高一英语Module 5 Great People and Great Inventions of

高一英语Module 5 Great People and Great Inventions of Ancient China外研社知识精讲
【本讲教育信息】
一. 教学内容：
Module 5 Great People and Great Inventions of Ancient China
教学目标：通过本模块主要介绍中外古代思想家及其思想，文化的内容，掌握相关的搭配及用法，归纳并整理进行类比记忆，努力增强文化意识。

单词：
equal importance philosopher philosophy teaching thinker kindness order principle position stress resign adviser
influential love honesty justice bark contribution invent
leather monk soft category sutra inventor argument freedom fuel condition
短语：
be at war with bring up become interested in be proud of
in conclusion for the first time
重点词语：
equal importance kindness order position honesty justice contribution invent freedom fuel condition be at war with
bring up be proud of in conclusion for the first time
词语要点归纳：
1. In ancient China，private teachers traveled from state to state explaining their philosophy.
在古代中国，私人（平民）教师周游列国解释他们的哲学。

explaining their philosophy是现在分词短语在句中作伴随状语。

现在分词短语作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、结果，相当于一个状语从句。

①Dad missed a step and fell，sending my new suitcases rolling down the stairs.
父亲踩空了一个台阶摔倒了，使我的新箱子顺着楼梯滚落下去。

②The secretary worked deep into the night preparing a long speech for the president．
秘书工作到深夜为总裁准备一份演讲稿。

③European football is played in 80 countries making it a popular sport in the world．
80个国家踢足球，使之成为世界流行的运动。

④When the spaceship was doing its seventh circle．Yang Liwei showed the flags of China and the United Nations，expressing the wishes of the Chinese people to explore and use space peacefully．
在飞船第七次绕地球飞行时，杨利伟展示了中国和联合国的国旗，表达了中国人和平探测和使用太空的愿望。

注意
现在分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，可以称为同主语结构。

若分词的主语与句子的主语不一致，分词要带有自己的主语，称为独立主格结构。

若是状语从句，必须连词、主语、谓语动词三者俱全。

（NMET 2004Ⅱ）“We can’t go out in this weather,” said Bob，___________out of the window.
A. 1ooking
B. to look
C. 1ooked
D. having looked
2. Confucius's teachings influenced society for more than 2000 years.
孔子的传教影响社会2000多年。

more than
（1）超过，多于，用于数字之前
There were more than 100 people at the party.
有100多个人参加聚会。

（2）不仅，不只是，用于名词、形容词、副词、动词及从句之前。

Her performance was more than good；it was perfect.
她的表演非常好，可以说是完美的。

拓展
more than one不止一个（后接单数可数名词。

复数意义，但作主语时谓语动词用单数）more than once不止一次，多次
more than a little非常
more than ever更加，越发
no more than仅仅，只是（有only的意义）
not more than不多于，至多
注意
用more ... than... 表示一个人／事物作两种性质的比较时，意思是“与其说……倒不如说……”。

原来加er的比较级一律改成加more构成。

than后可以接名词、形容词、副词、短语或从句。

He was more frightened than hurt.
他受到了惊吓，倒是没有受伤。

The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammar.
这本书看起来与其说是一本语法，倒不如说是一本词典。

（NMET 2004Ⅳ）Lizzie was ____________ off at the airport.
A. a little more than sad
B. more than a little sad
C. sad more than a little
D. a little more sad than
3. Other important teachers included Mencius and Mozi.
其他重要的教师包括孟子和墨子。

include的用法
vt. to have as a part；contain in addition to other parts
包含，包括
The price includes postage charges.
价格包含邮资。

I included eggs on the list of things to buy.
我把蛋包括在购物单内。

辨析：include与contain
include侧重包含“范围”。

contain侧重包含“内容”或“成分”。

拓展
including+被包含物=被包含物+included（作状语）包括……在内
I have brought everything you’ll need，including a guide book／a guidebook included.
我把你将需要的东西都带来了，包括旅游手册。

The new book________7 modules, _________one main revision.
A. contains；including
B. includes；containing
C. contains；containing
D. includes；including
4. （1）All three teachers believed in the importance of kindness and good government.
所有三位老师相信仁慈和好政府是很重要的。

