英语完成时的用法

现在完成时、过去完成时与将来完成的 区别
现在完成时以现在时间为参照点，表示在“现在”以前 完成的动作或持续到“现在”的状态，过去完成时则以 过去时间为参照点，表示在“过去”某一时间以前发生 的动作或持续到“过去”某一时间的状态，将来完成时 则以将来时间为参照点，表示在“将来”某一时间为止 已经完成的动作或持续到“将来”某一时间的状态： He has finished writing his novel. 他已写完了他的小说。 He had finished writing his novel by the end of last year. 去年年底他就写完他的小说。 He will have finished writing his novel by the end of next year. 到明年年底他就会写完他的小说了。
பைடு நூலகம்
有时没有时间状语；多是一般疑问句。
2.现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在,也许还会持续下 去的动作或状态。可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包 括现在在内）的一段时间的状语连用。 如：for和since，以及 so far, now, today, this week(month, year) 等
——————∣—————∣—————→∣——→
finished his homework played ping pong now
By the time he played ping pong,
he had finished his homework
Discussion: 过去完成时
1.The structure of the Past perfect tense:（结构）
2.The definition of the Past perfect tense: （定义）
构成：
had + 动词的过去分词 (p.p.)
定义：
表示在过去的某一时间或动作之前已 经发生或完成了的动作。即：过去的 过去。
1.在老师进入教室前, 李磊擦了黑 板. had cleaned (clean) the blackboard LiLei ______________ by the time the teacher came into the classroom. 2. 当我们到那儿时火车已经离开了。 The train __________ had left (leave) when we arrived there.
2 将来完成时通常与：“by+将来时间”和＂by the time that＂结构连用
。例如： ① By the year 2050, scientists probably will have discovered a cure for cancer. 到2050年，科学家们可能已经找到了治愈癌 症的方法。 ② By the time you arrive in London, we will have been staying in Europe for two weeks. 等你到达伦敦的时候，我们已经在欧洲呆了 两星期了。
将来完成时专项练习
1. By the end of this year ,I ____enough money for a holiday

A will save B will be saving C will have saved Dhave saved
选C,by the end of this year, 是明确表示将来的时间状语,主句表示在这个将来时间以 前完成的动作,故应用将来完成时.
1. The bus left. 2. I got outside.
——————∣—————∣—————→∣——→
the bus left I got outside now
By the time I got outside, the bus had left
1. He finished his homework 2. He played ping pong
一段时间的表达方法有两种:
for: +一段时间 for a year for two weeks for three years Since 过去的某一时刻, since nine since last week
一般过去时态的时间状语从句
since you came since you got home.
试比较：
He has been to Beijing. 他曾去过北京。 （人已回来，可能在这儿） He has gone to Beijing. 他已经去了北京。 （人已走，不在这儿）。
1.我们买这本书三年了. We have had the book for three years. We bought the book three years ago. 2.他感冒三天了. He has had a cold for three days. He caught a cold three days ago. 一般过去时态和现在完 成时态可以构成同意句
过去完成时
1. She cleaned the room.
2. She locked the door.
——————∣—————∣—————→∣——→
cleaned the room locked the door now
By the time she locked the door, she had cleaned the room.
3转换成be+形容词或副词
die— be dead leave—be away
finish – be over begin— be on fall sleep – be asleep close – be closed
4.转换成 be+介词短语
go to school– be in school join the army – be in the army
He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates.
他现在是一个有身份的人了，他可能不会记得老 同学了。
Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month? 到下个月你认识凯文该有10年了吧？
选D,by the time 引出的是时间状语分句,分句 中用的come用一般现在时,表示将来概念,相当于 一个表示将来的时间状语,主句谓语动词表示在 将来某一时刻以前必定完成的行为,应该用将来 完成时.不能选A,句子中带有表示将来时间的状 语分句,故应该用与将来时相关的时态.也不能选 C ,improve 在该句中作”好转”,”变得更好” 解,为不及物动词,所以用被动语态时错误的.
2.When i have done that,I (______) all I was supposed to do.(do) 我做完了这件事，就做完了我全部应该做的事情。Will have done
3. I hope her health _______greatly by the time we come back next year.( ) A improves B improved C will be improved D will have improve
1. You’ve never seen such a wonderful film before, _______? A haven’t you B have you C do you D don’t you 2. --Ann has gone to Shanghai. ---So ____ her parents.
将来完成时
将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前 已经完成或一直持续的动作经常与 before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用，也 可与before或by the time引导的现在时的 从句连用。
将来完成时的构成
将来完成时的构成是由"shall/will + have + 过去分词"构成的。 Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter. 不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。
3.上星期我借了这本书 I have kept the book since last week. I borrowed the book last week. 4.我成为一个学生两年多了. I have been a student for over two years. I became a student two years ago. 5.Mr Black死了三年了。 Mr Black has been dead for three years. Mr Black died three years ago.
将来完成时的用法
1表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作， 并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。 We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term. 到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。 By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. 你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。
注意:for 和since 所引导的时间状语都表示一段时间. He has been away since last week. 对划线部分提问都用 How long
He has been away for one week.
（3） have been (to)和have gone (to)的区别： ★have / has been (to) 表示“曾经去过”某地，说 话时此人很可能不在那里，已经回来。侧重指经历。 ★have / has gone (to) 表示某人“已经去了”某地， 说话时此人在那里，或可能在路上，反正不在这里。
3. 在时间从句和条件从句中，现在完成时可以代替
将来完成时，表示将来某时业已完成的动作。
例如： ① You'll get to like the subject after you have studied it for some time. 在学习这个学科一段时间之后，你就 会喜欢它的。 ② I'll go and see the exhibition as soon as I have finished my work. 我一做完作业就去看展览。
现在完成时
助动词have (has) + 动词的过去分词 注：has 用于第三人称单数，have 用于其他所有 人称。
（1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对 现在造成的影响或结果。通常与表示包括现在在内的时间 副词 just，already, before, yet, never, ever 等状语连用。 例如： ① I have never heard of that before. ② Have you ever ridden a horse? ③ She has already finished the work. ④ Have you milked the cow yet? Yes, I have done that already. ⑤ I’ve just lost my science book.
结束性动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用,但是他可以转 换成相应的延续性动词.
1.直接用延续性动词
buy– Have catch(get) a cold – have a cold
Come/go /become— be put on--
borrow— keep
wear
2.转换成be+名词 join the army – Join the Party – go to school– be a soldier be a Party member be a student