外研版高中英语必修三Module 1 Europe导学案

Module 1 Europe 一、单元目标
二、课文详解
(一)知识要点
1. The United Kingdom is off the northwest coast of continental Europe. 英国位于欧洲西北部大陆海岸线附近。

【辨析】off the coast 与on the coast
on the coast 指在离海面附近的陆地上
off the coast 指离陆地不远的海面上
I once stayed in a town on the south coast of England.
我曾在英格兰南海岸的一座城市里住过。

He died in a shipwreck off the south coast.
他丧生于南部一带的一次海难。

1. off prep.＆adv．离开，分开
(1) prep.
The hall rolled off the table．球从桌上滚落
Keep off the grass．勿践踏草地
He entered a big house off the high street. 他进入了一所离大街不远的大房子。

The ship sank off Cape Horn. 这艘轮船在合恩角外沉没了(2) adv.
The town is still five miles off．那小镇尚在五英里之外。

We are still some way off.
我们仍有一段距离（如距目的地）要走
Please tell them that the meeting is off.
请告诉他们会议已经取消了。

〔常用短语〕
take sth. off sth. 扣除，减去
fall off 跌落
knock sth. off sth．把某物从另一物上．放掉
wipe sth. off sth．把某物从另一物上擦掉
along the coast 沿着海岸
The British Isles are a group of islands that lies off the west coast of Europe.不列颠群岛是一组位于欧洲西海岸不远处的岛屿Wuhan lies on the Chanjiang River.武汉位于长江边
2. France is Europe’s third largest country and faces the United
Kingdom across the English Channel. 法国是欧洲第三大国家，隔英吉利海峡和联合王国相望。

【点拨】face n.脸vt．转向，面向
Judging from his worried face，we knew that he must have had some trouble. 从他焦急的脸色判断，我们知道他肯定有麻烦了.
(2) vt.face 用作及物动词，还有“面临；必须对付；承认；正视”之意。

〔常用结构〕face sth
be faced with sth. 面临
The company is facing a financial crisis. 公司正面临财政危机。

It’s not always easy to face the truth. 承认事实并不总是一件很容易的事。

She is faced with a difficult decision. 她眼前有一项难作的决定。

I was faced with new problem．我面临着新的M题
〔常用短语〕
in( the) face of不顾（问题、困难等）
lose one's face失面子，丢脸
fight in the face of公然反抗
face the music 由于自己的决定或行为而接受批评或承担后果
【拓展】
【点击高考】_________ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice. （05年春季高考北京卷）A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing
答案为C 本题考查非谓语动词和动词face 的用法。

face
作动词时，意为“面对；面临”，可用于两种结构：face sth
或be faced with sth,。

此处用的是第二种结构。

由题意“由
于Arnold 面临一个艰难的处境，他决定去征求老板的意
见”以及句子的结构可知，句子的前半部分是原因状语，
因此要用过去分词作状语。

【拓展】face 还可用作不及物动词，后接副词或介词，意为“面对，面向”。

My bedroom faces south./ to the south. 我的卧室朝南。

-How does the house face？这房屋面朝哪边？
-It faces ( to the ) east．朝东。

【点拨】across 此处用作介词，意为“从……一边到另一边，横过；在……对面”。

I drew a line across the page. 我在这一页上画了一条横线。

Where’s the nearest bridge across the river? 过河最近的桥在哪儿？
There’s a bank right across the river. 银行正好在河的对面。

【拓展】across 还可用作副词，意为“从一边到另一边；横过；在对面”。

The river is too wide；we can’t swim across.
这条河太宽了，我们游不过去。

When my name was called, he looked across at me.
当叫到我的名字的时候，他从那边朝我看过来。

There’s a school just across from our house.
有一所学校就在我们房子对面。

The river is 500 meters across. 这条河有500米宽。

[辫析] across，past，through，over
across表示“横过，横穿，越过”，它的含义与on, over 有关，侧重于动作在某一物体或某一地方的表面进行。