辨析：all与whole
①都和单数可数名词连用，但词序不同；限定词+whole+单数可数名词=all+限定词+单数可数名词，其中whole更常与单数名词连用。

all my life—my whole life我的一生
all the world—the whole world整个世界
②all可直接修饰不可数名词或复数名词，也可以说all of the+名词，而whole不可以。

Jane drank an the milk and read all the books.
简喝光了所有的牛奶，读完了所有的书。

但是all the+数词+名词复数=the whole+数字+复数名词
the+数字+whole+名词复数
all the three days=the whole three day=the three whole days
整整三天
③the whole of或all（of）可放在专有名词、代词或限定词之前。

The whole of London（=All of London）was under water.
整个伦敦都被水淹没了。

（2004·重庆）The husband gave his wife _________ every month in order to please her.
A. all half his income
B. his half all income
C. half his all income
D. all his half income
（2）believe v. 相信；认为
联想
belief n. 信念；信仰
believer n. 信徒
believable adj. 可信任的
unbelievable adj. 不可信的
注意
①believe接从句，如果宾语从句有否定含义时，通常不否定从句而否定believe。

类似用法的词还有think，suppose，imagine，expect等。

这类主从复合句构成反意疑问句时，若主句的主语是I，we时，反意部分根据从句确定；反之，根据主句确定。

例如：
I don’t believe he is right.
我认为他不对。

I believe he is a student，isn't he?
我认为他是个学生，对吗?
②believe一般不用于进行时态，像这类动词还有guess，know，realize，remember，suppose，understand等。

短语拓展
believe in相信；信仰；信赖
believe it or not信不信由你
believe me真的
make believe假装
beyond belief难以置信地
辨析：believe，believe in与trust
（1）believe"相信"，表示相信事物的真实性或人的诚实，后接名词、代词或从句作宾语，也可接复合宾语。

（2）believe in“相信"，“信奉"，“信仰”，是短语动词，其后可接名词或代词，表示对某人的信任，对真理、主张、宗教的信仰。

（3）trust “信任”,“信赖”，相当于believe in。

一般用作及物动词，偶尔也可用作不及物动词。

trust in sb. = believe in sb
I believe him. （I believe what he says. ）
我相信他的话。

I believe in him. （I believe that he is a good man. ）
我信任他。

We always trust him.
我们一直信任他。

①（NMET 2004Ⅳ）His followers liked the fact that he_________ what he taught.
A. insisted on
B. talked about
C. believed in
D. agreed with
②（2002·北京）It's so nice to hear from her. ___________we last met more than thirty years ago.
A. What's more
B. That is to say
C. In other words
D. Believe it or not
③（2002·上海）Mrs. Black doesn't believe her son is able to design a digital camera，________?
A. is he
B. isn't he
C. doesn't she
D. does he
5. 潜点解读
Manlius’s ideas were very similar t o those of Confucius, but some of Mozi’s thoughts were very different.
孟子的思想和孔子的思想相似，但墨子的思想中有些却大相径庭。

those的指代用法those代替前面提到的“the+复数可数名词”且常有后置定语；
The apples on the tree look nicer than those in the basket.
树上的苹果看上去比筐里的要好一些。

拓展
one通常代替前面提到的事物中同一类中的一个，相当于“a／an+单数可数名词”；ones 是one的复数，代替前面提到的同类事物中的某些，相当于“复数可数名词”。

the one／ones 则是特指那一个或那一些。

it用来指代前面提到的同一个东西；
that代替前面提到的“the+单数可数名词／不可数名词”且常有后置定语。

I have lost my watch. I'll have to buy one. （one即a watch，是手表中的“一块，一个”）
我把手表丢了，我得再买一块。

Give me apples. I want big ones. （ones即apples，是苹果中的“一些”）
给我些苹果，我要大个的。

She lost her bike. She didn't see it any more. （it即her bike，指同一物）
她把自行车丢了，就再也没有见过它。

The population of China is larger than that of any other country. （that即the population）中国的人口比任何其他国家的人口都多。

