RFID技术外文文献翻译
关于rfid的英语作文
关于rfid的英语作文英文回答：RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a technology that uses radio waves to automatically identify and track objects. It consists of two main components: an RFID tag and an RFID reader. The RFID tag is a small, electronic device that stores data about the object it is attached to. The RFID reader is a device that emits radio waves and reads the data stored on the RFID tag.RFID technology has a wide range of applications, including:Inventory management: RFID tags can be used to track the movement of items in a warehouse or retail store. This information can be used to optimize inventory levels and reduce theft.Asset tracking: RFID tags can be used to track thelocation of valuable assets, such as equipment or vehicles. This information can be used to prevent theft and improve efficiency.Access control: RFID tags can be used to control access to buildings or other secure areas. This information can be used to enhance security and prevent unauthorized entry.Supply chain management: RFID tags can be used to track the movement of goods through the supply chain. This information can be used to improve efficiency and reduce costs.Healthcare: RFID tags can be used to track the movement of patients and medical supplies. This information can be used to improve patient care and reduce errors.RFID technology has a number of advantages over other identification technologies, such as barcodes. RFID tags are more durable and can be read from a greater distance. They can also be embedded into objects, making themdifficult to remove or tamper with.However, RFID technology also has some limitations. RFID tags can be expensive, and they may not be suitablefor use in all applications. Additionally, RFID technology can be susceptible to interference from other radio devices.Here are some examples of how RFID technology is being used today:Walmart uses RFID tags to track the movement ofpallets of goods through its distribution centers. This information is used to optimize inventory levels and reduce theft.The U.S. Department of Defense uses RFID tags to track the location of equipment and vehicles. This information is used to prevent theft and improve efficiency.Hospitals use RFID tags to track the movement of patients and medical supplies. This information is used to improve patient care and reduce errors.RFID technology is a versatile and powerful tool that has the potential to revolutionize a wide range of industries. As the technology continues to evolve, it is likely to become even more widely adopted in the years to come.中文回答：射频识别（RFID）是一种利用射频波自动识别和追踪目标的技术。
无线射频识别技术外文翻译参考文献
无线射频识别技术外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)翻译：当前无线射频识别技术应用略述摘要无线射频识别技术可以自动识别多目标并以非接触式方式移动目标。
越来越多的零售商、银行、交通管理系统、展览及物流供应商将这项新技术应用于他们的产品和服务。
因此，这给RFID技术的研究带来了机遇和挑战。
本文简单介绍了RFID系统的组成、原理及RFID技术的特点。
本文比较了RFID 与传统条码，然后提供了一个简短的关于目前RFID应用情况的调查报告。
关键词：无线射频识别技术应用物流一、简介无线射频识别（RFID）是一种识别技术。
与RFID技术的前身——条码技术相比，RFID技术具有很多的优点。
但由于其成本高，RFID技术至今未能广泛应用到各行各业。
RFID技术因其无需视线扫描而具有无可比拟的先进性，它能够降低劳动力水平，提高知名度并改善库存管理。
RFID技术的普及提供了一项人或物体定位及追踪的解决方案。
RFID定位与跟踪系统根据独特的识别标签、阅读器与物体标签间射频通信的信号强度确定物体的空间位置，主要适用于室内，而GPS系统是不适合应用于室内的。
RFID技术是一项基于“无线电频率”的非接触式的自动识别技术，自动识别静态或动态的人和对象。
RFID标签是一个特殊的微芯片，植入商品中，可以跟踪和管理物理对象，是物流管理信息化和跟踪信息化的重要手段。
RFID的系统组成部分包括：(1）标签（应答器）：对象植入待确定。
(2）阅读器：可以读或读/写，按结构和技术。
正如图1-1，RFID的工作原理图1-1 RFID的工作原理二、目前RFID技术的研究重点由于RFID技术日趋成熟且RFID标签价格下降，RFID越来越受到工业界和学术界的关注。
通过在物品上贴射频标签，我们就可以跟踪和管理这些对象。
这项技术会逐渐取代目前的广泛采用的条码系统。
（一）RFID标签与条码条码技术广泛采用于商品和对象的识别。
我们能够在超市的任何包装产品上找到条码。
基于RFID的供应链仓储管理外文文献翻译
文献信息标题：The Research of Supply chain inventory management based on RFID作者： Gaukler G.期刊名：Production and Operations Management,；第16卷，第2期，页码：65-75.原文The Research of Supply chain inventory management based on RFIDGaukler GAbstractStorage as part of the logistics system, it's on the origin, consumption, or between the two storage management items, and store items to the relevant managers to provide the information such as the state, condition and treatment .From the point of logistics in developed countries, the importance of warehousing in logistics strategy is increasing day by day, in the logistics management occupies the core position, and has become the key link in supply chain management. Under the environment of supply chain warehouse management involves a large number of various types of products, at the same time the corresponding business and structure is more complex, very high demand for the accuracy and timeliness of information. RFID is also called Radio Frequency Identification, is English Radio Frequency Identification, with communications is a non-contact automatic Identification technology, with its support for fast reading and writing, the visual recognition, mobile Identification, multi-target recognition, location and tracking management aspects of advantage for a long time, showing the huge market potential, is to promote the development of the logistics management, supply chain management. It represents the direction in the field of automatic identification, to the modern industrial production. The service will be a revolutionary impact.Keywords: RFID technology; Warehouse management; Business process1 IntroductionWarehousing is an important part of logistics supply chain. It is a key node of the logistics operation. If a country, a region can not make warehousing logistics socialization, modernization, so these areas to achieve the logistics socialization, modernization is impossible .Implementation of logistics management, is to improve the company's service level, reduce costs, enhance competitiveness, to realize the whole logistics chain optimization. With the development of theeconomy, as well as the success of the logistics industry in some developed countries use, warehousing logistics industry is also more and more get the attention of the logistics industry. Traditional warehouse management, generally relies on a non automated, on the basis of the paper file system to record and track the goods in and out, completely by artificial implementation within the warehouse management, warehouse management efficiency is low, therefore, to manage the warehouse on a small scale.The continuous development of enterprise scale, warehouse management for ins and outs of the types of goods quantity is also increasing, frequency surge, warehouse management job is very complex and diverse, the traditional artificial warehouse operation pattern and the way of data collection has been difficult to meet the requirements of warehouse management of rapid, accurate and has influenced seriously the operation of the enterprise work efficiency, become a big obstacle to the development of the enterprise. Logistics information refers to the logistics enterprises on the basis of business process reengineering, the widespread use of modern logistics information technology to control all of the information and integration of enterprise logistics activities, to reach the company internal and external information resources sharing and effective use, in order to improve the economic benefits of enterprises and the core competitiveness. The key to logistics information is to apply advanced information technology effectively in practical logistics business. Along with the development of the public information platform and the development of the information integration technology, represented by RFID technology, RFID and bar code technology, electronic products, EPC code technology, value-added network VAN, EDI electronic data interchange (EDI) technology, GPS global positioning system (GPS), geographic information system (GlS) showed the impact of the strong.2 The RFID technology and supply chain inventory management were reviewed2.1 The overview of RFID technologyRFID is the abbreviation of Radio Frequency Identification, i.e., radio frequency identification (RFID).RFID is began in the 1990 s a non-contact automatic identification technology, it is the use of radio frequency signal and the spatial coupling or transmission of radar reflection characteristics, realize automatic identification of identified object. RFID can be classified as short distance wireless communication technology, WLAN and other short-range wireless communication technology, Bluetooth, infrared, ZIGBEE, UWB compared to the passivework the biggest difference lies in the RFID mode, namely using the reflection energy to communicate. Radio frequency identification technology, electronic identification is obtained by using the large scale integrated circuit and computer communication technology, through reading and writing and installed on the carrier of RFID tags, can realize the non-contact recognition and data exchange of information carrier. Coupled with its convenient, fast recognition, large data capacity, long service life, compared with barcode label data dynamically changes, has the advantages of better security, dynamic real-time communication. According to the different application purpose and application environment, the system composition are different, but from the perspective of the working principle of radio frequency identification system, the system generally consists of signal launch receiving antenna of a transmitter, a receiver, a few parts. Working principle of RFID is: smile for passive electronic label, enter the induced magnetic field, will receive special radio frequency signal from the reader, and be able to rely on energy gained by the induced current send product information stored in the RFID chip; If it is active electronic tags, it will send a signal frequency. Read by the reader from the signal from the electronic label and decoding, and eventually sent to the central information system on data processing.2.2 The RFID and Internet of thingsIt has three characteristics, the first is the comprehensive perception, is the use of RFID, sensor, qr code, or even other various machines, can at any time instant collection objects dynamic; The second is a reliable transmission, through a variety of ubiquitous wireless network will perceive information real-time transmission; The third is the intelligent processing, the use of cloud computing technology to deal with huge amounts of information in a timely manner, to the people's communication and content and content of communication. It widely used in intelligent transportation, environmental protection, government, public security, and peace, household, intelligent fire control, industrial monitoring, the old man care, personal health and other fields. The Internet of things is to use the ubiquitous network technology built, is the computer, Internet and mobile communication network of after another wave of information industry, is a new technology.It combines sensor technology, embedded computing technology, modern network and wireless communication technology, distributed information processing technology, etc., through all kinds of integrated micro sensor collaboration to real-time monitor, sense and collect all kindsof environmental or monitoring object information, through the embedded system in information processing, and through random self-organizing wireless network with multiple hops relaying mode will perceive information transmitted to the user terminal. To truly achieve "ubiquitous computing" concept .Its mouth is to let all of the items to be able to remote sensing and control, and together with the existing network, to form a more intelligent system of production and living. Its essence is the use of radio frequency automatic identification (RFID) technology, the Internet by computer items (products) of the automatic identification and information and sharing of the Internet. The Internet of things is a very important technology in the RFID electronic tag technology. Based on the simple RFID system, combining the existent network technology, database technology and middleware technology, build a large network of numerous mobile tags and readers, is even more important than the Internet giant Internet of things become the trend of the development of the RFID technology.3 The process optimization of supply chain warehouse management based on RFIDStorage as the core part of logistics, belongs to the logistics each link in the "static" side, the frozen enterprises a large number of assets, so how to design and establish a complete set of warehouse management, improve storage turnover, reducing the number of operating funds, make the frozen assets into cash, reduce the storage and elimination of cost, is the enterprise to improve the important link of the production efficiency, reduce operating costs. Storage system is linked to production enterprises and dealing directly with the customers, like play a important role. The discretion of the warehouse management efficiency directly affects the enterprise profit and customer satisfaction, is critical to the survival and development of enterprises.The present condition of the warehouse management is: low inventory information processing speed and error-prone; Difficult to manage various forms of inventory; Lack of monitoring on the ability of material, inventory material dump; Difficult to effectively manage the receiving; Value stream is difficult to achieve synchronization with logistics management; Often, inventory and production, sales, procurement, finance, warehouse, quality inspection, and other functions. As a result of the existence of these problems, enterprise warehouse processes are often and complex and cost is very high. In the speed and customer response to win today, enterprises need to adopt new technology and method to improve the accuracy of the inventory quantity, warehousing business process optimization.The application of RFID technology in warehouse management, mainly to undertake the carrier of warehouse management, and replace the traditional bar code technology is widely used in logistics management. Due to the barcode itself has no storage space, can only rely on a simple number, according to a large amount of data information is stored in the background, the background of the information processing capacity requirements is very high, also to the size of the database requirement is very high. But if put the basic information for each of the items is written in the items of the tray or container electronic label, when the tray or container through reading and writing, can immediately understand the items of information, do not need to access the database, simplify working process. Traditional warehousing operations began in delivery vehicles arrived at the door of the warehouse, and warehousing industry based on RFID technology is started in the cargo loading at the time of departure. More accurate, Warehousing operation under the RFID information more transparent, control more accurate. The deliveryman will the goods of shipment of the goods and transport vehicle information is passed to the warehouse, warehouse management system can choose the warehouse according to the arrangement of the goods information as well as warehouse usage, and then, according to the warehouse of the selected items reservoir and the reservoir distribution, do a good job in receiving time, staff, receiving place, loading and unloading equipment warehouse to prepare beforehand. Use a hand-held stare when the vehicle arrives, the only evidence member ID, speaking, reading and writing device reads the tray label and case label information, the system can provide fast and consignor of the goods have been sent to the warehouse management system and information, complete the voucher to check. The system also indicate the vehicle discharge the goods at the warehouse the goods. Arrived at the designated warehouse, equipped with an electronic tag of the goods, by the reader in inbound channel mouth place, information about the goods can be automatically entered into the warehouse management system. System to record the actual storage information and check, if is qualified to allow warehousing and inventory information into inventory information, if there is an error, output, is solved by staff. Warehouse management system in accordance with the guide the best way of storing the fro terminal on the forklift, select the empty pallet and guide the best way, arrived in the empty pallet. Reader to confirm the goods are ready then updates the inventory. Materials put in storage, can through the printer to print inventory list.译文基于RFID的供应链仓储管理研究Gaukler G摘要仓储作为物流系统的一部分，它在原产地、消费地，或者在这两地之间存储管理物品，并且向管理者提供有关存储物品的状态、条件和处理情况等信息。