across作介词还可表示“在……经过”；作副词表示“对过”或“横过”。

past表示从某物旁边经过[注意] past是介词，不可
与动词pass相混淆。

We walked past the hospital.＝We passed by the hospital. 我们从医院旁边经过
through表示“通过，穿过”，它的含义与in有关，侧重动作在某一物体空间里进行，含有从中间通过之意。

through还可表示“凭借”“（做）完”等意。

over “越过，飞过”，着重指从事物的一边到另一边，含义与above 有关。

The ship sailed across the Atlantic. 这只船横渡过了大西洋
She is talking to the neighbour across the garden fence. 她正隔着篱笆与邻居说话：
He was absent-minded and walked past the station. 他走路时心不在焉而走过了车站。

The policeman forced his way through the crowd. 警察奋力穿过人群
He walked through the street and found nothing alive. 他走过街道，没有发现有生命的东西。

They went across the river. 他们穿过了那条河流。

We walked through many villages. 他们走过了好几个村庄。

Somehow the sheep had jumped over the fence. 不知怎么回事，羊儿越过了栅栏。

【点击高考】He suddenly saw Sue _________ the room. He pushed his way ________ the crowd of people to get to her.
（2005湖南）
A. across; across
B. over; through
C. over; into
D. across; through
答案为 D across 指“从表面走过”；through 指“从内
部穿过”。

由the room 可知用across，“穿过”the crowd 则
用through。

3. Between Italy and France, there is a mountain range called the Alps.
意大利和法国之间是阿尔卑斯山脉。

range n. &vt.
(1) n．山脉，视觉（听觉）范围（区域），射程；还有“（一）批，组；范围”等意，常与介词of 连用。

The firm will provide us with an interesting range of books and videos. 这家公司将提供给我们一批有趣的书籍和录像带。

We have students from a wide range of backgrounds. 我们的学生来自各种不同的背景。

There is a magnificent range of mountains in the borderland. 在边境
地带有连绵不断的雄伟山脉。

The tree is within range of' vision．这棵树在视野之内
(2) vt.（在一定范围内）变化，排列
The prices of the dolls range from＄5 to＄100. 这些布娃娃的价格从5美元到100美元不等
The discussion ranged over various problems. 这次讨论涉及了种种问题
【点击高考】—Can you shoot that bird at the top of the tree ?
—No, it’s out of _________ . （2000上海）
A. range
B. control
C. reach
D. distance
答案为 A 本句的意思为“你能射中树顶上的鸟吗？”，“不能，它不在射程之内。

”。

out of range 在（射程）范围外；out of reach （手）够不
着，力量不及；out of control 失控的；out of distance 太
远。

4. Portugal is to the west of Spain. 葡萄牙在西班牙的西面。

【点拨】to the west of 意思为“在……的西面”，其中to表示方向，强调两地方不接壤。

【辨析】三个表方位的介词to, in, on
to 在某范围之外，不强调是否接壤；in 在某范围之内；on 强
调毗连或邻近，有时还可以表示“在……湖(河)畔”。

Japan lies/is to the east of china. 日本位于中国的东部。

Beijing lies in the north of China. 北京在中国的东部。

Guangdong lies on the south of Hunan. 广东省跟湖南省接壤。

London lies on the Thames. 伦敦位于泰晤士湖畔。

〔注意〕我们只有笼统地指明方向时，可以不出现介词。

Shandong is north of Fujian. 山东位于福建北部
South of the mountain，there is a big river. 山的南部，有一条大河。

5. Paris is the capital and largest of city of France, situated on the River Seine. 巴黎是法国的首都和最大的城市，位于塞纳河畔。

【点拨】句中situated on the River Seine 是过去分词短语作定语，修饰Paris, 相当于定语从句:which is situated on the River
seine。

其中situated 为形容词化的过去分词，意思为“坐
落（某处）的，位于（某处）的”，一般不与名词连用。

此外，situated 还可以表示“（人、组织等）处于……状
况”。

My bedroom was situated on the top floor of the house.
我的卧室在房子的顶层。

The hotel is beautifully situated in a quiet spot near the river.
旅馆环境优美，坐落在河边的一个僻静的地方。

