平狄克第七版微观经济学课后习题答案(中文)
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)习题详解(第3章 消费者行为)
平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）第2篇生产者、消费者以及竞争性市场第3章消费者行为课后复习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
1．个人偏好的四个基本假定是什么？解释各个假定的含义或者意义。
答：个人偏好的四个基本假定及其含义分别为：（1）完备性：偏好是完备的，也就是说，消费者可以在所有可能的市场篮子中进行比较和排序。
例如，对于任何两个市场篮子A和B，消费者要么偏好其中的A，要么偏好其中的B，要么觉得两者无差异。
其中，无差异是指消费者从两个篮子中获得相同的满足程度。
（2）可传递性：偏好是可以传递的。
这意味着，如果消费者在市场篮子A和B中更偏好A，在B和C中更偏好B，那么消费者在A和C中更偏好A。
这一假定保证了消费者的种种偏好是一致的，因而也是理性的。
（3）越多越好：商品被假定为是令人愉悦的，也就是好的。
消费者总是偏好多的任何一种商品，而不是少的。
另外，消费者是永不满足的，商品多多益善。
（4）边际替代率递减：消费者的无差异曲线是凸的，即沿着无差异曲线，边际替代率是递减的。
这意味着，随着一种商品消费量的日益增加，消费者为了获得额外一单位这种商品所愿意放弃的第二种商品数量越来越少。
消费者通常偏好一个平衡的市场篮子，而不是只有一种商品、没有其他商品的市场篮子。
2．一组无差异曲线能向上倾斜吗？如果是这样，你怎么看待这两种商品呢？图3-1 向上倾斜的无差异曲线答：一组无差异曲线可以向上倾斜。
在偏好理论中一个重要的假定是消费者总是偏好任何一种商品中的多，而不是少。
因此，如果减少消费者手中某种商品的数量（保持另一种商品数量不变），那么他们的满意度将降低，因此对应的无差异曲线都是斜率为负，向下倾斜的。
平狄克《微观经济学》第七版·课后习题答案中文word资料68页
第一章复习题1．市场是通过相互作用决定一种或一系列产品价格的买卖双方的集合，因此可以把市场看作决定价格的场所。
行业是出售相同的或紧密相关的产品的厂商的集合，一个市场可以包括许多行业。
2．评价一个理论有两个步骤：首先，需要检验这个理论假设的合理性；第二，把该理论的预测和事实相比较以此来验证它。
如果一个理论无法被检验的话，它将不会被接受。
因此，它对我们理解现实情况没有任何帮助。
3．实证分析解释“是什么”的问题，而规范分析解释的是“应该是什么”的问题。
对供给的限制将改变市场的均衡。
A中包括两种分析，批评这是一种“失败的政策”——是规范分析，批评其破坏了市场的竞争性——是实证分析。
B向我们说明在燃油的配给制下总社会福利的被损坏——是实证分析。
4．由于两个市场在空间上是分离的，商品在两地间的运输是套利实现的条件。
如果运输成本为零，则可以在Oklahoma购买汽油，到New Jersey出售，赚取差价；如果这个差价无法弥补运输成本则不存在套利机会。
5．商品和服务的数量与价格由供求关系决定。
鸡蛋的实际价格从1970年至1985年的下降，一方面是由于人们健康意识的提高而导致鸡蛋需求的减少，同时也因为生产成本的降低。
在这两种因素下，鸡蛋的价格下降了。
大学教育的实际价格的升高，是由于越来越多的人倾向于获得大学教育而导致需求提高，同时教育的成本也在升高。
在这两方面因素作用下，大学教育费用提高了。
6．日圆相对美圆来说，价值升高，升值前相比，兑换同样数量的日圆需要付出更多的美圆。
由汇率的变化引起购买力的变化，在日本市场出售的美国汽车，由于美圆贬值日圆升值，持有日圆的消费者将较以前支付较底的价格；而在美国市场出售的日本汽车，由于日圆升值美圆贬值，持有美圆的消费者将面对较以前提高的价格。
第二章复习题1.假设供给曲线固定，炎热天气通常会引起需求曲线右移，在当前价格上造成短期需求过剩。
消费者为获得冰激凌，愿意为每一单位冰激凌出价更高。
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)课后习题详解 第8章~第9章【圣才出品】
第8章利润最大化和竞争性供给8.1课后复习题详解1．为什么一个发生亏损的厂商选择继续进行生产而不是关闭？答：一个发生亏损的厂商选择继续进行生产而不是关闭的原因在于：此时的价格仍然大于平均可变成本，但小于平均成本。
具体来讲：（1）厂商发生亏损是指总收益TR小于总成本TC，此时，如果总收益TR仍然大于可变成本VC，厂商继续生产将会弥补VC，并且可以弥补一部分的固定成本FC，弥补量是 ，从而使损失最小化，因此在短期内，厂商不会关闭而是继续生产。
TR VC（2）停止营业点是指一个已经投入生产的企业，在生产中总有这样一点，当根据利润最大化原则确定的产量大于这一点所代表的产量时，仍可以继续生产，小于这一点所代表的产量时，就只好关闭。
一个已经投入生产的企业是否必须关闭的条件不在于它是否盈利，而在于它关闭后的亏损与生产时的亏损哪种情况更大。
如果关闭后的亏损比生产时的亏损更大，则应继续生产；如果生产时的亏损比关闭后的亏损更大，则必须关闭。
实际上关闭后也是有亏损的，其亏损就是固定成本。
因此，是否关闭就视生产时的亏损是否大于固定成本而定，若不大于，就可继续生产，若大于，就必须停止营业。
企业的停止营业点可用图8-1说明：图中N点即平均可变成本最低点就是企业停止营业点。
图8-1停止营业点（3）当市场决定的价格为P时，均衡产量为2Y，恰好等于N点所表示的产量。
这时，2总亏损为面积BFJN，即等于总固定成本。
此时，厂商的平均收益AR等于平均可变成本AVC，厂商可以继续生产，也可以不生产，也就是说，厂商生产或不生产的结果都是一样的。
这是因为，如果厂商生产的话，则全部收益只能弥补全部的可变成本，不变成本得不到任何弥补。
如果厂商不生产的话，厂商虽然不必支付可变成本，但是全部不变成本仍然存在。
由于在这一均衡点上，厂商处于关闭企业的临界点，所以，该均衡点也被称作停止营业点或关闭点。
2．解释为什么行业长期供给曲线不是行业长期边际成本曲线。
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)习题详解(第章 供给和需求的基本原理)
平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）第2章供给和需求的基本原理课后复习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
1．假定异常炎热的天气会使冰淇淋的需求曲线向右移动，解释为什么冰淇淋价格会上升到一个新的市场出清水平。
答：如图2-3所示，假设短期内供给完全无弹性，则供给曲线是垂直的。
供给曲线S与初始的需求曲线D相交，确定均衡价格为1P，均衡数量为1Q。
异常炎热的天气会使冰淇淋1的需求曲线向右移动，在当前价格P上造成短期需求过剩，消费者为获得冰淇淋，愿意为1每一单位冰淇淋出价更高。
在需求压力下，冰淇淋价格将上升，直到供给与需求达到均衡。
图2-3 冰淇淋的供求分析2．请运用供给曲线和需求曲线来说明以下各事件会怎样影响黄油的价格、销售量及购买量：（1）人造黄油价格上升；（2）牛奶价格上升；（3）平均收入水平下降。
答：（1）人造黄油和黄油是一对替代品。
人造黄油价格上升将导致黄油消费量的上升，因此黄油的需求曲线将从1D 向右移动至2D ，均衡价格将从1P 上升至2P ，均衡数量将从1Q 增加至2Q ，如图2-4所示。
图2-4 人造黄油价格上升的影响（2）牛奶是黄油的主要原料。
牛奶价格上升将增加黄油制造成本。
黄油的供给曲线将从1S 向左移动至2S ，在更高的价格2P 实现均衡，同时供给量减少到2Q ，如图2-5所示。
图2-5 牛奶价格上升的影响（3）假设黄油是正常商品。
平均收入水平下降将导致需求曲线从1D 向左移动至2D ，结果价格降至2P ，需求量也下降至2Q ，如图2-6所示。
图2-6 平均收入下降的影响3．如果玉米片价格上升3%而使其需求量下降6%，那么玉米片的需求价格弹性是多少？ 解：需求价格弹性指某种商品需求量变化的百分率与价格变化的百分率之比，它用来测度商品需求量变动对于商品自身价格变动反应的敏感性程度。
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)习题详解(第5章-不确定性与消费者行为)
平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）第5章不确定性与消费者行为课后复习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
1．如果一个人是风险规避者，这意味着什么？为什么有些人规避风险，而有些人又爱好风险？答：（1）风险规避者指的是那些在进行风险投资时愿意得到与期望报酬等同的确定报酬的人。
如果一个人是风险规避者，这意味着这个人的收入的边际效用是递减的，在期望收入相同的情况下，他更愿意选择确定的收入。
与之不同的是，风险偏好者的收入的边际效用是递增的，在期望收入相同的情况下，他更愿意选择不确定的收入。
（2）一个人是风险规避型的还是风险偏好型的，取决于他的财富的个人效用函数的斜率，还取决于风险的性质以及他的收入情况。
持有财富越多的人越偏好风险；收入越多的人越厌恶风险；与大额赌注相比，人们对于小额赌注的风险态度更多表现为风险偏好的。
一般而言，风险规避者希望结果出现较小的变化。
2．在对可变性的度量中，为什么方差比取值范围更科学？答：（1）消费者和投资者关心不确定结果的期望值与波动性。
期望值是对不确定事件的所有可能性结果的一个加权平均，而权数正是每种结果发生的概率。
波动性通常用方差来度量，方差是各种可能性结果与期望值的差的平方的加权平均值。
（2）取值范围指在最高的可能收入和最低的可能收入之间的一系列数值，它忽略了最大值与最小值之外的其他取值，以及每一种收入出现的可能性。
取值范围并不能描述高收入和低收入的概率分布情况。
方差则以每一个收入的概率为权数对收入与平均收入差进行加权平均，因此在对可变性的测量中比取值范围更有效。
平狄克微观经济学（第7版）习题详解（第13章博弈论和竞争策略）
平狄克微观经济学（第7版）习题详解（第13章博弈论和竞争策略）平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）第13章博弈论和竞争策略课后复习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
1．合作博弈和非合作博弈之间的区别是什么？各给出一个例子。
答：（1）合作博弈与非合作博弈的区别①博弈按照参与人之间能否达成协议分为合作博弈与非合作博弈。
能达成协议的称为合作博弈，合作博弈强调团队理性；不能达成协议的称为非合作博弈，非合作博弈更注重个人理性。
②合作博弈和非合作博弈之间的主要差别是一份有约束力的合同，即在合作博弈中，参与人可以谈定能使他们设计共同策略的有约束力的合同，但在非合作博弈中是不可能的。
（2）合作博弈的一个例子是关于一个行业中的两个厂商谈判一项开发一种新技术的联合投资（假设其中任何一个厂商都没有能独自成功的足够知识）。
如果两个厂商能够签订一份分配联合投资利润的有约束力的合同，则使双方都获益的合作的结果就是可能的。
非合作博弈的一个例子就是两竞争的厂商相互考虑到对方的可能的行为，并独立确定价格或广告策略以夺取市场份额的情况。
2．什么是占优策略？为什么一个占优策略均衡是稳定的？答：占优策略指不管其对手采取什么策略，该竞争者采取的策略都是最优策略。
占优策略均衡是指博弈方都采用占优策略所达到的均衡。
占优策略均衡是一种纳什均衡。
纳什均衡指每一个竞争者都确信，在给定竞争对手策略决定的情况下，他选择了最好的策略。
占优策略均衡稳定的原因是参与者在均衡时都没有激励去改变各自的策略。
3．解释纳什均衡的含义。
它与占优策略均衡有何不同？答：（1）纳什均衡的含义纳什均衡指这样一种策略集，在这一策略集中，每一个博弈者都确信，在给定竞争对手策略决定的情况下，他选择了最好的策略。
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)习题详解(第8章 利润最大化和竞争性供给)
平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）第8章 利润最大化和竞争性供给课后复习题详解 跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
1．为什么一个发生亏损的厂商选择继续进行生产而不是关闭？答：一个发生亏损的厂商选择继续进行生产而不是关闭的原因在于：此时的价格仍然大于平均可变成本，但小于平均成本。
具体来讲：（1）厂商发生亏损是指总收益TR 小于总成本TC ，此时，如果总收益TR 仍然大于可变成本VC ，厂商继续生产将会弥补VC ，并且可以弥补一部分的固定成本FC ，弥补量是TR VC ，从而使损失最小化，因此在短期内，厂商不会关闭而是继续生产。
（2）停止营业点是指一个已经投入生产的企业，在生产中总有这样一点，当根据利润最大化原则确定的产量大于这一点所代表的产量时，仍可以继续生产，小于这一点所代表的产量时，就只好关闭。
一个已经投入生产的企业是否必须关闭的条件不在于它是否盈利，而在于它关闭后的亏损与生产时的亏损哪种情况更大。
如果关闭后的亏损比生产时的亏损更大，则应继续生产；如果生产时的亏损比关闭后的亏损更大，则必须关闭。
实际上关闭后也是有亏损的，其亏损就是固定成本。
因此，是否关闭就视生产时的亏损是否大于固定成本而定，若不大于，就可继续生产，若大于，就必须停止营业。
企业的停止营业点可用图8-4说明：图中N 点即平均可变成本最低点就是企业停止营业点。
图8-4 停止营业点（3）当市场决定的价格为2P 时，均衡产量为2Y ，恰好等于N 点所表示的产量。
这时，总亏损为面积BFJN ，即等于总固定成本。