射频识别技术手册(第二版) 外文翻译
毕业论文(设计）文献翻译本翻译源自于：RFID Handbook (Second Edition)毕业设计名称：电力系统高速数据采集系统设计外文翻译名称:射频识别技术手册（第二版）学生姓名：翁学娇院 (系）：电子信息学院专业班级：电气10803指导教师 :唐桃波辅导教师：唐桃波时间：2012年2月至2012年6月射频识别技术手册：基于非接触式智能卡和识别的原理和应用 第二版Klaus Finkenzeller版权 2003 John Wiley& Sons 有限公司国际标准图书编号：0—470—84402—75。
频率范围和无线电许可条例 5。
1 频率范围因为射频识别系统产生和辐射电磁波，他们已被列为合法的无线电系统.其他功能的无线服务在任何情况下都不能受到射频识别操作系统的干扰和损害。
尤其重要的是要确保RFID 系统不会干扰附近的广播和电视，移动无线电服务（警察、保安服务、工业），航海和航空无线电服务和移动电话。
对射频识别系统来讲，运动保健方面需要的其他无线电服务明显制约了适宜范围内的可操作频(图5.1）.出于这个原因，它通常是唯一可以使用的频率范围，已经有人预定了专供工业，科学和医学中的应用。
这些世界范围内的频率划分成国际频率范围(工业-科学—医学），它们也可以用于射频识别应用。
实际可用的射频频率f ： :80 60 40 2025 2500.01 30000VLF 0.1 3000 LF 1 300 MF 10 30 HF 100 3 VHF 1000 0.3 UHF 10000 0.03 SHF 100000 0.003 EHF： MHZm 6.78 13.56 27.125 40 66 433 868 915 2450 5800 MHZ 24GHZ H, dB μA/m/10 m(< 30 MHz) BC, LW-/MW-NavigationSW (Com., BC, Mobile, Marine...)FM Radio, Mobile Radio, TVMicrowave Link, SAT-TVNon-ITUITU, not fully deployed 100-135kHz 13.56MHz 2.45GHz图5.1 用于射频识别系统范围内的频率范围为135千赫一下的超长范围通过短波以及超短波到微波范围，包括最高频率24千兆赫。
RFID 参考译文
第一次翻译作业参考译文:Often the technologies that reshape daily life sneak up on us, until suddenly one day it’s hard to imagine a world without them—instant messaging, for example, or microwave ovens. Other watershed technologies are visible a mile away, and when you contemplate their applications, the ultimate social impact looks enormous. A good example of the latter is radio frequency identification chips—RFID, for short.那些彻底改变我们日常生活的技术往往不知不觉进入我们的生活，直到突然有一天我们很难想象如果没有它们（例如即时信息和微波炉）世界什么将会是什么样子。
不久我们还将看到其他重要技术的出现，我们可以预见，这些技术的应用将引起巨大的社会效应。
未来技术的一个突出的例子是无线射频识别芯片（简称RFID）。
An RFID chip is a tiny bit of silicon, smaller than a grain of rice, that carries information—anything from a retail price, to cooking instructions, to your complete medical records. RFID A larger piece of equipment called an RFID “reader”can, without direct contact, pull that information off the chip and in turn deliver it to any electronic device—a cash register, a video screen, a home appliance, even directly onto the Internet. RFID is the technology used now to automate toll taking at bridges and tunnels; drivers are given a small plastic box with an RFID chip inside, allowing them to drive through the tollgates without stopping. An RFID reader in the tollbooth senses the information on the chip and the toll is automatically deducted from the driver’s account.芯片是比米粒还小的硅片，存有各种信息—从零售价格、烹饪指南，到你的全部病历，一应俱全。
【机械类文献翻译】RFID的历史
The history of RFIDWhether we realize it or not, radio frequency identification (RFID) is an integral part of our life. RFID increases productivity and convenience. RFID is used for hundreds, if not thousands, of applications such as preventing theft of automobiles and merchandise; collecting tolls without stopping; managing traffic; gaining entrance to buildings; automating parking; controlling access of vehicles to gated communities, corporate campuses and airports; dispensing goods; providing ski lift access; tracking library books; buying hamburgers; and the growing opportunity to track a wealth of assets in supply chain management. RFID technologies is also being pressed into service for use in U.S. Homeland Security with applications such as securing border crossings and inter modal container shipments while expediting low-risk activities.RFID is a term coined for short-range radio technology used to communicate mainly digital information between a stationary location and a movable object or between movable objects. A variety of radio frequencies and techniques are used in RFID systems. RFID is generally characterized by use of simple devices on one end of the link and more complex devices on the other end of the link. The simple devices (often called tags or transponders) are small and inexpensive, can be deployed economically in very large numbers, are attached to the objects to be managed, and operate automatically. The more complex devices (often called readers, interrogators, beacons) are more capable and are usually connected to a host computer or network. Radio frequencies from 100 kHz to 10 GHz have been used.The tags are usually built using CMOS circuitry while other technologies can be used such as surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices or tuned resonators. Tags can be powered by a battery or by rectification of the radio signal sent by the reader. Tags can send data to the reader by changing the loading of the tag antenna in a coded manner or by generating, modulating, and transmitting a radio signal. A variety of modulation and coding techniques have been used. RFID systems can be read only (data is transferred only in one direction, from the tag to the reader) or read and write (two-way communication).A typical RFID system can use the principle of modulated backscatter (see Fig. 1). In this type of RFID system, to transfer data from the tag to the reader, the reader sends an un-modulated signal to the tag. The tag reads its internal memory of stored data and changes the loading on the tag antenna in a coded manner corresponding to the stored data. The signal reflected from the tag is thus modulated with this coded information. This modulated signal is received by the reader, demodulated using a homodyne receiver, and decoded and output as digital information that contains the data stored in the tag. To send data from the reader to the tag, the reader amplitude modulates its transmitted radio signal. This modulated signal is received by the tag and detected with a diode. The data can be used to control operation of the tag, or the tag can store the data. A simple diode detector allows the detection circuitry in the tag to be simple and consume little power.Mankind’s use and understanding of electricity, magnetism, and electromagnetic in very early times was limited to his eyesight, observation of electrostatic discharge (don’t stand under a large tree during a lightning storm), and the magnetic properties of lodestones. Early applications probably included making light with fire, use of mirrors for signaling, and use of lodestones for navigation.Scientific understanding progressed very slowly until about the 1600s. From the 1600s to 1800s there was an explosion of observational knowledge of electricity, magnetism, and optics accompanied by a growing base of mathematically related observations. The 1800s marked the beginning of the fundamental understanding of electromagnetic energy. In 1846, English experimentalist Michael Faraday proposed that both light and radio waves are a form of electromagnetic energy. In 1864, Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell published his theory on electromagnetic. In 1887, German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz confirmed Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory and produced and studied electromagnetic waves (radio waves). Hertz is credited as the first to transmit and receive radio waves, and his demonstrations were followed quickly by Aleksandr Popov in Russia.In 1896, Guglielmo Marconi demonstrated the first successful transmission of radiotelegraphy across the Atlantic, and the world would never be the same.Forward to 20th centuryIn 1906, Ernst F.W. Alexanderson demonstrated the first continuous wave (CW) radio generation and transmission of radio signals. This achievement marks the beginning of modern radio communication, where all aspects of radio waves are controlled. The early 20th century was considered the birth of radar. The work in radar during World War II was as significant a technical development as the Manhattan Project. Radar sends out radio waves for detecting and locating an object by the reflection of the radio waves. This reflection can determine the position and speed of an object. Radar’s significance was quickly understood by the military, so many of the early developments were shrouded in secrecy.Since one form of RFID is the combination of radio broadcast technology and radar, it is not unexpected that the convergence of these two radio disciplines and the thoughts of RFID occurred on the heels of the development of radar.Genesis of an ideaAn early, if not the first, work exploring RFID is the landmark paper by Harry Stockman, “Communication by Means of Reflected Power,” published in 1948. Stockman stated “Evidently, considerable research and development work has to be done before the remaining basic problems in reflected-power communication are solved, and before the field of useful applications is explored.”Thirty years would pass before Stockman’s vision would reach fruition. Other developments were needed: the transistor, the integrated circuit, the microprocessor, development ofcommunication networks, and changes in ways of doing business. The success of RFID would have to wait a while.Much has happened in the 57 years since Stockman’s work. The 1950s were an era of exploration of RFID techniques following technical developments in radio and radar in the 1930s and 1940s. Several technologies related to RFID were being explored such as the long range transponder systems of “identification, friend, or foe” (IFF) for aircraft.Developments of the 1950s include such works as D.B. Harris’s “Radio transmission systems with modulatable passive responder.” The wheels of RFID development were turning.RFID becomes realityThe 1960s were the prelude to the RFID explosion of the 1970s. R.F. Harrington studied the electromagnetic theory related to RFID in his papers including “Theory of Loaded Scatterers” in 1964. Inventors were busy with RFID-related inventions such as Robert Richardson’s “Remotely activated radio frequency powered devices,” and J. H. Vogelman’s “Passive data transmission techniques utilizing radar echoes.”Commercial activities were beginning in the 1960s. Sensormatic and Checkpoint were founded in the late 1960s. These companies, with others such as Knogo, developed electronic article surveillance (EAS) equipment to counter the theft of merchandise. These types of systems are often use 1-b tags; only the presence or absence of a tag could be detected, but the tags could be made inexpensively and provided effective antitheft measures. These types of systems used either microwave (generation of harmonics using a semiconductor) or inductive (resonant circuits) technology. EAS is arguably the first and most widespread commercial use of RFID. Tags containing multiple bits were generally experimental in nature and were built with discrete components. While single-bit EAS tags were small, multi-bit tags were the size of a loaf of bread, constrained in size by the dictates of the circuitry.In the 1970s developers, inventors, companies, academic institutions, and government laboratories were actively working on RFID, and notable advances were being realized at research laboratories and academic institutions such as Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Northwestern University, and the Microwave Institute Foundation in Sweden. An early and important development was the Los Alamos work that was presented by Alfred Koelle, Steven Depp, and Robert Freyman, “Short-Range Radio-Telemetry for Electronic Identification Using Modulated Backscatter,” in 1975. This development signaled the beginning of practical, completely passive tags with an operational range of tens of meters. Large companies were also developing RFID technology, such as Raytheon’s Raytag in 1973 and Richard Klensch of RCA developing an electronic identification system in 1975.The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was also testing systems built by General Electric, Westinghouse, Philips, and Glenayre. Results were favorable, but the first commercially successful transportation application of RFID, electronic toll collection, was not yet ready forThe 1970s were characterized primarily by developmental work. Intended applications were for animal tracking, vehicle tracking, and factory automation. Examples of animal tagging efforts were the microwave systems at Los Alamos and Identronix and the inductive systems in Europe. Interest in animal tagging was high in Europe. Alfa Laval, Nedap, and others were developing RFID systems.Transportation efforts included work at Los Alamos and by the International Bridge Turnpike and Tunnel Association (IBTTA) and the United States Federal Highway Administration. The latter two sponsored a conference in 1973 that concluded there was no national interest in developing a standard for electronic vehicle identification. This is an important decision since it would permit a variety of systems to develop, which was good, because RFID technology was in its infancy. Research efforts continued as well. R.J. King authored a book about microwave homodyne techniques in 1978. This book is an early compendium of theory and practice used in backscatter RFID systems.Tag technology had improved with reductions in size and improvements in functionality. The key to these advancements was the use of low-voltage, low power CMOS logic circuits. Tag memory utilized switches or wire bonds and had improved with use of fusible link diode arrays by the end of the decade.The 1980s became the decade for full implementation of RFID technology, though interests developed somewhat differently in various parts of the world. The greatest interests in the United States were for transportation, personnel access, and, to a lesser extent, animals. In Europe, the greatest interests were for short-range systems for animals and industrial and business applications, though toll roads in Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, and Norway were equipped with RFID. A key to the rapid expansion of RFID applications was the development