2220中考英语复习课本知识整理 八年级下 Unit6

2022中考英语复习课本知识整理八年级下
Unit6 How long have you been collecting shells?
【知识梳理】
【课文解析】
1. since的用法：
(1)conj．
①(引导时间状语从句，从句中常用过去时，主句用一般时态或完成时)自从……以来；……以后。

eg．It was years since l had seen her．自从我见到她(到那时)又过去好几年了。

his just a week since we arrived here．我们到这儿刚好有一周了。

②(引起原因状语从句，通常置于句首)既然；因为
eg．
Since he says so，it must be true．既然他这么说，那一定是真的。

(2)prep．自……以来
eg．
I have lived here since childhood．自小我就住在这儿。

He hasn't been home sincel993．1993年以来他还没有回过家。

(3)adv．
①(与完成时态连用)从那以后；后来eg．
He left the city in 1985 and has returned only once since．他1985年离开这座城市，自那以后只回来过一次。

②以前
(4)构成短语：ever since 从那以后(一直)
long since 很久以前；早已
2. since，from和for
(1)from是介词，后接名词、动名词，表示事情的开始点，以from短语作状语时，句中的谓语动词可用一般现在、过去和将来时，如：
(4)stop sb.(from)doing sth. 表示“叫某人停止做某事，阻止某人做某事〞。

例如：
What can stop me(my)going? 有什么能阻止我去呢?
Nothing shall stop us from studying．什么都不能阻止我们学习。

5. have to do sth. 表示“不得不做某事〞，指客观条件的“不得不〞
I have to finish the work by myself．我不得不自己完成这项工作。

6. r un out of… 意为“从……地方跑出来；用光……〞
Class is over．The students run out of the classroom．下课了，学生们从教室里冲了出
课文解析
1. How long have you been in class today? 你今天上了多长时间的课？(或你在课堂多长时间？) (1)how long “多长〞或“多长时间〞。

对长度或时间段提问。

-- How long have you learned English? 你学英语多长时间了?
-- For two years. 两年了。

(2)in class 在上课；在课堂上，其反义词为out of class “在课外〞。

We should read more books out of class. 我们在课外应该多读些书。

I have been in class for one hour. 我上了一个小时的课。

(3)现在完成时
①表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。

eg．
We shall expect you，by the way，dinner will be at eight．我们正在等着你，还有晚饭是八点开。

I was reading when the earthquake occurred，by the way，it was “The Last Day of Pompeii〞．地震发生时我在看书，顺便提一下，我看的是“庞培城的末日〞。

By the way，have you seen her lately? 顺便问一下，你近来见过她吗?
(2)名词hobby表示“爱好〞是可数名词。

例如：
Your hobby is reading．你的爱好是看书。

One of my hobbies is astronomy．我的爱好之一是天文学。

Plenty of men are excellent cooks as a hobby．很多男人菜做得好，只是作为一种爱好。

6．It made me think about differences in food cultures between China and western countries．它使我想起了中国和西方国家在饮食文化方面的差异。

(1)make 使役动词“使；让〞，后面接不定式作宾语补足语时，不带to，类似的还有let和have。

eg．
He made the students laugh．他把同学们逗笑了。

The children must be made to clean their own room．必须叫孩子们清扫自己的房间。

Aunt Li tried to make us stay for supper. 李大婶要留我们吃晚饭。

(2)think about 考虑；回想，想起；认为
eg．
think about a plan 考虑一项方案
I always think about her when it snows．每当下雪的时候，我总是想起她。

What do you think about the film last night? 你认为昨晚的电影怎么样?
He was thinking about the time he spent in the army．他正在回想他在部队度过的日子。

We need to think about the plan．我们需要考虑一下这个方案。

(3)介词between表示在二者之间
There is a fence between his garden and our garden．在他的花园和我们的花园之间有一道栅栏。