此时，厂商的平均收益AR 等于平均可变成本AVC ，厂商可以继续生产，也可以不生产，也就是说，厂商生产或不生产的结果都是一样的。
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)习题详解(第4章附录-需求理论——一种数学的处理方法)
平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）第4章附录需求理论——一种数学的处理方法课后练习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
1．下面的效用函数中哪些符合凸的无差异曲线，哪些并不符合？（1）()25=+，；U X Y X Y（2）()()0.5，；=U X Y XY（3）()()=，式中Min是X和Y两个数值中的最小值。
U X Y X Y,Min,答：（2）中效用函数符合凸的无差异曲线，（1）和（3）中的都不符合。
三者的无差异曲线分别如图4-1（1）、4-1（2）和4-1（3）所示。
图4-1（1）效用函数（1）的无差异曲线图4-1（2）效用函数（2）的无差异曲线图4-1（3） 效用函数（3）的无差异曲线2．证明下面的两个效用函数导出的商品X 和Y 的需求函数是相同的。
（1）()()()log log U X Y X Y =+，； （2）()()0.5U X Y XY =，。
证明：用X P 和X 分别表示商品X 的价格和数量，Y P 和Y 分别表示商品Y 的价格和数量，用I 表示收入。
（1）效用函数为：()()()log log U X Y X Y =+，。
预算约束方程为：X Y P X P Y I +=。
对应的拉格朗日函数为：()()()()log log X Y L X Y X Y P X P Y I λλ=+-+-，，就X Y ，和λ求()L X Y λ，，的微分，使偏导数等于零，即可得到效用最大化条件：10100X Y X Y LX P X LY P Y LI P X P Y λλλ∂=-=∂∂=-=∂∂=--=∂ 通过解上面三个方程，可以得到需求函数：22XYI X P I Y P ==（2）预算约束方程为：X Y P X P Y I +=。
平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）课后习题详解第4章个人需求和市场需求【圣才出品】
平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）课后习题详解第4章个⼈需求和市场需求【圣才出品】第4章个⼈需求和市场需求4.1课后复习题详解1．说明下⾯各项中每⼀对之间的区别：（1）价格—消费曲线与需求曲线；（2）个⼈需求曲线与市场需求曲线；（3）恩格尔曲线与需求曲线；（4）收⼊效应与替代效应。
答：（1）价格—消费曲线与需求曲线的区别表现为：①价格—消费曲线是指在⼀种商品的价格⽔平和消费者收⼊⽔平不变时，另⼀种商品价格变动所对应的两种商品最佳购买组合点组成的轨迹。
需求曲线是指在保持收⼊和其他条件不变的情况下，⼀种商品的价格变动所对应的消费数量变动的轨迹。
②从图像上看，价格—消费曲线的横轴和纵轴都是商品数量；⽽需求曲线的横轴是商品数量，纵轴是价格。
（2）个⼈需求曲线是表明某⼀个消费者的消费需求数量与商品价格的函数关系的曲线；市场需求曲线是表明整个消费群体的消费需求数量与商品价格的函数关系的曲线。
通过将个⼈需求曲线进⾏⽔平加总可以得出市场需求曲线。
两者的主要区别在于它们所表⽰的需求量的主体不同，个⼈需求曲线的主体是某⼀个消费者，市场需求曲线的主体是整个消费群体。
另外，两条曲线的需求价格弹性不同。
（3）需求曲线是在保持收⼊和其他条件不变的情况下，表明在各种可能的价格下某⼀商品的需求数量的⼀条曲线。
⽽恩格尔曲线是在保持价格和其他条件不变的情况下，将⼀种商品的消费量与收⼊联系起来的⼀条曲线。
（4）替代效应衡量了当效⽤⽔平保持不变时，由于商品价格变动引起商品相对价格变动⽽导致的对该商品消费数量的变化。
收⼊效应衡量了当商品相对价格保持不变时，由于购买⼒的变化（由⼀种商品的价格变化所引起）⽽导致的对⼀种商品消费量的变化。
2．假定某⼈打算在⾷物和⾐服这两种商品上花费他（或她）的全部预算。
两种商品是否可能都为劣质商品？请说明原因。
答：如果消费者不储蓄，且消费者的偏好满⾜“越多越好”的假定，则两种商品不可能均为劣质品。
其原因为：如果某⼈仅消费⾷物和⾐服，假定此⼈没有储蓄，则任何增加的收⼊将要么花费在⾷物上，要么花费在⾐服上。
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)习题详解(第16章 一般均衡与经济效率)
平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）第4篇 信息、市场失灵以及政府的角色第16章 一般均衡与经济效率课后复习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
1．为什么反馈效应能使一般均衡分析与局部均衡分析发生很大的差异？答：（1）局部均衡分析主要研究的是一个市场上供给和需求的相互影响，它忽略了其他市场如替代品、互补品、要素投入市场对单一产品市场的供给和需求的影响。
一般均衡分析则是考虑反馈效应，同时决定所有市场的价格和数量。
反馈效应是指某一个市场的价格和数量调整所导致的相关市场的价格或数量调整。
（2）忽略反馈效应可能导致对单一市场上的变动的预测不准确。
需求在单一市场上的移动可能导致其他相关市场上的需求移动，最终又导致原市场上需求的再次移动。
局部均衡分析停留在初始移动，而一般均衡分析则根据反馈效应继续分析相关市场的需求变动情况，并最终反馈到原市场，对初始的需求曲线发生影响。
由此可知，反馈效应能使得一般均衡分析与局部分析发生很大的差异。
（3）考察录像带租赁和影剧院门票这两个竞争市场。
这两个市场有紧密的联系，现在假定政府对购买每一张电影票征收1美元的税。
这一税收的局部均衡效应就是使对电影的需求曲线向上提高1美元。
因为电影和录像是替代品，一般均衡分析则认为电影税会提高录像的需求，录像市场受到影响后，又通过反馈效应进一步影响电影票价格，结果必然同时决定电影和录像两者的均衡价格和均衡数量，与局部均衡分析的结果存在很大差异。
2．解释埃奇沃思盒形图中的一点是如何同时代表两个消费者所拥有的商品配置的。
答：假定两种产品分别为X 和Y ，其既定数量为X '和Y '，两个消费者分别为A 和B ，如图16-6所示的埃奇沃思盒形图，盒子的水平长度表示整个经济中的第一种产品X 的消费量X '，盒子的垂直长度表示第二种产品Y 的数量Y '，A O 表示第一个消费者A 的原点，B O 表示第二个消费者B 的原点，从A O 水平向右测量消费者A 对第一种商品X 的消费量A X ，垂直向上测量它对第二种商品Y 的消费量A Y ；从B O 水平向左测量消费者B 对第一种商品X 的消费量B X ，垂直向下测量消费者B 对第二种商品Y 的消费量B Y 。
平狄克《微观经济学》课后答案 3-4
CHAPTER 3CONSUMER BEHAVIORChapter 3 builds the foundation to derive the demand curve in Chapter 4. In order to understand demand theory, students must have a firm grasp of indifference curves, the marginal rate of substitution, the budget line, and optimal consumer choice. Utility theory may be discussed independently from consumer choice. Many students find utility functions to be a more abstract concept than preference relationships. However, if you plan to discuss uncertainty in Chapter 5, you will need to cover marginal utility. Even if you cover utility theory only briefly, make sure students are comfortable with the term utility because it appears frequently in Chapter 4.When introducing indifference curves, stress that physical quantities are represented on the two axes. After discussing supply and demand, students may think that price should be on the vertical axis. To develop indifference curves, start with any point in the Cartesian plane and ask for points that are more (and less) preferred. This will divide the plane into four quadrants. Then ask between which points they will be indifferent. Once students grasp the concept of preference points, introduce the notion of a “preference hill.” Using the example of a topographical map or a well-drawn three dimensional figure, point out that a three-dimensional figure is being collapsed into two dimensions.The marginal rate of substitution, MRS , is confusing to students. Some confuse the MRS with the ratio of the two quantities. If this is the case, point out that the slope is equal to the ratio of the rise, ∆Y, and the run, ∆X . This ratio is equal to the ratio of the intercepts of a line just tangent to the indifference curve. As we move along a convex indifference curve, these intercepts and the MRS change. Another problem is the terminology “of X for Y .” This is confusing because we are not substituting “X for Y ,” but Y for one unit of X . Exercise (6) discusses this point, but you may want to offer other exercises to stress it.1. What does transitivity of preferences mean?Transitivity of preferences implies that if someone prefers A to B and prefers B to C , then he orshe prefers A to C .satisfaction. This trading continues until the highest level of satisfaction is achieved.6. Explain why consumers are likely to be worse off when a product that they consume is rationed.If the maximum quantity of a good is fixed by decree and desired quantities are not available forpurchase, then there is no guarantee that the highest level of satisfaction can be achieved. Theconsumer will not be able to give up the consumption of other goods in order to obtain more of therationed good. Only if the amount rationed is greater than the desired level of consumption canthe consumer still maximize satisfaction without constraint. (Note: rationing may imply ahigher level of social welfare because of equity or fairness considerations across consumers.)7. Upon merging with West Germany’s economy, East