of the personal computer (PC) that allowed convenient and economical collection and management of data from RFID systems.In the Americas, the Association of American Railroads and the Container Handling Cooperative Program were active with RFID initiatives. Tests of RFID for collecting tolls had been going on for many years, and the first commercial application began in Europe in 1987 in Norway and was followed quickly in the United States by the Dallas North Turnpike in 1989. Also during this time, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey began commercial operation of RFID for buses going through the Lincoln Tunnel. RFID was finding a home with electronic toll collection, and new players were arriving daily.Tags were now being built using custom CMOS integrated circuits combined with discrete components for microwave tags. EEPROM became the nonvolatile memory of choice, permitting the large-scale manufacture of identical tags that could be individualized through programming. These advancements lead to further reductions in the size of tags and increase in functionality (see Fig. 2). The constraint of required antenna size was now becoming important in determining theThe 1990sThe 1990s were a significant decade for RFID since it saw the wide scale deployment of electronic toll collection in the United States and the installation of over 3 million RFID tags on rail cars in North America. Important deployments included several innovations in electronic tolling. The world’s first open highway electronic tolling system opened in Oklahoma in 1991, where vehicles could pass toll collection points at highway speeds, unimpeded by a toll plaza or barriers and with video cameras for enforcement. The first combined toll collection and traffic management system was installed in the Houston area by the Harris County Toll Road Authority in 1992. Also a first was the system installed on the Kansas turnpike using readers that could also operate with the different protocol tags of their neighbor to the south, Oklahoma. Georgia would follow, upgrading their equipment with readers that could communicate with tags using a new protocol as well as their existing tags. In fact, these two installations were the first to implement a multi-protocol capability in electronic toll collection applications.In the northeastern United States, seven regional toll agencies formed the E-Z Pass Interagency Group (IAG) in 1990 to develop a regionally compatible electronic toll collection system. This system is the model for using a single tag and single billing account per vehicle to access highways and bridges of several toll authorities.Interest was also keen for RFID applications in Europe during the 1990s. Both microwave and inductive technologies were finding use for toll collection, access control, and a wide variety of other applications in commerce.A new effort underway was the development of the Texas Instruments (TI) TIRIS system, used in many automobiles for control of the starting of the vehicle engine. The TIRIS system (and others such as from Mikron, now a part of Philips) developed new applications for dispensing fuel, gaming chips, ski passes, and vehicle access.Additional companies in Europe were becoming active in the RFID race as well with developments including Microdesign, CGA, Alcatel, Bosch and the Philips spinoffs of Combitech, Baumer, and Tagmaster. A pan-European standard was needed for tolling applications in Europe, and many of these companies (and others) were at work on the CEN standard for electronic tolling.Tolling and rail applications were also appearing in many countries including Australia, China, Hong Kong, Philippines, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Canada, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, South Korea, South Africa, and Europe.With the success of electronic toll collection, other advancements followed such as the first multiple use of tags across different business segments. Now, a single tag (with dual or single billing accounts) could be used for electronic toll collection, parking lot access and fare collection, gated community access, and campus access. In the Dallas–Ft. Worth metroplex, a first wasachieved when a single TollTag on a vehicle could be used to pay tolls on the North Dallas Tollway, for access and parking payment at the Dallas/Ft. Worth International Airport, the nearby Love Field, and several downtown parking garages as well as access to gated communities and business campuses.Research and development didn’t slow down during the 1990s with new technological developments expanding the functionality of RFID. For the first time, useful microwave Schottky diodes were fabricated on a regular CMOS integrated circuit. This development permitted the construction of microwave RFID tags that contained only a single integrated circuit, a capability previously limited to inductively coupled RFID transponders. Books began to appear devoted specifically to RFID technology. Klaus Finkenzeller wrote one of the first in 1999.With the growing interest of RFID into the item management arena and the opportunity for RFID to work along side bar code, it becomes difficult in the later part of this decade to count the number of companies who enter the marketplace. Many have come and gone, many are still here, many have merged, and there are many new players ... it seems almost daily!Back to the future: The 21st centuryThe 21st century opens with the smallest microwave tags built using, at a minimum, two components: a single custom CMOS integrated circuit and an antenna. Tags could now be built as sticky labels, easily attached to windshields and objects to be managed. The use of RFID for electronic toll collection had expanded in the United States to 3,500 lanes of traffic by 2001. EEPROM remained the nonvolatile memory of choice. The search continues for a fast nonvolatile memory suited to the requirements of RFID. The size of tags is now limited by the constraints of the antenna. The design of suitable antennas and the search for better nonvolatile memory are continuing design challenges.The impact of RFID is lauded regularly in mainstream media, with the use of RFID slated to become even more ubiquitous. The growing interest in telemetric, article tracking and mobile commerce will bring RFID even closer to the consumer. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated spectrum in the 5.9 GHz band for a vast expansion of intelligent transportation systems with many new applications and services proposed. But the equipment required to accommodate these new applications and services will necessitate advancements beyond the “traditional” RFID technology.This next generation of short-range communication systems between roadside and vehicle are presently being standardized within the IEEE and are based on wireless LAN techniques.Supply chain management and article tracking are RFID application areas that have grown rapidly spurred by the technical breakthrough of the late 1990s to incorporate microwave diodes in silicon on the same die as the tag circuitry. This development allows a reduction in the size of circuitry, reduction in cost of tags, increased functionality, and increased reliability. The Auto-ID center was organized at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to bring together RFIDmanufacturers, researchers, and users to develop standards, perform research, and share information for supply chain applications. EPC Global has assumed the task of standards for this application area. The International Standards Organization also has very active standards activities for a variety of application areas.The pace of developments in RFID continues to accelerate. The future looks very promising for this technology. The full potential also requires advancements in other areas as well such as development of applications software; careful development of privacy policies and consideration of other legal aspects; development of supporting infrastructure to design, install, and maintain RFID systems; and other such activities now that RFID has truly entered the mainstream.At first glance, the concept of RFID and its application seems simple and straightforward. But in reality, the contrary is true. RFID is a technology that spans systems engineering, software development, circuit theory, antenna theory, radio propagation, microwave techniques, receiver design, integrated circuit design, encryption, materials technology, mechanical design, and network engineering, to mention a few. Increasing numbers of engineers are involved in the development and application of RFID, and this trend will likely continue. At present, the shortage of technical and business people trained in RFID is hampering the growth of the industry.As we create our future, and it is bright, let us remember, “Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm”(Ralph Waldo Emerson). We have a great many developments to look forward to, history continues to teach us that.RFID的历史无论我们是否意识到，无线射频识别技术（RFID）成为了我们生活中的一部分。
射频识别RFID中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译Shrouds of TimeThe history of RFIDIntroductionMany things are hidden in the shrouds of time. The task of tracing history and genealogy is arduous and challenging, but, ultimately, rewarding. Our past can open doors to our future. Whether we realize it or not, RFID (radio frequency identification) is an integral part of our life. RFID increases productivity and convenience. RFID is used for hundreds, if not thousands, of applications such as preventing theft of automobiles, collecting tolls without stopping, managing traffic, gaining entrance to buildings, automating parking, controlling access of vehicles to gated communities, corporate campuses and airports, dispensing goods, providing ski lift access, tracking library books, buying hamburgers, and the growing opportunity to track a wealth of assets in supply chain management.One can trace the ancestry of RFID back to the beginning of time. Science and religion agree that in the first few moments of creation there was electromagnetic energy. "And God said, 'Let there be light,' and there was light" (Genesis 1). Before light, everything was formless and empty. Before anything else, there was electromagnetic energy.Scientific thinking summarizes the universe was created in an instant with a Big Bang. Scientists deduce all the four fundamental forces - gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong and weak nuclear forces - were unified. The first form in the universe was electromagnetic energy. During the first few seconds or so of the universe, protons, neutrons and electrons began formation when photons (the quantum element of electromagnetic energy) collided converting energy into mass. The electromagnetic remnant of the Big Bang survives today as a background microwave hiss.Why is this important, you might wonder? This energy is the source of RFID. It would take more than 14 billion years or so before we came along, discovered how toharness electromagnetic energy in the radio region, and to apply this knowledge to the development of RFID.The Chinese were probably the first to observe and use magnetic fields in the form of lodestones in the first century BC. Scientific understanding progressed very slowly after that until about the 1600s. From the 1600s to 1800s was an explosion of observational knowledge of electricity, magnetism and optics accompanied by a growing base of mathematically related observations. And, one of the early and well known pioneers of electricity in the 18th Century was Benjamin Franklin.The 1800s marked the beginning of the fundamental understanding of electromagnetic energy. Michael Faraday, a noted English experimentalist, proposed in 1846 that both light and radio waves are part of electromagnetic energy. In 1864, James Clerk Maxwell, a Scottish physicist, published his theory on electromagnetic fields and concluded that electric and magnetic energy travel in transverse waves that propagate at a speed equal to that of light. Soon after in 1887, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, German physicist, confirmed Maxwell's electromagnetic theory and produced and studied electromagnetic waves (radio waves), which he showed are long transverse waves that travel at the speed of light and can be reflected, refracted, and polarized like light. Hertz is credited as the first to transmit and receive radio waves, and his demonstrations were followed quickly by Aleksandr Popov in Russia.In 1896, Guglielmo Marconi demonstrated the successful transmission of radiotelegraphy across the Atlantic, and the world would never be the same. The radio waves of Hertz, Popov and Marconi were made by spark gap which were suited for telegraphy or dots and dashes.20th CenturyIn 1906, Ernst F. W. Alexanderson demonstrated the first continuous wave (CW) radio generation and transmission of radio signals. This achievement signals the beginning of modern radio communication, where all aspects of radio waves are controlled.In the early 20th century, approximately 1922, was considered the birth of radar. The work in radar during World War II was as significant a technical development as the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, and was critical to the success of the Allies. Radar sends out radio waves for detecting andlocating an object by the reflection of the radio waves. This reflection can determine the position and speed of an object. Radar's significance was quicklyunderstood by the military, so many of the early developments were shrouded in secrecy.Since RFID is the combination of radio broadcast technology and radar, it is not unexpected that the convergence of these two radio disciplines and the thoughts of RFID occurred on the heels of the development of radar.Genesis of an IdeaThere is an old adage that success has many fathers but failure is an orphan. The development of technology is messy. The potential for an infinite number of things is present, yet the broader human choices determine how technology evolves. There's no clear, text book perfect, or logical progression, and often developments ahead of their time are not recognized until later, if ever. So it was with the development of RFID.An early, if not the first, work exploring RFID is the landmark paper by Harry Stockman, "Communication by Means of Reflected Power", Proceedings of the IRE, pp1196-1204, October 1948. Stockman stated then that "Evidently, considerable research and development work has to be done before the remaining basic problems in reflected-power communication are solved, and before the field of useful applications is explored."Thirty years would pass before Harry's vision would begin to reach fruition. Other developments were needed: the transistor, the integrated circuit, the microprocessor, development of communication networks, changes in ways of doing business. No small task. Like many things, timing is everything, and the success of RFID would have to wait a while.A lot has happened