Microsoft is well situated to exploit this new market.
微软具备良好的条件开拓这个新市场。

【拓展】（1）situation 为名词形式，意思为“情况；状况；形势；
（建筑物或城镇的）地理位置；环境特点”。

You could get into a situation where you have to decide immediately. 你可能遇上一种情况，使你不得不立刻作出决定。

The present economic and political situation in Iraq is becoming worse and worse. 目前伊拉克的经济和政治形势变得越来越糟。

The town is in a delightful situation in a wide green valley.
小城坐落在一个宽阔而草木苍翠的河谷中，环境宜人。

6. It is one of the most beautiful cities in the world and is visited by more than eight million tourists every year. 它（巴黎）是世界上最美丽的城市之一，每年有800多万游客。

【点拨】这是一个由连词and 构成的并列句，第二个is 前省略了
主语it，构成一般现在时的被动结构。

由于and 前的句
子为主动语态，and 之后的句子为被动语态，为避免歧义，
保留第二个is，否则省略be 动词。

He is an excellent student and is liked by his classmates.
他是个优秀的学生深受同学喜爱。

Our teacher is respected and invited to attend the international conference.
我们的老师被人尊敬并且经常被邀请参加国际会议。

7. The most popular place for tourists is the Eiffel Tower, the famous symbol of Paris. 最受游客欢迎的旅游景点是埃菲尔铁塔，它是巴黎著名的象征。

（1）the famous symbol of Paris 在句子作the Eiffel Tower 的同位语，起解释说明的作用。

He was a good captain one that often looked after his seamen.
他是一个好船长，一个经常照顾船员的船长。

Gao Xiumin, a well-known comedy actress, died on 18, August, 2005.
高秀敏一个著名的喜剧演员，于2005年8月18日不幸逝
世。

【点拨】（2）symbol 用作可数名词，意思为“象征(of sth )；符号，记号(for sth)”。

White has always been a symbol of purity in western cultures.在西方文化中，白色一向象征纯洁。

What is the chemical symbol for copper ? 铜的化学符号是什么？
【拓展】symbolic 为形容词形式，意为“使用象征的；象征性的”。

symbolize 为动词形式，意为“象征；是……的象征；代
表”。

The dove is symbolic of peace. 鸽子是和平的象征。

The channel Tunnel has great symbolic significance for a united Europe. 英吉利海峡隧道对于建立一个统一的欧洲具有重大的象征意义。

The use of light and dark symbolizes good and evil. 用光明与黑暗来象征善与恶。

8. One of the world’s largest art galleries, the Louvre, is also located in Paris. 世界上最大的艺术馆之一——卢浮宫也在巴黎。

【点拨】located 用作形容词，意思为“位于；坐落在”。

（用法同
situated）
My hometown is located/ situated at the foot of the hill. 我的家住在山角下。

The offices are conveniently located just a few minutes from the main station. 办事处所处的位置很方便，离总站仅有几分钟的路。

【拓展】locate 为动词形式，意思为“把……安置在；创办于（某地）”。

location 为名词形式，意思为“地方；地点；位置”。

They located their office in Beijing. 他们把办事处设在北京。

There are tax breaks for businesses that locate in rural areas.
在农村地区创办企业享有税收减免。

What is the exact location of the ship ? 那条船的确切位置在哪里？
9. One of Barcelona’s most famous Landmarks is the Church of the Sagrada Familia, which was designed by an architect called Antonio Gaudi. 巴塞罗那的最著名的标志性建筑是圣家大教堂，它是由建筑师安东尼奥·高迪设计的。

【点拨】（1）这是一个由关系代词which 引导的非限定规定语从句，对先行词为the Church of the Sagrada Familia 进行补充说
明。

有时which 可指前面整个句子的内容。

He has passed the college entrance examination, which makes his parents quite happy. 他通过了大学入学考试，这令他的父母很高兴。

【点击高考】Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _________ of course, made the others envy him.
（2004年天津）A. who B. that C. what D. which
答案为D 本题考查非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面整
个一句话，which 所引导的非限制性定语从句是对前面主
句起补充说明作用。