German consumers indicated a preference for Mercedes-Benz automobiles over Volkswagen automobiles. However, when they converted their savings into deutsche marks, they flocked to Volkswagen dealerships. How can you explain this apparent paradox?Three assumptions are required to address this question: 1) that a Mercedes costs more than aVolkswagen; 2) that the East German consumers’ utility function comprises two goods,automobiles and all other goods evaluated in deutsche marks; and 3) that East Germans haveincomes. Based on these assumptions, we can surmise that while once-East German consumersmay prefer a Mercedes to a Volkswagen, they either cannot afford a Mercedes or they prefer abundle of other goods plus a Volkswagen to a Mercedes alone.8. Describe the equal marginal principle. Explain why this principle may not hold if increasing marginal utility is associated with the consumption of one or both goods.The equal marginal principle states that the ratio of the marginal utility to price must be equalacross all goods to obtain maximum satisfaction. This explanation follows from the same logicexamined in Review Question 5. Utility maximization is achieved when the budget is allocatedso that the marginal utility per dollar of expenditure is the same for each good.If marginal utility is increasing, the consumer maximizes satisfaction by consuming ever largeramounts of the good. Thus, the consumer would spend all income on one good, assuming aconstant price, resulting in a corner solution. With a corner solution, the equal marginalprinciple cannot hold.9. What is the difference between ordinal utility and cardinal utility? Explain why the assumption of cardinal utility is not needed in order to rank consumer choices.Ordinal utility implies an ordering among alternatives without regard for intensity of preference.For example, the consumer’s first choice is preferred to their second choice. Cardinal utilityimplies that the intensity of preferences may be quantified. An ordinal ranking is all that isneeded to rank consumer choices. It is not necessary to know how intensely a consumer prefersbasket A over basket B; it is enough to know that A is preferred to B.10. The price of computers has fallen substantially over the past two decades. Use this drop in price to explain why the Consumer Price Index is likely to substantially understate the cost-of-living index for individuals who use computers intensively.The consumer price index measures the changes in the weighted average of the prices of thebundle of goods purchased by consumers. The weights equal the share of consumer's expenditureson all of the goods in the bundle. A base year is chosen, and the weights for that year are used tocompute the CPI in that and subsequent years. When the price of a good falls substantially then aconsumer will substitute towards that good, altering the share of that consumer's income spent oneach good. By using the base year's weights the CPI does not take into account that large pricechanges alter these expenditure shares, and so gives an inaccurate measure of changes in the costof living.For example, assume Fred spends 10% of his income on computers in 1970, and that Fred'sexpenditure shares in 1970 were used as the weights to calculate Fred's CPI in subsequent years.If Fred's demand for computers was inelastic, then reductions in the price of computers (relativeto other goods) would reduce the share of his income spent on computers. After 1970 a CPI thatused Fred's 1970 expenditure shares as weights would give a 10% weight to the falling price ofcomputers, even though Fred spent less that 10% of his income on computers. So long as theprices of other goods rose, or fell less than 10%, then the CPI gives too little weight to the changesin the prices of other goods, and understates the changes in Fred's cost of living.1. In this chapter, consumer preferences for various commodities did not change during the analysis. Yet in some situations, preferences do change as consumption occurs. Discuss why and how preferences might change over time with consumption of these two commodities:a. cigarettesThe assumption that preferences do not change is a reasonable one if choices are independentacross time. It does not hold, however, when “habit-forming” or addictive behavior is involved, asin the case of cigarettes: the consumption of cigarettes in one period influences their consumptionin the next period.b. dinner for the first time at a restaurant with a special cuisineWhile there may not be anything physically addictive in dining at new and different restaurants, one can become better informed about a particular restaurant. One may enjoy choosing more new and different restaurants, or one may be tired of choosing another new and different place to4.a.c. tothis graphically?, the quantity of butter by B, the Let Bill’s income be represented by Y, the price of butter by PB, and the quantity of margarine by M. Then the general form of the price of margarine by PMbudget constraint is:5.the their a.c. If both Smith and Jones pay the same prices for their refreshments, will their marginal rates ofsubstitution of alcoholic for nonalcoholic drinks be the same or different? Explain.In order to maximize utility, the consumer must consume quantities such that the MRS betweenany two commodities is equal to the ratio of prices. If Smith and Jones are rational consumers,their MRS must be equal because they face the same market prices. But because they havedifferent preferences, they will consume different amounts of the two goods, alcoholic andnonalcoholic. At those different levels, however, their MRS are equal.6. Anne is a frequent flyer whose fares are reduced (through coupon giveaways) by 25 percent after she flies 25,000 miles a year, and then by 50 percent after she flies 50,000 miles. Can you graph the budget line that Anne faces in making her flight plans for the year?In Figure 3.6, we plot miles flown, M , against all other goods, G , in dollars. The budgetconstraint is:Y = P M M + P G G , or.⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=G M G P P M P Y G The slope of the budget line is -P P M G. In this case, the price of miles flown changes as the number of miles flown changes, so the budget curve is kinked at 25,000 and at 50,000 miles. Suppose P M is $1 per mile for less than or equal to 25,000 miles. Then P M = $0.75 for 25,000 < M ≥ 50,000 and P M = $0.50 for M > 50,000. Also, let P G = $1.00. Then the slope of the budget line from A to B is -1, the slope of the budget line from B to C is -0.75, and the slope of the budget line from B to D is -0.5.8. Suppose that Samantha and Jason both spend $24 per week on video and movie entertainment.U = 12 U = 24Food Clothing Food Clothing 1.0 12.0 1.0 24.01.5 8.02.0 12.02.0 6.03.0 8.012 = 1F + 3C , or ⎪⎪⎭⎝-=34.See Figure 3.10.a.c. What is the utility-maximizing choice of food and clothing? (Hint: Solve the problemgraphically.)The highest level of satisfaction occurs where the budget line is tangent to the highestindifference curve. In Figure 3.10.a this is at the point F = 6 and C = 2. To check this answer,note that it exhausts Jane’s income, 12 = 6P F + 2P C . Also, this bundle yields a satisfaction of 12,as (6)(2) = 12. See Figure 3.10.a.d. What is the marginal rate of substitution of food for clothing when utility is maximized?At the utility-maximizing level of consumption, the slope of the indifference curve is equal to theslope of the budget constraint. Since the MRS is equal to the negative slope of the indifferencecurve, the MRS in this problem is equal to one-third. Thus, Jane would be willing to give upone-third of a unit of clothing for one unit of food.e. Suppose that Jane buys 3 units of food and 3 units of clothing with her $12 budget. Would hermarginal rate of substitution of food for clothing be greater or less than 1/3? Explain.If Jane buys 3 units of food for $1.00 per unit and 3 units of clothing for $3.00 per unit, she wouldspend all her income. However, she would obtain a level of satisfaction of only 9, whichrepresents a sub-optimal choice. At this point, the MRS is greater than one-third, and thus, atthe prices she faces, she would welcome the opportunity to give up clothing to get more food. Sheis willing to trade clothing for food until her MRS is equal to the ratio of prices. See Figure3.10.c.Figure 3.10.c11. The utility that Meredith receives by consuming food F and clothing C is given by u(F,C) = FC. Suppose that Meredith’s income in 1990 is $1,200 and the prices of food and clothing are $1 per unit for each. However, by 1995 the price of food has increased to $2 and the price of clothing to $3. Let 100 represent the cost of living index for 1990. Calculate the ideal and the Laspeyres cost-of-living index for Meredith for 1995. (Hint: Meredith will spend equal amounts on food and clothing with these preferences.)Laspeyres IndexThe Laspeyres index represents how much more Meredith would have to spend in 1995 versus 1990 ifshe consumed the same amounts of food and clothing in 1995 as she did in 1990. That is, the Laspeyresindex for 1995 (L) is given by:L = 100 (Y ')/Ywhere Y’ represents the amount Meredith would spend at 1995 prices consuming the same amount offood and clothing as in 1990: Y ' = P 'F F + P 'C C = 2F + 3C, where F and C represent the amounts of foodand clothing consumed in 1990.We thus need to calculate F and C, which make up the bundle of food and clothing which maximizesMeredith’s utility given 1990 prices and her income in 1990. Use the hint to simplify the problem:Since she spends equal amounts on both goods, P F F = P C C. Or, you can derive this same equationmathematically: With this utility function, MU C = ∆U/∆C = F, and MU F = ∆U/∆F = C. To maximizeutility, Meredith chooses a consumption bundle such that MU F /MU C = P F /P C , which again yields P F F =P C C.From the budget constraint, we also know that:P F F +P C C = YCombining these two equations and substituting the values for the 1990 prices and income yields thesystem of equations:C = F and C + F = 1,200Solving these two equations, we find that:C = 600 and F = 600Therefore, the Laspeyres cost-of-living index is:L = 100(2F + 3C)/Y = 100[(2)(600) + (3)(600)]/1200 = 250Ideal IndexThe ideal index represents how much more Meredith would have to spend in 1995 versus 1990 if sheconsumed amounts of food and clothing in 1995 which would give her the same amount of utility as shehad in 1990. That is, the ideal index for 1995 (I) is given by:I = 100(Y'')/Y, where Y'' = P'F F + P'C C' = 2F' + 3C'where F' and C' are the amount of food and clothing which give Meredith the same utility as she had in1990. F' and C' must also be such that Meredith spends the least amount of money at 1995 prices toattain the 1990 utility level.The bundle (F',C') will be on the same indifference curve as (F,C) and the indifference curve at this point will be tangent to a budget line with slope -(P'F /P'C ), where P'F and P'C are the prices of food and clothing in 1995. Since Meredith spends equal amounts on the two goods, we know that 2F' = 3C'. Since this bundle lies on the same indifference curve as the bundle F = 600, C = 600, we also know that F'C' = (600)(600).Cslope 1P slope F C =-H K slope slope F C =-'H KFigure 3.11Solving for F' yields:F'[(2/3)F'] = 360,000 or F' =[(/),)]32360000 = 734.8From this, we obtain C':C' = (2/3)F' = (2/3)734.8 = 489.9We can now calculate the ideal index: I = 100(2F' + 3C')/Y = 100[2(734.8) + (3)(489.9)]/1200 = 244.9CHAPTER 4INDIVIDUAL AND MARKET DEMANDChapter 4 relies on two important ideas from Chapter 3: the influence of price and income changes on the budget line and optimal consumer choice. The chapter focuses on price changes, individual demand, market demand, demand elasticity, and consumer surplus. These concepts are crucial to understanding the application of demand and supply analysis in Chapter 9 as well as the discussion of market failure in Parts III and IV. Chapter 4 also discusses the derivation of the