscope TEM 重量百分数 weight percent四方的 tetragonal 单斜的monoclinic 配位数 coordination number材料科学基础专业词汇:第二章晶体结构缺陷缺陷 defect, imperfection 点缺陷 point defect 线缺陷 line defect, dislocation面缺陷 interface defect 体缺陷 volume defect 位错排列 dislocation arrangement位错线 dislocation line 刃位错 edge dislocation 螺位错 screw dislocation混合位错 mixed dislocation 晶界 grain boundaries 大角度晶界 high-angle grain boundaries 小角度晶界 tilt boundary, 孪晶界 twin boundaries 位错阵列 dislocation array位错气团 dislocation atmosphere 位错轴dislocation axis 位错胞 dislocation cell位错爬移 dislocation climb 位错聚结 dislocation coalescence 位错滑移 dislocation slip位错核心能量 dislocation core energy 位错裂纹 dislocation crack位错阻尼 dislocation damping 位错密度 dislocation density原子错位 substitution of a wrong atom 间隙原子 interstitial atom晶格空位 vacant lattice sites 间隙位置 interstitial sites 杂质 impurities弗伦克尔缺陷 Frenkel disorder 肖脱基缺陷 Schottky disorder 主晶相 the host lattice错位原子 misplaced atoms 缔合中心 Associated Centers. 自由电子 Free Electrons电子空穴Electron Holes 伯格斯矢量 Burgers 克罗各-明克符号 Kroger Vink notation中性原子 neutral atom材料科学基础专业词汇:第二章晶体结构缺陷-固溶体固溶体 solid solution 固溶度 solid solubility 化合物 compound间隙固溶体 interstitial solid solution 置换固溶体 substitutional solid solution金属间化合物 intermetallics 不混溶固溶体 immiscible solid solution转熔型固溶体 peritectic solid solution 有序固溶体 ordered solid solution无序固溶体 disordered solid solution 固溶强化 solid solution strengthening取代型固溶体 Substitutional solid solutions 过饱和固溶体 supersaturated solid solution非化学计量化合物 Nonstoichiometric compound材料科学基础专业词汇:第三章熔体结构熔体结构 structure of melt过冷液体 supercooling melt 玻璃态 vitreous state软化温度 softening temperature 粘度 viscosity 表面张力 Surface tension介稳态过渡相 metastable phase 组织 constitution 淬火 quenching退火的 softened 玻璃分相 phase separation in glasses 体积收缩 volume shrinkage材料科学基础专业词汇:第四章固体的表面与界面表面 surface 界面 interface 同相界面 homophase boundary异相界面 heterophase boundary 晶界 grain boundary 表面能 surface energy小角度晶界 low angle grain boundary 大角度晶界 high angle grain boundary共格孪晶界 coherent twin boundary 晶界迁移 grain boundary migration错配度 mismatch 驰豫 relaxation 重构 reconstuction 表面吸附 surface adsorption表面能 surface energy 倾转晶界 titlt grain boundary 扭转晶界 twist grain boundary倒易密度 reciprocal density 共格界面 coherent boundary 半共格界面 semi-coherent boundary 非共格界面 noncoherent boundary 界面能 interfacial free energy应变能 strain energy 晶体学取向关系 crystallographic orientation惯习面habit plane材料科学基础专业词汇:第五章相图相图 phase diagrams 相 phase 组分 component 组元 compoonent相律 Phase rule 投影图 Projection drawing 浓度三角形 Concentration triangle冷却曲线 Cooling curve 成分 composition 自由度 freedom相平衡 phase equilibrium 化学势 chemical potential 热力学 thermodynamics相律 phase rule 吉布斯相律 Gibbs phase rule 自由能 free energy吉布斯自由能 Gibbs free energy 吉布斯混合能 Gibbs energy of mixing吉布斯熵 Gibbs entropy 吉布斯函数 Gibbs function 热力学函数 thermodynamics function 热分析 thermal analysis 过冷 supercooling 过冷度 degree of supercooling杠杆定律 lever rule 相界 phase boundary 相界线 phase boundary line相界交联 phase boundary crosslinking 共轭线 conjugate lines相界有限交联 phase boundary crosslinking 相界反应 phase boundary reaction相变 phase change 相组成 phase composition 共格相 phase-coherent金相相组织 phase constentuent 相衬 phase contrast 相衬显微镜 phase contrast microscope 相衬显微术 phase contrast microscopy 相分布 phase distribution相平衡常数 phase equilibrium constant 相平衡图 phase equilibrium diagram相变滞后 phase transition lag 相分离 phase segregation 相序 phase order相稳定性 phase stability 相态 phase state 相稳定区 phase stabile range相变温度 phase transition temperature 相变压力 phase transition pressure同质多晶转变 polymorphic transformation 同素异晶转变 allotropic transformation相平衡条件 phase equilibrium conditions 显微结构 microstructures 低共熔体 eutectoid不混溶性 immiscibility材料科学基础专业词汇:第六章扩散活化能 activation energy 扩散通量 diffusion flux 浓度梯度 concentration gradient菲克第一定律Fick’s first law 菲克第二定律Fick’s second law 相关因子 correlation factor 稳态扩散 steady state diffusion 非稳态扩散 nonsteady-state diffusion扩散系数 diffusion coefficient 跳动几率 jump frequency填隙机制 interstitalcy mechanism 晶界扩散 grain boundary diffusion短路扩散 short-circuit diffusion 上坡扩散 uphill diffusion 下坡扩散 Downhill diffusion互扩散系数 Mutual diffusion 渗碳剂 carburizing 浓度梯度 concentration gradient浓度分布曲线 concentration profile 扩散流量 diffusion flux 驱动力 driving force间隙扩散 interstitial diffusion 自扩散 self-diffusion 表面扩散 surface diffusion空位扩散 vacancy diffusion 扩散偶 diffusion couple 扩散方程 diffusion equation扩散机理 diffusion mechanism 扩散特性 diffusion property 无规行走 Random walk达肯方程 Dark equation 柯肯达尔效应 Kirkendall equation本征热缺陷 Intrinsic thermal defect 本征扩散系数 Intrinsic diffusion coefficient离子电导率 Ion-conductivity 空位机制 Vacancy concentration材料科学基础专业词汇:第七章相变过冷 supercooling 过冷度 degree of supercooling 晶核 nucleus 形核 nucleation形核功 nucleation energy 晶体长大 crystal growth 均匀形核 homogeneous nucleation非均匀形核 heterogeneous nucleation 形核率 nucleation rate 长大速率 growth rate热力学函数 thermodynamics function 临界晶核 critical nucleus临界晶核半径 critical nucleus radius 枝晶偏析 dendritic segregation局部平衡 localized equilibrium 平衡分配系数 equilibrium distributioncoefficient有效分配系数 effective distribution coefficient 成分过冷 constitutional supercooling引领领先相 leading phase 共晶组织 eutectic structure 层状共晶体 lamellar eutectic伪共晶 pseudoeutectic 离异共晶 divorsed eutectic 表面等轴晶区 chill zone柱状晶区 columnar zone 中心等轴晶区 equiaxed crystal zone定向凝固 unidirectional solidification 急冷技术 splatcooling 区域提纯 zone refining单晶提拉法 Czochralski method 晶界形核 boundary nucleation位错形核 dislocation nucleation 晶核长大 nuclei growth斯宾那多分解 spinodal decomposition 有序无序转变 disordered-order transition马氏体相变 martensite phase transformation 马氏体 martensite材料科学基础专业词汇:第八、九章固相反应和烧结固相反应 solid state reaction 烧结 sintering 烧成 fire 合金 alloy 再结晶 Recrystallization 二次再结晶 Secondary recrystallization 成核 nucleation 结晶 crystallization子晶,雏晶 matted crystal 耔晶取向 seed orientation 异质核化 heterogeneous nucleation均匀化热处理 homogenization heat treatment 铁碳合金 iron-carbon alloy渗碳体 cementite 铁素体 ferrite 奥氏体austenite 共晶反应 eutectic reaction 固溶处理 solution heat treatment。

瞬态吸收光谱英文

瞬态吸收光谱英文Transient Absorption Spectroscopy: Shedding Light on Ultrafast Processes in Chemistry and Materials Science.Transient absorption spectroscopy is a powerful technique that provides unique insights into the ultrafast dynamics of chemical and material systems. By probing the absorption of light as a function of time, this method allows researchers to study the intricate processes that occur on femtosecond to microsecond timescales.In recent years, transient absorption spectroscopy has been instrumental in unraveling the dynamics of photoinduced processes, such as energy transfer, charge separation, and molecular reactivity. This technique has found widespread applications in the fields of photophysics, photochemistry, and photobiology, offering a detailed understanding of the fundamental mechanisms governinglight-matter interactions.Furthermore, transient absorption spectroscopy has proven to be invaluable for investigating the properties of novel materials, including semiconductors, nanomaterials, and photoactive compounds. By tracking the evolution of electronic and vibrational states following photoexcitation, researchers can gain crucial insights into the behavior of these materials under dynamic conditions, paving the wayfor the development of advanced optoelectronic devices and photovoltaic technologies.The versatility and sensitivity of transient absorption spectroscopy make it an indispensable tool for studying a wide range of phenomena, from the dynamics of photoactive proteins to the behavior of photoactive molecules in complex environments. As technological advancementscontinue to enhance the capabilities of this technique, we can expect transient absorption spectroscopy to remain atthe forefront of research in chemistry and materials science, shedding light on the intricate processes that govern the behavior of matter at the nanoscale.。

半导体一些术语的中英文对照

半导体一些术语的中英文对照半导体一些术语的中英文对照离子注入机ion implanterLSS理论Lindhand Scharff and Schiott theory 又称“林汉德-斯卡夫-斯高特理论”。

沟道效应channeling effect射程分布range distribution深度分布depth distribution投影射程projected range阻止距离stopping distance阻止本领stopping power标准阻止截面standard stopping cross section退火annealing激活能activation energy等温退火isothermal annealing激光退火laser annealing应力感生缺陷stress-induced defect择优取向preferred orientation制版工艺mask-making technology图形畸变pattern distortion初缩first minification精缩final minification母版master mask铬版chromium plate干版dry plate乳胶版emulsion plate透明版see-through plate高分辨率版high resolution plate, HRP超微粒干版plate for ultra-microminiaturization 掩模mask掩模对准mask alignment对准精度alignment precision光刻胶photoresist又称“光致抗蚀剂”。

