电源

高频开关电源电路原理(中英文对照)
高频开关电源由以下几个部分组成：
一、主电路
从交流电网输入、直流输出的全过程，包括：
1、输入滤波器：其作用是将电网存在的杂波过滤，同时也阻碍本机产生的杂波反馈到公共电网。

2、整流与滤波：将电网交流电源直接整流为较平滑的直流电，以供下一级变换。

3、逆变：将整流后的直流电变为高频交流电，这是高频开关电源的核心部分，频率越高，体积、重量与输出功率之比越小。

4、输出整流与滤波：根据负载需要，提供稳定可靠的直流电源。

二、控制电路
一方面从输出端取样，经与设定标准进行比较，然后去控制逆变器，改变其频率或脉宽，达到输出稳定，另一方面，根据测试电路提供的资料，经保护电路鉴别，提供控制电路对整机进行各种保护措施。

三、检测电路
除了提供保护电路中正在运行中各种参数外，还提供各种显示仪表资料。

四、辅助电源
提供所有单一电路的不同要求电源。

开关控制稳压原理
开关K以一定的时间间隔重复地接通和断开，在开关K接通时，输入电源E通过开关K和滤波电路提供给负载RL，在整个开关接通期间，电源E向负载提供能量；当开关K断开时，输入电源E便中断了能量的提供。

可见，输入电源向负载提供能量是断续的，为使负载能得到连续的能量提供，开关稳压电源必须要有一套储能装置，在开关接通时将一部份能量储存起来，在开关断开时，向负载释放。

图中，由电感L、电容C2和二极管D组成的电路，就具有这种功能。

电感L用以储存能量，在开关断开时，储存在电感L 中的能量通过二极管D释放给负载，使负载得到连续而稳定的能量，因二极管D使负载电流连续不断，所以称为续流二极管。

在AB间的电压平均值EAB可用下式表示：
EAB=TON/T*E
式中TON为开关每次接通的时间，T为开关通断的工作周期（即开关接通时间TON和关断时间TOFF之和）。

由式可知，改变开关接通时间和工作周期的比例，AB间电压的平均值也随之改变，因此，随着负载及输入电源电压的变化自动调整TON和T的比例便能使输出电压V0维持不变。

改变接通时间TON和工作周期比例亦即改变脉冲的占空比，这种方法称为“时间比率控制”（Time Ratio Control,缩写为TRC）。

按TRC控制原理，有三种方式：
一、脉冲宽度调制（Pulse Width Modulation,缩写为PWM）
开关周期恒定，通过改变脉冲宽度来改变占空比的方式。

二、脉冲频率调制（Pulse Frequency Modulation,缩写为PFM）
导通脉冲宽度恒定，通过改变开关工作频率来改变占空比的方式。

三、混合调制
导通脉冲宽度和开关工作频率均不固定，彼此都能改变的方式，它是以上二种方式的混合。

第三节开关电源的发展和趋势
1955年美国罗耶（GH.Roger)发明的自激振荡推挽晶体管单变压器直流变换器，是实现高频转换控制电路的开端，1957年美国查赛（Jen Sen)发明了自激式推挽双变压器，1964年美国科学家们提出取消工频变压器的串联开关电源的设想，这对电源向体积和重量的下降获得了一条根本的途径。

到了1969年由于大功率
硅晶体管的耐压提高，二极管反向恢复时间的缩短等元器件改善，终于做成了25千赫的开关电源。

目前，开关电源以小型、轻量和高效率的特点被广泛应用于以电子计算机为主导的各种终端设备、通信设备等几乎所有的电子设备，是当今电子信息产业飞速发展不可缺少的一种电源方式。