individual’s demand curve with a discussion of substitution and income effects. The analytical tools students learn in this chapter will be important for the discussion of factor supply and demand in Chapter 14.When discussing the derivation of demand, review how the budget curve pivots around an intercept as price changes and how optimal quantities change as the budget line pivots. Once students understand the effect of price changes on consumer choice, they can grasp the derivation of the price consumption path and the individual demand curve. Remind students that the price a consumer is willing to pay is a measure of the marginal benefit of consuming another unit.When covering the aggregation of individual demands, stress that this is equivalent to the summation of individual demand curves horizontally. Students might think that they can add linear demand functions, e.g., add Q P =-1 plus Q P =-23 to arrive at Q P =-35 or 223Q P =-. Students must be reminded, instead, to write the demand curve in inverse form, with price as a function of quantity, and then add. Thus, we add P = 1 - Q to P = 1 - 2Q to obtain P = 2 - 3Q .Price elasticity of demand and consumer surplus are referred to throughout the text, but the mathematics of price elasticity of demand is difficult for many students. Before discussing the algebra, encourage students to develop an intuitive grasp of elasticity as a measure of the sensitivity of the quantity demanded to changes in price.The easiest algebraic representation of elasticity is %%∆∆QP. As you expand on this expression, make sure thatstudents can distinguish between the slope of a line and an elasticity at each point. One effective teaching method is using a linear demand curve to show that while the slope is constant, the elasticity changes throughout the range of prices. The text relies on this relationship in the discussion of the monopolist’s determination of the profit-maximizing quantity in Chapter 10. The exercises given here are progressive in their difficulty, i.e., the last exercise is much harder than the first. Exercises (1) and (7) assume student understanding of demand elasticity, and a grasp of income elasticity is needed for Exercise (9).Although this chapter introduces consumer surplus, it is not extensively discussed until Chapter 9; producer surplus is covered in Chapter 8. If you postpone the discussion of consumer surplus, do not assign Exercise (4). Once students understand consumer surplus, they will find it to be an extremely useful tool. See Example 4.5.Section 4.2 discusses income and substitution effects. An understanding of these effects is aided by the discussion of normal and inferior goods. This is also a good time to reinforce the concept of relative prices, i.e., a decrease in the price of one good increases the relative price of the other good. Giffen goods, while infrequently encountered, provide a way to discuss the importance of income and substitution effects.Finally, there are other special topics in this chapter and its Appendix. An application of network externalities is given in Example 4.5. The first part of Section 4.6, “Empirical Estimation of Demand,” is straightforward, particularly if you have covered the forecasting section of Chapter 2. However, the l ast part, “The Form of the Demand Relationship,” is difficult for students who do not understand logarithms. The Appendix is intended for students with a background in calculus.1.How is an individual demand curve different from a market demand curve? Which curve is likely to be more price elastic? (Hint: Assume that there are no network externalities.)The market demand curve is the horizontal summation of the individual demand curves. Thegraph of market demand shows the relation between each price and the sum of individualquantities. Because price elasticities of demand may vary by individual, the price elasticity ofdemand is likely to be greater than some individual price elasticities and less than others.2.Is the demand for a particular brand of product, such as Head skis, likely to be more price elastic or price inelastic than the demand for the aggregate of all brands, such as downhill skis? Explain.Individual brands compete with other brands. If the two brands are similar, a small change inthe price of one good will encourage many consumers to switch to the other brand. Becausesubstitutes are readily available, the quantity response to a change in one brand’s price is moreelastic than the quantity response for all brands. Thus, the demand for Head skis is more elasticthan the demand for downhill skis.3.Tickets to a rock concert sell for $10. But at that price, the demand is substantially greater than the available number of tickets. Is the value or marginal benefit of an additional ticket greater than, less than, or equal to $10? How might you determine that value?If, at $10, demand exceeds supply, then consumers are willing to bid up the market price to a levelwhere the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied. Since utility-maximizingconsumers must be willing to pay more than $10, then the marginal increase in satisfaction(value) is greater than $10. One way to determine the value of tickets would be to auction off ablock of tickets. The highest bid would determine the value of the tickets.4.Suppose a person allocates a given budget between two goods, food and clothing. If food is an inferior good, can you tell whether clothing is inferior or normal? Explain.If an individual consumes only food and clothing, then any increase in income must be spent oneither food or clothing (Hint: we assume there are no savings). If food is an inferior good, then,as income increases, consumption falls. With constant prices, the extra income not spent on foodmust be spent on clothing. Therefore, as income increases, more is spent on clothing, i.e. clothingis a normal good.5. Which of the following combinations of goods are complements and which are substitutes? Could they be either in different