负性光刻胶negative photoresist正性光刻胶positive photoresist无机光刻胶inorganic resist多层光刻胶multilevel resist电子束光刻胶electron beam resistX射线光刻胶X-ray resist刷洗scrubbing甩胶spinning涂胶photoresist coating后烘postbaking光刻photolithographyX射线光刻X-ray lithography电子束光刻electron beam lithography离子束光刻ion beam lithography深紫外光刻deep-UV lithography光刻机mask aligner投影光刻机projection mask aligner曝光exposure接触式曝光法contact exposure method接近式曝光法proximity exposure method光学投影曝光法optical projection exposure method 电子束曝光系统electron beam exposure system分步重复系统step-and-repeat system显影development线宽linewidth去胶stripping of photoresist氧化去胶removing of photoresist by oxidation等离子［体］去胶removing of photoresist by plasma 刻蚀etching干法刻蚀dry etching反应离子刻蚀reactive ion etching, RIE各向同性刻蚀isotropic etching各向异性刻蚀anisotropic etching反应溅射刻蚀reactive sputter etching离子铣ion beam milling又称“离子磨削”。

物理学英语词汇_日常英语词汇

bet公式bet formuladlvo理论 dlvo theoryhlb法hydrophile-lipophile balance methodpvt性质 pvt propertyζ电势 zeta potential阿伏加德罗常数avogadro’number阿伏加德罗定律 avogadro law阿累尼乌斯电离理论arrhenius ionization theory阿累尼乌斯方程arrhenius equation阿累尼乌斯活化能 arrhenius activation energy阿马格定律 amagat law艾林方程 erying equation爱因斯坦光化当量定律einstein’s law of photochemical equivalence爱因斯坦－斯托克斯方程 einstein-stokes equation安托万常数 antoine constant安托万方程 antoine equation盎萨格电导理论onsager’s theory of conductance半电池half cell半衰期half time period饱和液体 saturated liquids饱和蒸气 saturated vapor饱和吸附量 saturated extent of adsorption饱和蒸气压 saturated vapor pressure爆炸界限 explosion limits比表面功 specific surface work比表面吉布斯函数 specific surface gibbs function比浓粘度 reduced viscosity标准电动势 standard electromotive force标准电极电势 standard electrode potential标准摩尔反应焓 standard molar reaction enthalpy标准摩尔反应吉布斯函数standard gibbs function of molar reaction标准摩尔反应熵 standard molar reaction entropy标准摩尔焓函数 standard molar enthalpy function标准摩尔吉布斯自由能函数standard molar gibbs free energy function标准摩尔燃烧焓 standard molar combustion enthalpy标准摩尔熵 standard molar entropy标准摩尔生成焓 standard molar formation enthalpy标准摩尔生成吉布斯函数standard molar formation gibbs function标准平衡常数 standard equilibrium constant标准氢电极 standard hydrogen electrode标准态 standard state标准熵 standard entropy标准压力 standard pressure标准状况 standard condition表观活化能apparent activation energy表观摩尔质量 apparent molecular weight表观迁移数apparent transference number表面 surfaces表面过程控制 surface process control表面活性剂surfactants表面吸附量 surface excess表面张力 surface tension表面质量作用定律 surface mass action law波义尔定律 boyle law波义尔温度 boyle temperature波义尔点 boyle point玻尔兹曼常数 boltzmann constant玻尔兹曼分布 boltzmann distribution玻尔兹曼公式 boltzmann formula玻尔兹曼熵定理 boltzmann entropy theorem玻色－爱因斯坦统计bose-einstein statistics泊poise不可逆过程 irreversible process不可逆过程热力学thermodynamics of irreversible processes 不可逆相变化 irreversible phase change布朗运动 brownian movement查理定律charle’s law产率 yield敞开系统 open system超电势 over potential沉降 sedimentation沉降电势 sedimentation potential沉降平衡 sedimentation equilibrium触变 thixotropy粗分散系统 thick disperse system催化剂 catalyst单分子层吸附理论 mono molecule layer adsorption单分子反应 unimolecular reaction单链反应 straight chain reactions弹式量热计 bomb calorimeter道尔顿定律 dalton law道尔顿分压定律 dalton partial pressure law德拜和法尔肯哈根效应debye and falkenhagen effect德拜立方公式 debye cubic formula德拜－休克尔极限公式 debye-huckel’s limiting equation 等焓过程 isenthalpic process等焓线isenthalpic line等几率定理 theorem of equal probability等温等容位helmholtz free energy等温等压位gibbs free energy等温方程 equation at constant temperature低共熔点 eutectic point低共熔混合物 eutectic mixture低会溶点 lower consolute point低熔冰盐合晶 cryohydric第二类永动机 perpetual machine of the second kind第三定律熵 third-law entropy第一类永动机 perpetual machine of the first kind缔合化学吸附 association chemical adsorption电池常数 cell constant电池电动势 electromotive force of cells电池反应 cell reaction电导 conductance电导率 conductivity电动势的温度系数 temperature coefficient of electromotive force电动电势 zeta potential电功electric work电化学 electrochemistry电化学极化 electrochemical polarization电极电势 electrode potential电极反应 reactions on the electrode电极种类 type of electrodes电解池 electrolytic cell电量计 coulometer电流效率current efficiency电迁移 electro migration电迁移率 electromobility电渗 electroosmosis电渗析 electrodialysis电泳 electrophoresis丁达尔效应 dyndall effect定容摩尔热容 molar heat capacity under constant volume 定容温度计 constant voiume thermometer定压摩尔热容 molar heat capacity under constant pressure 定压温度计 constant pressure thermometer定域子系统 localized particle system动力学方程kinetic equations动力学控制 kinetics control独立子系统 independent particle system对比摩尔体积 reduced mole volume对比体积 reduced volume对比温度 reduced temperature对比压力 reduced pressure对称数 symmetry number对行反应reversible reactions对应状态原理 principle of corresponding state多方过程polytropic process多分子层吸附理论adsorption theory of multi-molecular layers二级反应second order reaction二级相变second order phase change法拉第常数 faraday constant法拉第定律faraday’s law反电动势back e.m.f.反渗透 reverse osmosis反应分子数 molecularity反应级数 reaction orders反应进度 extent of reaction反应热heat of reaction反应速率rate of reaction反应速率常数 constant of reaction rate范德华常数 van der waals constant范德华方程 van der waals equation范德华力 van der waals force范德华气体 van der waals gases范特霍夫方程van’t hoff equation范特霍夫规则van’t hoff rule范特霍夫渗透压公式van’t hoff equation of osmotic pressure非基元反应 non-elementary reactions非体积功 non-volume work非依时计量学反应time independent stoichiometric reactions菲克扩散第一定律fick’s first law of diffusion沸点 boiling point沸点升高 elevation of boiling point费米－狄拉克统计fermi-dirac statistics分布 distribution分布数 distribution numbers分解电压 decomposition voltage分配定律 distribution law分散系统 disperse system分散相 dispersion phase分体积 partial volume分体积定律 partial volume law分压 partial pressure分压定律 partial pressure law分子反应力学 mechanics of molecular reactions分子间力 intermolecular force分子蒸馏molecular distillation封闭系统 closed system附加压力 excess pressure弗罗因德利希吸附经验式freundlich empirical formula of adsorption负极 negative pole负吸附 negative adsorption复合反应composite reaction盖·吕萨克定律 gay-lussac law盖斯定律 hess law甘汞电极 calomel electrode感胶离子序 lyotropic series杠杆规则 lever rule高分子溶液 macromolecular solution高会溶点 upper consolute point隔离法the isolation method格罗塞斯－德雷珀定律 grotthus-draoer’s law隔离系统 isolated system根均方速率 root-mean-square speed功 work功函work content共轭溶液 conjugate solution共沸温度 azeotropic temperature构型熵configurational entropy孤立系统 isolated system固溶胶 solid sol固态混合物 solid solution固相线 solid phase line光反应 photoreaction光化学第二定律 the second law of actinochemistry光化学第一定律 the first law of actinochemistry光敏反应 photosensitized reactions光谱熵 spectrum entropy广度性质 extensive property广延量 extensive quantity广延性质 extensive property规定熵 stipulated entropy过饱和溶液 oversaturated solution过饱和蒸气 oversaturated vapor过程 process过渡状态理论 transition state theory过冷水 super-cooled water过冷液体 overcooled liquid过热液体 overheated liquid亥姆霍兹函数 helmholtz function亥姆霍兹函数判据 helmholtz function criterion亥姆霍兹自由能 helmholtz free energy亥氏函数 helmholtz function焓 enthalpy亨利常数 henry constant亨利定律 henry law恒沸混合物 constant boiling mixture恒容摩尔热容 molar heat capacity at constant volume 恒容热 heat at constant volume恒外压 constant external pressure恒压摩尔热容 molar heat capacity at constant pressure恒压热 heat at constant pressure化学动力学chemical kinetics化学反应计量式stoichiometric equation of chemical reaction化学反应计量系数stoichiometric coefficient of chemical reaction化学反应进度 extent of chemical reaction化学亲合势 chemical affinity化学热力学chemical thermodynamics化学势 chemical potential化学势判据 chemical potential criterion化学吸附 chemisorptions环境 environment环境熵变 entropy change in environment挥发度volatility混合熵 entropy of mixing混合物 mixture活度 activity活化控制 activation control活化络合物理论 activated complex theory活化能activation energy霍根-华森图 hougen-watson chart基态能级 energy level at ground state基希霍夫公式 kirchhoff formula基元反应elementary reactions积分溶解热 integration heat of dissolution吉布斯－杜亥姆方程 gibbs-duhem equation吉布斯－亥姆霍兹方程 gibbs-helmhotz equation吉布斯函数 gibbs function吉布斯函数判据 gibbs function criterion吉布斯吸附公式gibbs adsorption formula吉布斯自由能 gibbs free energy吉氏函数 gibbs function极化电极电势 polarization potential of electrode 极化曲线 polarization curves极化作用 polarization极限摩尔电导率 limiting molar conductivity几率因子 steric factor计量式 stoichiometric equation计量系数 stoichiometric coefficient价数规则 rule of valence简并度 degeneracy键焓bond enthalpy胶冻 broth jelly胶核 colloidal nucleus胶凝作用 demulsification胶束micelle胶体 colloid胶体分散系统 dispersion system of colloid胶体化学 collochemistry胶体粒子 colloidal particles胶团 micelle焦耳joule焦耳-汤姆生实验 joule-thomson experiment焦耳-汤姆生系数 joule-thomson coefficient焦耳-汤姆生效应 joule-thomson effect焦耳定律 joule`s law接触电势contact potential接触角 contact angle节流过程 throttling process节流膨胀 throttling expansion节流膨胀系数 coefficient of throttling expansion结线 tie line结晶热heat of crystallization解离化学吸附 dissociation chemical adsorption界面 interfaces界面张力 surface tension浸湿 immersion wetting浸湿功 immersion wetting work精馏 rectify聚（合）电解质polyelectrolyte聚沉 coagulation聚沉值 coagulation value绝对反应速率理论 absolute reaction rate theory绝对熵 absolute entropy绝对温标absolute temperature scale绝热过程 adiabatic process绝热量热计adiabatic calorimeter绝热指数 adiabatic index卡诺定理 carnot theorem卡诺循环 carnot cycle开尔文公式 kelvin formula柯诺瓦洛夫－吉布斯定律 konovalov-gibbs law科尔劳施离子独立运动定律kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions可能的电解质potential