You're to sit between Moira and me．你坐在莫伊娜和我之间。

五.【词语辨析】
1. every和each
(1)each一定数目中的“每一个〞；“个别〞意义较重，表示各有不同，更强调个人或个别。

eg． Each one has his weakness．每人都有每人的弱点。

(2)every数目不确定的许多人或物中间的“每一个〞；“总合〞意义较重，表示“大家一致〞。

eg． Every one of us is here．我们都到了。

(3)each可作主语、同位语、定语和状语，而every只能作定语。

2. interest，interesting与interested
(1)interest作名词，意为“兴趣，趣味〞，用作动词时指“使(人)产生兴趣〞。

例如：He shows an interest in music．他对音乐感兴趣。

What you said interests me．你的话引起了我的兴趣。

(2)interesting作形容词，指“有趣的，引起兴趣的〞，可作表语或定语，指物或人本身能引起兴趣。

例如： The film is very interesting．电影非常有趣。

He is an interesting man．他是一个有趣的人。

(3)interested是由动词interest加-ed构成的形容词。

意为“感兴趣的〞，其主语一般是人，常用于be／get／become interested in结构中，表示“对……感兴趣〞。

例如：
When he was only a child，he got interested in science．当他还是个孩子时，就对科学产生了兴趣。

3. how long，how often 与 how soon
(1)how long 的意思是“有多长〞，用来提问有多长时间，答语通常是more than two weeks 等表示一段时间的话。

例如：
--How long are you going to stay here? 你打算在这里待多久?
--Five days． 5天。

--How long did he live in China? 他在中国住了多长时间?
--More than two years．两年多。

(2)how often的意思是“多长时间一次〞，用来提问在某一特定的时间内进行某个动作的次数，答语通常是never，sometimes，quite often，usually，three times a year等表示频度的副词或短语。

例如：
--How often do you go to the library? 你多长时间去一次图书馆?
--Once a day．一天一次。

(3)how soon用来询问“需要多长时间能，过多久〞，谓语动词多用终止性动词，即某一动作要花多长时间才能完成或发生，常与将来时连用，答语常用in a week／month／year等。

例如：
--How soon can you finish the work? 你完成那项工作还要多久?
--May be in three days．大概3天后。

--How soon will he get here? 他到这儿需要多久?
--In half an hour．半小时。

4. have与must
have to与must都有“必须〞的意思，但有其不同之处：
(1)have to有时态和人称变化，带有客观因素，意思是“不得不〞；must无时态和人称变化，后面接不带to的不定式，带有主观因素，意思是“必须，一定〞。

例如：
I have to go now．It's dark．我必须得走了。

天已黑了。

I must go．我得走了。

(2)must not表示“不许，一定不能〞；don't have to表示“不必〞。

例如：
You mustn't go now．你现在不许走。

You don't have to go so early．你不必走那么早。

(3)Must I…?的否认答复是No，you needn't．或No，you don't have to．
例如：
--Must I stay here now? 我必须留在这吗?
--NO，you needn't．／you don't have to．不，你不必。

5. fairly与rather
fairly与rather同义但用法不同：
fairly一般指(褒义的)理想的情形，rather一般指(贬义的)不太理想的情形。

例如：
The weather is fairly fine today．今天的天气相当好。

The weather was rather bad yesterday．昨天的天气相当不好。

It is a fairly easy question．
这是一个相当容易的问题。

(容易而适当)
It is a rather easy question．
这是一个相当容易的问题。

(大容易了而不适当)
语法讲解：
1. 现在完成进行时
构成：
肯定句：主语 + have / has been + doing
否认句：主语+have/has+not+been+doing
一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+been+doing?
现在完成进行时表达“某一动作从过去开始一直持续到现在，有可能还要持续下去〞，现在完成进行时的句子中多用延续性动词，如：live，learn，study，work等。

(1)I have been learning English for ten years. 我学英语已经十年了。

(2)She has been skating for four hours. 到现在为止她滑冰已经有四个小时了。

(3)I have been collecting stamps since I was ten years old. 我从十岁起就一直在集邮。

在这几个句子中，have和has是助动词，疑问形式需把助动词提前，否认形式在have
或has后面加not，have not和has not可以分别缩写成haven’t和hasn’t，如：
(1)Have you been doing your homework since this morning? 从今天早晨起你就一直在写作业吧？
(2)Has he been writing the letters to his friend? 他是一直在给他的朋友写信吗？
(3)I haven’t been seeing films for a long time. 我有很长时间没有看电影了。

〔说明没有看电影这个动作从过去一直持续到现在，还要继续持续下去。

〕
2.现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别：
(1)现在完成时强调动作的完成，而现在完成进行时侧重的是动作的持续进行。

如：
I have read a book about birds. 〔已经读完〕
I have been reading a book about birds.〔一直都在读，现在还在读，有可能会继续读下去〕
(2)两种时态都有延续性，但现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影响或结果，无感情色彩；现在完成进行时表示一个动作的延续、重复，有时有一定的感情色彩。