in the 53 years since Harry Stockman's work. The 1950s were an era of exploration of RFID techniques following technical developments in radio and radar in the 1930s and 1940s. Several technologies related to RFID were being explored such as the long-range transponder systems of "identification, friend or foe" (IFF) for aircraft. Developments of the 1950s include such works as F. L. Vernon's, "Application of the mic rowave homodyne", and D.B. Harris’, "Radio transmission systems with modulatable passive responder". The wheels of RFID development were turning.The 1960's through the 1980s: RFID Becomes RealityThe 1960s were the prelude to the RFID explosion of the 1970s. R. F. Harrington studied the electromagnetic theory related to RFID in his papers "Field measurements using active scatterers" and "Theory of loaded scatterers" in 1963-1964. Inventorswere busy with RFID related inventions such as Robert Richardson's "Remotely activated radio frequency powered devices" in 1963, Otto Rittenback's "Communication by radar beams" in 1969, J. H. V ogelman's "Passive data transmission techniques utilizing radar beams" in 1968 and J. P. Vinding's "Interrogator-responder identification system" in 1967.Commercial activities were beginning in the 1960s. Sensormatic and Checkpoint were founded in the late 1960s. These companies, with others such as Knogo, developed electronic article surveillance (EAS) equipment to counter theft. These types of systems are often use ‘1-bit’ tags –only the presence or absence of a tag could be detected, but the tags could be made inexpensively and provided effective anti-theft measures. These types of systems used either microwave or inductive technology. EAS is arguably the first and most widespread commercial use of RFID.In the 1970s developers, inventors, companies, academic institutions, and government laboratories were actively working on RFID, and notable advances were being realized at research laboratories and academic institutions such as Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Northwestern University, and the Microwave Institute Foundation in Sweden among others. An early and important development was the Los Alamos work that was presented by Alfred Koelle, Steven Depp and Robert Freyman "Short-range radio-telemetry for electronic identification using modulated backscatter" in 1975.Large companies were also developing RFID technology, such as Raytheon's "Raytag" in 1973. RCA and Fairchild were active in their pursuits with Richard Klensch of RCA developing an "Electronic identification system" in 1975 and F. Sterzer of RCA developing an "Electronic license plate for motor vehicles" in 1977. Thomas Meyers and Ashley Leigh of Fairchild also developed a "Passive encoding microwave transponder" in 1978.The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey were also testing systems built by General Electric, Westinghouse, Philips and Glenayre. Results were favorable, but the first commercially successful transportation application of RFID, electronic toll collection, was not yet ready for prime time.The 1970's were characterized primarily by developmental work. Intended applications were for animal tracking, vehicle tracking, and factory automation. Examples of animal tagging efforts were the microwave systems at Los Alamos and the inductive systems in Europe. Interest in animal tagging was high in Europe. AlfaLaval, Nedap, and others were developing RFID systems.Transportation efforts included work at Los Alamos and by the International Bridge Turnpike and Tunnel Association (IBTTA) and the United States Federal Highway Administration. The latter two sponsored a conference in 1973 which concluded there was no national interest in developing a standard for electronic vehicle identification. This is an important decision since it would permit a variety of systems to develop, which was good, because RFID technology was in its infancy.About this time new companies began to surface, such as Identronix, a spin-off from the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, and others of the Los Alamos team, myself being one of them, founded Amtech (later acquired by Intermec and recently sold to TransCore) in the 80s. By now, the number of companies, individuals and institutions working on RFID began to multiply. A positive sign. The potential for RFID was becoming obvious.The 1980s became the decade for full implementation of RFID technology, though interests developed somewhat differently in various parts of the world. The greatest interests in the United States were for transportation, personnel access, and to a lesser extent, for animals. In Europe, the greatest interests were for short-range systems for animals, industrial and business applications, though toll roads in Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, and Norway were equipped with RFID.In the Americas, the Association of American Railroads and the Container Handling Cooperative Program were active with RFID initiatives. Tests of RFID for collecting tolls had been going on for many years, and the first commercial application began in Europe in 1987 in Norway and was followed quickly in the United States by the Dallas North Turnpike in 1989. Also during this time, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey began commercial operation of RFID for buses going through the Lincoln Tunnel. RFID was finding a home with electronic toll collection, and new players were arriving daily.The 1990'sThe 1990's were a significant decade for RFID since it saw the wide scale deployment of electronic toll collection in the United States. Important deployments included several innovations in electronic tolling. The world's first open highway electronic tolling system opened in Oklahoma in 1991, where vehicles could pass toll collection points at highway speeds, unimpeded by a toll plaza or barriers and with video cameras for enforcement. The world's first combined toll collection and trafficmanagement system was installed in the Houston area by the Harris County Toll Road Authority in 1992. Also a first was the system installed on the Kansas turnpike using a system based on the Title 21 standard with readers that could also operate with the tags of their neighbor to the south, Oklahoma. The Georgia 400 would follow, upgrading their equipment with readers that could communicate with the new Title 21 tags as well as the existing tags. In fact, these two installations were the first to implement a multi-protocol capability in electronic toll collection applications.In the Northeastern United States, seven regional toll agencies formed the E-Z Pass Interagency Group (IAG) in 1990 to develop a regionally compatible electronic toll collection system. This system is the model for using a single tag and single billing account per vehicle to access highways of several toll authorities.Interest was also keen for RFID applications in Europe during the 1990s. Both Microwave and inductive technologies were finding use for toll collection, access control and a wide variety of other applications in commerce.A new effort underway was the development of the Texas Instruments (TI) TIRIS system, used in many automobiles for control of the starting of the vehicle engine. The Tiris system (and others such as from Mikron - now a part of Philips) developed new applications for dispensing fuel, gaming chips, ski passes, vehicle access, and many other applications.Additional companies in Europe were becoming active in the RFID race as well with developments including Microdesign, CGA, Alcatel, Bosch and the Philips spin-offs of Combitech, Baumer and Tagmaster. A pan-European standard was needed for tolling applications in Europe, and many of these companies (and others) were at work on the CEN standard for electronic tolling.Tolling and rail applications were also appearing in many countries including Australia, China, Hong Kong, Philippines, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Canada, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, South Korea, South Africa, and Europe.With the success of electronic toll collection, other advancements followed such as the first multiple use of tags across different business segments. Now, a single tag (with dual or single billing accounts) could be used for electronic toll collection, parking lot access and fare collection, gated community access, and campus access. In the Dallas - Ft. Worth metroplex, a world's first was achieved when a single TollTag® on a vehicle could be used to pay tolls on the North Dallas Tollway, for access and parking payment at the Dallas/Ft. Worth International Airport (one of the world'sbusiest airports), the nearby Love Field, and several downtown parking garages, as well as access to gated communities and business campuses.Research and development didn't slow down during the 1990s since new technological developments would expand the functionality of RFID. For the first time, useful microwave Schottky diodes were fabricated on a regular CMOS integrated circuit. This development permitted the construction of microwave RFID tags that contained only a single integrated circuit, a capability previously limited to inductively-coupled RFID transponders. Companies active in this pursuit were IBM (the technology later acquired by Intermec) Micron, and Single Chip Systems (SCS).With the growing interest of RFID into the item management work and the opportunity for RFID to work along side bar code, it becomes difficult in the later part of this decade to count the number of companies who enter the marketplace. Many have come and gone, many are still here, many have merged, and there are many new players ... it seems almost daily!Back to the future: The 21st CenturyExciting times await those of us committed to the pursuit of advancements in RFID. Its impact is lauded regularly in mainstream media, with the use of RFID slated to become even more ubiquitous. The growing interest in telematics and mobile commerce will bring RFID even closer to the consumer. Recently, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated spectrum in the 5.9 GHz band for a vast expansion of intelligent transportation systems with many new applications and services proposed. But, the equipment required to accommodate these new applications and services will necessitate more RFID advancements.As we create our future, and it is bright, let us remember, "Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm" (Ralph Waldo Emerson). We have a great many developments to look forward to, history continues to teach us that.时间护罩RFID的历史介绍许多东西都藏在整流罩的时间,追踪历史和过去的任务是艰巨而富有挑战性的，但是最终都会得到奖励。
RFID英文综述
Radio Frequency Identification Overview IntroductionWith the development of Internet technology, Internet-based expansion and extension form a new generation of network technology that is of things.The so-called Internet of Things, also known as sensor networks, the English name is "Internet of Things" referred to (IOT).Internet of Things is a computer based on the use of radio frequency identification technology, wireless communication technology, infrared sensors, global positioning systems, laser scanners and other information sensing device, according to the agreed protocol to connect to any goods and the Internet, exchange of information and communication, in order to achieve intelligent identification, location tracking, monitoring and management of a network.SummaryInternet of Things technology is the most critical of RFID technology.RFID is the abbreviation of Radio Frequency Identification. It is a non-contact automatic identification technology, RF signal through the automatic target recognition and access to relevant data, without human intervention, it can work in a variety of environments.First RFID components and working principleRadio frequency identification system consists of electronic tags, reader, antenna composition.Tag: the coupling components and chips, each tag has a unique electronic code, attached to the object on the target object.Reader: Also known as the read set, can be read without contact and identification tag in the preservation of electronic data, so as to achieve automatic ten-fold purpose of the object, there are two kinds of hand-held or fixed, usually with a computer reader connected to the read tag information is transmitted to the computer for further processing.antenna :Tag and reader antennas in the RF signal to pass between antenna.Second RFID applicationsRadio frequency identification technology with its unique advantages, gradually been widely used in industrial automation, business automation and transport control management.In China, due to radio frequency identification technology started late, RFID is not very wide applicated, in the following areas:(1) automatic vehicle identification, as early as 1995, the North American rail system used radio frequency identification technology ATIS standard.(2) fees and intelligent traffic on the highway, the car can be equipped with automatic radio frequency identification tags, no parking fee, which greatly improve the speed and efficiency.(3) cargo tracking, management and monitoring, Australia and the UK airport used radio frequency identification technology in baggage management, which greatly improve the efficiency of sorting andreduced the error rate.(4) radio card applications in China, mainly used in RF card public transport, subways, schools, social security and so on. China RF card application largest project is the second generation citizen ID card.(5) in the production line automation and process control, the German company BMW car assembly line to ensure the accuracy of the position to complete the assembly task, the radio frequency identification system used in automobile assembly line.Third Development problems faced by RFID technology (1) privacy issuesIn RFID systems, tags could be embedded in anything in advance, such as people's daily life items, but because the items (such as clothing) of the owner, not necessarily aware of the article pre-embedded in an electronic tag and its own may not be controlled by scanning, positioning and tracking, which is bound to make the issue of personal privacy have been violated.Therefore, how to ensure the label material with the inviolability of personal privacy become a radio frequency identification technology as well as things to promote the key issues.(2) standardsChina made no introduction of RFID standards, the rapid development of the domestic RFID industry in China is not in accordance with the standard, causing confusion in product standards, greatly reduces the international competitiveness(3) security issuesCurrent Things security issues face the industry including the tag information of illegal changes to the label's illegal to track effectively the identity of pretending and deception.(4) market demandSome things look very convenient service, but in both cases, whether people have an incentive to use these new services yet to be questionable. Fourth RFID TrendsAs RFID technology continues to promote the development and application of the popularity of radio frequency identification technology and other aspects of performance will have improved greatly, the cost will be gradually reduced, can foresee the future development of RFID technology will have the following trends:(1) label product diversification.(2) system network.(3) a better system compatibility(4) integration with other industries.Therefore, we have reasons to believe that RFID is enormous potential for industrial development, whichwill be the future development of a new growth point. RFID technology will be inextricably linked with people's daily lives.。