electrolyte可逆电池 reversible cell可逆过程 reversible process可逆过程方程 reversible process equation可逆体积功 reversible volume work可逆相变 reversible phase change克拉佩龙方程 clapeyron equation克劳修斯不等式 clausius inequality克劳修斯－克拉佩龙方程 clausius-clapeyron equation控制步骤 control step库仑计 coulometer扩散控制 diffusion controlled拉普拉斯方程laplace’s equation拉乌尔定律 raoult law兰格缪尔－欣谢尔伍德机理langmuir-hinshelwood mechanism兰格缪尔吸附等温式 langmuir adsorption isotherm formula 雷利公式 rayleigh equation冷冻系数coefficient of refrigeration冷却曲线 cooling curve离解热heat of dissociation离解压力dissociation pressure离域子系统 non-localized particle systems离子的标准摩尔生成焓 standard molar formation of ion离子的电迁移率 mobility of ions离子的迁移数transport number of ions离子独立运动定律 law of the independent migration of ions 离子氛 ionic atmosphere离子强度 ionic strength理想混合物 perfect mixture理想气体 ideal gas接触电势contact potential接触角 contact angle节流过程 throttling process节流膨胀 throttling expansion节流膨胀系数 coefficient of throttling expansion结线 tie line结晶热heat of crystallization解离化学吸附 dissociation chemical adsorption界面 interfaces界面张力 surface tension浸湿 immersion wetting浸湿功 immersion wetting work精馏 rectify聚（合）电解质polyelectrolyte聚沉 coagulation聚沉值 coagulation value绝对反应速率理论 absolute reaction rate theory绝对熵 absolute entropy绝对温标absolute temperature scale绝热过程 adiabatic process绝热量热计adiabatic calorimeter绝热指数 adiabatic index卡诺定理 carnot theorem卡诺循环 carnot cycle开尔文公式 kelvin formula柯诺瓦洛夫－吉布斯定律 konovalov-gibbs law科尔劳施离子独立运动定律kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions可能的电解质potential electrolyte可逆电池 reversible cell可逆过程 reversible process可逆过程方程 reversible process equation可逆体积功 reversible volume work可逆相变 reversible phase change克拉佩龙方程 clapeyron equation克劳修斯不等式 clausius inequality克劳修斯－克拉佩龙方程 clausius-clapeyron equation控制步骤 control step库仑计 coulometer扩散控制 diffusion controlled拉普拉斯方程laplace’s equation拉乌尔定律 raoult law兰格缪尔－欣谢尔伍德机理langmuir-hinshelwood mechanism兰格缪尔吸附等温式 langmuir adsorption isotherm formula 雷利公式 rayleigh equation冷冻系数coefficient of refrigeration冷却曲线 cooling curve离解热heat of dissociation离解压力dissociation pressure离域子系统 non-localized particle systems离子的标准摩尔生成焓 standard molar formation of ion离子的电迁移率 mobility of ions离子的迁移数transport number of ions离子独立运动定律 law of the independent migration of ions 离子氛 ionic atmosphere离子强度 ionic strength理想混合物 perfect mixture理想气体 ideal gas理想气体的绝热指数 adiabatic index of ideal gases理想气体的微观模型 micro-model of ideal gas理想气体反应的等温方程isothermal equation of ideal gaseous reactions理想气体绝热可逆过程方程adiabatic reversible processequation of ideal gases理想气体状态方程 state equation of ideal gas理想稀溶液 ideal dilute solution理想液态混合物 perfect liquid mixture粒子 particles粒子的配分函数 partition function of particles连串反应consecutive reactions链的传递物 chain carrier链反应 chain reactions量热熵 calorimetric entropy量子统计quantum statistics量子效率 quantum yield临界参数 critical parameter临界常数 critical constant临界点 critical point临界胶束浓度critical micelle concentration临界摩尔体积 critical molar volume临界温度 critical temperature临界压力 critical pressure临界状态 critical state零级反应zero order reaction流动电势 streaming potential流动功 flow work笼罩效应 cage effect路易斯－兰德尔逸度规则 lewis-randall rule of fugacity 露点 dew point露点线 dew point line麦克斯韦关系式 maxwell relations麦克斯韦速率分布 maxwell distribution of speeds麦克斯韦能量分布 maxwelidistribution of energy毛细管凝结 condensation in capillary毛细现象 capillary phenomena米凯利斯常数 michaelis constant摩尔电导率 molar conductivity摩尔反应焓 molar reaction enthalpy摩尔混合熵 mole entropy of mixing摩尔气体常数 molar gas constant摩尔热容 molar heat capacity摩尔溶解焓 mole dissolution enthalpy摩尔稀释焓 mole dilution enthalpy内扩散控制 internal diffusions control内能 internal energy内压力 internal pressure能级 energy levels能级分布 energy level distribution能量均分原理 principle of the equipartition of energy 能斯特方程 nernst equation能斯特热定理 nernst heat theorem凝固点 freezing point凝固点降低 lowering of freezing point凝固点曲线 freezing point curve凝胶 gelatin凝聚态 condensed state凝聚相 condensed phase浓差超电势 concentration over-potential浓差极化 concentration polarization浓差电池 concentration cells帕斯卡pascal泡点 bubble point泡点线 bubble point line配分函数 partition function配分函数的析因子性质 property that partition function to be expressed as a product of the separate partition functions for each kind of state碰撞截面 collision cross section碰撞数 the number of collisions偏摩尔量 partial mole quantities平衡常数（理想气体反应）equilibrium constants for reactions of ideal gases平动配分函数 partition function of translation平衡分布 equilibrium distribution平衡态 equilibrium state平衡态近似法 equilibrium state approximation平衡状态图 equilibrium state diagram平均活度 mean activity平均活度系统 mean activity coefficient平均摩尔热容 mean molar heat capacity平均质量摩尔浓度 mean mass molarity平均自由程mean free path平行反应parallel reactions破乳 demulsification铺展 spreading普遍化范德华方程 universal van der waals equation其它功 the other work气化热heat of vaporization气溶胶 aerosol气体常数 gas constant气体分子运动论 kinetic theory of gases气体分子运动论的基本方程 foundamental equation of kinetic theory of gases气溶胶 aerosol气相线 vapor line迁移数 transport number潜热latent heat强度量 intensive quantity强度性质 intensive property亲液溶胶 hydrophilic sol氢电极 hydrogen electrodes区域熔化zone melting热 heat热爆炸 heat explosion热泵 heat pump热功当量mechanical equivalent of heat热函heat content热化学thermochemistry热化学方程thermochemical equation热机 heat engine热机效率 efficiency of heat engine热力学 thermodynamics热力学第二定律 the second law of thermodynamics热力学第三定律 the third law of thermodynamics热力学第一定律 the first law of thermodynamics热力学基本方程 fundamental equation of thermodynamics 热力学几率 thermodynamic probability热力学能 thermodynamic energy热力学特性函数characteristic thermodynamic function热力学温标thermodynamic scale of temperature热力学温度thermodynamic temperature热熵thermal entropy热效应heat effect熔点曲线 melting point curve熔化热heat of fusion溶胶 colloidal sol溶解焓 dissolution enthalpy溶液 solution溶胀 swelling乳化剂 emulsifier乳状液 emulsion润湿 wetting润湿角 wetting angle萨克尔－泰特洛德方程 sackur-tetrode equation 三相点 triple point三相平衡线 triple-phase line熵 entropy熵判据 entropy criterion熵增原理 principle of entropy increase渗透压 osmotic pressure渗析法 dialytic process生成反应 formation reaction升华热heat of sublimation实际气体 real gas舒尔采－哈迪规则 schulze-hardy rule松驰力relaxation force松驰时间time of relaxation速度常数reaction rate constant速率方程rate equations速率控制步骤rate determining step塔费尔公式 tafel equation态－态反应 state-state reactions唐南平衡 donnan equilibrium淌度 mobility特鲁顿规则 trouton rule特性粘度 intrinsic viscosity体积功 volume work统计权重 statistical weight统计热力学 statistic thermodynamics统计熵 statistic entropy途径 path途径函数 path function外扩散控制 external diffusion control完美晶体 perfect crystalline完全气体 perfect gas微观状态 microstate微态 microstate韦斯顿标准电池 weston standard battery维恩效应wien effect维里方程 virial equation维里系数 virial coefficient稳流过程 steady flow process稳态近似法 stationary state approximation无热溶液athermal solution无限稀溶液 solutions in the limit of extreme dilution 物理化学 physical chemistry物理吸附 physisorptions吸附 adsorption吸附等量线 adsorption isostere吸附等温线 adsorption isotherm吸附等压线 adsorption isobar吸附剂 adsorbent吸附量 extent of adsorption吸附热 heat of adsorption吸附质 adsorbate析出电势 evolution or deposition potential析因子性质 property that partition function to be expressed as a product of the separate partition functions for each kind of state稀溶液的依数性 colligative properties of dilute solutions稀释焓 dilution enthalpy系统 system系统点 system point系统的环境 environment of system相 phase相变 phase change相变焓 enthalpy of phase change相变化 phase change相变热 heat of phase change相点 phase point相对挥发度relative volatility相对粘度 relative viscosity相律 phase rule相平衡热容heat capacity in phase equilibrium相图 phase diagram相倚子系统 system of dependent particles悬浮液 suspension循环过程 cyclic process压力商 pressure quotient压缩因子 compressibility factor压缩因子图 diagram of compressibility factor亚稳状态 metastable state盐桥 salt bridge盐析 salting out阳极 anode杨氏方程young’s equation液体接界电势 liquid junction potential液相线 liquid phase lines一级反应first order reaction一级相变first order phase change依时计量学反应 time dependent stoichiometric reactions 逸度 fugacity逸度系数 coefficient of fugacity阴极 cathode荧光 fluorescence永动机 perpetual motion machine永久气体 permanent gas有效能 available energy原电池 primary cell原盐效应 salt effect增比粘度 specific viscosity憎液溶胶 lyophobic sol沾湿 adhesional wetting沾湿功 the work of adhesional wetting真溶液 true solution真实电解质real electrolyte真实气体 real gas真实迁移数true transference number振动配分函数 partition function of vibration振动特征温度 characteristic temperature of vibration蒸气压下降 depression of vapor pressure正常沸点 normal point正吸附 positive adsorption支链反应 branched chain reactions直链反应 straight chain reactions指前因子 pre-exponential factor质量作用定律mass action law制冷系数coefficient of refrigeration中和热heat of neutralization轴功 shaft work转动配分函数 partition function of rotation转动特征温度 characteristic temperature of vibration 转化率 convert ratio转化温度conversion temperature状态 state状态方程 state equation状态分布 state distribution状态函数 state function准静态过程quasi-static process准一级反应 pseudo first order reaction自动催化作用 auto-catalysis自由度 degree of freedom自由度数 number of degree of freedom自由焓free enthalpy自由能free energy自由膨胀free expansion组分数 component number最低恒沸点 lower azeotropic point最高恒沸点 upper azeotropic point最佳反应温度 optimal reaction temperature最可几分布 most probable distribution最可几速率 most propable speed。