如：
She has been singing all the day. 她都唱了一整天了。

〔抱怨、厌烦〕
【典型例题解析】
例1 How long have you ______?
A. borrowed the book
B. bought the bike
C. been back
D. received the letter
解析问句是现在完成时，而borrow, buy, receive, 是非延续动词，应选C。

答案〔C〕
例2 Since Jim came to China, he ______ a lot about Chinese history.
A. has begun learning
B. have been learned
C. has been learning
D. began to learn
解析 since引导的时间状语从句，主句用现在完成时或现在完成进行时，在这四个选项中，只有C选项符合现在完成进行时的结构have/has been +动词-ing 结构，其余三个既不符合现在完成时的结构也不符合现在完成进行时的结构。

答案〔C〕
例3— ______have you been here?
—I’ve been here for months.
A. How long
B. How often
C. How much
D. How many
正解 A错因分析 how often是指做事情的频率,对频率进行提问，而how long是对时间段提问，根据答句中的“for months〞表示一段时间，应选A。

例4 I’m sorry, I don’t know .Please ask ______.
A. someone else
B. anyone else
C. else anyone
D. else someone
正解 A错因分析句意为：“对不起，我不知道，请问别人〞。

在肯定句中用someone，不用anyone，故排除B、C选项，又因为else修饰不定代词或疑问词时，else放在所修饰词的后面。

应选A。

例5(2022年铜仁)—Is the woman over there Mrs. Chen?
—She has gone to Yuping. It _______ be her.
A. can't
B. needn't
C. won't
D. wouldn't
【析】此题考查情态动词表推测的用法。