（2003·上海）Equipped with modern facilities，today's libraries differ greatly from __________
A. those of the past
B. the past
C. which of the past
D. these part
6. Treat others in the way you want to be treated.
你想让别人怎样对待你，就以相同的方式对待别人。

in... way表达“用……的方法、做法”；way后常接定语从句用that或in which引导或省略不用。

表达“做……所用的方式”。

Soon I got used to American ways of doing things.
我不久就习惯了美国式的行事方式。

拓展
way作先行词被定语从句修饰时，引导定语从句的词要根据从句中所缺的成分确定。

定语从句缺主语或宾语，使用关系代词that，which；定语从句中缺方式状语，使用that，in which，口语也省略不用。

Cities are interesting，and they can be beautiful，but they
are never beautiful in the way that the country is beautiful.
城市有趣，而且美丽，但是它们永远不是乡村的那种美法。

（2004·湖北）What surprised me was not what he said but_________ he said it.
A. the way
B. in the way that
C. in the way
D. the way which
7. Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other
古代中国是一个政权之间经常发生战争的地方。

war
联想
同义词：battle n. 战斗、战役，campaign 战役
反义词：peace n. 和平
warfare n. 作战，战争，斗争
短语拓展
at war（with）（与……）交战中
go to war诉诸武力；出征
war game军事演习
war time战时
declare war on对……宣战
a price war价格战
conduct／fight／wage war with与……战争
a civil war内战
a cold war冷战
the Opium War鸦片战争
in peace平安的（地）；安心的（地）
辨析：battle，war，action，campaign与combat
battle“战斗，战役”，通常指大规模战斗，也指局部战争，整个战争称war；battle发生在与敌人和有敌对目标的人之间的战斗或冲突；action“战斗，战争”，常指军事冲突；
campaign“战役’’通常在某一地区所采取的一系列有固定目的的军事行动，一次战役（campaign）可以包括多次战斗（battle），如Huai—Hai Campaign淮海战役。

一次战争（war）可以有几次战役，如the Chinese People’s War of Liberation中国人民解放战争；combat“格斗，战斗”，指两人之间搏斗，争斗。

Wouldn't it be___________ wonderful would if all nations lived in _____ peace with one another?
A. a；／
B. the；／
C. a；the
D. the；the
8. He spent his last years preparing a book of his teachings called The Book of Mencius.
spend v. （spent，spent）花费；消费
联想
spendable adj. 可花费的
spender n. 浪费的人
spendthrift n. 浪费者，挥霍者
spent adj. 筋疲力尽的，无力的
短语拓展
spending money零用钱
spend…on在……花……
spend…（in／on）doing sth. 在某事上花费
spend…for…花钱置（某物）
辨析：take，spend，pay与cost
四者均有汉语的“花费”之意，但其作用的句型不同：
take指花费时间，句型是：It take sb. some time to do
spend可表示花费时间，也可表示花费金钱，动作的执行者是人，句型是sb. spend some time（money）doing sth. （in／on doing sth. 或on sth. ）
cost指花费金钱，动作执行者是物，句型是：sth. costs （sb. ）some money
pay意为付钱，动作执行者是人，句型是sb. pays some money for sth.
It took me twenty years to finish the work.
完成那项工作花费了我20年时间。

The bike cost Tom 300 Yuan.
那辆自行车花去了汤姆300元。

Tome paid $2 for the book.
汤姆花了2美元买那本书。

（2003·上海）Some passengers complain that it usually so long to fill in travel insurance documents.
A. costs
B. takes
C. spends
D. spares
9. 潜点解读
As a result，he spent many years trying to find a state where people would follow his teachings.
因此，他花了多年时间试图找到这样一个国家，在那儿人们能接受他的思想。

result n.
联想
resultant adj. 结果的，结果带来的
（1）n. 结果，结尾；成果，成绩
cause and result因果
The result was that he caught cold.
结果是他感冒了。

（2）v. 造成……结果；终归，导致
The terrible accident resulted from his carelessness.
那桩可怕的意外事件因他的疏忽大意而引起。