生物制药中英文词汇

生物制药中英文词汇Aabsolute lethal dose; LD100绝对致死剂量absorption rate constant吸收速率常数accelerated testing加速试验acetylcholinesterase乙酰胆碱酯酶acetylcholine乙酰胆碱acrylic acid resin丙烯酸树酯activation激活作用activator激活剂active targeting preparation主动靶向制剂acute toxicity test急性毒性实验additive effect累加效应additive附加剂adenosine phosphate腺苷磷酸adhersive strength粘附力adhesion粘附性adhesives粘合剂adjuvant佐剂adrenergic nerve肾上腺素能神经adrenergic receptor肾上腺素能受体adverse reaction不良反应aerogel气凝胶aerosil微粉硅胶aerosol of micropowders for inspiration吸入粉雾剂aethylis oleas油酸乙酯agglomerate聚结物aggregation聚集air suspension空气悬浮法albumin microballoons白蛋白微球制剂alkaloid生物碱alkalosis;alkali-poisoning碱中毒allergy; allergic reaction变态反应allotted date of drug quality ensuring by manufacturer药品负责期all-trans全反式alterntae addition method两相交替加入法amebocyte lysate变形细胞溶解物amorphous forms无定型anaphylactic drug reaction过敏性药物反应anaphylatoxin过敏毒素anatoxin;toxoid类毒素angle of repose休止角antagonism拮抗作用antiadherent抗粘剂antibacterial spectrum抗菌谱antibody抗体antigen抗原antioxidants抗氧剂antipode对映体antisepesis防腐antiserum抗血清antitoxin抗毒素apparent solubility表现溶解度aprotinin抑酞酶aromatic compound芳族化合物aromatic waters芳香水剂Arrhenius 方程阿仑尼乌斯方程artificial antigen人工合成抗原artificial immunization人工免疫aseptic technique无菌操作法astringent收敛药autoimmunity自身免疫Bbactericidal activity杀菌活性bactericidal effect杀菌作用bacteriophage噬菌体bacteriostatic activity抑菌活性bactriostasis抑菌作用ball mill球磨机base adsorption基质吸附率bases基质beeswax蜂蜡bending弯曲力bioavailability生物利用度bioavailability生物利用度biochemical approach生物学方法biochemistry生物化学biogenic amine生物胺biological half life生物半衰期biological product生物制品biometrics;biometry生物统计学biopharmacy生物药剂学blood coagulation血液凝固blood concentration血药浓度blood products血液制品blood volume expander血容量扩充剂blood-cerebral barrier血脑屏障body fluid体液body surface area体表面积bound water结合水分breakage (Bk)脆碎度broad-spectrum antibiotic广谱抗生素bulk density松密度、堆密度burst effect突释效应Ccaking结饼capillary state毛细管状capsules胶囊剂carcinogenic test致癌实验carcinogen致癌物carrier载体catecholamine儿茶酚胺CD圆二色谱法cellular immunity细胞免疫cellulose acetate (CA)醋酸纤维素chelating agent螯合剂chemical analysis化学分析chemical disinfection化学消毒法chemical physics化学物理学chemotherapy化学药物治疗chewable tablets咀嚼片chiral drug手性药物Chitosan壳聚糖chlinical pharmacy临床药学cholinesterase胆碱酯酶chronaxia;chronaxy时值chronic toxicity test; long term toxicity test 慢性毒性实验chronopathology时辰病理学chronopharmacology时辰药理学chronosusceptability时间感受性chronotherapy时间治疗cipher prescription协定处方Clausius-Clapeyron方程克劳修斯－克拉珀龙方程clinical pharmaceutics临床药剂学clinical pharmacology临床药理学cloud point对聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂CMC-Na羧甲基纤维素纳CMS-Na羧甲基淀粉钠coagulation聚沉coated tablets包衣片coating material表材cocoa butter可可豆脂coefficient of diffusion扩散系数coenzyme辅酶cohesion凝聚性、粘着性cohesive strength内聚力cold compression method汽压法cold-homogenization冷却一匀化法cold-storage冷藏colon-targeted capsules结肠靶向胶囊剂compactibility成形性complement system补体系统complement补体complete antigen完全抗原complex coacervation复凝聚法complex solubilizer助溶剂compliance顺应性compressed tablets普通片compressibility压缩度compressibility压缩性compression压缩力compressive work压缩功concentration浓度cone and plate viscometer圆椎平板粘度计consistency curve稠度曲线content uniformity含量均匀度controllability可控性controlled release preparation控释制剂controlled release tablets控释片controlled-release preparation 控释制剂convective mixing对流混合convective transport传递透过coordination number配位数core material表心物cosolvency潜溶cosolvent潜溶剂coulter counter method库尔特计数法count basis个数基准covalent bond共价键cracemization外消旋作用critical relative humidity（CRH）临界相对湿度critical velocity临界速度crude drugs; natural drugs天然药物crude drugs生药crushing粉碎crystal form晶型crystal habit晶态、晶癖、结晶习性cumulative size distribution 累积分布cumulative urinary excretion curves累积尿排泄曲线cutting剪切力cyclodextrin (CYD)环糊精cylinder model圆栓体模型cytotoxic hexitols己糖醇细胞毒剂cytotoxicity细胞素Ddecoction汤剂degree of circularity圆形度degree of sphericility球形度delipidization角质层去脂质化desiccant; drying agent干燥剂detoxication解毒作用dextrin糊精dextrorotatory form右旋体dextrose右旋糖dialysis cell method渗析池法dicetyl phosphate磷酸二鲸蜡脂dielectric constant介电常数differential scanning calorimetry DSC差示扫描显热法Differential thermal analysis DTA差示热分析法diffusion扩散diffusive mixing扩散混合dilatant flow胀性流动diluents稀释剂、填充剂dimethicone (silicones)二甲基硅油、硅油、硅酮directed pharmaceutical preparations定向药物制剂discontinuous sterilization间歇灭菌法disinfection消毒disintegrants崩解剂disintegration崩解度disk assemble method圆盘法dispensing pharmacy调剂学disperse medium分散介质disperse phase分散相disperse system分散体系dispersed phase分散相、内相、非连续相dispersible tablets分散片displacement value (DV)置换价dissolution; dissolving溶解distilled water蒸馏水DLVO理论引力势能与斥力势能DME二甲醚DMSO二甲基亚矾dosage form剂型dosage regimen or dose rate给药方案或给药速度dosage; dose剂量dose or concentration dependency剂量或浓度的依存性dosing interval给药间隔double-blind technique双盲法drop dentifrices滴牙剂drug absorption药物吸收drug accumulation药物蓄积drug administration law药品管理法drug batch number药品批号drug carrier药物载体drug combination合并用药drug distribution药物分布drug elimination药物消除drug excretion药物排泄drug interaction药物相互作用drug metablic enzyme药物代谢酶drug metabolism药物代谢drug reaction药物反应drug sensitive test药敏试验Drug Standard of Ministry of Public Health of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国卫生部药品标准drug standard药品质量标准drug tolerance耐药性drug-induced diseases药源性疾病drug-loading rate载药量drug-time curve药—时曲线dry bulb temperature干球温度dumping effect突释效应Eear drops滴耳剂effective concentration有效浓度effective halt有效半衰期effective rate有效率effectiveness有效性effector效应器effector效应物effect效应effervescent disintegrants泡腾崩解剂effervescent tablets泡腾片elastic deformation弹性变形elastic recovery (E R)弹性复原率elastic work弹性功elasticity弹性electrolyte电解质electrolyzation电解electroporesis电致孔法electuary煎膏剂elimination rate constant消除速率常数emulsifer in water method 水中乳化剂法、湿胶法emulsifier in oil method油中乳化剂法、干胶法emulsions乳剂emulsion普通乳enamine烯胺endocytosis内呑endotoxin内毒素enteric coated tablets肠溶衣片enteric coating肠溶衣enteric controlled release tablets肠溶控释片enterohepatic circulation肠肝循环entrapment rate包封率environmental pharmacology环境药理学epidermis表皮epimerization差向异构作用equilibrium solubility平衡溶解度equilibrium water平衡水分essential aminoacid必需氨基酸essential drugs基本药物essential fatty acid必需脂肪酸ethical (prescription) drug处方药ethnopharmacology人种药理学ethycellulose (EC)乙基纤维素etiological treatment对因治疗evaporation蒸发excipients辅料excitability兴奋性exotoxin外毒素expiry date; date of expiration药品有效期external phase分散介质、外相、连续相extracts浸膏剂extravascular administration血管外给药eye drop滴眼剂eye ointments眼膏剂Ffactorial design析因设计fatal dose; lethal dose致死量fatty oils脂肪油fermentation发酵fillers填充剂film coated tablets薄膜衣片film dispersion method薄分散法film-coating薄膜衣films膜剂filter aid助滤剂filtration过滤first pass effect of hepar肝首过效应first-pass effect首过效应fliud extracts流浸膏剂flocculation value絮凝度flocculation絮凝flow curve流动曲线flow velocity流出速度flowability流动性fluid-energy mills流能磨、气流式粉碎机fluidity buffer流动性缓冲剂fluidized bed coating流化床包衣法free water自由水分freely movable liquid自由流动液体freezing; refrigeration冷冻frequency size distribution 频率分布funicular state索带状fusion融合Ggas analysis气体分析gas permeability method气体透过法GCP药物临床试验管理规范gelatin glycerin甘油胫胶gelatinization糊化gelatin明胶general acid-base catalysis广义酸碱催化Geneva nomenclature日内瓦命名法geometric diameter几何学粒子径geometric isomerization几何异构ghost cell影细胞glidants助流剂GLP药物非临床研究管理规范gluconeogenesis糖异生作用glycerins甘油剂glyceryl monostearate硬脂酸、甘油酯glycolic acid羟基乙酸glycolysis酵解GMP药品生产质量管理规范granule density颗粒密度granules颗粒剂growth curve生长曲线guest molecules客分子Hhalf lethal dose ; median lethal dose; LD50半数致死剂量half-life period; half life time半衰期halogenide卤化物haptene半抗原hard capsules硬胶囊剂hardness硬度hemolysis溶血histamine组胺holonzyme and prosthetic group全酶与辅基hormone激素host molecules主分子humidity湿度humoral immunity体液免疫hydration of stratum corneum 角质层的水化作用hydrogel水性凝胶hydrolysis水解（作用）hydrophile-lipophile balance 亲水亲油平衡值hydrotropy agent助溶剂hydrotropy助溶hydroxypropyl methylcellulose羟丙甲纤维素hygroscopicity吸湿性hyperreactivity高敏性hypodermic tablets皮下注射用片IIDDS植入给药系统IEC离子交换色谱法IEF等电点聚焦immobile liquid不可流动液体immunoenhancement免疫增强剂immunogenicity免疫原性immunosuppressant;immuno inhibitor免疫抑制剂impact mill冲击式粉碎机impact冲击力implant tablets植入片implants埋植剂inclusion compound包含物incomplete antigen不完全抗原indirect carcinogenesis间接致癌individual differences; individual variation个体差异性industrial pharmacy工业药剂学infusion solution输液inhalation吸入法injection注射液in-liquid drying液中干燥法（乳化－溶剂挥发法）innocuity test method安全试验法interface polycondensation 界面缩聚法intermediate中间体intoxication; poisoning中毒intra-arterial route动脉内注射intracorporal process of drugs药物的体内过程intradermal (ID) route皮内注射intramuscular (IM) route肌肉注射intrathecal injection鞘内注射intravascular administration血管内给药intravenous (IV) route静脉注射intrinsic