【点拨】（2）句子中的called Antonio Gandi 是过去分词短语作后置定语。

修饰物architect ，相当于定语从句who was called. 【点击高考】The price of the game show is ＄30,000 and an all expenses____ vacation to China. (2005北京)
A. paying
B. paid
C. to be paid
D. being paid
答案为B 句意为“这次比赛表演的奖品是3美万元和到
中国的免费假期。

expense与pay之间的关系是被动关系，
故排除A；C表示将来的动作，D正在被进行的动作。

10. Gaudi worked on the project from 1882 until his death in 1926. 高迪从1882年起从事这次工程直至1926年逝世。

【点拨】work on “致力于；从事”, 相当于spend time in doing sth.
I worked all night on that article. 我通宵在写那篇文章。

She’s outside working on the car. 她在外面修理汽车。

【拓展】（1）work on 还有“奏效；产生预期的结果；努力说服（某人做某事）”
His charm doesn’t work on me. 我不为他的魅力所动。

My parents spent the weekend working on me to go on holiday with them. 爸妈用了一个周末来说服我和他们一起度假去。

【拓展】（2）由work 构成的常见短语：
work at 做；从事；学习
work against sb. 对某人不利
work out 算出；解决；制订出；按某种方式发生
work for sth. 争取，努力取得
Juan’s English isn’t very good, but he works at it. 胡安的英语不太好，可他很用功学习。

Tax laws tend to work against small organizations. 税法往往不利于小机构。

You can work out the answer by adding all the numbers. 你把所有的数加在一起就能算出答案。

It is time for us to work out a plan. 我们该制订计划了。

Things have worked out quite well for us. 事情的结果对我们很不错。

She devoted her life to working for peace. 她为争取和平奉献了自己的一生。

【点击高考】We didn’t plan our art exhibition like that but it _________ very well. (2001全国) A. worked out B. tried out C. went on D. carried on 【点拨】答案为A 此处work out 用作不及物动词，意思为“结果是”，相当于turn out；
try out 参加；选拔; go on 继续；发生；carry on 继续移动；
吵闹。

本句意思为：我们没有那样计划，我们是艺术展览，
但结果却很好。

11. Florence is an Italian city which became famous because of the Renaissance, a great artistic movement which began in the 1300s
and lasted for three hundred years. 佛罗伦萨是意大利的一个城市，因文艺复兴而著名，文艺复兴是一个起源于14世纪，持结了300年之久的伟大的艺术运动。

【点拨】（1）这个句子中含有两个由which 所引导的定语从句。

a great artistic movement which began in the 1300s and lasted
for three hundred years 是作the Renaissane 的同位语。

【点拨】（2）because of 介词短语，因为；由于
“由于，因为”的几种表达方式
because＋从句
because of＋n .
thanks to十n.
owing to十n.
due to＋n.
as a （the）result of十n.
on account of十n.
(1) because为从属连词，后跟一个完整的句子构成原因状语从句而because of则是一个介词短语，后接名词或动名词
He didn't go to school because of his illness.
= He did n’ t go to sc hool because he was ill. 他没去上学是
因为生病了。

He was punished by his teacher because of his cheating on exams. =He was punished by his teacher because he cheated on exams. 他因考试作弊受到老师的惩罚。

(2)thanks to这一短语介词，含有、‘幸亏、多亏、亏得、依赖、依靠、由于、因为”等意思几它引导的短语，可以表达正面意思（近似于原意“感谢”），也可用于讽刺口吻中（近似于讽刺口吻的“感谢”）它引导的短语在句中用作状语时，大多放在句首，也可以置于句末.
My mother is getting better and better，thanks to the doctor. 多亏了医生，我母亲才一天天康复起来（感谢的口吻）
Thanks to your help，I passed the test. 幸亏有你的帮助，我通过了刚验〕（正面意思）
(3) owing to意为“由于，因为”，在句中通常用作状语，可置于句首或句末。