RFID物流外文翻译
附录A 外文翻译-原文部分Based on the RFID Digital warehouse managementsystem1.Design and implementationRFID Radio frequency identification technology to its non-contact, repeatable, easy to use, fast scanning, and error-handling fast, large data capacity, long life and other advantages in logistics industry more and more attention. This paper introduced in warehouse management information system RFID technology, first in, first out of the goods, electronic location management, process monitoring and management, with a view to resolving the barcode of the inadequate, resulting in a digital and information technology, enhance warehouse management information system on the basis of the maximum benefit.Currently, most domestic logistics center using bar code scanning technology as a carrier of the goods in the warehouse management logistics and information flow synchronization, but with the increasing requirements of enterprise Information ization, bar code technology, storage capacity cannot be changed because of information such as small, easy to read information is not shortcoming has been unable to meet the requirements. RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)radio frequency identification technology to its non-contact, repeatable, easy to use, fast scanning, and error-handling fast, large data capacity, long life and other advantages in logistics industry more and more attention. This paper introduced in warehouse management information system RFID technology, first in, first out of the goods, electronic location management, process monitoring and management, with a view to resolving the barcode of the inadequate, resulting in a digital and information technology, enhance warehouse management information system on the basis of the maximum benefit.2. System function and structure designBased on the RFID Digital warehouse is introduced in an existing warehouse management RFID Technology, the accuracy of the information and process automation requirements are very high, need to meet the various sectors of the job of the warehouse to automated data collection and ensure data warehouse management of all aspects of data entry speed and accuracy to ensure timely and accurate inventory of real data, reasonable maintain control and warehouse inventory.System is composed of both hardware and software module, the main idea is implemented in the warehouse management information system of a barcode and RFID Combine. Pallet put RFID electronic tags, the use of RFID electronic label-Cho repeated use, large data capacity, without manual Interventional advantages, to increase the level of automation and achieve entire deposit taking based on pallets; Goods posted a-dimensional bar code, using a barcode costs significantly lower than RFID Advantages of RFID to cut costs, save zero takes based on the goods and cargo tracking. A barcode and RFID combined. Precise control of not only can I get information on the warehouse data can also lower system costs.Based on the RFID Ninghua County warehouse management system architecture, decided that the system should at least have the following hardware device:①Main control system. Includes the master computer, the/into the mouth of the RFID reader, group pun RFID reader. Master computer via cable or wireless networkand out/into the mouth of the RFID reader, group pun RFID reader and connected servers.②Server. Servers connected through a wireless network with the master machine and forklifts to connect.③Car and automobile Tablet automotive Tablet installed on forklift truck navigation subsystems for location navigation. In-car navigation systems with the server over the wireless network connection.④Handheld units. Including one-dimensional bar code scanner and mobile RFID reader. A barcode scanner for the goods barcode reading, via cable(or wireless)network connection to the host computer. Mobile RFID reader used to read pallet RFID tag information for inventory counting.⑤Warehouse facilities. Automated warehouse, containing bearing the RFID electronic label pallets, ring the pickup lines, Stacker and WinCC monitoring system, on a cargo pallet that can automate/off the shelf.Based on the RFID Digital warehouse management systems functionality of traditional warehouse management system implementation and expansion, including the following features:Management, electronic storage location management, warehouse management, cargo, and so on.①Storage management. For storage, operation, completed documents in the entry, modify, delete, allocation of storage location automatically, manually assigned, assigned instructions send job location documents.②The library management. And storage management are similar. Goods out of the library operations can complete a library entry, modify, delete documents, library location is automatically assigned, manually assigned, assigned instructions send job location documents.③Electronic location map management. Mainly used to display cosmetic box with raised decoration and warehouse storage condition and location of the Visual location of adjustment operations, including area inventory location information displayed at an appropriate time, goods(pallets)inventory address query, adjustment, and so on.④Cargo tray. Achieving location in/out tray in group operations. This warehouse management information system to support a whole pallets into, out of the warehouse, so into/out of the library job requires to achieve storage group disk group disk function modules, split out of operation. Tray from the main group disk function module enables read and write RFID tag information(primarily one-dimensional bar code information), pallet goods increase/reduction, group undo functions.⑤Queries and reports. Warehouse administrator by querying the database inventory in inventory and report on system status, manage documents and goods, location status. Including: adjust the single location query, a library, into a single query.⑥Basic data maintenance. In the present system of goods, people, forklifts and other information to view, add, delete, and modify operations to facilitate other data used in the function.3.System design workflowSystem workflows include storage process, a process in and inventory management processes.(1)Into the process. Library jobs main steps are as follows:①When storage, warehouse management manual entry into electronic documents generated documents.②Library personnel on the master machine to select the current documents detail the implementation of storage storage operations, complete storage location assignment and build into the operating instructions. Sent over the wireless network to the server.③Car receives the server broadcast into the operating instructions, to a group to group of goods the Agency disks.④Group completed, forklift doing pallet put into sorting the pallet storage ), Under car Tablet I location map determines the location address of the second.⑤WINCC Managers running WINCC System of storage and selection on the pallet is placed in the specified location (Stacker run automatically) 。
RFID技术外文翻译文献
RFID技术外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Current RFID TechnologyThis section describes out of which parts RFID tags consist of, how they work in principle, and what types of tags do exist. It focuses on how tags are powered and what frequency ranges is used. The section concludes by covering a few important standards.RFID transponders (tags) consist in general of: Micro chip, Antenna, Case, Battery (for active tags only)The size of the chip depends mostly on the Antenna. Its size and form is dependent on the frequency the tag is using. The size of a tag alsodepends on its area of use. It can range from less than a millimeter for implants to the size of a book in container logistic. In addition to the micro chip, some tags also have rewritable memory attached where the tag can store updates between reading cycles or new data like serial numbers.A RFID tag is shown in figure 1. The antenna is clearly visible. As said before the antenna has the largest impact of the size of the tag. The microchip is visible in the center of the tag, and since this is a passive tag it does not have an internal power sourceIn principle an RFID tag works as follows: the reading unit generates an electro-magnetic field which induces a current into the tag's antenna. The current is used to power the chip. In passive tags the current also charges a condenser which assures uninterrupted power for the chip. In active tags a battery replaces the condenser. The difference between active and passive tags is explained shortly. Once activated the tag receives commands from the reading unit and replies by sending its serial number or the requested information. In general the tag does not have enough energy to create its own electro-magnetic field, instead it uses back scattering to modulate (reflect/absorb) the field sent by the reading unit. Because most fluids absorb electro-magnetic fields and most metal reflect those fields the reading of tags in presence of those materials is complicated.During a reading cycle, the reader has to continuously power the tag. The created field is called continuous wave, and because the strength of the field decreases with the square of the distance the readers have to use a rather large power. That field overpowers any response a tag could give, so therefore tags reply on side-channels which are located directly below and above the frequency of the continuous wave.1. Energy SourcesWe distinguish 3 types of RFID tags in relation to power or energy: Passive, Semi-passive, Active Passive tags do not have an internal power source, and they therefore rely on the power induced by the reader. This means that the reader has to keep up its field until the transaction is completed. Because of the lack of a battery, these tags are the smallest and cheapest tags available; however it also restricts its reading range to a range between 2mm and a few meters. As an added benefit those tags are also suitable to be produced by printing. Furthermore their lifespan is unlimited since they do not depend on an internal power source.The second type of tags is semi-passive tags. Those tags have an internal power source that keeps the micro chip powered at all times. There are many advantages: Because the chip is always powered it can respond faster tore quests, therefore increasing the number of tags that can be queried per second which is important to some applications. Furthermore, since the antenna is not required for collecting power it canbe optimized for back scattering and therefore increasing the reading range. And last but not least, since the tag does not use any energy from the field the back scattered signal is stronger, increasing the range even further. Because of the last two reasons, a semi-active tag has usually a range larger than a passive tag.The third type of tags is active tags. Like semi-active tags they contain an internal power source but they use the energy supplied for both, to power the micro chip and to generate a signal on the antenna. Active tags that send signals without being queried are called beacons. An active tag's range can be tens of meters, making it ideal for locating objects or serving as landmark points. The lifetime is up to 5 years.2. Frequency BandsRFID tags fall into three regions in respect to frequency: Low frequency (LF, 30- 500kHz), High frequency (HF.10-15MHz), Ultra high frequency (UHF, 850- 950MHz, 2.4-2.5GHz, 5.8GHz)Low frequency tags are cheaper than any of the higher frequency tags. They are fast enough for most applications, however for larger amounts of data the time a tag has to stay in a readers range will increase. Another advantage is that low frequency tags are least affected by the presence of fluids or metal. The disadvantage of such tags is their short reading range. The most common frequencies used for low frequency tags are 125-134.2 kHz and 140-148.5 kHz.High frequency tags have higher transmission rates and ranges but also cost more than LF tags. Smart tags are the most common member of this group and they work at 13.56MHz. UHF tags have the highest range of all tags. It ranges from 3-6 meters for passive tags and 30+ meters for active tags. In addition the transmission rate is also very high, which allows to read a single tag in a very short time. This feature is important where tagged entities are moving with a high speed and remain only for a short time in a readers range. UHF tags are also more expensive than any other tag and are severely affected by fluids and metal. Those properties make UHF mostly useful in automated toll collection systems. Typical frequencies are 868MHz (Europe), 915MHz (USA), 950MHz (Japan), and 2.45GHz.Frequencies for LF and HF tags are license exempt and can be used worldwide; however frequencies for UHF tags differ from country to country and require a permit.3. StandardsThe wide range of possible applications requires many different types of tags, often with conflicting goals (e.g. low cost vs. security). That is reflected in the number of standards. A short list of RFID standards follows: ISO11784, ISO11785, ISO14223, ISO10536, ISO14443, ISO15693, ISO18000. Note that this list is not exhaustive. Since the RFID technology is not directly Internet related it is not surprising that there are no RFCs available. There cent hype around RFID technologyhas resulted in an explosion in patents. Currently there are over 1800 RFID related patents issued (from 1976 to 2001) and over 5700 patents describing RFID systems or applications are backlogged.4. RFID SystemsA RFID reader and a few tags are in general of little use. The retrieval of a serial number does not provide much information to the user nor does it help to keep track of items in a production chain. The real power of RFID comes in combination with a backend that stores additional information such as descriptions for products and where and when a certain tag was scanned. In general a RFID system has a structure as depicted in figure 2. RFID readers scan tags, and then forward the information to the backend. The backend in general consists of a database and a well defined application interface. When the backend receives new information, it adds it to the database and if needed performs some computation on related fields. The application retrieves data from the backend. In many cases, the application is collocated with the reader itself. An example is the checkout point in a supermarket (Note that the given example uses barcodes instead of RFID tags since they are more common; however, the system would behave in exactly the same way if tags were used). When the reader scans the barcode, the application uses the derived identifier to look up the current price. In addition, the backend also provides discount information for qualifying products. The backendalso decreases the number of available products of that kind and notifies the manager if the amount falls below a certain threshold.This section describes how RFID tags work in general, what types of tags exist and how they differ. The three frequency ranges that RFID tags typically use are LF, HF, and UHF. Also the difference between passive, semi-passive, and active tags was explained and their advantages and disadvantages were compared. The section concluded by looking at different standards and showed the great interest of the industry by counting the number of issued and backlogged patents [US Patent Office].翻译：当前的RFID技术该节描述的是RFID标签由哪些部分组成、工作原理和确实存在的标签类型，关注标签的供电方式和使用频率范围。
