高级英语 Lesson3 At War with the Planet
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Lesson Three
At War with the Planet
Barry Commoner
About the author:
• Barry Commoner(1917): American biologist， college professor, Environmental Scientist and ecosocialist/Social Activist • . He has been an outspoken, radical motivator of change on such environmental issues as energy conservation, pesticide use, waste management and control of toxic chemicals. He ran for president of the United States in the 1980 U.S. presidential election on the Citizens Party ticket.
How the world’s climate may change in the future
• Climate change is one of the most serious environmental threats facing the world today. Its impacts will be felt across the world, as sea level rise threatens the existence of some small island states and puts millions of people at risk. Temperature increases, drought and flooding will affect people‘s health and way of life, and cause the irreversible loss of many species of plants and animals.
Barry Commoner
• Commoner was born in Brooklyn. He received his bachelor‘s degree in zoology from Columbia University (1937) and his master‘s and doctoral degrees from Harvard University. After serving as a lieutenant in the United States Navy during World War II, Commoner moved to St. Louis and became a professor of plant physiology植物生理学 at Washington University, where he taught for 34 years.
Barry Commoner
• Commoner believes that post-World War II industrial methods, with their reliance on nonrenewable fossil fuels are the root cause of modern environmental pollution. The petrochemicals industry receives the largest share of Commoner‘s criticism. He refers to ―the petrochemical industry‘s toxic invasion of the biosphere‖ and states that ―the petrochemical industry is inherently harmful to environmental quality.‖
Barry Commoner
• Commoner‘s activist career can be defined as an attempt to weave together a larger vision of social justice. Since the 1960s, he has called attention to parallels between the environmental, civil rights, labor, and peace movements, and connected environmental decline with poverty, injustice, exploitation, and war, arguing that the root cause of environmental problems was the American economic system and its manifestations.
The Environmental Pollution
• The air pollution
• Smog
• The water pollution
• The traffic pollution
• The white pollution
• The soil pollution
Light pollution
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Barry Commoner
[美] 巴里· 康芒纳（Barry Commoner）
《封闭的循环》 （THE CLOSING CIRCLE ） ——自然、人和技术 （NATURE,MAN ADN TECHNOLOGY）
• 美国在1970年突然发现，自己的国家正处于各种环境危险的 困扰之中：光化学烟雾笼罩着许多城市；农场主忧虑着有毒 的杀虫剂和硝酸盐所污染的供水；青年人抗议着来自原子弹 和核电站的射尘威胁；孩子们遭受着他们体内的高水准的铅 所引起的病苦。 《封闭的循环》的写作目的就是要说明这些令人恐惧的 问题的根源。书中指出，所有这些问题都是自第二次世界大 战之后在美国生产体系中所发生的巨大变革的结果：光化学 烟雾是汽车发动机泄露出氧化氮引起光化反应而产生的；污 染农业地区的化肥和杀虫剂是为了增加粮食生产而被使用的 ；射线危险是由核能引起的；添加在汽油中的铅是开动高效 率机动车引擎所必需的。所有这些新生产技术都是在无知的 情况下被应用的。而事实上所有新的变革都可以在不失去经 济利益的前提下做到。
Barry Commoner
• He said, ―When a pollutant is attacked at the point of origin—in the production process that generates it—the pollutant can be eliminated; once it is produced, it is too late. This is the simple but powerful lesson of the two decades of intense but largely futile effort to improve the quality of the environment.‖
Barry Commoner
• In 1966 he founded the Center for the Biology of Natural Systems (CBNS) to study the science of the total environment，to study man’s relationship with the environment • In 1981 Commoner moved CBNS to Queen College in Flushing, N.Y., where the team he directs continues its research in conservation and ecological science. The author of 9 books, Barry Commoner, a pioneer in the creation of the environment movement, was termed the ―Paul Revere of Ecology‖
Barry Commoner
• His warnings, since the 1950s, of the environmental threats posed by modern technology (including nuclear weapons, use of pesticides and other toxic chemicals, and ineffective waste management) in such works as his classic Science and Survival (1966) made him one of the foremost environmentalist spokesmen of his time. He was a third-party candidate for U.S. president in 1980.
Barry Commoner
• During the late 1950s, Commoner became a wellknown protester against nuclear testing. He went on to write several books about the negative ecological effects of above-ground nuclear testing. In 1970 he received the International Humanist Award from the International Humanist and Ethical Union. • Commoner criticized Ronald Reagan and George Bush for regulating pollution and not preventing it.
Barry Commoner
• Four Laws of Ecology written in his The Closing Circle in 1971. The four laws are: • 1. Everything is Connected to Everything Else. There is one ecosphere for all living organisms and what affects one, affects all. • 2. Everything Must Go Somewhere. There is no "waste" in nature and there is no ―away‖ to which things can be thrown. • 3. Nature Knows Best. Humankind has fashioned technology to improve upon nature, but such change in a natural system is, says Commoner, ―likely to be detrimental (harmful) to that system.‖ • 4. There Is No Such Thing as a Free Lunch. Everything comes from something. There's no such thing as spontaneous existence.