Owing to my absence，they had to put off the class meeting till next week. 由于我不在，他们只好将班会推迟到下个星期.
Xiao Wang could not come to the ball（，）owing to a bad cold. 因为得了重感冒，小王没能去打（踢）球.
(4) due to意为“由于”，它引导的短语在句中一般用作表语
或定语，但在很多场合也可与owing to通用，作状语. 这一用法在现今英语中也很流行，但不如owing to那么严谨.
The accident is due to your careless driving. 那件意外事故归因于你驾驶不小心.
(5) as a ( the) result of意为“由于......的结果”，一般用作状语。

He was late as a result of the traffic jam. 由于交通阻塞，他迟到了。

(6) on account of意为“因......缘故，由于”它引导的短语在句中通常作状语，可置于句首或句末。

The train was delayed on account of a heavy snow. 由于一场大雪火车来迟了。

【点拨】（3）last 用作不及物动词，意思为“继续；延续；持久；足够维持”。

The meeting only lasted (for) a few minutes. 会议只开了几分钟。

The weather won’t last. 这种天气持续不了多久。

Doctors say that she probably won’t last our night. 医生说
她很可能活不过今晚。

We’ve got enough food to last (us) (for) three days. 我们的食物足够维持三天。

【点击高考】The evening news comes on at seven o’clock and _____ only thirty minutes. (2004吉林) A. keeps B. continues C. finishes D. lasts
答案为D 本句句意为：晚间新闻（节目）每天7:00开始，
持续30分钟。

finish 完成,为瞬间动词；keep保存，保留，
持续某种状态；continue继续做……；仍旧。

只有last 后
跟持续的时间。

12. During the Renaissance, some of the greatest painters of all time lived and worked in Florence. 在文艺复兴期间，历史上一些最伟大的画家在佛罗伦萨生活和工作。

【点拨】of all time 有史以来；自古以来；从未有过
Many rated him the best singer of all time. 许多人认为他是有史以来最优秀的歌手。

【拓展】与time 构成的常见介词短语：
against time 争分夺秒；抢时间
ahead of time 提前
at all times 总是；随时；永远
at times 有时；间或
at the time 当时
at a time 每次；逐一；依次
at one time 曾经；一个时期；一度
at no time 决不；在任何时候都不
in no time 立刻；马上
in time 及时；迟早
on time 按时；准时
behind the times 落伍；过时；陈旧
behind time 拖后
from time to time 不时；有时；偶尔
for the time being 暂时；眼下
13. Athens, the capital of Greece, is known as the birthplace of western civilization. 雅典是希腊的首都，作为西方文明的发祥地而闻名于世。

【点拨】be known as 作为……而著名，同be famous as，常与表示身份、地位和职业的名词连用。

Yang Liwei is known as the first pilot sent to space in China.
杨利伟作为中国第一个被送上大亨空的飞行员而著名。

【辨析】be known for 因……而出名
be known to sb. 被某人所了解或知道
It’s well known that…众所周知……
He’s best known for her work on the human brain. 他在人脑的研究方面最为知名。

The man is known to the police. 这男人是在警方挂了号的。

It is (well) known that theory comes from practice. 众所周知，理论源于实践。

【点击高考】Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ______ as 3M. (04年浙江）A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known
答案为B be known as…著称，用过去分词known 作the
Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company 的定语，相
当于定语从句：which was known as 3M.
14. Their works has influenced other writers ever since. 他们的作品影响了后进的作家。

【点拨】（1）influence 此处用作及物动词，意思为“影响；对……
起作用；左右”。

influence 还可用作名词，意思为“影响；作用；影响力”。

常用短语有：
have an influence on sb. / sth. 对……产生影响
have influence over sb. / sth. 对……有影响力
under the influence of 受……影响
His writings have influenced the lives of millions. 他的作品影响了千百万人的一生。

A number of social factors influence life expectancy. 诸多社会因素左右着人的预期寿命。

What a teacher says and does have a great influence on his students. 教师的言行对学生影响很大。