dissolution rate特性溶出速率inverse targeting反向靶向iontophoresis离子渗透法IR红外光谱isoclectric focusingIEF等电点聚焦isomerase异构酶isoosmotic solution等渗溶液isotonic solution等张溶液isotope同位素Llag time时滞large unilamellar vesicles大单室脂质体least significant difference最小显著差数length basis长度基准levorotatory form左旋体levulose左旋糖light quantum光量子limit date of using a drug after its production药品使用期Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay for endotoxin内毒素鲎试剂测定法limulus lysate test鲎试验法linear correlation直线相关liniments搽剂liposome脂质体liquid immersion method 液浸法liquid injection无针液体注射器liquid paraffin液体石碏long term toxicity test长期毒性实验long-circulating liposomes 长循环脂质体long-term testing长期试验lotions洗剂low density lipoprotein低密度脂蛋白lubricants润滑剂lysozyme溶菌酶Mmacromolecule大分子magnetic controlled release dosage form磁性控释制剂magnetic medicinal preparations磁性药物制剂martin diameter定方向等分径mass basis质量基准matrix type骨架型maxial noneffective dose; EDO最大无作用剂量maximal tolerable dose; LDO最大耐受剂量maximum additive concentration MAC最大增溶浓度mechanical interlocking bonds 粒子间机械镶嵌mediator; transmitter; medium介质medical colloidal solution胶体溶液型药剂medicinal liquor酒剂melt-homogenization熔融－匀化法membrane wall表膜壁壳membrane-moderated type TTS 膜控释型TTSmesomer内消旋体methyl acrylate-methacrylate co 甲基丙烯酸-丙烯酸甲酯micellar emulsion胶团乳micelle胶束microcapsules微表microemulsion微乳microencapsulation微型包表术、微表化micromeritics粉体学microreservoir-type TTS微贮库型microscropic method显微镜法microsomal enzyme微粒体酶Microspheres微球microstreaming超微束minimal effective dose最小有效量minimal lethal dose;MLD最小致死剂量minitablet小片mixture合剂moistening agent润湿剂moisture absorption吸湿性mol fraction concentration摩尔分数浓度molar volume;mole volume摩尔分子体积molarity摩尔浓度molecular biology分子生物学molecular capsules分子囊molecular disease分子病molecular pharmacology分子药理学molecular solution分子溶液mole摩尔monoclonal antibody单克隆抗体multifunctional enzyme多功能酶multilamellar vesicles多宝脂质体multilayer tablets多层片multiorfice-centrifugal process多孔离心法multiple dose administration多剂量给药mutation突变Nnacent soap method新生皂法nanocapsules纳米囊nanoemulsion纳米乳nanoliposomes纳米脂质体nanospheres纳米球naonparticle纳米粒nasal drops滴鼻剂natural antibody天然抗体natural antigen天然抗原natural immunity天然免疫neurotoxin神经毒素newtonian equation牛顿粘度定律newtonian fluid牛顿流体niosomes类脂质体，泡囊nitrite poisoning亚硝酸盐中毒nonbound water非结合水分nondepolarizer非去极化型肌松药non-essential amino acid非必需氨基酸nonionic surfactant vesicles 非离子表面活性剂囊泡non-Newtonian fluid非牛顿流体nonprescription drug非处方药nucleation theory成核作用理论nucleotide核苷酸nutrient营养素Oocular inserts眼用膜剂official formula法定处方ointments软膏剂oligosaccharides低聚糖opitical isomerization光学异构oral administration口腔内给药ORD旋光色散orthologonal design区交设计osmotic pressure渗透压OSSDDS口服定位释药系统over the counter (OTC)非处方药oversize distribution筛上分布Ppacking fraction充填章paints涂剂paints涂膜剂pan coating锅包衣法paraffin石蜡particle size distribution粒度分布partition coefficient (P)分配系数parts per billion concentration PPB浓度parts per hundred concentration PPH浓度parts per hundred million concentration pphm浓度parts per million concentration ppm浓度passive immunity被动免疫passive targeting preparation 被动靶向制剂passive transport被动转运peak concentration of drug药峰浓度peak time of drug药峰时间pendular state钟摆状penetration enhancers穿透促进剂penetration enhancers经皮吸收促进剂percentage concentration百分浓度phagocytosis吞噬作用pharmaceutical analysis药物分析pharmaceutical chemistry制药化学pharmaceutical engineering 制剂学pharmaceutical equivalence药剂等效性pharmaceutical manufacturing制剂pharmaceutical preparation 药物制剂pharmaceutics药剂学pharmacia淀粉微球pharmacodynamics药效动力学pharmacogenetics药物遗传学pharmacokinetics model药物动力学模型pharmacokinetics药物动力学pharmacological availability 药理利用度pharmacology药理学phase inversion critical point 转相临界点phase separation相分离法（物理化学法）phase transition temperature 相转变湿度phase volume ratio相比phonophoresis超声波法photodegradation光化降解physical dependence身体依赖性physical pharmaceutics物理药剂学pill滴丸剂placebo安慰剂plasma protein binding ratio血浆蛋白结合率plasma substitute血浆代用液plasma血浆plaster硬膏剂plastic deformation塑性变形plastic viscosity塑性粘度plastisity塑性polymerization聚合polymers in pharmaceutics 药用高分子材料学polymorphism多晶型polyose多糖polypeptide多肽porosity空隙率potency unit效价单位potency效价potency效价强度powder injection无针粉未注射器powders散剂powerful drug剧药preformulation处方前工作pregelatinized starch淀粉、预胶化淀粉、可压性淀粉preparation制剂prescription;recipe处方preservative防腐剂pressure sensitive adhersive 压敏胶pressure-sensitive tape council剥离实验prickle cell layer棘层primary particle一级粒子prodrug前体药物proenzyme酶原prohormone激素原prolonged action preparation长效制剂propellents抛射剂propylene glycol丙二醇prosthetic group辅基pseudo steady state伪稳态pseudoplastic flow假塑性流动psychic dependence精神依赖性pulsed/pulsatile release脉冲释药pycnometer比重瓶pyrogen热原Qquantum pharmacology量子药理学quasi-viscous flow假粘性流动Rraceme外消旋体racemization外消旋化作用radiopharmaceutics放射药剂学radiotoxicology放射毒理学raman拉曼random floc不规则絮凝物rate of shear剪切速度、切速率、速度梯度receptor antagonist受体拮抗剂receptor stimulant受体激动剂receptor感受器receptor受体rectal administration直肠给药relative dosage interval相对给药间隔relative humidity (RH)相对湿度resistance to drugs抗药性response surface methodology效应面优化法restrictive holagogue限制性剧药retardants阻滞剂reverse osmosis反渗透rheology流变学ribonucleic acid; RNA核糖核酸rolling ball tack test滚球试验RP-HPLC反相高效液相色潽法rubbing研磨力Ssafety coefficient安全系统safety range安全范围safety安全性safflower藏红花油saponins皂甙saturated solution饱和溶液second particle二级粒子sedimentation method沉降法sedimentation rate沉降容积比selectivity选择性self-adjusted system自调式释药系统semi-logarithmic curve of drug-time药—时半对数曲线semisynthetic antibiotics半合成抗生素SEM扫描电镜sensitivity敏感性sensitization test致敏试验sensitization敏化作用sensitization致敏作用sequential design序贯设计serum血清settling velocity diameter 有效径shape factor形状系数shear mixing剪切混合shearing force剪切应力、剪切力、切力short term carcinogenic test短期致癌实验side effect副作用sieving diameterDa，筛分径sieving method筛分法simple coacervation单凝聚法simplex method单纯形优化法single unilamellar vesicles 小单室脂质体sink condition漏槽skin and mucocutaneous administration皮肤、粘膜表面给药slow pathway慢通道soft capsules软胶囊剂soft paraffin软石蜡solid bridges粒子间固体桥solid lipid nanospheres (SLN) 固体脂质纳米粒solubility parameter溶解度参数solubility溶解度solubilization增溶solubilizer增溶剂solute溶质solution tablets溶液片solutions溶液剂solvent; dissolvent溶剂solvent-nonsolvent溶剂－非溶剂法soybean-derived sterol大豆甾醇specific acid-base catalysis 专属酸碱催化specific surface area method 地表面积法specific surface area地表面积specific volume松比客spermaceti鲸蜡spirits醑剂spongia, spongc海绵剂spray congealing喷雾凝结法spray drying喷雾干燥法State food and drug administrationSFDA国家食品药品管理局steady state plasma concentration稳态血药浓度sterility无菌sterilization灭菌steroid withdrawal syndrome类固醇停药综合征sticky powder粘性粉体stress relaxation应力缓和stress testing影响因素试验、强化试验striping of stratum corneum 去除角质层subacute intoxication;subacute poisoning亚急性中毒subcutaneous (SC) route皮下注射sublingual tablets舌下片subnanoemulsion亚纳米乳sugar coated tablets糖衣片supercritical Fluid (SCF)超临界流体（萃取）superinfection二重感染superoxide过氧化物suppositories栓剂surface activity表面活性surface basis面积基准surface tension表面张力suspending agents助悬剂suspending agent助悬剂Suspensions混悬剂suspension悬浮液Sustained release tablets缓释片Sustained-release preparation 缓释制剂symptomatic treatment对症治疗synergism协同作用synergists协同剂synthesis of bioconvertible Prod 生物转化前体药物的合成synthesis of lipophilic analogs 脂质类物质的合成Synthesis of prodrugs前体药物的合成synthetic drugs合成药物syrups糖浆剂Ttablet hardness片剂硬度tablets片剂tachyphylaxis快速耐受tacking strength快粘力talc滑石粉tap density振实密度target cell靶细胞targetable drug delivery向靶给药targeting drug system (TDS) 靶向给药系统TDDS经皮传递系统technology of pharmaceutics制剂学TEM透射电镜tensile strength (Ts)抗张强度teratogenic test致畸试验teratogen致畸物the Merck index默克索引the technique of sterilization 灭菌技术theory of depletion stabilization 空缺稳定理论therapeutic action治疗作用therapeutic dose治疗量therapeutic drug monitoring; TDM治疗药物临测therapeutic equivalence治疗等效（值）therapeutic index TI治疗指数thermal energy温热热能法threshold dose阈剂量thumb tack test拇指实验time clock定时钟time controlled explosive system 时控-突释系统time-effect relationship时效关系tincture酊剂tincture酊剂titer抗体滴度titration curve滴定曲线titration滴定tolerance耐受性topochemical reactions局部化学反应toroches口含片toxic response; toxic reaction毒性反应toxicology毒理学trace element微量元素transdermal therapeutic system 反向靶向transfersome传递体transmitter递质tricarboxylic acid cycle三羧酸循环true density真密度TTS经皮治疗制剂tween聚氧乙烯失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯Uunder distribution筛下分布uniform design均匀设计Vvaginal tablets阴道片vander walls 力范德华力vaselin凡士林vertebra caval route脊椎腔注射viscoelasticity粘弹性viscosity coefficient粘度系数viscosity curve粘度曲线viscosity粘度viscosity粘性void ratio空隙比volume basis体积基准volume by volume concentration体积比浓度Wwet bulb temperature湿球温度Wet granulation湿法制粒wetting润湿性wool fat anhydrous无水羊毛脂wool fat羊毛脂World Health Organization; WHO世界卫生组织。