11.11RFID英文资料
RFID Multi-Reader/Writer Source: NEC
NFC RFID Mobile Phone Source: NOKIA
Ultra-high Frequency (UHF) 860-960 MHz Gen 2 RFID Tags Source: Frontweb Supplier
10
Active RFID Applications in LSCM
Active RFID Enabled Functions for Various Applications
Active RFID Enabled Functions
Application Domains Logistics Management Sensing perishable goods while going through supply chains for ensuring safe consumption Tracking carrying-carts in distributed centers for logistics applications Facility Monitoring Sensing environment for maintaining appropriate conditions to preserve artifacts Tracking people and equipment in functional facilities for resource and workflow monitoring
6
RFID in Logistics Management Using RFID Technologies in Logistics Management
毕业设计RFID技术的外文翻译
原文标题 A Survey Paper on Radio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Trends译文标题射频识别(RFID)趋势的调查报告图1：无源RFID标签（[维基RFID]，图2：一个简单的RFID系统以记录另一辆车的自动收费系统信息，当它通过EZ-Pass检查站时，就使用相同的响应。
实施一个挑战 - 响应协议就可以防止这些攻击。
·拒绝服务:这种攻击可以有许多不同的形式。
一种形式是简单的干扰RFID 系统所用的频率,使其沟通变得不可能。
类似于MAC协议，另一个RFID标签通过干扰 (隐私部分的拦截标签)可以防止阅读器发现和剽窃。
金属箔包裹一下就可以使标签不可用，这样标签就不能有足够的能量来响应查询信息。
这常被小偷用来专业标签无效。
很明显,这已经成为了一个问题,科罗拉多州商店进行铝制装修，意图是为了规避偷窃检测系统[Color ado Law]。
一个人工更密集的攻击是:一个反射品识别的激进分子可能在商店会附上随机标签，使RFID系统收集无意义的数据,使RFID技术失效。
·病毒:[Rieback06b]中提出了旧攻击在新领域的应用就是RFID病毒。
这类病毒的目标是RFID系统的后台数据库。
通常从标签读取数据储存在数据库中。
病毒是经典的SQL注入漏洞，目的是不被检查或不正确输入到数据库中，然后逃脱再执行额外的命令。
很明显技术本身是不足以解决上述问题的，它需要立法机构来支持。
一些美国州法律已经颁布了法律，例如2005加州的《身份信息保护法》。
即使这可能建立一个复杂和有强加密的标签等,它将增加标签的价格从而使对于大多数使用者对其失去兴趣。
这一部分处理了几个重要的问题。
首先,对可能存在的漏洞进行了探讨并提出了试图解决这些问题建议。
那些建议包括从简单的措施,诸如利用禁用指令摧毁这个标签,到更为复杂的方法保卫指令。
然后介绍的是RFID系统的认证。
这是一个困难的问题,主要是因为在芯片的有限资源。
RFID技术外文文献翻译
外文文献Current RFID TechnologyThis section describes out of which parts RFID tags consist of, how they work in principle, and what types of tags do exist. It focuses on how tags are powered and what frequency ranges is used. The section concludes by covering a few important standards.RFID transponders (tags) consist in general of: Micro chip, Antenna, Case, Battery (for active tags only)The size of the chip depends mostly on the Antenna. Its size and form is dependent on the frequency the tag is using. The size of a tag also depends on its area of use. It can range from less than a millimeter for implants to the size of a book in container logistic. In addition to the micro chip, some tags also have rewritable memory attached where the tag can store updates between reading cycles or new data like serial numbers.A RFID tag is shown in figure 1. The antenna is clearly visible. As said before the antenna has the largest impact of the size of the tag. The microchip is visible in the center of the tag, and since this is a passive tag it does not have an internal power sourceIn principle an RFID tag works as follows: the reading unit generates an electro-magnetic field which induces a current into the tag's antenna. The current is used to power the chip. In passive tags the current also charges a condenser which assures uninterrupted power for the chip. In active tags a battery replaces the condenser. The difference between active and passive tags is explained shortly. Once activated the tag receives commands from the reading unit and replies by sending its serial number or the requested information. In general the tag does not have enough energy to create its own electro-magnetic field, instead it uses back scattering to modulate (reflect/absorb) the field sent by the reading unit. Because most fluids absorb electro-magnetic fields and most metal reflect those fields the reading of tagsin presence of those materials is complicated.During a reading cycle, the reader has to continuously power the tag. The created field is called continuous wave, and because the strength of the field decreases with the square of the distance the readers have to use a rather large power. That field overpowers any response a tag could give, so therefore tags reply on side-channels which are located directly below and above the frequency of the continuous wave. 1. Energy SourcesWe distinguish 3 types of RFID tags in relation to power or energy: Passive, Semi-passive, Active Passive tags do not have an internal power source, and they therefore rely on the power induced by the reader. This means that the reader has to keep up its field until the transaction is completed. Because of the lack of a battery, these tags are the smallest and cheapest tags available; however it also restricts its reading range to a range between 2mm and a few meters. As an added benefit those tags are also suitable to be produced by printing. Furthermore their lifespan is unlimited since they do not depend on an internal power source.The second type of tags is semi-passive tags. Those tags have an internal power source that keeps the micro chip powered at all times. There are many advantages: Because the chip is always powered it can respond faster tore quests, therefore increasing the number of tags that can be queried per second which is important to some applications. Furthermore, since the antenna is not required for collecting power it can be optimized for back scattering and therefore increasing the reading range. And last but not least, since the tag does not use any energy from the field the back scattered signal is stronger, increasing the range even further. Because of the last two reasons, a semi-active tag has usually a range larger than a passive tag.The third type of tags is active tags. Like semi-active tags they contain an internal power source but they use the energy supplied for both, to power the micro chip and to generate a signal on the antenna. Active tags that send signals without being queried are called beacons. An active tag's range can be tens of meters, making it ideal for locating objects or serving as landmark points. The lifetime is up to 5 years.2. Frequency BandsRFID tags fall into three regions in respect to frequency: Low frequency (LF, 30- 500kHz), High frequency (HF.10-15MHz), Ultra high frequency (UHF, 850- 950MHz, 2.4-2.5GHz, 5.8GHz)Low frequency tags are cheaper than any of the higher frequency tags. They are fast enough for most applications, however for larger amounts of data the time a tag has to stay in a readers range will increase. Another advantage is that low frequency tags are least affected by the presence of fluids or metal. The disadvantage of such tags is their short reading range. The most common frequencies used for low frequency tags are 125-134.2 kHz and 140-148.5 kHz.High frequency tags have higher transmission rates and ranges but also cost more than LF tags. Smart tags are the most common member of this group and they work at 13.56MHz. UHF tags have the highest range of all tags. It ranges from 3-6 meters for passive tags and 30+ meters for active tags. In addition the transmission rate is also very high, which allows to read a single tag in a very short time. This feature is important where tagged entities are moving with a high speed and remain only for a short time in a readers range. UHF tags are also more expensive than any other tag and are severely affected by fluids and metal. Those properties make UHF mostly useful in automated toll collection systems. Typical frequencies are 868MHz (Europe), 915MHz (USA), 950MHz (Japan), and 2.45GHz.Frequencies for LF and HF tags are license exempt and can be used worldwide; however frequencies for UHF tags differ from country to country and require a permit.3. StandardsThe wide range of possible applications requires many different types of tags, often with conflicting goals (e.g. low cost vs. security). That is reflected in the number of standards. A short list of RFID standards follows: ISO11784, ISO11785, ISO14223, ISO10536, ISO14443, ISO15693, ISO18000. Note that this list is not exhaustive. Since the RFID technology is not directly Internet related it is not surprising that there are no RFCs available. There cent hype around RFID technology has resulted in an explosion in patents. Currently there are over 1800 RFID related patents issued (from1976 to 2001) and over 5700 patents describing RFID systems or applications are backlogged.4. RFID SystemsA RFID reader and a few tags are in general of little use. The retrieval of a serial number does not provide much information to the user nor does it help to keep track of items in a production chain. The real power of RFID comes in combination with a backend that stores additional information such as descriptions for products and where and when a certain tag was scanned. In general a RFID system has a structure as depicted in figure 2. RFID readers scan tags, and then forward the information to the backend. The backend in general consists of a database and a well defined application interface. When the backend receives new information, it adds it to the database and if needed performs some computation on related fields. The application retrieves data from the backend. In many cases, the application is collocated with the reader itself. An example is the checkout point in a supermarket (Note that the given example uses barcodes instead of RFID tags since they are more common; however, the system would behave in exactly the same way if tags were used). When the reader scans the barcode, the application uses the derived identifier to look up the current price. In addition, the backend also provides discount information for qualifying products. The backend also decreases the number of available products of that kind and notifies the manager if the amount falls below a certain threshold.This section describes how RFID tags work in general, what types of tags exist and how they differ. The three frequency ranges that RFID tags typically use are LF, HF, and UHF. Also the difference between passive, semi-passive, and active tags was explained and their advantages and disadvantages were compared. The section concluded by looking at different standards and showed the great interest of the industry by counting the number of issued and backlogged patents [US Patent Office].翻译：当前的RFID技术该节描述的是RFID标签由哪些部分组成、工作原理和确实存在的标签类型，关注标签的供电方式和使用频率范围。
无线射频识别技术外文翻译参考文献
无线射频识别技术外文翻译参考文献无线射频识别技术外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)翻译：当前无线射频识别技术应用略述摘要无线射频识别技术可以自动识别多目标并以非接触式方式移动目标。
越来越多的零售商、银行、交通管理系统、展览及物流供应商将这项新技术应用于他们的产品和服务。
因此，这给RFID技术的研究带来了机遇和挑战。
本文简单介绍了RFID系统的组成、原理及RFID技术的特点。
本文比较了RFID 与传统条码，然后提供了一个简短的关于目前RFID 应用情况的调查报告。
关键词：无线射频识别技术应用物流一、简介无线射频识别（RFID ）是一种识别技术。
与RFID 技术的前身——条码技术相比，RFID 技术具有很多的优点。
但由于其成本高，RFID 技术至今未能广泛应用到各行各业。
RFID 技术因其无需视线扫描而具有无可比拟的先进性，它能够降低劳动力水平，提高知名度并改善库存管理。
RFID 技术的普及提供了一项人或物体定位及追踪的解决方案。
RFID 定位与跟踪系统根据独特的识别标签、阅读器与物体标签间射频通信的信号强度确定物体的空间位置，主要适用于室内，而GPS 系统是不适合应用于室内的。
RFID 技术是一项基于“无线电频率”的非接触式的自动识别技术，自动识别静态或动态的人和对象。
RFID 标签是一个特殊的微芯片，植入商品中，可以跟踪和管理物理对象，是物流管理信息化和跟踪信息化的重要手段。
RFID 的系统组成部分包括：(1）标签（应答器）：对象植入待确定。
(2）阅读器：可以读或读/写，按结构和技术。
正如图1-1，RFID 的工作原理图1-1 RFID 的工作原理与计算机通讯阅读器电磁波（操作指令和新的数据）标签发出的ID代码和数据二、目前RFID技术的研究重点由于RFID技术日趋成熟且RFID标签价格下降，RFID越来越受到工业界和学术界的关注。
通过在物品上贴射频标签，我们就可以跟踪和管理这些对象。
【精品】RFID基本原理的英文文献翻译
R F I D基本原理的英文文献翻译毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系别：电子信息系专业：通信工程班级： B090310姓名：陈少雄学号： B09031002外文出处：网络资源附件： 1.原文； 2. 译文2013年03月20日RFID Basic PrincipleWhat is the RFID?RFID is the abbreviation for Radio Frequency Identification, called electronics label .What is the RFID technology?RFID recognition is a non-contact automatic identification technology, rf signal through its automatic target recognition and access to relevant data, identify work without manual intervention, it can work in various environments. RFID technology can identify high-speed moving objects and can identify multiple tags, the operation is fast and convenient.Accenture laboratory's chief scientist sir alex ferguson feels RFID is a breakthrough technology: "first, can identify a very specific objects, rather like the code that can identify class objects; second, the use of rf, can read data through external materials, and bar code must rely on laser to read information; third, can also read on to multiple objects, and bar code can only read one by one. In addition, store of information is also very big."What is the basic component of RFID?The most basic RFID system consists of three parts:Tag:Tag consists of components and chips, each Tag has only electronic coding, adhere to the object for identifiering target;Reader:read (sometimes also can write) label information equipment,it canbe designed for portable or fixed;Antenna: Transmit radio frequency signals between in the label and reader.The basic principle of RFID technology is what?The basic principle of RFID technology is not complex: Label into the field, Receive radio frequency signals from reader collision, with all the energy stored in a chip of the product information （ passive tag, there is no source label or labels ）,Or actively to send a frequency signals（ active tag and to label or labels ）； to read information and understanding of the decoder after the central information systems to carry out the relevant data processing.What makes retailers so highly RFID?Sanford Bernstein cristiano, according to analysts estimate the retailing company, by adopting the RFID, wal-mart can save $8.35 billion each year, mostly because of the purchase of artificial view does not need to save the cost of labor code. Although some analysts think $8 billion in the digital too optimistic, but undoubtedly, RFID help solve the problem: the two biggest retail commodities and loss (broken by theft and supply chain was unsettled and loss of products),now a wal-mart, stealing a loss is almost 20 billion dollars, if a legitimate business turnover can achieve this number, can in American 1,000 enterprise's list of top first 694. Research organizations estimate, This rfid technology can help to reduce the level of 25% reduction and stock. The typical application of RFID technology is what?Logistics and supply managementManufacturing and assemblyAirline baggage handlingMail/express parcelA document tracking/library