His attempt resulted in failure.
他的尝试终于失败了。

短语拓展
as a result结果
as a result of由于……
in the result结果
with the result that为此；因此
without result徒劳；毫无结果
result in导致
result from起因于；由……产生
注意
result from的主语是“结果”，宾语是“起因”；result in的主语是“起因”，宾语是“结果”。

如：
His failure resulted from his laziness.
His laziness resulted in his failure.
懒惰导致失败。

（2003·上海）One of the consequences o f our planet’s being warming up is a（n）________ in the numbers of natural disasters.
A. result
B. account
C. reason
D. increase
语法知识
一、限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句和主句关系密切，如果取消这个定语从句，就会使句子的意思含义不完整。

1. 限制性定语从句的关系代词
2. 限制性定语从句的关系副词
指代对象先行词关系副词
时间表示时间概念的词day，year，date when
地点表示地点概念的词the place, the city where
原因表示原因概念的词why why
3. 要点例释
（1）The man who（that）spoke at the meeting last week was a famous writer.
上周在会上发言的那个人是位知名的作家。

解析who，that在定语从句中作主语时不能省略。

（2）The boy whom（that）we helped just now is Tom.
我们刚才帮助的那个男孩是汤姆。

解析whom，that在从句中充当宾语的时候可以省略。

The boy we helped just now is Tom.
（3）Have you read the book whose cover is red?
你读过那本红色封面的书吗?
解析whose在从句中充当定语，意思为“……的”whose cover也可以写成cover of which—Have you read the book，the cover of which is red?
（4）We visited the village which（that）stands at the foot of the hill.
我们参观了坐落在山脚下的村庄。

解析which，that在从句中可以充当主语，此时which或者that不能省略去。

（5）We all like the houses whose windows are very big.
我们喜欢那些窗户高大的房子。

解析whose在定语从句中作先行词，充当定语，可以表示某物的或者某人的，要与whose在特殊疑问句中作疑问词分开，在特殊疑问句中whose只表示“某人的”。

试比较：Whose pen is it?
谁的钢笔?
The boy whose father is a worker likes English.
父亲是个工人的那个男孩很喜欢英语。

The book whose cover is red is Mary’s.
那本红皮的书是玛丽的。

（6）This is one of the best films that have been put on this month.
这是这个月最好的电影之一。

解析当先行词前面有形容词的最高级或者数词修饰的时候只用that。

又如：
Which is the first one to get to school every day?
每天早晨哪一个最早到学校?
（7）My father and he talked of things and persons that they remembered in the sch001.
我父亲跟他谈论着上学时候的人和事。

解析当先行词有人和物两种情况的时候，关系代词得用that。

（8）He handed in everything he stole.
他交出他偷的所有东西。

解析先行词有不定代词all，much，everything，nothing或者everything充当的时候，关系代词只能用that。

（9）That is the only step that we can take at the moment.
此时我们只有这么办了。

当先行词前any，no，some，only，very等词修饰的时候，关系代词只能用that。

This is the very man we’re after.
这就是我们要找的人。

（10）Who is that man that you are looking after?
你正在照料的那个人是谁?
解析主句中有which或who的时候关系代词只能用that。

又如：
Who is that man who helped to carry your box?
刚才帮你搬箱子的那个人是谁啊?
（11）The chair on which you are sitting is a new one.
你坐的那把椅子是一把新的。

