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Construction and Building Materials 29 (2012) 403–409
Contents ScienceDirect
Construction and Building Materials
journal homepage: /locate/conbuildmat
Evaluation of the induction healing effect of porous asphalt concrete through four point bending fatigue test
Quantao Liu a,⇑, Erik Schlangen a, Martin van de Ven b, Gerbert van Bochove c, Jo van Montfort d
article info
Article history: Received 8 July 2011 Received in revised form 19 September 2011 Accepted 2 October 2011 Available online 29 November 2011
Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Netherlands is a densely populated country and many people live close to the motorways, so traffic noise is one of the most serious environmental issues. To reduce traffic noise, porous asphalt was first utilized as a surface wearing course in 1972 and it was decided to start applying porous asphalt surface wearing courses on a larger scale in 1987 [1,2]. Up to now, close to 90% of the Dutch motorway networks is surfaced with porous asphalt concrete and it is a government policy to apply porous asphalt on the whole motorway network [3]. Standard porous asphalt PA 0/16 is used mostly as a surface wearing course with a thickness of 50 mm and a minimum air voids content of 20%. This open structure can reduce traffic noise by 3 db [4,5]. Besides, porous asphalt also reduces spray and splash and prevents aquaplaning under wet conditions, which can improve the driving comfort and safety [6,7].
Keywords: Porous asphalt concrete Steel wool Induction heating Healing Four point bending test
abstract
The objective of this paper is to evaluate the induction healing effect of steel wool reinforced porous asphalt concrete. The four point bending fatigue resistance of the beams was first studied. It was found that the fatigue resistance of these steel wool reinforced beams was quite good compared with the references in the literature. Then, fatigue life extension ratio and flexural stiffness recovery of the beams were used to show their healing effect. The fatigue life extension ratio was measured after introducing induction heating and letting the fatigue damaged beams rest. It was found that induction heating increases the healing rate of the beams and that the healing is highly microstrain-dependent with higher healing rate under high microstrain level. It was also found that the optimal heating temperature is 85 °C to obtain the best healing effect. Heating too much can cause swelling in the specimens, which will decrease the total healing produced. The fatigue damaged beams obtained extra stiffness recovery when induction heating was applied to them. Finally, it was also found that fatigue life of porous asphalt concrete can be significantly extended by applying multiple induction heating. Based on these findings, it is concluded that the self healing effect of porous asphalt concrete can be increased by induction heating the material. Additionally, the durability of porous asphalt pavement will also be improved with induction healing.
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +31 (0) 15 2788078.
E-mail addresses: quantao.liu@tudelft.nl, liuquantao82@ (Q. Liu).
0950-0618/$ - see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.058
To prevent ravelling, induction healing was used as a way of preventive maintenance to increase the healing rate of porous asphalt in this research. This approach was developed on two intrinsic properties of asphalt concrete: asphalt concrete is a self healing material by itself and its healing capacity is much better at higher temperatures. The self healing capability of asphalt concrete has been recognized both in the laboratory and in the field since 1960s [14–16]: Bazin and Saunier found that asphalt concrete beams could restore 90% of their strength after failure under uniaxial tensile loads when they were let to rest under pressure at a temperature of 25 °C [14]. Moreover, they found that fatigued beam
a Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Micromechanics Laboratory (MICROLAB), Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands b Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Road and Railway Engineering, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands c Heijmans-Breijn, Graafsebaan 65, 5248 JT Rosmalen, The Netherlands d SGS-Intron, Sittard, Dr Nolenslaan 126, 6136 GV Sittard, The Netherlands
However, porous asphalt does not last long. Compared with the lifetime of dense graded asphalt concrete roads, which can survive up to 18 years, the lifetime of porous asphalt concrete is between
10 and 12 years [8]. The loss of stones from the road surface, called ravelling, is mostly reported as the dominate defect on porous asphalt wearing course [8–10]. Ravelling is the start of major defects like potholes, because once a stone is gone, the surrounding stones will follow for lacking support in at least one direction [11]. Ravelling also has negative influence on the noise reduction function and skid resistance of porous asphalt pavement [12]. So, the road requires maintenance to avoid ravelling. The average annual costs for major repair of porous asphalt are around 180 million Euros in the Netherlands and 70% of the maintenance is for the damage caused by ravelling [13]. To improve the lifetime of porous asphalt, ravelling should be avoided.