circumstances? Discuss.a. a mathematics class and an economics classIf the math class and the economics class do not conflict in scheduling, then the classes could beeither complements or substitutes. The math class may illuminate economics, and theeconomics class can motivate mathematics. If the classes conflict, they are substitutes.b. tennis balls and a tennis racketTennis balls and a tennis racket are both needed to play a game of tennis, thus they arecomplements.c. steak and lobsterFoods can both complement and substitute for each other. Steak and lobster can compete, i.e., besubstitutes, when they are listed as separate items on a menu. However, they can also functionas complements because they are often served together.d. a plane trip and a train trip to the same destinationTwo modes of transportation between the same two points are substitutes for one another.e. bacon and eggsBacon and eggs are often eaten together and are, therefore, complementary goods. Byconsidering them in relation to something else, such as pancakes, bacon and eggs can function assubstitutes.6.Which of the following events would cause a movement along the demand curve for U.S.-produced clothing, and which would cause a shift in the demand curve?a. the removal of quotas on the importation of foreign clothesThe removal of quotas will shift the demand curve inward for domestically-produced clothes,because foreign-produced goods are substitutes for domestically-produced goods. Both theequilibrium price and quantity will fall as foreign clothes are traded in a free marketenvironment.b. an increase in the income of U.S. citizensWhen income rises, expenditures on normal goods such as clothing increase, causing the demandcurve to shift out. The equilibrium quantity and price will increase.c. a cut in the industry’s costs of producing domestic clothes that is passed on to the market inthe form of lower clothing pricesA cut in an industry’s costs will shift the supply curve out. The equilibrium price an d quantitywill increase.7. For which of the following goods is a price increase likely to lead to a substantial income (as well as substitution) effect?a. saltSmall income effect, small substitution effect: The amount of income that is spent on salt isrelatively small, but since there are few substitutes for salt, consumers will not readily substituteaway from it. As the price of salt rises, real income will fall only slightly, thus leading to a smalldecline in consumption.b. housingLarge income effect, no substitution effect: The amount of income spent on housing is relativelylarge for most consumers. If the price of housing were to rise, real income would be reducedsubstantially, thereby reducing the consumption of all other goods. However, consumers wouldfind it impossible to substitute for housing, in general.c. theater ticketsSmall income effect, large substitution effect: The amount of income that is spent on theatertickets is relatively small, but consumers can substitute away from the theater tickets by choosingother forms of entertainment (e.g., television and movies). As the price of theater tickets rises,real income will fall only slightly, thus leading to a small decline in consumption.d. foodLarge income effect, no substitution effect: As with housing, the amount of income spent on food isrelatively large for most consumers. Price increases for food will reduce real incomesubstantially, thereby reducing the consumption of all other commodities. Although consumerscan substitute out of particular foods, they cannot substitute out of food in general.8. Suppose that the average household in a state consumes 500 gallons of gasoline per year. A 10-cent gasoline tax is introduced, coupled with a $50 annual tax rebate per household. Will the household be better or worse off after the new program is introduced?If the household does not change its consumption of gasoline, it will be unaffected by thetax-rebate program. It still gets 500 gallons of gasoline. To the extent that the householdreduces its gas consumption through substitution, it must be better off.9. Which of the following three groups is likely to have the most, and which the least, price-elastic demand for membership in the Association of Business Economists?a. studentsThe major difference among the groups is the level of income. We know that if the consumptionof a good constitutes a large percentage of an individual’s income, then the demand for the goodwill be relatively elastic. If we assume that a membership in the Association of BusinessEconomists is likely to be a large expenditure for students, we may conclude that the demand willbe relatively elastic for this group.b. junior executivesThe level of income for junior executives will be larger than that of students, but smaller thanthat of senior executives. Therefore, the demand for a membership for this group will be lesselastic than that of the students but more elastic than that of the senior executives.c. senior executivesThe high earnings among senior executives will result in a relatively inelastic demand formembership.1. The ACME corporation determines that at current prices the demand for its computer chips has a price elasticity of -2 in the short run, while the price elasticity for its disk drives is -1.a. If the corporation decides to raise the price of both products by 10 percent, what will happento its sales? To its sales revenue?We know the formula for the elasticity of demand is:EQP P=%%∆∆.For computer chips, EP= -2, so a 10 percent increase in price will reduce the quantity sold by 20percent. For disk drives, EP= -1, so a 10 percent increase in price will reduce sales by 10 percent.Sales revenue is equal to price times quantity sold. Let TR1 = P1Q1be revenue before the pricechange and TR2 = P2Q2be revenue after the price change.For computer chips:∆TR cc = P2Q2 - P1Q1∆TR cc= (1.1P1 )(0.8Q1 ) - P1Q1 = -0.12P1Q1, or a 12 percent decline.For disk drives:∆TR dd = P2Q2 - P1Q1∆TR dd = (1.1P1 )(0.9Q1 ) - P1Q1 = -0.01P1Q1, or a 1 percent decline.Therefore, sales revenue from computer chips decreases substantially, -12 percent, while the salesrevenue from disk drives is almost unchanged, -1 percent.b. Can you tell from the available information which product will generate the most revenue forthe firm? If yes, why? If not, what additional information would you need?No. Although we know the responsiveness of demand to changes in price, we need to know bothquantities and prices of the products to determine total sales revenue.2. Refer to Example 4.3 on the aggregate demand for wheat. From 1981 to 1990, domestic demand grew in response to growth in U.S. income levels. As a rough approximation, the domestic demand curve in 1990 was QDD= 1200 - 55P. Export demand, however, remained about the same, due to。