At War with the Planet
Barry Commoner
About the author:
• Barry Commoner(1917): American biologist， college professor, Environmental Scientist and ecosocialist/Social Activist • . He has been an outspoken, radical motivator of change on such environmental issues as energy conservation, pesticide use, waste management and control of toxic chemicals. He ran for president of the United States in the 1980 U.S. presidential election on the Citizens Party ticket.
How the world’s climate may change in the future
• Climate change is one of the most serious environmental threats facing the world today. Its impacts will be felt across the world, as sea level rise threatens the existence of some small island states and puts millions of people at risk. Temperature increases, drought and flooding will affect people‘s health and way of life, and cause the irreversible loss of many species of plants and animals.
Barry Commoner
• Commoner was born in Brooklyn. He received his bachelor‘s degree in zoology from Columbia University (1937) and his master‘s and doctoral degrees from Harvard University. After serving as a lieutenant in the United States Navy during World War II, Commoner moved to St. Louis and became a professor of plant physiology植物生理学 at Washington University, where he taught for 34 years.
Barry Commoner
• Commoner believes that post-World War II industrial methods, with their reliance on nonrenewable fossil fuels are the root cause of modern environmental pollution. The petrochemicals industry receives the largest share of Commoner‘s criticism. He refers to ―the petrochemical industry‘s toxic invasion of the biosphere‖ and states that ―the petrochemical industry is inherently harmful to environmental quality.‖
Barry Commoner
• Commoner‘s activist career can be defined as an attempt to weave together a larger vision of social justice. Since the 1960s, he has called attention to parallels between the environmental, civil rights, labor, and peace movements, and connected environmental decline with poverty, injustice, exploitation, and war, arguing that the root cause of environmental problems was the American economic system and its manifestations.
The Environmental Pollution
• The air pollution
• Smog
• The water pollution
• The traffic pollution
• The white pollution
• The soil pollution
Light pollution
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Barry Commoner
[美] 巴里· 康芒纳（Barry Commoner）
《封闭的循环》 （THE CLOSING CIRCLE ） ——自然、人和技术 （NATURE,MAN ADN TECHNOLOGY）
• 美国在1970年突然发现，自己的国家正处于各种环境危险的 困扰之中：光化学烟雾笼罩着许多城市；农场主忧虑着有毒 的杀虫剂和硝酸盐所污染的供水；青年人抗议着来自原子弹 和核电站的射尘威胁；孩子们遭受着他们体内的高水准的铅 所引起的病苦。 《封闭的循环》的写作目的就是要说明这些令人恐惧的 问题的根源。书中指出，所有这些问题都是自第二次世界大 战之后在美国生产体系中所发生的巨大变革的结果：光化学 烟雾是汽车发动机泄露出氧化氮引起光化反应而产生的；污 染农业地区的化肥和杀虫剂是为了增加粮食生产而被使用的 ；射线危险是由核能引起的；添加在汽油中的铅是开动高效 率机动车引擎所必需的。所有这些新生产技术都是在无知的 情况下被应用的。而事实上所有新的变革都可以在不失去经 济利益的前提下做到。
Barry Commoner
• He said, ―When a pollutant is attacked at the point of origin—in the production process that generates it—the pollutant can be eliminated; once it is produced, it is too late. This is the simple but powerful lesson of the two decades of intense but largely futile effort to improve the quality of the environment.‖
Barry Commoner
• In 1966 he founded the Center for the Biology of Natural Systems (CBNS) to study the science of the total environment，to study man’s relationship with the environment • In 1981 Commoner moved CBNS to Queen College in Flushing, N.Y., where the team he directs continues its research in conservation and ecological science. The author of 9 books, Barry Commoner, a pioneer in the creation of the environment movement, was termed the ―Paul Revere of Ecology‖
Barry Commoner
• His warnings, since the 1950s, of the environmental threats posed by modern technology (including nuclear weapons, use of pesticides and other toxic chemicals, and ineffective waste management) in such works as his classic Science and Survival (1966) made him one of the foremost environmentalist spokesmen of his time. He was a third-party candidate for U.S. president in 1980.
Barry Commoner
• During the late 1950s, Commoner became a wellknown protester against nuclear testing. He went on to write several books about the negative ecological effects of above-ground nuclear testing. In 1970 he received the International Humanist Award from the International Humanist and Ethical Union. • Commoner criticized Ronald Reagan and George Bush for regulating pollution and not preventing it.
Barry Commoner
• Four Laws of Ecology written in his The Closing Circle in 1971. The four laws are: • 1. Everything is Connected to Everything Else. There is one ecosphere for all living organisms and what affects one, affects all. • 2. Everything Must Go Somewhere. There is no "waste" in nature and there is no ―away‖ to which things can be thrown. • 3. Nature Knows Best. Humankind has fashioned technology to improve upon nature, but such change in a natural system is, says Commoner, ―likely to be detrimental (harmful) to that system.‖ • 4. There Is No Such Thing as a Free Lunch. Everything comes from something. There's no such thing as spontaneous existence.