在肯定推测中用must，如果是否认推测时，就用can't。

答案 A
单元测试题
一、单项填空
1．There is________knocking at the door．Go and see who it is．
A．nobody B．somebody C．anybody D．everybody
2．—How is the weather today?
—It’s________．
A．sunny B．Sunday C．June 26 D．seven o’clock 3．Would you please wait for the next bus? This one is________．
A．full B．empty C．tidy D．quiet
4．—How long have you________the book?
—For a week．
A．borrowed B．lent C．kept D．bought
5．________a cold morning，I opened the window and was glad to find that it was snowing outside．
A．By B．In C．At D．On
6．E-mail is much________than long-distance calling．
A．cheap B．cheaper C．cheapest D．the cheapest
7．________you pass me a pen? I’d like to write down the telephone number．A．Need B．Could C．Must D．Should
8．We________you are here．We looked for you everywhere．
A．can’t know B．don’t know C．didn’t know D．won’t know 9．Nobody could tell me the way because________people were there in the night．A．few B．a few C．little D．a little 10．Could you tell me________?
A．where does he live B．where lives he
C．he lives where D．where he lives
11．________you free last night?
A．Were B．Was C．Are D．Do
12．We’ll have a________holiday．What about going to the Great Wall?
A．two days B．two-day C．two-days D．two-days’
13．The Internet________it easy to get much new information in a short time．A．finds B．makes C．feels D．takes 14．—She is too busy to help us finish the work．
—Let’s do it________．
A．herself B．myself C．ourselves D．itself
15．I don’t know Sam’s telephone number．Will you please________in your address book?
A．look at it B．look for it C．look up it D．look it up
二、完形填空
Many years ago George Frank’s brother left a medical college．The young man worked in 1 now．He had a lot of knowledge on medicine and often 2 sick people．Of course he was paid
3 and lived a happy life．
Frank envied (羡慕) his brother very much and hoped to be a good 4 ，too．His father，an important person in their city，agreed to Frank’s 5 ，but he knew the young man 6 in the
middle school．He had to help him 7 college and told him to put his heart into his studies．At first Frank worked hard at his lessons and listened to the teachers carefully．But several months later he 8 because he couldn’t catch what his teachers said in class．So he couldn’t finish his homework．He 9 the exams and at last he dropped 10 of his subjects．As he liked anatomy (解剖学)，sometimes he went to listen to it．
One day，Mrs．Grace asked Frank 11 questions，but he could answer neither of them．The anatomy teacher felt sorry and said，“How many teeth does a person have? It’s the easiest!〞“Twenty-four．〞 Frank answered．His classmates began to laugh，and Mrs．Grace said
12 ，“You are the most foolish student I’ve seen．〞
Frank’s face turned red．He stood up and said，〞 I’m 13 ，Mrs．Grace，but your words really 14 my heart．〞
“It’s not true，class! He doesn’t know where 15 !〞 said Mrs．Grace．
1．A．a college B．a city C．a hospital D．a school
2．A．operated on B．worked C．studied with D．got on well with
3．A．a lot B．a little
C．as much as he wanted D．as much as he could
4．A．teacher B．person C．student D．doctor
5．A．choose B．chose C．chosen D．choice
6．A．learned a lot B．worked hard
C．didn’t learn much D．didn’t listen to him
7．A．entered B．enters C．entering D．to enter
8．A．caught up with his classmates B．fell behind
C．followed his father D．enjoyed himself
9．A．took part in B．kept busy with
C．failed in D．passed
10．A．most B．all C．each D．both
11．A．five B．four C．three D．two
12．A．to all the students B．to herself
C．happier D．angrily
13．A．glad B．sorry C．lucky D．well
14．A．hurt B．changed C．lost D．woke
15．A．his teeth are B．his heart is
C．his father is D．his brother is
三、阅读理解
Last weekend we found a really beautiful shell while my friend and I were playing volleyball at the beach．He picked it up and said it was his．In fact，I saw it first．I was so angry that I thought about hitting him．However，“Violence (武力) is the worst!〞came to my mind．Our parents and teachers often tell us not to fight．I didn’t fight but talked with him instead．
If two adults use violence towards each other in order to win，it’s quite wrong．If one injured the other，he would be caught．If one killed the other，he would be put into prison for years，even for the rest of his life．
Now when two countries have different thoughts，they often use violence and fight a war between the countries．It’s rather bad! Thousands of people have been killed and injured at war．And it brings much trouble to the world．
A war is rather violent．Adults will say they are fighting wars to solve problems and make peace． But can wars really“make peace〞? I suppose not．Guns can’t create love and care．Why can’t adults use their brains?
They might say things are not so easy．However，why are they doing so? Adults are our models! Can wars make peace?
1．The writer and his friend________at the beach last weekend．
A．fought badly B．hit others
C．played volleyball D．picked up shells
2．Using________between two countries means fighting a war．
A．violence B．talk C．ideas D．thoughts
3．Lots of people are injured and lose their________during the war．
A．parents B．lives C．kids D．houses
4．The word“it〞 means________in the sentence“And it brings much trouble to the world〞．A．war B．peace C．care D．love
5．The writer of this passage may be________．
A．an officer B．a parent C．an adult D．a child
四、补全对话
A
A：Hi，Bill! You’re reading the novel again．
B：Yes，Tom．I’ll never be tired of it．
A： 1 ?
B：Three times．Every time I read it，I can always learn something new．
B：Really? 2 ?
A：Charles Dickens．I think he is a great English writer．What do you think?
B： 3 ．He is also my favorite foreign writer．Please let me have a look at it．
A： 4 ．I haven’t read such a novel for long．Where did you buy it?
B：In the Rose Bookshop．
A：I don’t know where it is． 5 ?
B：No．Only 10 minutes’walk from here，next to the People’s Cinema．
A：Oh，I see．I’m going to get one，too．Thank you!
B：You’re welcome!
1．________ 2．________ 3．________ 4．________ 5．________
B
A：Excuse me， 6 you from Australia?
B：Yes，7 how do you know?
A：The 8 you speak．When 9 you come to China?
B：This time 10 year．
A：So you have been in China for about a year．
B：Yes．You are right．
A：What do you 11 of China?
B：It’s great．I like it very much．
A：What do you like about China?
B：The people，the food and the 12 of interest．
A：Have you ever been to the Great Wall?
B：No，I haven’t．I am going there next month．13 the way，can you tell 14 how to get to the park?
A：Certainly．Take the No．18 bus．It’ll take you right there．
B：Thanks a 15 ．
A：That’s OK．
6．________ 7．________ 8．________ 9．________ 10．________
11．________ 12．________ 13．________ 14．________ 15．________
五、单句改错
1．Why not ask for help when you are with trouble?
A B C D ( )________
2．We have learned English since two years and a half．
A B C D ( )________
3．A friend of him went to Japan last Sunday．
A B C D ( )________
4．There will have a class meeting next Monday afternoon．
A B C D ( )________
5．The police told us not play in the street．It’s dangerous．
A B C D ( )________
6．Look! What happy the children are in the a garden!
A B C D ( )________
7．With my help，he finished made the kite at last．
A B C D ( )________
8．Father tells his son how far is it from the earth to the moon．
A B C D ( )________
六、用所给单词的适当形式填空
1．My father________(watch) CCTV news at 7:00 every day．
2．They________(have) a football match if it________(be) fine next Thursday afternoon．3．Listen! Jack’s radio_______(make) a loud noise．Would you please tell him________(turn) it down?
4．Dick________(mend) a kite yesterday evening and he________(fly) it in the park tomorrow．5．So far，most of the children________(see)the film“Harry Potter〞．
6．You’d better________(not drink) too much water before you go to bed．
7．The old man looked at them________(angry) and couldn’t say a word．
8．We all know that light________(travel) much faster than sound．
9．Oh，dear! I________(lost) my key and now I can’t come into my room．
10．We hope it will be________(sun) tomorrow for a picnic．
七、翻译句子
1．我认为英语并不难学。