解析根据从句的句意需要，可以在先行词前面加上一个适当的介词，使句意完整。

介词后面只能加which，不能用that。

但是介词处于从句句尾的时候可以用先行词that。

例如：This is the house in which he lived last year.
This is the room（that）he lived in last year.
【模拟试题】
I. 单项填空
1. I am short of money，I can’t _____ to buy the car.
A. spend
B. pay
C. cost
D. afford
2. The discovery he ________ about this field of silence was quickly accepted.
A. found
B. made
C. invented
D. searched
3. Ten people lost their lives in the accident，________ two children.
A. includes
B. included
C. including
D. to include
4. The subjects we have at school _______ English.
A. including
B. included
C. includes
D. include
5. We are living in an age _______ many things are done on computer.
A. which
B. that
C. whose
D. when
6. Can you tell me the reason ______ you were late for class yesterday?
A. what
B. why
C. which
D. that
7. The reason ______ he can’t say is ______ he was once a thief.
A. why；because
B. why；that
C. that；because
D. that；that
8. The organization ________ in the year _______ they got to America.
A. found；when
B. found；which
C. was founded；when
D. was founded；which
9. ——Do you know your hometown at all?
——No，this is the first time I _____ here.
A. was
B. have been
C. came
D. am coming
10. The result of so much _____ was that the English language _____ many French words.
A. influences；ended up
B. influence；ended in
C. influences；ended up with
D. influence；ended up with
11. The working conditions ______ getting this factory.
A. is；better and better
B. is；more and more good
C. are；better and better
D. are；more and more good
12. The children had an argument ______ what game to play.
A. over
B. at
C. for
D. in
13. Alec asked the policeman _____ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.
A. with him C. with whom
B. who D. whom
14. 一—Are you going there with US?
一—If Mary wants to go，______.
A. I also go C. so I will
B. so do I D. so will I
15. At that time，China was ______ war with Japan.
A. in C. for
B. at D. against
II. 单词
1. 准则；原则____________
2. 职位_____________
3. 强调_____________
4. 辞职_____________
5. 顾问_____________
6. 有影响的_____________
7. 统治者_____________
III. Phrases
1. 抚养；养育_____________
2. 与……交战_____________
3. 在……尽头___________
4. 言论自由_____________
5. 唤醒；觉醒__________
6. 要是那样的话__________
7. 责任感______________ 8. 工业革命______________
9. 批量生产_____________ 10. 多达__________
11. 在贫困和拥挤的环境里____________
IV. 完成句子
1. 今天谁值日?
Who is ____ ______ today?
2. 在体重上没人能和他比。

No one can _____ him _____ ______?
3. 我哥哥的老师对他学英语的决定起了影响作用。

My brother’s teacher_______ _______ _______to study English.
4. 绝大多数西方人信仰上帝。

______ ______ the westerns ______ ______ God.
5. 我认为你应该接受他的建议。

I think you should ______ ______ ______.
V. 定语从句的用法
1. This is the bag _____ my mother bought yesterday.
A. that
B. who
C. whom
D. this
2. The man _____ lives next to us is my English teacher.
A. whom
B. which
C. who
D. /
3. The girl _____ you saw in the street is Mary.
A. that
B. whose
C. which
D. as
4. Is this the factory _____ a lot of students visited yesterday?
A. the one
B. which
C. who
D. whom
5. Is this factory _____ a lot of students visited yesterday?
A. the one
B. that
C. which
D. /
6. The only language _____ is easy to learn is the mother tongue.
A. which
B. that
C. /
D. it
7. The girl handed everything _____ she had picked up in the street to the police.
A. which
B. in which
C. that
D. all
8. _____ cleans the blackboard should be praised.
A. That
B. Who
C. The one who
D. The students who
9. Please show me the book _____ you bought yesterday.
A. which
B. whom
C. whose
D. this
10. This is the best book _____ I have been looking for all this year.
A. who
B. whom
C. which
D. /
11. This is the only article of these that _____ written by him.
A. was
B. were
C. is
D. are
12. The man _____ was here just now is a doctor.
A. whom
B. who
C. /
D. he
13. The boy _____ has two lovely dogs.
A. who live next door
B. which lives next door
C. whom lives next door
D. that lives next door
14. Those _____ made no mistakes in today’s exercises please raise your hands.
A. which
B. whom
C. that
D. who
15. Do n’t go in, this is the shop _____ we have just been _____.
A. /, to
B. that, /
C. where, to
D. which, there
16. He is the most careful boy _____ I know.
A. what
B. which
C. as
D. /
17. This is the school _____ Mr. Smith once taught.
A. in that
B. when
C. where
D. there
18. Have you visited the house _____ the famous scientist was born?
A. where
B. in that
C. that
D. which
19. The factory _____ Mr. Li used to work was closed last week.
A. when
B. where
C. that
D. which
20. Do you still remember the day _____ we first met?
A. that
B. when
C. what
D. on that
21. October 1,1949 is the day _____ we’ll never forget.
A. when
B. that
C. where
D. in which
22. October 1,1949 was the day _____ the Peop le’s Republic of China was founded.
A. which
B. when
C. where
D. in which
23. Is this the shop _____ sells children’s clothing?
A. which
B. where
C. in which
D. what
24. Is this museum _____ they visited last month?
A. that
B. which
C. where
D. the one
25. I still remember the sitting-room _____ my mother and I used to sit in the evening.
A. what
B. which
C. that
D. where
VI. 在下列定语从句中，填入适当的介词。