分析食品包装材料迁移模型中的扩散系数_孙彬青

分析食品包装材料迁移模型中的扩散系数孙彬青1,王志伟2(1.江南大学,无锡214122;2.暨南大学,珠海519070)摘要:在食品包装材料化合物的迁移模型中,扩散系数是决定模型预测性的重要参数之一。

介绍了P ir i ng er 聚合物通用模型和V ren tas-D uda 自由体积理论模型两种预测扩散系数的模型公式,并分析讨论了两模型中的相关参数和扩散系数的影响因子(如温度、分子结构、多组分等)。

同时,总结了实验用以测量扩散系数的4种方法,如核磁共振法等。

与实验方法相比,模型预测更为节约、方便。

关键词:扩散系数;迁移模型;食品包装材料中图分类号:TB484 3 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1001-3563(2006)03-0034-03收稿日期:2006 03 33作者简介:孙彬青(1981-),女,江苏滨海人,江南大学硕士研究生,主攻食品与药品包装技术。

Analysis of D iffusion Coefficient for M igrationM odel in Food PackagingM aterialSU N B in -qing 1,WANG Zhi -w ei2(1.Sou t hern Y ang tze U niversit y ,W ux i 214122,Chi na ; 2.Packag i ng Eng i nee ri ng Institute of Ji nan Un i v ers it y ,Zhuha i 519070,Ch i na)Abstrac t :D iff usion coe ffi c ient is one of the i m portant para m eters dec i ding m i g ra tion predicti on i n m i g ration m ode l o f compounds from food packag i ng m ater i a.l P i r i nger s 'g eneralm ode l for po l yo l e fi n and V rentas -D uda s 'm ode l based on free -vo l ume theory were i ntroduced .R e lated param eters i n t w o m ode ls and som e factors influenc i ng d iffusi on coe fficient w ere ana lyzed i nc l ud i ng te m pera t ure ,mo lecu l a r structure and other compounds .F our k i nds of exper i m enta l m ethods m easuri ng diff usion coeffi c ient w ere su mm ar i zed such as NM R.Co m pared w ith experi m enta lm ethods ,m ode ls pred i ction w as mo re cheap and conven i entK ey word s :d iffus i on coe fficient ;m igrati on m ode ;l food packag i ng m ater i a l食品包装材料的安全问题已经成为社会的一个热点问题。

水处理工程吸附

➢单层吸附
➢吸附剂表面与吸附质的结合能恒定
This model assumes monolayer coverage and
constant binding energy between surface and
adsorbate.
qe
K Q0a Ce 1 K Ce
19
Q0a represents the maximum adsorption
34
外扩散
吸附过程
内扩散
吸附反应
35
颗粒活性炭吸附柱
36
吸附柱传质区（MTZ）
穿透点
耗竭点
MTZ=f（水力负荷、活性
炭特性）
产水量
37
38
39
活性炭接触器类型
40
Carbon Regeneration（再生）
Since activated carbon is relatively expensive,
27
水中阴离子对吸附除砷的影响
28
活性炭制备
➢原料如木材、煤、果壳等在无氧高温下（600 oC以下）热解。 ➢产品进一步在高温800 – 900 oC 有氧条件如蒸汽、二氧化碳活化。 “Activated carbon” which is highly porous, microcrystalline material which resembles graphite plates with some specific functional groups (e.g. COOH, OH)
强, 短程键包括轨道重叠和电荷转移的化学键.
非表面专一性
只要温度足够低，任何分子在任何表面上都可以发生物理吸附
表面专一性

半导体纳米晶体的光致发光特性及在生物材料荧光标记中的应用_百答辩

分析化学(FE NXI H UAX UE 评述与进展第9期2002年9月Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry 1130～1136第30卷评述与进展半导体纳米晶体的光致发光特性及在生物材料荧光标记中的应用孙宝全徐咏蓝衣光舜陈德朴1121312(清华大学化学系, 北京100084 (石油大学化工学院环境中心, 北京102200摘要介绍了半导体纳米晶体(亦称量子点的结构特征和光致发光特点, 并与有机荧光染料分子的光致发光性质作了对比。

结合本实验室所做的工作, 对半导体纳米晶体用于生物材料的连接、。

关键词半导体纳米晶体, 荧光, 生物材料, 标记, 评述1引言, 尤其是在光学和生[1]物学方面, 。

国际上许多高水平的期刊如Science 和Nature 、物理化学特征和其在生物医学和光电子领。

, 并计划于T M [9]2001QDOT 产品。

～8]2半导体纳米晶体的结构和特征半导体纳米晶体是由数目极少的原子或分子组成的原子或原子团簇。

目前文献中报道的主要涉及的是主族Ⅱ～Ⅵ如CdSe 、Ⅲ～Ⅴ如InP 、InAs 和G aAs 副族化合物以及Si 等元素, 特别是Ⅱ～Ⅵ和Ⅲ～Ⅴ副族化合物尤其引起人们的关注。

由于光谱禁阻的影响, 当这些半导体纳米晶体的直径小于其玻尔直[10]径(一般小于10nm 时, 这些小的半导体纳米晶体就会表现出特殊的物理和化学性质, 如Si 纳米晶体[11][12]和多孔Si 可发光, 晶体的大小会影响晶体的晶相结构和熔点。