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)习题详解(第5章-不确定性与消费者行为)
平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）第5章不确定性与消费者行为课后复习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
1．如果一个人是风险规避者，这意味着什么？为什么有些人规避风险，而有些人又爱好风险？答：（1）风险规避者指的是那些在进行风险投资时愿意得到与期望报酬等同的确定报酬的人。
如果一个人是风险规避者，这意味着这个人的收入的边际效用是递减的，在期望收入相同的情况下，他更愿意选择确定的收入。
与之不同的是，风险偏好者的收入的边际效用是递增的，在期望收入相同的情况下，他更愿意选择不确定的收入。
（2）一个人是风险规避型的还是风险偏好型的，取决于他的财富的个人效用函数的斜率，还取决于风险的性质以及他的收入情况。
持有财富越多的人越偏好风险；收入越多的人越厌恶风险；与大额赌注相比，人们对于小额赌注的风险态度更多表现为风险偏好的。
一般而言，风险规避者希望结果出现较小的变化。
2．在对可变性的度量中，为什么方差比取值范围更科学？答：（1）消费者和投资者关心不确定结果的期望值与波动性。
期望值是对不确定事件的所有可能性结果的一个加权平均，而权数正是每种结果发生的概率。
波动性通常用方差来度量，方差是各种可能性结果与期望值的差的平方的加权平均值。
（2）取值范围指在最高的可能收入和最低的可能收入之间的一系列数值，它忽略了最大值与最小值之外的其他取值，以及每一种收入出现的可能性。
取值范围并不能描述高收入和低收入的概率分布情况。
方差则以每一个收入的概率为权数对收入与平均收入差进行加权平均，因此在对可变性的测量中比取值范围更有效。
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)习题详解(第章 供给和需求的基本原理)
平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）第2章供给和需求的基本原理课后复习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
1．假定异常炎热的天气会使冰淇淋的需求曲线向右移动，解释为什么冰淇淋价格会上升到一个新的市场出清水平。
答：如图2-3所示，假设短期内供给完全无弹性，则供给曲线是垂直的。
供给曲线S与初始的需求曲线D相交，确定均衡价格为1P，均衡数量为1Q。
异常炎热的天气会使冰淇淋1的需求曲线向右移动，在当前价格P上造成短期需求过剩，消费者为获得冰淇淋，愿意为1每一单位冰淇淋出价更高。
在需求压力下，冰淇淋价格将上升，直到供给与需求达到均衡。
图2-3 冰淇淋的供求分析2．请运用供给曲线和需求曲线来说明以下各事件会怎样影响黄油的价格、销售量及购买量：（1）人造黄油价格上升；（2）牛奶价格上升；（3）平均收入水平下降。
答：（1）人造黄油和黄油是一对替代品。
人造黄油价格上升将导致黄油消费量的上升，因此黄油的需求曲线将从1D 向右移动至2D ，均衡价格将从1P 上升至2P ，均衡数量将从1Q 增加至2Q ，如图2-4所示。
图2-4 人造黄油价格上升的影响（2）牛奶是黄油的主要原料。
牛奶价格上升将增加黄油制造成本。
黄油的供给曲线将从1S 向左移动至2S ，在更高的价格2P 实现均衡，同时供给量减少到2Q ，如图2-5所示。
图2-5 牛奶价格上升的影响（3）假设黄油是正常商品。
平均收入水平下降将导致需求曲线从1D 向左移动至2D ，结果价格降至2P ，需求量也下降至2Q ，如图2-6所示。
图2-6 平均收入下降的影响3．如果玉米片价格上升3%而使其需求量下降6%，那么玉米片的需求价格弹性是多少？ 解：需求价格弹性指某种商品需求量变化的百分率与价格变化的百分率之比，它用来测度商品需求量变动对于商品自身价格变动反应的敏感性程度。
(NEW)平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)课后习题详解
目 录第1篇 导论：市场和价格第1章 绪 论1.1 课后复习题详解1.2 课后练习题详解第2章 供给和需求的基本原理2.1 课后复习题详解2.2 课后练习题详解第2篇 生产者、消费者以及竞争性市场第3章 消费者行为3.1 课后复习题详解3.2 课后练习题详解第4章 个人需求和市场需求4.1 课后复习题详解4.2 课后练习题详解第4章附录 需求理论——一种数学的处理方法课后练习题详解第5章 不确定性与消费者行为5.1 课后复习题详解5.2 课后练习题详解第6章 生 产6.1 课后复习题详解6.2 课后练习题详解第7章 生产成本7.1 课后复习题详解7.2 课后练习题详解第7章附录 生产与成本理论——一种数学的处理方法课后练习题详解第8章 利润最大化和竞争性供给8.1 课后复习题详解8.2 课后练习题详解第9章 竞争性市场分析9.1 课后复习题详解9.2 课后练习题详解第3篇 市场结构和竞争策略第10章 市场势力：垄断与买方垄断10.1 课后复习题详解10.2 课后练习题详解第11章 有市场势力的定价11.1 课后复习题详解11.2 课后练习题详解第11章附录 联合厂商的内部转移定价课后练习题详解第12章 垄断竞争和寡头垄断12.1 课后复习题详解12.2 课后练习题详解第13章 博弈论和竞争策略13.1 课后复习题详解13.2 课后练习题详解第14章 投入要素市场14.1 课后复习题详解14.2 课后练习题详解第15章 投资、时间及资本市场15.1 课后复习题详解15.2 课后练习题详解第4篇 信息、市场失灵以及政府的角色第16章 一般均衡与经济效率16.1 课后复习题详解16.2 课后练习题详解第17章 信息不对称市场17.1 课后复习题详解17.2 课后练习题详解第18章 外部性与公共品18.1 课后复习题详解18.2 课后练习题详解附录：指定平狄克《微观经济学》教材为考研参考书目的院校列表第1篇 导论：市场和价格第1章 绪 论1.1 课后复习题详解1．人们常说，一个好的理论是可以用经验研究和实证研究来加以证伪的。
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)课后习题详解 第5章 不确定性与消费者行为【圣才出品】
第5章不确定性与消费者行为5.1课后复习题详解1．如果一个人是风险规避者，这意味着什么？为什么有些人规避风险，而有些人又爱好风险？答：（1）风险规避者指的是那些在进行风险投资时愿意得到与期望报酬等同的确定报酬的人。
如果一个人是风险规避者，这意味着这个人的收入的边际效用是递减的，在期望收入相同的情况下，他更愿意选择确定的收入。
与之不同的是，风险偏好者的收入的边际效用是递增的，在期望收入相同的情况下，他更愿意选择不确定的收入。
（2）一个人是风险规避型的还是风险偏好型的，取决于他的财富的个人效用函数的斜率，还取决于风险的性质以及他的收入情况。
持有财富越多的人越偏好风险；收入越多的人越厌恶风险；与大额赌注相比，人们对于小额赌注的风险态度更多表现为风险偏好的。
一般而言，风险规避者希望结果出现较小的变化。
2．在对可变性的度量中，为什么方差比取值范围更科学？答：（1）消费者和投资者关心不确定结果的期望值与波动性。
期望值是对不确定事件的所有可能性结果的一个加权平均，而权数正是每种结果发生的概率。
波动性通常用方差来度量，方差是各种可能性结果与期望值的差的平方的加权平均值。
（2）取值范围指在最高的可能收入和最低的可能收入之间的一系列数值，它忽略了最大值与最小值之外的其他取值，以及每一种收入出现的可能性。
取值范围并不能描述高收入和低收入的概率分布情况。
方差则以每一个收入的概率为权数对收入与平均收入差进行加权平均，因此在对可变性的测量中比取值范围更有效。
3．乔治有5000美元可以投资于共同基金。
共同基金A的期望报酬为15%，共同基金B的期望报酬为10%。
乔治是该选择共同基金A还是B？答：乔治的决策不仅取决于每一种基金的期望报酬，还取决于每一种基金期望报酬的波动性以及他的风险偏好。
例如，如果基金A报酬波动性标准差大于基金B，而且乔治是风险规避的，则此时尽管基金B的期望报酬较低，但是乔治还是可能更为偏好基金B。
如果乔治不是极其的风险规避者，则尽管基金A的期望报酬具有较高的波动性，但是他此时可能会选择基金A。
平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）习题详解（第14章-投入要素市场）
平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）习题详解（第14章-投⼊要素市场）平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）第14章投⼊要素市场课后复习题详解跨考⽹独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这⾥查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少⾛弯路，躲开⼀些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考⽹独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学⼀对⼀在线咨询进⾏咨询。
1．为什么当⼚商在产品市场具有垄断势⼒时，它对劳动⼒的需求曲线⽐⼚商是竞争性⽣产时弹性⼩？答：⼚商在产品市场具有垄断势⼒时，它对劳动⼒的需求曲线⽐⼚商是竞争性⽣产时弹性⼩，其原因在于：（1）⼚商对劳动的需求曲线是由劳动的边际收⼊产出L MRP 决定的。
L MRP 指在其他⽣产要素的投⼊量固定不变时追加⼀单位的劳动⼒要素投⼊所带来的收益。
它等于边际物质产品（L MP ）与边际收益（MR ）的乘积，即·L L MRP MP MR =。
（2）在完全竞争市场上，边际收益曲线具有完全弹性并且等于价格P ，故·L L MRP MP P =。
在垄断市场上，边际收益曲线是向下倾斜的，弹性较⼩。
通过边际收⼊产出L MRP 的表达式可以看出，当⼚商在产出品市场具有垄断势⼒时，对劳动的需求曲线⽐⼚商是竞争性⽣产时弹性⼩。
2．为什么劳动供给曲线可能是向后弯曲的？答：劳动供给曲线是⼈们提供的劳动和对劳动所⽀付的报酬之间关系的表现形式。
假设劳动的供给只取决于⼯资，则劳动供给曲线可⽤图14-4表⽰。
此图是向后弯曲的劳动供给曲线。
这是因为，当⼯资较低时，随着⼯资的上升，消费者为较⾼的⼯资所吸引，将减少闲暇，增加劳动供给量。
在这个阶段，劳动供给曲线向右上⽅倾斜。
但是，⼯资上涨对劳动供给的吸引是有限的。
当⼯资涨到⾜够⾼（例如0W ）时，消费者的劳动供给量达到最⼤，此时，如果继续增加⼯资，劳动供给量不会继续增加，反⽽会减少，如当⼯资从0W 提⾼到1W 时，劳动供给则从0L 减少到1L 。
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,e= 3.75.
同样得,供给方程可表示为:
QG=c + dPG+ gPO,
交叉价格弹性为 , e= 0.1.
,g= 0.25.
ES= 0.2,P*= 2,Q*= 20.因此
4、无差异曲线边际替代率不变的即为无差异曲线的斜率为常数只有直线型的无差异曲线才满足条件。两条直线只可能有一个交点，只有当这两条直线有交点时才能满足最大化的条件。并且交点处对应的消费组合即为最大化的消费组合。
5、根据理性人假定一个人的边际替代率即为消费组合使他效用最大化时的替代率，效用最大化即要求其消费的无差异曲线与预算线相切，无差异曲线切点对应的斜率等于预算线的斜率，而预算线的斜率等于其消费的商品的价格比。
23 =a- 0.06(18),a= 24.08.
因此QD= 24.08 - 0.06P.
b.
D= 32.18 - 0.51P
SC= 7.78 + 0.29P.
如上,ES= 0.4，ED= -0.4:ES=d(P*/Q*)，ED= -b(P*/Q*), 0.4 =d(18/13) and -0.4 = -b(18/23).