Her Parents no longer have any real influence over her. 她的父母对她不再有真正的约束力了。

He committed the crime under the influence of drugs. 他是在吸毒后犯罪的。

【辨析】result, effect 与influence
result 结果，影响，指某一行动、计划或事件带来的直接后果。

effect 结果，效果，指某一行动、计划事件带来的间接后果或某一事物产生的效应。

influence 影响，指对周围一切或今后历史等产生的影响，常指深远的影响。

有时指具有影响力，左右局势的
人或事件。

She died as a result of her injuries. 她由于受伤而死亡。

Doing it like that will have a bad effect on you. 那样做对你影响不好。

Clawde’s work had a major influence on generations of musicians. 克劳德的作品对几代音乐家都产生过重要影响。

【点拨】（2）ever since 自……一直，常与完成时连用。

He left home two weeks ago and we haven’t heard from ever since. 他两周前离家外出，我们至今还没有他的音信。

We were divorced two years ago and she has remained ever since. 我们是两年前离的婚，之后她又再婚了。

【点击高考】The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their
power _______ increased enormously even since.
（2004上海）
A. is
B. was
C. has been
D. had been
答案为C 根据ever since （从那时，一直到现在）应用现在完成时。

15.“方位”表达法小结
（1）be, lie, stand + 介词（in / to / on）+ the + 方位名词+ of （2）face / look (to the) + 方位词
（3）be / stand / lie + 距离+ 方位词+ of
（4）方位词+ of + be / lies / stands +主语
（5）to / in / on + the + 方位名词+ is / lies + 地方
（6）be far away from / near/close to 离……远/近
（7）(be) next to sb. / sth. 在……旁边
（8）be apposite sth. 在……对面
（9）be situated / located + 介词+ the + 方位名词+ of Taiwan is to the east of Fujian and in the southeast of China.台湾邻近福建东部，位于中国东南部。

China faces the Pacific on the east. 中国东部面向太平洋。

His hometown lies so miles east of our school. 他的家乡在我们学校东50英里外。

North of the town lies a railway. 城镇北部有一条铁路。

On the north of the United States lies Canada. 美国北部与
加拿大接壤。

The university isn’t so far from here. 那所大学距离这里不远。

Our house is nearer to the bus stop than it is to the subway station. 我家到公共汽车站比到地铁站近。

Who stood next to you? 谁站你旁边？
It’s easy to find —there’s a church just opposite my house.我家很容易找，正对面有座教堂。

The new building will be located in the center of town. 这座大楼将建在市中心。

16. France and Germany aren’t going to sign the agreement. 法德两国还没打算签订协议。

【点拨】sign 此处用作及物动词，意思为“签名；签署”。

You forgot to sign the cheek! 你忘了在支票上签字！
The artist signed his name in the corner of the painting. 画家在画的角上署了名。

【拓展】（1）sign 还可用作不及物动词，意思为“签名；做手势（示意）”。

Sign here, please. 请在这里签字。

He was signing to me crazily to not mention anything about Jack. 他拼命地向我打手势，叫我不要提起杰克的任何事。

She signed for us to go inside. 她打手势让我们进去。

【拓展】（2）与sign 构成的常用短语有：
sign in 签到
sing out 签名；登记离开
sign up (for sth.) 报名参加
sign off 结束写信
Remember to sign in at the reception table and sign out at the office. 记住要在接待处签到，在办公室登记离开。

I’m thinking of signing up for the French course this term. 我在考虑报名参加这个学期的法国课。

It’s getting late so I’ll sign off now, love John. 时间不早了，我就此搁笔。

爱你的约翰。

17. In terms of size and population, how big is the European Union compared with China? 从面积和人口两方面来说，与中国相比，欧洲联盟有多大？
【点拨】in terms of 在……方面；从……方面来说；根据……来解释
US foreign policy tended to see everything in terms of the Vietnam War. 美国的外交政策往往从越南战争的角度来看待一切。

In terms of customer satisfaction the policy cannot be criticized. 说到顾客的满意情况，这个政策无可挑剔。