目前市场上出售的开关电源中采用双极性晶体管制成的100kHz、用MOS－FET制成的500kHz电源，虽已实用化，但其频率有待进一步提高。

要提高开关频率，就要减少开关损耗，而要减少开关损耗，就需要有高速开关元器件。

然而，开关速度提高后，会受电路中分布电感和电容或二极管中存储电荷的影响而产生浪涌或噪声。

这样，不仅会影响周围电子设备，还会大大降低电源本身的可靠性。

其中，为防止随开关启-闭所发生的电压浪涌，可采用R-C或L-C缓冲器，而对由二极管存储电荷所致的电流浪涌可采用非晶态等磁芯制成的磁缓冲器。

不过，对1MHz以上的高频，要采用谐振电路，以使开关上的电压或通过开关的电流呈正弦波，这样既可减少开关损耗，同时也可控制浪涌的发生。

这种开关方式称为谐振式开关。

目前对这种开关电源的研究很活跃，因为采用这种方式不需要大幅度提高开关速度就可以在理论上把开关损耗降到零，而且噪声也小，可望成为开关电源高频化的一种主要方式。

当前，世界上许多国家都在致力于数兆Hz的变换器的实用化研究。

High-frequency switching power supply circuit of high frequency switching power supply from the following components : a main circuit from the exchange network input, DC output of the entire process, including : an import filter : its role is to network the clutter filtration, but also hindered the plane of the clutter feedback to the public grid. 2, rectifier and filter : direct AC power rectifier for smoother DC, for under a transformation. 3, the inverter : Rectifier the high frequency alternating current into direct current, high-frequency switching power supply is the core component of the higher frequency, size, weight and output ratio smaller. 4, and the rectifier output filter : Under load the need to provide stable and reliable DC power supply. 2, the control circuit while output from the sample, with the set standards, then controlled inverter, change its frequency or pulse width output achieve stability, on the other hand, according to test data provided by the circuit by circuit protection identification, Control circuit for the unit for various protection measures. Third, in addition to providing detection circuit protection circuit is running various parameters, but also provide information display instruments. 4, the auxiliary power supply circuit for the single power supply to the different requirements. Switching Control Switching Regulators K principle to a certain time interval repeatedly connected and disconnected, connected to the switch K, Input voltage E and K through switching circuit filter to load RL, the entire switch connected, Power E to provide energy load; When K disconnect switch, the input power is interrupted E. energy delivery. This shows that the importation of power to provide energy load is intermittent, for the load can be provided for the energy, Switching power supply must be a set of storage devices, the switches will be connected to a part of the energy stored in the switch disconnected. Load to the release. Map from the inductance L, capacitance diode D and C2 components of the circuit, it is such a function. Inductor L for energy storage in switch disconnected, stored in the inductor L of energy release through diodes D to load, so that load is continuous and stable energy, diode D enable continuous load current, known as the continued flow diode. AB in the average voltage EAB can be given by : EAB=TON/T*E where TON connected to the switch each time, T-off switch for the cycle (that is, access time TON switch and turn-off time and TOFF's). - We can see from the change switch connected to the work cycle time and the ratio of the voltage between the AB average change also, therefore, With the load and input supply voltage changes and automatically adjust TON T ratio, it will cause the output voltage V0 unchanged. Change the access time and cycle TON percentage change is the pulse duty cycle. This method, known as "time ratio control" (Time Ratio Control, for the initials TRC). TRC under control principle, there are three ways :
1. Pulse width modulation (Pulse Width Modulation, acronym for PWM) switching constant cycle by changing the pulse width to change the duty cycle approaches. 2, pulse frequency modulation (Pulse Frequency Modulation, acronym for the PFM) conduction pulse width constant by changing the switching frequency to change the duty cycle approaches. 3, mixed conduction modulation and pulse width switching frequency not fixed are, they change the way It is more than two hybrid models. Section III SMPS developments and trends in the United States in 1955 Roje (GH.Roger) invention of the self-excited oscillation push redeem transistor single transformer DC converters, high-frequency conversion is the beginning of control circuit, 1957 United States investigation tournament (Jen Sen) since the invention of the push-pull double Flyback transformers, 1964 American scientists proposes to abolish the frequency transformer series switching power supply scenario, This power to the right size and weight of the decline was a fundamental way. To the 1969 high-power silicon transistor because the pressure increase diode reverse recovery time shortened, and other components improve, and finally turned into a 25 kHz switching power supply. Currently, switching power supply to small, Light volume and the characteristics of high efficiency has been widely used in electronic computer-driven variety of terminal equipment, Communications equipment almost all electronic equipment, the electronic information industry indispensable to the rapid development of a power mode. Currently the market for sale in the switching power supply using bipolar transistors made of 100kHz. use made of 500kHz MOS power, though practical, but its frequency to be further enhanced. To improve the switching frequency, it is necessary to reduce the switching loss, and to reduce the switching loss, you need to have high-speed switching devices. However, the switching speed, will be affected by the circuit inductance and capacitance diode or stored charge arising from the impact of the surge or noise. This will not only affect the surrounding electronic equipment, but also greatly reduce the reliability of the power supply itself. Among them, with the switch to prevent Kai-closed by the voltage surge, it is R-C or L-C Composite bumpers, and the storage charge by the diode current surge caused by the use made of amorphous cores such as magnetic bumper. However, the high frequency of 1 MHz and above, using resonant circuit, Switch to enable the voltage or current through the switch was a sine, which could reduce the switching loss, This can also control the surge occurred. Switches such as resonant mode switching. Currently such SMPS of very active, because this means no significant increase switching speed can theoretically put switching loss fall to zero. and the noise is small, is expected to become high-frequency switching power supply of one of the main ways. At present, many countries in the world are working on several trillion Hz converter practical research.。