半导体纳米晶体的结构导致了它具有尺寸量子效应和介电限域效应并由此派生出半导体纳米晶体独特的发光特性。

半导体的光致发光原理如图1所示。

当一束光照射到半导体上时, 半导体吸收光子后价带上的电子跃迁到导带, 导带上的电子可以再跃迁回到价带, 放出光子; 也可以落入半导体中的电子陷阱。

当电子落入较深的电子陷阱后, 绝大部分以非辐射的形式而淬灭了, 只有极少数的电子以光子的形式跃迁回价带或非辐射的形式回到导带。

nanoscience methods参考文献缩写

nanoscience methods参考文献缩写
一、综述
参考文献的缩写在纳米科学方法中起着至关重要的作用，因为它们提供了关于特定研究领域的重要信息。

以下是一些常见的纳米科学研究领域的参考文献缩写及其含义。

二、纳米材料制备
1. SCMAS: 固态化学气相反应合成法
2. ALD: 原子层沉积技术
3. MIM: 介孔材料制备
4. CVD: 化学气相沉积
5. PLD: 脉冲激光沉积
三、纳米结构表征
1. TEM: 透射电子显微镜
2. HRTEM: 高分辨率透射电子显微镜
3. AFM: 原子力显微镜
4. XRD: 衍射X射线分析
5. XPS: 电子能量损失谱
6. SAED: 扫描电子显微镜衍射
四、纳米器件制造
1. MEMS: 微电子机械系统
2. Nano-scale integrated circuits (nano-ICs)
3. Nanowire solar cells
4. Atomic layer epitaxy (ALE)
5. 3D integration of nanomachines
五、结论
参考文献的缩写为纳米科学研究提供了重要的框架，有助于读者快速获取和理解相关领域的研究现状和进展。

同时，准确的缩写也有助于文献管理的效率，使得研究人员能够轻松地组织和引用参考文献。

总的来说，参考文献的缩写在纳米科学研究中起着不可或缺的作用。

墨水中胶体界面的工作原理及其作用机制详解

墨水中胶体界面的工作原理及其作用机制详解示例1:English:The working principle of the colloidal interface in ink involves the interaction between the ink particles and the surface tension of the substrate. When ink is applied to a surface, the colloidal particles disperse and adhere to the substrate due to the intermolecular forces. This creates a strong bond between the ink and the substrate, allowing the ink to form a smooth and uniform layer.The colloidal interface also plays a crucial role in controlling the spreading and absorption of ink on different types of surfaces. By adjusting the composition and properties of the ink, manufacturers can modulate the colloidal interface to achieve specific printing effects, such as enhanced color vibrancy or improved water resistance.Overall, understanding the working principles of the colloidal interface in ink is essential for optimizing the performance and quality of printing processes.中文：墨水中胶体界面的工作原理涉及墨水颗粒与基材表面张力的相互作用。

植保所 Workshop 术语及四大层析原理

Professor of Biochemistry R&D Director Umeå University 1965 – 1975 Pharmacia, Lund University 1975 – 1995 Uppsala 1950 – 1966 Professor’s name 1983
Photo from 1926, Uppsala, Sweden
Resolution: depends on selectivity 选择性 and efficiency 柱效
high selectivity
Selectivity 选择性:
• is a measure of peak separation • high selectivity gives baseline separations • if selectivity is high, low efficiency can be tolerated - if large peak volume is acceptable
In 1954 Tiselius pupil Per Flodin became head of dextran research department at the pharmaceutical company Pharmacia in Uppsala. There he heard of work by Bjorn Ingelman on the preparation of a gel material made of cross-linked dextran. Cross-linked dextran is a neutral gel material containing a high percentage water and Flodin realized that it could be useful as a stabilizing medium in column zone electrophoresis. So he prepared some and gave it to Porath to test.