Contents ScienceDirect
Construction and Building Materials
journal homepage: /locate/conbuildmat
Evaluation of the induction healing effect of porous asphalt concrete through four point bending fatigue test
Quantao Liu a,⇑, Erik Schlangen a, Martin van de Ven b, Gerbert van Bochove c, Jo van Montfort d
article info
Article history: Received 8 July 2011 Received in revised form 19 September 2011 Accepted 2 October 2011 Available online 29 November 2011
Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Netherlands is a densely populated country and many people live close to the motorways, so traffic noise is one of the most serious environmental issues. To reduce traffic noise, porous asphalt was first utilized as a surface wearing course in 1972 and it was decided to start applying porous asphalt surface wearing courses on a larger scale in 1987 [1,2]. Up to now, close to 90% of the Dutch motorway networks is surfaced with porous asphalt concrete and it is a government policy to apply porous asphalt on the whole motorway network [3]. Standard porous asphalt PA 0/16 is used mostly as a surface wearing course with a thickness of 50 mm and a minimum air voids content of 20%. This open structure can reduce traffic noise by 3 db [4,5]. Besides, porous asphalt also reduces spray and splash and prevents aquaplaning under wet conditions, which can improve the driving comfort and safety [6,7].
Keywords: Porous asphalt concrete Steel wool Induction heating Healing Four point bending test
abstract
The objective of this paper is to evaluate the induction healing effect of steel wool reinforced porous asphalt concrete. The four point bending fatigue resistance of the beams was first studied. It was found that the fatigue resistance of these steel wool reinforced beams was quite good compared with the references in the literature. Then, fatigue life extension ratio and flexural stiffness recovery of the beams were used to show their healing effect. The fatigue life extension ratio was measured after introducing induction heating and letting the fatigue damaged beams rest. It was found that induction heating increases the healing rate of the beams and that the healing is highly microstrain-dependent with higher healing rate under high microstrain level. It was also found that the optimal heating temperature is 85 °C to obtain the best healing effect. Heating too much can cause swelling in the specimens, which will decrease the total healing produced. The fatigue damaged beams obtained extra stiffness recovery when induction heating was applied to them. Finally, it was also found that fatigue life of porous asphalt concrete can be significantly extended by applying multiple induction heating. Based on these findings, it is concluded that the self healing effect of porous asphalt concrete can be increased by induction heating the material. Additionally, the durability of porous asphalt pavement will also be improved with induction healing.
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +31 (0) 15 2788078.
E-mail addresses: quantao.liu@tudelft.nl, liuquantao82@ (Q. Liu).
0950-0618/$ - see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.058
To prevent ravelling, induction healing was used as a way of preventive maintenance to increase the healing rate of porous asphalt in this research. This approach was developed on two intrinsic properties of asphalt concrete: asphalt concrete is a self healing material by itself and its healing capacity is much better at higher temperatures. The self healing capability of asphalt concrete has been recognized both in the laboratory and in the field since 1960s [14–16]: Bazin and Saunier found that asphalt concrete beams could restore 90% of their strength after failure under uniaxial tensile loads when they were let to rest under pressure at a temperature of 25 °C [14]. Moreover, they found that fatigued beam
a Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Micromechanics Laboratory (MICROLAB), Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands b Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Road and Railway Engineering, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands c Heijmans-Breijn, Graafsebaan 65, 5248 JT Rosmalen, The Netherlands d SGS-Intron, Sittard, Dr Nolenslaan 126, 6136 GV Sittard, The Netherlands
However, porous asphalt does not last long. Compared with the lifetime of dense graded asphalt concrete roads, which can survive up to 18 years, the lifetime of porous asphalt concrete is between
10 and 12 years [8]. The loss of stones from the road surface, called ravelling, is mostly reported as the dominate defect on porous asphalt wearing course [8–10]. Ravelling is the start of major defects like potholes, because once a stone is gone, the surrounding stones will follow for lacking support in at least one direction [11]. Ravelling also has negative influence on the noise reduction function and skid resistance of porous asphalt pavement [12]. So, the road requires maintenance to avoid ravelling. The average annual costs for major repair of porous asphalt are around 180 million Euros in the Netherlands and 70% of the maintenance is for the damage caused by ravelling [13]. To improve the lifetime of porous asphalt, ravelling should be avoided.