18. The countries are independent and are governed in different ways.这些国家是独立的，以不同的方法统治国家。

【点拨】govern 用作及物动词，意思为“统治；控制；管理；支配”。

The country is governed by elected representatives of the people. 这个国家由民选代表统治。

Prices are very much governed by market demand. 价格在很大程度上取决于市场的需求。

19. In France, on the other hand, the head of state is a president. 另一方面，在法国，国家元首称总统。

【点拨】on the other hand 另一方面；反过来说，常与on the one hand构成on (the) one hand…, on the other hand 一方
面……；另一方面……，用于引出不同的对立的观点、思
想等。

On the one hand they’d love to have kids, but on the other hand,
they don’t want to give up freedom. 一方面，他们想要孩子，
但另一方面，他们又不想放弃自由自在的生活。

25% of the students, on the other hand, are against the idea of going abroad. 另一方面，25%的学生反对出国。

20. But each of them sends representatives to the European parliament, which has some control over what happens in each of the member countries. 但是每一个国家派的代表到欧洲国会，它掌握着发生在每个成员国的一切。

【点拨】（1）这是一个由which 所引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词是the European parliament.
【点拨】（2）have / lose control over / of sb / sth 对……拥有/失去管理权或支配权
The Democrats will probably lose control of / over congress.民主党很可能失去对国会的控制。

The teacher had no control over the children. 那位老师管不住学生。

21. Little by little, the number in creased during the second half of the twentieth century. 在20世纪后50年期间，成员国的数量逐渐增加。

little by little 逐渐地；一点点地
Little by little the snow disappeared. 雪渐渐融化了。

His English is improving little by little. 他的英语正逐步提高。

22. The expanded European Union has a population of more than half a billion people, twice as big as the population of the United States.
扩大了的欧盟有5亿多人口，是美国人口数量的两倍。

【点拨】（1）expanded 此处是一个过去分词，作定语，修饰European Union。

句中表倍数关系的句式结构twice as big as the
population of the united states 作同位语。

【拓展】三种常见倍数句式:
①倍数+ as + adj / adv.（原形）+ as
②倍数+ adj / adv.（比较级）+ than
③倍数+ the size / length / depth…of
We got four times as many people as we had expected. 来的人数是我们所预料的四倍。

This problem is ten times easier than that one. 这个问题比那个问题容易十倍。

The river is five times the length of that one. 这条河是那条河的5倍长。

【点击高考】(1)What a table ! I’ve never seen such a thing before. It is
______it is long. （2005湖北）
A. half not as wide as
B. wide not as half as
C. not half as wide as
D. as wide as not half
答案为C 此题目考查的是形容词同级比较结构。

倍数及
否定词都在放在“as …as”之前，而否定词应放在倍数的
前面，只有C项符合这个语序。

【点击高考】(2)At a rough estimate, Nigeria is ______ Great Britain.
（2005上海）
A. three times the size as
B. the size three times of
C. three times as the size of
D. three times the size of
答案为D 由四个选项可知，该题考查的是倍数关系，the
size 为度量名词，正确的语序应为three times the size. 23. design n.. &v.
(1) n. 图样，设计，图案；目的，意向
This is a design for the garden. 这是那座花园的设计图
We don't know if it was done by accident or by design. 我们不知道那是偶然的，还是故意的。

His evil designs were frustrated. 他的罪恶意图未能得逞
(2) v．设计，控制
She is designing dresses for the singer. 她在为这位歌手设计服装
He designed a plot for tits new novel. 他为他的新小说拟定情节
This weekend party iNas designed to bring the two musicians together. 这次周末聚会的用意是使两位音乐家见面
〔常用短语〕
by design故意地，蓄意地；
have designs on/against对……抱不良企图，图谋加害于；
design stfi. for sb. /sth．设计，制图，构思
24. refer vi. ( referred, referred, referring）涉及，提到( to)；查资料；参与；针对；提交，交付
He referred to pollution in his report last week. 上周在报告中他提到了污染问题、
The shop referred the complaint to the manufacturers. 商店把投诉转交给制造商
refer to 意思是“提到，谈到，涉及，衣考，查阅”
refer to sb. /sth. as 意为“称某人/某物为……”，to是介词，不可省略。