I_________ _________English is_________ _________ _________．
2．我们不得不停下来，因为我们的汽油用完了。

We________ ________stop because we have_________ _________ _________our gas．3．如果你知道还有谁收集硬币，请告诉我。

If you know_________ _________who collects coins，please let me know．4．你怎么能让房间到处都是玩具娃娃?把它们放在盒子里好吗?
How can you make your dolls_________ _________the room?_________them in the box，_________you?
5．他收集贝壳已经有三年半了。

He_________collected shells_________three and_________ _________years．6．他们每滑冰1小时，每个同学就捐10元钱。

_________ _________hour they skate，each student_________ten yuan for charity．7．他从10岁就开始收集风筝。

He has been_________kites_________he was ten years old．
8．顺便问一下，你看过这部电影吗?
_________ _________ _________，have you seen the film?
9．凯丽14岁了，她对服装感兴趣。

Carrie's fourteen now，and she is_________clothes．
10．他看起来挺伤心，实际并不在乎。

He only looks sad．_________ _________，he_________mind at all．
八、书面表达
A
下面是一篇来自Bob的电子邮件，结果不小心被淘气的妹妹给删除了一局部，为此Bob很恼火。

你
Subject：My Hobby From：Bob
Dear Jack，
I want to tell you about my hobby．My hobby_____________________．I like it very much．Because ____________________________．I started_____________________________．I have been_____________________．Now the number of my stamps which I collect is______________________．
B
假设你叫李强，是个中学生，想应聘(时代英语报)初中版的业余小记者。

对方要求你用英语写一篇
注意：1．情况介绍必须采用短文形式。

2．短文要通顺、连贯。

3．词数60个左右，短文的第一句已为你写好，不计入总词数。

My name is Li Qiang，
______________________________________________________________________________
参考答案
一、1．B 提示：somebody一般用于肯定句。

2．A 提示：此句问的是天气情况。

3．A 提示：根据句意。

4．C 提示：borrow，lend，buy都是表示瞬间的动作，此类动词不能和一段时间连用。

5．D 提示：具体的一天用介词on。

6．B 提示：much后面跟形容词的比拟级。

7．B 提示：根据句意。

8．C 提示：此句隐含的意思是说话前不知道。

9．A 提示：根据句意。

10．D 提示：宾语从句的语序是陈述语序。

11．A 提示：有表示一般过去时的时间状语last night。

12．B 提示：数字和名词构成合成词，相当于一个形容词，用连字符连接，不用复数。

13．B 提示：根据句意。

14．C 提示：根据句意。

15．D 提示：根据句意用look up，look up和代词连用时，代词放在该词组之间。

7．angrily 提示：修饰动词用副词。

8．travels 提示：light当作“光〞讲时是不可数名词，不可数名词要当作第三人称单数用。

9．have lost 提示：说此话时，钥匙还没有找到。

10．sunny
七、1．don’t think，difficult to learn 2．had to，run out of 3．anyone else
4．all round，Put，will 5．has，for，a half 6．For every，raises
7．collecting，since 8．By the way 9．interested in 10．In fact，doesn’t
八、 A
is collecting stamps，it’s very interesting．collecting stamps when I was ten years old，collecting stamps for five years，220
One possible version：
B
My name is Li Qiang．I was born in Suzhou，Jiangsu Province in February．1988．I have worked for our school newspaper for two years．I like English writing and computer best and l’m very good at them．Last year，I won the first prize in the school English competition．I enjoy reading English novels and collecting stamps．My favourite sport is basketball． My e-mail address is liqiang@hotmail．com．。