managementAnimal identity tagsMovementAccess control/electronic ticketsAutomatic charge. RoadRFID automatic recognition term explanationmicro wave: wavelength of 0.1-100 centimeters or frequency in 1-100GHZ electromagnetic wave.radiation frequency: usually microwave.electronic tags: stored data object code identification tag, also calledrf CARDS.passive tags: without power and internal by receiving microwave energy work.active tags: by internal batteries work labels.microwave antenna: used for launching and receive a signal.read device: Used to read the labels in electronic data.programming device: for electronic data written to the label or labels for thestored data.beam bracketing: refers to the antenna beam range of microwave irradiation range launch power.tag capacity: The label of programming can be written in the number of digits or logical.A - Biz -utomatic identification technology application case frameASN - senior freight noticeBIS - commercial information systemDA - shipment notificationEAN --European articles coding EPCTM - electronic productsONS - objects name resolution servicesPML - entity markup languageUCC - unity coding committeeUML - unified modeling languageSystem composition and working principleThe most basic RFID system consists of three parts:Tag:Tag consists of components and chips, each Tag has only electronic coding, adhere to the object for identifiering target;Reader:read (sometimes also can write) label information equipment,it canbe designed for portable or fixed;Antenna: Transmit radio frequency signals between in the label and reader.Some systems have readers RS232 or RS485 interface with external computer (upper computer system) connection, and exchange data.The system of basic workflow is: reader through the antenna send certain frequencies of rf signals, when the rf card to enter the antenna working area induced current, rf cards gain energy to be activated, rf cards will own coding information through the card built-in transmitting antenna send out, System receiving aerial from rf card from the carrier signal, the antenna of a regulator to the reader, the reader to receive a signal and demodulates and decodes to the system to deal with therelevant ； the main system based on logic, determine the legality of smart cards, in different settings make the appropriate treatment and control signals control and direction of movement. in the coupling between inductors and electromagnetic way (), communication process (FDX, HDX, SEQ)、From rf card to the reader of data transmission of the load method (modulation, reverse scattering, high time harmonics) and frequency, from the contact method transmission a fundamental difference, but all the reader in principle, and the decision of the design structures are very similar. all the reader is a simple matter of high frequency and control unit two basic module. high frequency interface includes both transmitters and receivers, its functions include: to produce high-frequency transmit power to start and provide rf card energy. To launch signal used to send data to rf CARDS, Receive and demodulation of high frequency signals from rf CARDS. Different rfid system with some difference frequency interface design, the system frequency inductive coupling interface diagram shown.Readers of the control unit features include: communicate with the application software, Application software and to execute the order of radio frequencies ；control and communication from the principle of the lord - ()； signal of the decoding. to some specific systems are the collision, the algorithm to rf card reader, and to the transfer of data encryption and decryption, as well as on radio frequencies and the reader's authentication for an additional function.The rfid system is a key and distance of the parameters. At present, the price of long-distance rfid system is very expensive, thus to improve their reading for distance of the method is very important. Influence factors of distance and RF card reader, including antenna working frequency of RF output power, reader's reception sensitivity, RF card power, antenna and the resonant circuit Q value, antenna, RF card reader and the direction of the coupling, and RF card itself of energy and send information energy etc. Most of the system of writing is read and write different, read the distance is about 40% to 80%.Theory analysisRFID technology USES radio-frequency mode in the reader and rf card no contact between the bidirectional data transmission, in order to achieve target recognition and data exchange. And the tradition of code, magnetic and IC card, compared with non-contact, rf card reading speed, wear, not by environmental impact, long life, easy to use and has the characteristics of anti-collision function, can handle more CARDS. Abroad, rfid technology has been widely used in industrial automation, commercial automation, transportation control, etc.RFID基本原理什么是RFID?RFID是Radio Frequency Identification的缩写，即射频识别，俗称电子标签。
射频识别RFID中英文对照外文翻译文献
射频识别RFID中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译Shrouds of TimeThe history of RFIDIntroductionMany things are hidden in the shrouds of time. The task of tracing history and genealogy is arduous and challenging, but, ultimately, rewarding. Our past can open doors to our future. Whether we realize it or not, RFID (radio frequency identification) is an integral part of our life. RFID increases productivity and convenience. RFID is used for hundreds, if not thousands, of applications such as preventing theft of automobiles, collecting tolls without stopping, managing traffic, gaining entrance to buildings, automating parking, controlling access of vehicles to gated communities, corporate campuses and airports, dispensing goods, providing ski lift access, tracking library books, buying hamburgers, and the growing opportunity to track a wealth of assets in supply chain management.One can trace the ancestry of RFID back to the beginning of time. Science and religion agree that in the first few moments of creation there was electromagnetic energy. "And God said, 'Let there be light,' and there was light" (Genesis 1). Before light, everything was formless and empty. Before anything else, there was electromagnetic energy.Scientific thinking summarizes the universe was created in an instant with a Big Bang. Scientists deduce all the four fundamental forces - gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong and weak nuclear forces - were unified. The first form in the universe was electromagnetic energy. During the first fewseconds or so of the universe, protons, neutrons and electrons began formation when photons (the quantum element of electromagnetic energy) collided converting energy into mass. The electromagnetic remnant of the Big Bang survives today as a background microwave hiss.Why is this important, you might wonder? This energy is the source of RFID. It would take more than 14 billion years or so before we came along, discovered how toharness electromagnetic energy in the radio region, and to apply this knowledge to the development of RFID.The Chinese were probably the first to observe and use magnetic fields in the form of lodestones in the first century BC. Scientific understanding progressed very slowly after that until about the 1600s. From the 1600s to 1800s was an explosion of observational knowledge of electricity, magnetism and optics accompanied by a growing base of mathematically related observations. And, one of the early and well known pioneers of electricity in the 18th Century was Benjamin Franklin.The 1800s marked the beginning of the fundamental understanding of electromagnetic energy. Michael Faraday, a noted English experimentalist, proposed in 1846 that both light and radio waves are part of electromagnetic energy. In 1864, James Clerk Maxwell, a Scottish physicist, published his theory on electromagnetic fields and concluded that electric and magnetic energy travel in transverse waves that propagate at a speed equal to that of light. Soon after in 1887, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, German physicist, confirmed Maxwell's electromagnetic theory and produced and studied electromagnetic waves (radio waves), which he showed are long transverse waves that travel at the speed of light and can be reflected, refracted, and polarizedlike light. Hertz is credited as the first to transmit and receive radio waves, and his demonstrations were followed quickly by Aleksandr Popov in Russia.In 1896, Guglielmo Marconi demonstrated the successful transmission of radiotelegraphy across the Atlantic, and the world would never be the same. The radio waves of Hertz, Popov and Marconi were made by spark gap which were suited for telegraphy or dots and dashes.20th CenturyIn 1906, Ernst F. W. Alexanderson demonstrated the first continuous wave (CW) radio generation and transmission of radio signals. This achievement signals the beginning of modern radio communication, where all aspects of radio waves are controlled.In the early 20th century, approximately 1922, was considered the birth of radar. The work in radar during World War II was as significant a technical development as the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, and was critical to the success of the Allies. Radar sends out radio waves for detecting andlocating an object by the reflection of the radio waves. This reflection can determine the position and speed of an object. Radar's significance was quicklyunderstood by the military, so many of the early developments were shrouded in secrecy.Since RFID is the combination of radio broadcast technology and radar, it is not unexpected that the convergence of these two radio disciplines and the thoughts of RFID occurred on the heels of the development of radar.Genesis of an IdeaThere is an old adage that success has many fathers but failure is an orphan. The development of technology is messy. The potential for an infinite number of things is present, yet the broader human choices determine how technology evolves. There's no clear, text book perfect, or logical progression, and often developments ahead of their time are not recognized until later, if ever. So it was with the development of RFID.An early, if not the first, work exploring RFID is the landmark paper by Harry Stockman, "Communication by Means of Reflected Power", Proceedings of the IRE, pp1196-1204, October 1948. Stockman stated then that "Evidently, considerable research and development work has to be done before the remaining basic problems in reflected-power communication are solved, and before the field of useful applications is explored."Thirty years would pass before Harry's vision would begin to reach fruition. Other developments were needed: the transistor, the integrated circuit, the microprocessor, development of communication networks, changes in ways of doing business. No small task. Like many things, timing is everything, and the success of RFID would have to wait a while.A lot has happened in the 53 years since Harry Stockman's work. The 1950s were an era of exploration of RFID techniques following technical developments in radio and radar in the 1930s and 1940s. Several technologies related to RFID were being explored such as the long-range transponder systems of "identification, friend or foe" (IFF) for aircraft. Developments of the 1950s include such works as F. L. Vernon's, "Application of the mic rowave homodyne", and D.B. Harris’, "Radio transmission systems with modulatable passive responder". The wheels of RFID development were turning.The 1960's through the 1980s: RFID Becomes RealityThe 1960s were the prelude to the RFID explosion of the 1970s. R. F. Harrington studied the electromagnetic theory related to RFID in his papers "Field measurements using active scatterers" and "Theory of loaded scatterers" in 1963-1964. Inventorswere busy with RFID related inventions such as Robert Richardson's "Remotely activated radio frequency powered devices" in 1963, Otto Rittenback's "Communication by radar beams" in 1969, J. H. V ogelman's "Passive data transmission techniques utilizing radar beams" in 1968 and J. P. Vinding's "Interrogator-responder identification system" in 1967.Commercial activities were beginning in the 1960s. Sensormatic and Checkpoint were founded in the late 1960s. These companies, with others such as Knogo, developed electronic article surveillance (EAS) equipment to counter theft. These types of systems are often use ‘1-bit’ tags –only the presence or absence of a tag could be detected, but the tags could be made inexpensively and provided effective anti-theft measures. These types of systems used either microwave or inductive technology. EAS is arguably the first and most widespread commercial use of RFID.In the 1970s developers, inventors, companies, academic institutions, and government laboratories were actively working on RFID, and notable advances were being realized at research laboratories and academic institutions such as Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Northwestern University, and the Microwave Institute Foundation in Sweden among others. An early and important development was the Los Alamos work that was presented by Alfred Koelle, Steven Depp and Robert Freyman"Short-range radio-telemetry for electronic identification using modulated backscatter" in 1975.Large companies were also developing RFID technology, such as Raytheon's "Raytag" in 1973. RCA and Fairchild were active in their pursuits with Richard Klensch of RCA developing an "Electronic identification system" in 1975 and F. Sterzer of RCA developing an "Electronic license plate for motor vehicles" in 1977. Thomas Meyers and Ashley Leigh of Fairchild also developed a "Passive encoding microwave transponder" in 1978.The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey were also testing systems built by General Electric, Westinghouse, Philips and Glenayre. Results were favorable, but the first commercially successful transportation application of RFID, electronic toll collection, was not yet ready for prime time.The 1970's were characterized primarily by developmental work. Intended applications were for animal tracking, vehicle tracking, and factory automation. Examples of animal tagging efforts were the microwave systems at Los Alamos and the inductive systems in Europe. Interest in animal tagging was high in Europe. AlfaLaval, Nedap, and others were developing RFID systems.Transportation efforts included work at Los Alamos and by the International Bridge Turnpike and Tunnel Association (IBTTA) and the United States Federal Highway Administration. The latter two sponsored a conference in 1973 which concluded there was no national interest in developing a standard for electronic vehicle identification. This is an important decision since it would permit a variety of systems to develop, which was good, because RFID technology was in its infancy.About this time new companies began to surface, such asIdentronix, a spin-off from the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, and