β-环糊精修饰交联聚硅氧烷对水体中苯酚的吸附

β-环糊精修饰交联聚硅氧烷对水体中苯酚的吸附孟建强;丁欣;尹健【摘要】In order to effectively treat the organic pollutants in water, β-cyclodextrin modified cross-linked polymer (KHCD-BTEE) was prepared by siloxane coupling condensation reaction. The adsorption property of the polymer was investigated with phenol as simulated pollutant. The results showed that the KHCD-BTEE can effectively adsorb phenol from water and the adsorption capacity of adsorbent increased with the initial concentration of phenol. When the initial concentration of phenol was 0.2 g / L, the adsorption capacity was 0.015 mmol/g. When the initial concentration of phenol was constant, with the increase of adsorption time, the adsorption capacity showed a trend of first increase and then gentle and the adsorption equilibrium was reached within 3 h. The adsorption thermodynamics followed Langmuir isotherm and the adsorption for phenol was a single layer adsoption. The adsorption kinetics followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, mainly through the hydrogen bond interaction and hydrophobic interaction between theβ-cyclodextrin and the phenol molecule. Regeneration conditions were mild and the phenol can be desorbed by the methanol solution at room temperature.%为有效处理水体中的有机污染物,通过硅氧烷偶联缩合反应制备了β-环糊精修饰交联聚合物(KHCD-BTEE),并以苯酚为模拟污染物,研究了聚合物的吸附性能.结果表明:β-环糊精修饰吸附剂可有效地吸附水体中苯酚,随着苯酚初始浓度的增大,吸附剂的吸附量也不断增大,当初始浓度为0.2 g/L时,其最大吸附量可达到0.015 mmol/g;当苯酚初始浓度一定时,随着吸附时间的增加,吸附剂的吸附量先增加后趋于平缓,直到3 h 达到吸附平衡;吸附热力学符合Langmuir曲线,吸附饱和时为单层覆盖;吸附动力学遵循伪二级动力学方程,主要是通过β-环糊精与苯酚分子之间的氢键作用和疏水作用进行吸附;再生条件温和,室温下甲醇溶液震荡即可洗脱苯酚.【期刊名称】《天津工业大学学报》【年(卷),期】2017(036)004【总页数】5页(P68-72)【关键词】β-环糊精;硅氧烷偶联;交联聚合物;吸附;苯酚【作者】孟建强;丁欣;尹健【作者单位】天津工业大学省部共建分离膜与膜过程国家重点实验室,天津300387;天津工业大学材料科学与工程学院,天津 300387;天津工业大学省部共建分离膜与膜过程国家重点实验室,天津 300387;天津工业大学材料科学与工程学院,天津 300387;天津工业大学省部共建分离膜与膜过程国家重点实验室,天津300387;天津工业大学材料科学与工程学院,天津 300387【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TQ424.3;X703随着工业和人类活动发展，人类对水的污染日益加重，其中来自工业、农业和生活等方面的有机污染物已严重影响全球淡水系统，并且已对水生生态系统和人类健康造成了严重的危害[1-4].面对日益复杂的有机微污染，传统的处理方法已不能满足分离要求[5-9].早在1891年，Villiers在淀粉水解液中首次发现了环糊精.其中β-环糊精由7个吡喃葡萄糖单元组成，其立体结构为一个一端大一端小的锥形圆筒[10-14].由于β-环糊精分子具有外部亲水而内部疏水的特殊结构，因而它能够作为主体有选择性地包络各种尺寸适当的客体，如生物小分子、有机分子、无机离子以及惰性气体等，因此，已被广泛应用于处理水体中的有机微污染物[15].但是，目前有关环糊精修饰吸附剂的研究多是采用后修饰的方法负载，如Li等制备的β-环糊精修饰磁性纤维素纳米棒[16]，Abay等制备的β-环糊精修饰聚（甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯-乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯）微球[17]，均是用β-环糊精对已制备的一定基底进行后修饰，制备过程较为复杂，效率较低.本文通过硅氧烷偶联缩合反应原位交联环糊精，制备了β-环糊精修饰交联聚硅氧烷，并对其吸附性能进行探究.试剂：β-环糊精（β-CD）、γ―（2，3-环氧丙氧）丙基三甲氧基硅烷（KH560）、1，2-双三甲氧基硅基乙烷（BTEE）、氢化钠，均为分析纯，上海泰坦科技股份有限公司产品；N，N-二甲基甲酰胺，色谱纯，上海阿拉丁试剂有限公司产品；盐酸，1.0 mol/L，天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司产品；苯酚，99%，上海百灵威科技有限公司产品；乙醇，甲醇，均为分析纯，天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司产品；去离子水，实验室自制.仪器：DF-101S型恒温水浴锅，巩义市英峪仪器有限责任公司生产；CP224C型万分之一电子天平，奥豪斯上海仪器有限责任公司生产；T6型紫外可见分光光度计，北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司生产；SHAC型水浴恒温振荡器，江苏金坛市中大仪器厂生产；STA409PC/PG型热重分析仪，德国Netzsch公司生产；S-4800型场发射扫描电子显微镜，日本日立公司生产.将一定量的β-环糊精、氢化钠和N，N-二甲基甲酰胺分别放入烧瓶中，室温下处理30 min.将反应后的混合液进行抽滤，再向滤液中加入适量的KH560，氮气环境下90℃反应5 h，制得KH560改性环糊精（KHCD），并对其进行抽滤.之后按照一定比例（β-CD/KH560/BTEE摩尔比=1/1.68/4.27）向乙醇溶液中加入BTEE，与KHCD混合均匀，调节溶液pH=4，制备出β-环糊精修饰聚硅氧烷，如图1所示.（1）结构表征：通过热重分析（TG）测定β-环糊精修饰聚硅氧烷的热稳定性，用扫描电镜（SEM）观察β-环糊精修饰聚硅氧烷表面形貌的变化.（2）吸附性能测定：配置不同质量浓度的苯酚溶液（0.025～0.20 g/L），加入一定量的吸附剂，恒温振荡使其吸附达到平衡.通过紫外可见分光光度计检测吸附后溶液的吸光度（λ=213 nm），根据标准工作曲线计算出溶液浓度，并通过式（1）计算吸附量：式中：qe为平衡吸附量（mmol/g）；C0和Ce分别为溶液的初始质量浓度和平衡质量浓度（g/L）；V为溶液的体积（mL）；m为吸附剂的质量（g）；M为苯酚的摩尔质量（g/mol）.（3）循环利用性能测定：首先将一定质量的吸附剂放入一定体积的0.15 g/L苯酚溶液中，待达到吸附平衡后，将吸附剂与溶液分离.之后，用相同体积的甲醇溶液对吸附剂进行浸泡洗脱，通过紫外可见分光光度计检测，直至甲醇溶液中不再有物质溶出，即认为被吸附的苯酚已脱除.并再次将该吸附剂用于苯酚溶液的吸附过程.吸附剂的循环利用性能用恢复率RE表示：式中：q1和q2分别为初次吸附的平衡吸附量（mmol/g）和再生后的平衡吸附量（mmol/g）.图2所示为β-环糊精修饰聚硅氧烷KHCDBTEE与改性β-环糊精单体KHCD的TG谱图.由图2可以看出，单体KHCD在140℃时开始发生降解，而聚合物在247℃时开始发生明显的降解.通过两者对比，可以看出聚合物的热稳定性明显提高.这可能是因为在反应过程中硅氧烷产生了较多的羟基，从而使β-环糊精修饰交联聚硅氧烷内存在较多的氢键，有效地提高了聚合物的热稳定性.图3所示为β-环糊精修饰聚硅氧烷在放大倍数分别为2 000、5 000和10 000时的电镜图片.由图3可以观察到聚合物表面较为致密，基本不存在孔结构.由此也可以说明，该聚合物作为吸附剂主要是在其表面进行吸附.图4所示为KHCD-BTEE的吸附量qe随苯酚初始浓度的变化曲线.由图4可以看出，经过β-环糊精修饰的聚硅氧烷具有β-环糊精特有的包合能力.KHCD-BTEE的吸附量qe随苯酚溶液浓度的升高而增大，但是随着苯酚溶液初始浓度的增加，吸附量增速逐渐放缓，这说明该聚合物吸附量接近达到饱和.当苯酚溶液质量浓度为0.20 g/L时，β-环糊精修饰聚硅氧烷的吸附量可达到0.015 mmol/g.Langmuir方程如式（3），Freundlich方程如式（4）：式中：Ce为吸附平衡质量浓度（g/L）；qe为平衡吸附量（mmol/g）；qm为饱和吸附量（mol/g）；b为 Langmuir常数；Kf和n为Freundlich常数.通过以上2种等温吸附模型对吸附数据进行拟合，如图5所示.用Langmuir方程拟合的R2值为0.944 9，用Freundlich方程拟合的R2值为0.898 1.结果表明，用Langmuir等温吸附模型来描述β-环糊精修饰聚硅氧烷对苯酚的吸附行为更合适.说明该聚合物对苯酚为均匀吸附，当达到吸附饱和时为单层覆盖.采用0.15 g/L的苯酚溶液作为模拟污染物，考察KHCD-BTEE对苯酚的吸附量随吸附时间的变化，结果如图6所示.由图6可以看出，对于0.15 g/L的苯酚溶液而言，在开始的一段时间内苯酚吸附量增加较快，随着时间的延长，吸附量变化趋于平缓.这可能是因为随着吸附过程的进行，聚合物表面的吸附位点逐渐被占用，从而影响了苯酚分子与有效位点的接触.当吸附时间为3 h时，吸附量基本不再增加，吸附剂达到饱和状态，即达到吸附平衡.为了进一步研究苯酚在KHCD-BTEE聚合物上的吸附动力学行为，通过伪一级动力学模型式（5）和伪二级动力学模型式（6）对吸附动力学实验数据进行拟合.式中：qe和qt分别为平衡吸附量和t时刻的吸附量（mmol/g）；t为接触时间（min）；k1和 k2分别为伪一级动力学模型速率常数（min-1）和伪二级动力学模型速率常数（g·mmol-1·min-1）.其结果如表 1 所示.由表1可以看出，苯酚的伪一级动力学模型和伪二级动力学模型均拟合良好，但伪二级动力学模型的拟合度更高，并且公式计算所得吸附量与实际吸附量较为一致.说明β-环糊精修饰聚硅氧烷对苯酚的吸附行为遵循伪二级动力学模型，这与已有文献中报道的结果一致[18]，其主要是通过β-环糊精分子与苯酚分子之间的氢键作用与疏水作用进行吸附.在实际去除水体中酚类有机污染物时，经济、实用也是需要考虑的问题.因此，本文对合成聚合物的再生性能也进行了探究，结果如表2所示.由表2可以看出，用甲醇溶液对吸附剂进行洗脱，循环2次后恢复率迅速降至80%.同时观察到，随着吸附剂在溶液中不断浸泡、洗涤，吸附剂会缓慢散开，表明该吸附剂稳定性较差.这可能是因为硅氧烷在反应过程中会产生大量的羟基，从而在聚合物中会存在较多的氢键.通过甲醇不断浸泡洗脱吸附剂，对聚合物中的氢键造成了一定的影响，导致吸附剂的稳定性降低.（1）当苯酚质量浓度达到0.20 g/L时，其吸附量可达到0.015 mmol/g.通过Langmuir和Freundlich 2种等温吸附模型对实验数据进行拟合后得知，Langmuir等温吸附模型能够更好地描述吸附行为，说明当吸附达到饱和时，苯酚分子呈现均匀的单层覆盖.（2）对于0.15 g/L的苯酚溶液，随着吸附时间的增加，KHCD-BTEE聚合物的吸附量先增大后趋于平缓，最终在3 h内达到吸附平衡，吸附过程遵循伪二级动力学模型，说明其主要是通过β-环糊精分子与苯酚分子之间的氢键作用和疏水作用进行吸附.（3）聚合物稳定性较差，循环2次后恢复率迅速降至80%，无法进行多次循环吸附.【相关文献】[1]SCHAFER A I，AKANYETI I，SEMIAO A J.Micropollutant sorption to membrane polymers：A review of mechanisms for estrogens[J].Advances in Colloid and Interface Science，2011，164（1/2）：100-117.[2]De GAETANO Y，HUBERT J，MOHAMADOU A，et al.Removal of pesticides from wastewater by ion pair centrifugal partition extraction using betaine-derived ionic liquids as extractants[J].Chemical Engineering Journal，2016，285：596-604.[3]YAMASAKI H，MAKIHATA Y，FUKUNAGA K.Preparation of crosslinked β-cyclodextrin polymer beads and their application as a sorbent for removal of phenol from wastewater[J].Journal of Chemical Technology&Biotechnology，2008，83（7）：991-997.[4]AYAD M M，ELNASR A A.Adsorption of cationic dye（methylene blue）from water using polyaniline nanotubes base[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry C，2010，114：14377-14383.[5]WU H，WANG S，KONG H，et al.Performance of combined process of anoxic baffled reactor-biological contact oxidation treating printing and dyeingwastewater[J].Bioresource Technology，2007，98（7）：1501-1504.[6] 胡文.聚合硫酸铁在水处理中的应用[J].神州，2012，26：44.HU W.Application of polyferric sulfate in water treatment[J].Shenzhou，2013，（26）：44（in Chinese）.[7] FANG F，HAN H，ZHAO Q，et al.Bioaugmentation of biological contact oxidation reactor（BCOR）with phenol-degrading bacteria for coal gasification wastewater（CGW）treatment[J].Bioresource Technology，2013，150：314-320.[8]KOLODYNSKA D，HUBICKI Z，PASIECZNA P S.FT-IR/PAS studies of Cu （II）-EDTA complexes sorption οn the chelating ion exchangers[J].Acta Physica Polonica A，2009，116（3）：340-343.[9]JIAO Y，ZHAO Q，JIN W，et al.Bioaugmentation of a biological contact oxidation ditch with indigenous nitrifying bacteria for in situ remediation of nitrogen-rich streamwater[J].Bioresource Technology，2011，102（2）：990-995.[10]DASS C R，JESSUP W.Apolipoprotein A-I，cyclodextrins and liposomes as potential drugs for the reversal of atherosclerosis：A review[J].Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology，2000，52（7）：731-761.[11]UYAR T，HAVELUND R，NUR Y，et al.Cyclodextrin functionalized poly（methyl methacrylate）（PMMA）electrospun nanofibers for organic vapors wastetreatment[J].Journal of Membrane Science，2010，365（1/2）：409-417.[12]CHEN P，LIANG H W，LYU X H，et al.Carbonaceous nanofiber membrane functionalized by beta-cyclodextrins for molecular filtration[J].ACS 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ADSORPTION OF PROTEIN ON NANOPARTICLES

ADSORPTION OF PROTEIN ON NANOPARTICLES吴奇【期刊名称】《高分子科学：英文版》【年(卷),期】1994(0)4【摘要】The adsorption of protein on nanoparticles was studied by using dynamic light scattering tomeasure the hydrodynamic size of both pure protein and nanoparticles adsorbed with differentamounts of protein. The thickness of the adsorbed protein layer increases as proteinconcentration, but decreases as the initial size of nanoparticles. After properly scaling thethickness with the initial diameter, we are able to fit all experimental data with a single mastercurve. Our experimental results suggest that the adsorbed proteins form a monolayer on thenanoparticle surface and the adsorbed protein molecules are attached to the particle surface atmany points through a possible hydrogen-bonding. Our results also indicate that as proteinconcentration increases, the overall shape of the adsorbed protein molecule continuously changesfrom a flat layer on the particle surface to a stretched coil extended into water. During thechange, the hydrodynamic volume of the adsorbed protein increases linearly with proteinconcentration.【总页数】8页(P323-330)【关键词】Adsorption;Dynamic;light;scattering;Hydrodynamic;radius;Gelatin;β-carotin;nanoparticles;Conformation;on;surface【作者】吴奇【作者单位】Department of Chemistry,The Chinese University of Hong Kong,Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O629.73【相关文献】1.The adsorption of silver nanoparticles on the proteins-immobilized glass slides and a visual investigation on proteins immobilization [J],2.Atomistic simulation of the coupled adsorption and unfolding of protein GB1 on the polystyrenes nanoparticle surface [J], HuiFang Xiao;Bin Huang;Ge Yao;WenBin Kang;Sheng Gong;Hai Pan;Yi Cao;Jun Wang;Jian Zhang;Wei Wang;;3.Excess adsorption of biomolecules on soft surfaces: Adsorption of DNA, proteins and lactose on fatty surfaces [J], Dipta Shani Dutta;Dipti Kumar Chattoraj;Parimal Chattopadhyay;Kali P. Das4.Adsorption of Propazine, Simazine and Bisphenol A on the Surface of Nanoparticles of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles of Carbon and Metallic Oxides [J], Matthewos Eshete;Jerrano Bowleg;Selene G. Perales;Maxwell Okunrobo;Dominique Watkins;Hattie Spencer因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

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