均衡价格：
3,550 - 266P- 1,800 + 240P, or
P= $3.46.
需求减少40％，因此总需求
QD=Qd+ 0.6Qe= 1,000 - 46P+ (0.6)(2,550 - 220P) = 2,530 - 178P.
均衡价格
1,800 + 240P= 2,530 - 178P, or
5.供给价格弹性是供给量变动的百分比和价格变动百分比的比值。价格上升将引起供给的增加。有些厂商在短期内，由于生产能力的限制无法迅速增加产量。这样，在短期内，供给是缺乏弹性的。然而在长期情况下，厂商可以调整生产规模，因而，从长期来看，供给是富有弹性的。
6.如果商品价格被定在市场出清水平以下，厂商愿意提供的产量则低于消费者希望购买的数量。短缺的程度则取决于供求的相对弹性。供求均富有弹性情况下的缺口要大于双方缺乏弹性时的情况。
Figure 2.7
8.
a.消费者将增加苹果需求，导致需求曲线外移动。均衡价格和销售量都将增加。
b.由于橙子具有替代性，苹果的需求曲线将外移，均衡价格和销售量都将增加。
c.产量的下降将导致供给曲线向内移动，均衡价格上升，销售量下降。
d.苹果采摘着的增加将使苹果生产成本下降，供给增加，均衡价格下降，销售量上升。
5．商品和服务的数量与价格由供求关系决定。鸡蛋的实际价格从1970年至1985年的下降，一方面是由于人们健康意识的提高而导致鸡蛋需求的减少，同时也因为生产成本的降低。在这两种因素下，鸡蛋的价格下降了。大学教育的实际价格的升高，是由于越来越多的人倾向于获得大学教育而导致需求提高，同时教育的成本也在升高。在这两方面因素作用下，大学教育费用提高了。
第一章
复习题
1．市场是通过相互作用决定一种或一系列产品价格的买卖双方的集合，因此可以把市场看作决定价格的场所。行业是出售相同的或紧密相关的产品的厂商的集合，一个市场可以包括许多行业。
2．评价一个理论有两个步骤：首先，需要检验这个理论假设的合理性；第二，把该理论的预测和事实相比较以此来验证它。如果一个理论无法被检验的话，它将不会被接受。因此，它对我们理解现实情况没有任何帮助。
1.假设供给曲线固定，炎热天气通常会引起需求曲线右移，在当前价格上造成短期需求过剩。消费者为获得冰激凌，愿意为每一单位冰激凌出价更高。在需求压力下，价格将上升，直到供给与需求达到均衡。
Figure 2.1
2.
a.人造黄油和黄油是一对替代品。人造黄油价格上升将导致黄油消费量的上升，因此黄油的需求曲线将从D1移动至D2。均衡价格和均衡量将分别从P1上升至P2，Q1增加至Q2.
3．实证分析解释“是什么”的问题，而规范分析解释的是“应该是什么”的问题。对供给的限制将改变市场的均衡。A中包括两种分析，批评这是一种“失败的政策”——是规范分析，批评其破坏了市场的竞争性——是实证分析。B向我们说明在燃油的配给制下总社会福利的被损坏——是实证分析。
4．由于两个市场在空间上是分离的，商品在两地间的运输是套利实现的条件。如果运输成本为零，则可以在Oklahoma购买汽油，到New Jersey出售，赚取差价；如果这个差价无法弥补运输成本则不存在套利机会。
6．日圆相对美圆来说，价值升高，升值前相比，兑换同样数量的日圆需要付出更多的美圆。由汇率的变化引起购买力的变化，在日本市场出售的美国汽车，由于美圆贬值日圆升值，持有日圆的消费者将较以前支付较底的价格；而在美国市场出售的日本汽车，由于日圆升值美圆贬值，持有美圆的消费者将面对较以前提高的价格。
第二章
复习题
Figure 2.2.a
b.至S2在更高的价格P2实现均衡。供给量同时也减少到Q2
Figure 2.2.b
c.假设黄油是一个正常商品。平均收入水平下降将导致需求曲线从D1移动至D2结果价格降至P2需求量也下降至Q2。
Figure 2.2.c
5.
a.
QD= a-bP. .ED= -0.4 (长期价格弹性),P*= 0.75 (均衡价格),Q*= 7.5 (均衡产量).
, orb= 4.
7.5 =a- (4)(0.75), ora= 10.5.
QD= 10.5 - 4P.
b.
)需求下降20％:
.
8.4 - 3.2P= -4.5 + 16P, or
QD= 2,780 - (194)(2.26) = 2,342.
3.
a.
100 - 5P= 50 + 5P,P= $500.
QD= 100 - (5)(5) = 75
QS= 50 + (5)(5) = 75.
租金在500美金时，750,000公寓可以被租掉。
当租金被控制在100美金时，供给量将达到550,000 (QS= 50 + (5)(100) = 550)，比管制前减少了200,000。假设每个公寓可容纳一个三口之家，将有600,000离开城市。
15.74 + 0.07P= 24.08 - 0.06P,
短期中，P= $64.15;
11.78 + 0.29P= 32.18 - 0.51P,
长期中，P= $24.29
7.
a.
供给:Q= 14 + 2PG+ 0.25PO
需求:Q= -5PG+ 3.75PO
需求交叉弹性为：
设需求函数为：
QG= a-bPG+ ePO
P= $1.75,
在这一价格，市场出清量为2,219 million bushels，总收益从$9.1 billion降至$3.9 billion.这将令大部分农民痛苦。
b.
3美金的价格下市场并不在均衡状态，Demand = 1000 - 46(3) = 862. Supply = 1800 + 240(3) = 2,520,超额供给2,520 - 862 = 1,658.政府必须购买这个多余产量来支持价格，花费$3(1.66 million) = $5.0 billion每年。
e.供给曲线将外移，均衡价格下降，销售量上升。
练习题
1.
a.
P= 80，Ed=–0.4
P= 100, Ed=–0.56
b.
P= 80, Es=0.5
.
P= 100, Es=0.56
c.均衡价格和数量为$100，18 million.
d.价格定在80$，需求为20 million.，供给为16 million.，相差4 million.
2、这种情况只能说明:对于消费者而言，这两种商品是完全相互替代的或两种商品中某一种商品是消费者所讨厌消费的。前种情况无差异曲线呈直角形；而后一种情况无差异曲线呈斜率为正。
3、假设L1、L2两条无差异曲线相交于A点，A点对应的只有一种消费组合，显然A点所能对应的也只有一个效用，设为U。同时L1、L2两条无差异曲线所对应的效用设为U1、U2，U1≠U2。A点在L1、L2两条无差异曲线上，所以U1=U，U2=U，则U1=U2，与U1≠U2矛盾。所以两条无差异曲线不可能相交。
Figure 2.3
b.
当租金达到900美金时，公寓的供给为50 + 5(9) = 95，or 950,000这将超过均衡水平200,000。因此(0.5)(200,000) = 100,000个公寓被新建。但是需求仅仅为550,000。
4.
a.
由总需求Q= 3,550 - 266P,国内需求,Qd= 1,000 - 46P, ,得到出口需求Qe= 2,550 - 220P.
2.
QS= 1,800 + 240P
QD= 2,580 - 194P.
= (2,580 - 194P) + 200 = 2,780 - 194P
1,800 + 240P= 2,780 - 194P, or
434P =980, orP*= $2.26 per bushel.
QS= 1,800 + (240)(2.26) = 2,342
P= 0.672.
6.
a.
D= 24.08 - 0.06P
SC= 11.74 + 0.07P.
在没有OPEC组织下的供给
Sc=Q* = 13.
ES= 0.10，P* = $18,ES=d(P*/Q*)，d= 0.07.
代入d,Sc,，P,c= 11.74 andSc= 11.74 + 0.07P.
同样的,因为QD= 23,ED= -b(P*/Q*) = -0.05, b = 0.06.代入b,QD= 23,，P= 18