others of the Los Alamos team, myself being one of them, founded Amtech (later acquired by Intermec and recently sold to TransCore) in the 80s. By now, the number of companies, individuals and institutions working on RFID began to multiply. A positive sign. The potential for RFID was becoming obvious.The 1980s became the decade for full implementation of RFID technology, though interests developed somewhat differently in various parts of the world. The greatest interests in the United States were for transportation, personnel access, and to a lesser extent, for animals. In Europe, the greatest interests were for short-range systems for animals, industrial and business applications, though toll roads in Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, and Norway were equipped with RFID.In the Americas, the Association of American Railroads and the Container Handling Cooperative Program were active with RFID initiatives. Tests of RFID for collecting tolls had been going on for many years, and the first commercial application began in Europe in 1987 in Norway and was followed quickly in the United States by the Dallas North Turnpike in 1989. Also during this time, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey began commercial operation of RFID for buses going through the Lincoln Tunnel. RFID was finding a home with electronic toll collection, and new players were arriving daily.The 1990'sThe 1990's were a significant decade for RFID since it saw the wide scale deployment of electronic toll collection in the United States. Important deployments included several innovations in electronic tolling. The world's first open highway electronic tolling system opened in Oklahoma in 1991, where vehicles couldpass toll collection points at highway speeds, unimpeded by a toll plaza or barriers and with video cameras for enforcement. The world's first combined toll collection and trafficmanagement system was installed in the Houston area by the Harris County T oll Road Authority in 1992. Also a first was the system installed on the Kansas turnpike using a system based on the Title 21 standard with readers that could also operate with the tags of their neighbor to the south, Oklahoma. The Georgia 400 would follow, upgrading their equipment with readers that could communicate with the new Title 21 tags as well as the existing tags. In fact, these two installations were the first to implement a multi-protocol capability in electronic toll collection applications.In the Northeastern United States, seven regional toll agencies formed the E-Z Pass Interagency Group (IAG) in 1990 to develop a regionally compatible electronic toll collection system. This system is the model for using a single tag and single billing account per vehicle to access highways of several toll authorities.Interest was also keen for RFID applications in Europe during the 1990s. Both Microwave and inductive technologies were finding use for toll collection, access control and a wide variety of other applications in commerce.A new effort underway was the development of the Texas Instruments (TI) TIRIS system, used in many automobiles for control of the starting of the vehicle engine. The Tiris system (and others such as from Mikron - now a part of Philips) developed new applications for dispensing fuel, gaming chips, ski passes, vehicle access, and many other applications.Additional companies in Europe were becoming active in the RFID race as well with developments including Microdesign, CGA,Alcatel, Bosch and the Philips spin-offs of Combitech, Baumer and Tagmaster. A pan-European standard was needed for tolling applications in Europe, and many of these companies (and others) were at work on the CEN standard for electronic tolling.Tolling and rail applications were also appearing in many countries including Australia, China, Hong Kong, Philippines, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Canada, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, South Korea, South Africa, and Europe.With the success of electronic toll collection, other advancements followed such as the first multiple use of tags across different business segments. Now, a single tag (with dual or single billing accounts) could be used for electronic toll collection, parking lot access and fare collection, gated community access, and campus access. In the Dallas - Ft. Worth metroplex, a world's first was achieved when a single TollTag? on a vehicle could be used to pay tolls on the North Dallas Tollway, for access and parking payment at the Dallas/Ft. Worth International Airport (one of the world'sbusiest airports), the nearby Love Field, and several downtown parking garages, as well as access to gated communities and business campuses.Research and development didn't slow down during the 1990s since new technological developments would expand the functionality of RFID. For the first time, useful microwave Schottky diodes were fabricated on a regular CMOS integrated circuit. This development permitted the construction of microwave RFID tags that contained only a single integrated circuit, a capability previously limited to inductively-coupled RFID transponders. Companies active in this pursuit were IBM (the technology later acquired by Intermec) Micron, and Single ChipSystems (SCS).With the growing interest of RFID into the item management work and the opportunity for RFID to work along side bar code, it becomes difficult in the later part of this decade to count the number of companies who enter the marketplace. Many have come and gone, many are still here, many have merged, and there are many new players ... it seems almost daily!Back to the future: The 21st CenturyExciting times await those of us committed to the pursuit of advancements in RFID. Its impact is lauded regularly in mainstream media, with the use of RFID slated to become even more ubiquitous. The growing interest in telematics and mobile commerce will bring RFID even closer to the consumer. Recently, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated spectrum in the 5.9 GHz band for a vast expansion of intelligent transportation systems with many new applications and services proposed. But, the equipment required to accommodate these new applications and services will necessitate more RFID advancements.As we create our future, and it is bright, let us remember, "Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm" (Ralph Waldo Emerson). We have a great many developments to look forward to, history continues to teach us that.时间护罩RFID的历史介绍许多东西都藏在整流罩的时间,追踪历史和过去的任务是艰巨而富有挑战性的，但是最终都会得到奖励。
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外文文献Current RFID TechnologyThis section describes out of which parts RFID tags consist of, how they work in principle, and what types of tags do exist. It focuses on how tags are powered and what frequency ranges is used. The section concludes by covering a few important standards.RFID transponders (tags) consist in general of: Micro chip, Antenna, Case, Battery (for active tags only)The size of the chip depends mostly on the Antenna. Its size and form is dependent on the frequency the tag is using. The size of a tag also depends on its area of use. It can range from less than a millimeter for implants to the size of a book in container logistic. In addition to the micro chip, some tags also have rewritable memory attached where the tag can store updates between reading cycles or new data like serial numbers.A RFID tag is shown in figure 1. The antenna is clearly visible. As said before the antenna has the largest impact of the size of the tag. The microchip is visible in the center of the tag, and since this is a passive tag it does not have an internal power sourceIn principle an RFID tag works as follows: the reading unit generates an electro-magnetic field which induces a current into the tag's antenna. The current is used to power the chip. In passive tags the current also charges a condenser which assures uninterrupted power for the chip. In active tags a battery replaces the condenser. The difference between active and passive tags is explained shortly. Once activated the tag receives commands from the reading unit and replies by sending its serial number or the requested information. In general the tag does not have enough energy to create its own electro-magnetic field, instead it uses back scattering to modulate (reflect/absorb) the field sent by the reading unit. Because most fluids absorb electro-magnetic fields and most metal reflect those fields the reading of tagsin presence of those materials is complicated.During a reading cycle, the reader has to continuously power the tag. The created field is called continuous wave, and because the strength of the field decreases with the square of the distance the readers have to use a rather large power. That field overpowers any response a tag could give, so therefore tags reply on side-channels which are located directly below and above the frequency of the continuous wave. 1. Energy SourcesWe distinguish 3 types of RFID tags in relation to power or energy: Passive, Semi-passive, Active Passive tags do not have an internal power source, and they therefore rely on the power induced by the reader. This means that the reader has to keep up its field until the transaction is completed. Because of the lack of a battery, these tags are the smallest and cheapest tags available; however it also restricts its reading range to a range between 2mm and a few meters. As an added benefit those tags are also suitable to be produced by printing. Furthermore their lifespan is unlimited since they do not depend on an internal power source.The second type of tags is semi-passive tags. Those tags have an internal power source that keeps the micro chip powered at all times. There are many advantages: Because the chip is always powered it can respond faster tore quests, therefore increasing the number of tags that can be queried per second which is important to some applications. Furthermore, since the antenna is not required for collecting power it can be optimized for back scattering and therefore increasing the reading range. And last but not least, since the tag does not use any energy from the field the back scattered signal is stronger, increasing the range even further. Because of the last two reasons, a semi-active tag has usually a range larger than a passive tag.The third type of tags is active tags. Like semi-active tags they contain an internal power source but they use the energy supplied for both, to power the micro chip and to generate a signal on the antenna. Active tags that send signals without being queried are called beacons. An active tag's range can be tens of meters, making it ideal for locating objects or serving as landmark points. The lifetime is up to 5 years.2. Frequency BandsRFID tags fall into three regions in respect to frequency: Low frequency (LF, 30- 500kHz), High frequency (HF.10-15MHz), Ultra high frequency (UHF, 850- 950MHz, 2.4-2.5GHz, 5.8GHz)Low frequency tags are cheaper than any of the higher frequency tags. They are fast enough for most applications, however for larger amounts of data the time a tag has to stay in a readers range will increase. Another advantage is that low frequency tags are least affected by the presence of fluids or metal. The disadvantage of such tags is their short reading range. The most common frequencies used for low frequency tags are 125-134.2 kHz and 140-148.5 kHz.High frequency tags have higher transmission rates and ranges but also cost more than LF tags. Smart tags are the most common member of this group and they work at 13.56MHz. UHF tags have the highest range of all tags. It ranges from 3-6 meters for passive tags and 30+ meters for active tags. In addition the transmission rate is also very high, which allows to read a single tag in a very short time. This feature is important where tagged entities are moving with a high speed and remain only for a short time in a readers range. UHF tags are also more expensive than any other tag and are severely affected by fluids and metal. Those properties make UHF mostly useful in automated toll collection systems. Typical frequencies are 868MHz (Europe), 915MHz (USA), 950MHz (Japan), and 2.45GHz.Frequencies for LF and HF tags are license exempt and can be used worldwide; however frequencies for UHF tags differ from country to country and require a permit.3. StandardsThe wide range of possible applications requires many different types of tags, often with conflicting goals (e.g. low cost vs. security). That is reflected in the number of standards. A short list of RFID standards follows: ISO11784, ISO11785, ISO14223, ISO10536, ISO14443, ISO15693, ISO18000. Note that this list is not exhaustive. Since the RFID technology is not directly Internet related it is not surprising that there are no RFCs available. There cent hype around RFID technology has resulted in an explosion in patents. Currently there are over 1800 RFID related patents issued (from1976 to 2001) and over 5700 patents describing RFID systems or applications are backlogged.4. RFID SystemsA RFID reader and a few tags are in general of little use. The retrieval of a serial number does not provide much information to the user nor does it help to keep track of items in a production chain. The real power of RFID comes in combination with a backend that stores additional information such as descriptions for products and where and when a certain tag was scanned. In general a RFID system has a structure as depicted in figure 2. RFID readers scan tags, and then forward the information to the backend. The backend in general consists of a database and a well defined application interface. When the backend receives new information, it adds it to the database and if needed performs some computation on related fields. The application retrieves data from the backend. In many cases, the application is collocated with the reader itself. An example is the checkout point in a supermarket (Note that the given example uses barcodes instead of RFID tags since they are more common; however, the system would behave in exactly the same way if tags were used). When the reader scans the barcode, the application uses the derived identifier to look up the current price. In addition, the backend also provides discount information for qualifying products. The backend also decreases the number of available products of that kind and notifies the manager if the amount falls below a certain threshold.This section describes how RFID tags work in general, what types of tags exist and how they differ. The three frequency ranges that RFID tags typically use are LF, HF, and UHF. Also the difference between passive, semi-passive, and active tags was explained and their advantages and disadvantages were compared. The section concluded by looking at different standards and showed the great interest of the industry by counting the number of issued and backlogged patents [US Patent Office].翻译：当前的RFID技术该节描述的是RFID标签由哪些部分组成、工作原理和确实存在的标签类型，关注标签的供电方式和使用频率范围。