1. The pencil ________ which he wrote was broken.
2. He built a telescope ________ which he could study the skies.
3. The woman, ________ whom I learned the news, is a nurse.
4. The wolf ________ which the sheep was killed was shot.
5. She has three children, all _______ whom are at school.
6. There is a tall tree outside, ________ which stands our teacher.
7. My glasses, _______ which I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.
8. In the dark street, there wasn’t a person ________ whom she could turn for help.
9. I was surprised at the way ________ which he treated the old man.
10. The age _______, which children can go to school, is seven.
11. His bike ________, which he went to work, was stolen last night.
12. Do you know the building ________, which is flying a red flag?
13. Ours is a beautiful school, ________ that we are proud.
14. The desk ________, which Jack is leaning, is John’s.
15. He bought a book yesterday, the author ________ that is a teacher.
VII. 综合练习
1. The twin brothers are _____ to each other and I cannot tell them apart.
A. likely
B. same
C. like
D. similar
2. Wales has a population of three million, 20% of _____ can speak Welsh.
A. them
B. that
C. it
D. which
3. The media can often help solve problems and draw attention to situations _______ help is needed.
A. where
B. that
C. which
D. what
4. --- Our manager is having a meeting now.
--- ______, can I wait a moment here?
A. I don’ t think so
B. Dear me
C. If so
D. That’s right
5. I know many women who have a career and a happy family, _____, Alison is one of them.
A. I’m glad to tell you
B. to give an example
C. it’s hard to believe
D. such as
6. I have bought two ball pens, _____ writes well.
A. both of which
B. neither of them
C. neither of which
D. none of which
7. ---- Do you know ____ she got so angry yesterday?
---- The reason is _____ her car got damaged by a stranger.
A. why; that
B. the reason; why
C. why; because
D. that; why
8. One of China’s earliest scientists was Jia Sixie, ______ lived in the sixth century AD.
A. that
B. whom
C. which
D. who
9. The money spent educating a black child was just one fourth of ______ spent on each white child.
A. those
B. this
C. that
D. one
10. _______, because of all the disadvantages I have mentioned, I think, as a student, we don’t need a mobile phone.
A. As a result
B. In conclusion
C. In fact
D. To tell the truth
11. Jack ______ about two months _______ touring these three countries.
A. spent; /
B. spend; in
C. spent; on
D. spend; on
12. When we met ________, he thanked me for what I had done and said he would leave soon.
A. for the last time
B. for the first time
C. at times
D. at one time
13. When the strike was on, the police were called out to _____.
A. take action
B. keep guard
C. keep order
D. watch out
14. I’ve had no exercise for a long time; I’m really _______.
A. in good condition
B. out of condition
C. on the condition
D. on no condition
15. ______ has been said above, grammar is a set of rules.
A. Which
B. As
C. What
D. That
【试题答案】
I. DBCCD BDDBD CACDB
II. principle position stress resign adviser influential ruler
III. bring up at war with at the end of wake up if so freedom of speech the sense of responsibility industrial revolution mass production in a poor and crowded condition up to
IV. on duty equal…in weight influence his decision Most of … believe in follow his advice
V. 1~5 A C A B A 6~10 B C C A D 11~15 C B D D A
16~20 D C A B B 21~25 B B A D D
VI. 在下列定语从句中，填入适当的介词。

1. with
2. through
3. from
4. by
5. of
6. under
7. without
8. to
9. in 10. at 11. on 12. on 13. of 14. against 15. of
VII. 1-5 DDACB 6-10 CADCB 11-15 AACBB。