Morphology 1

II. Classification of morphemes
A root, whether it is free or bound, generally
carries the main component of meaning in a word. revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious, vivid It can be seen, therefore, that a knowledge if roots can help one to analyze and understand many words.
II. Classification of morphemes
1. Free morphemes and bound morphemes A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. It can stand by itself as a word. Man, faith, read, write, red are free morphemes. A bound morpheme can not stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound, for instance un- in unkind, -ly in happily and re- in receive
II. Classification of morphemes
2. Roots and affixes 1) A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. e.g. work, workable, worker, worked, and working Free roots and bound roots tain in words like contain, detain, or retain, and ceive in conceive, deceive, or receive.
Root Stem Base
desirable: desire (root or base, not stem) undesirable: desirable (base, not root, not stem) undesirables: undesirable (stem or base, not root) desired: desire (root, stem or base)
Morphology
I. Morphemes
Morphemes 词素，语素，形素
(1) book, books, bookish, bookcase (2) tolerate, tolerance, tolerable, toleration, intolerable (3) telephone, telegram, telescope, telecommunication
Allomorphs 词素变体 –(e)s in books, pigs and horses corresponding phonological forms: / -s, -z, -iz / An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position of adjoining sounds. –ion/-tion/-sion/-ation im-, ir-, il-, in-
II. Classification of morphemes
2) Affixes: can be used to add to other morphemes. They are considered bound morphemes. ① Inflectional affixes (morphemes) An inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning or change word class.

retroactive memberships befriended predicts unaware monologue carelessness multinationality

Inflectional affixes
-’s, indicating the possessive case of nouns; - (e)s, indicating the plural form of nouns; - (e)s, indicating the simple present tense of verbs agreeing with a third person singular subject; -ed, indicating the past tense of verbs; -ing, indicating the progressive aspect of verbs; -er, indicating the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs; -est, indicating the superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs.

Root Stem Base
Root 词根: is not further analyzable, either in
terms of derivational or inflectional morphology Stem 词干: the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. Base 词基: any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.
II. Classification of morphemes
② Derivational affixes (morphemes) They are so called because when they are added to another morpheme, they “derive” a new word. e.g. re + write, mini + car; super + market; modern + ize, mean + ness, work + er. Many derivational affixes have a special lexical meaning, e.g. –ism, -ics, counter-.
Quite a number of other derivational affixes have more than one meaning, e.g. –ship, de-, dis-. Derivational affixes also have affective meaning, e.g. mis-, mal-, pseudo-(they are pejorative); -ish (as in bookish, uppish, childrish have a derogatory meaning) The number of derivational affixes is open; new ones are coined from time to time; old ones have dropped out of use. Derivatonal affixes can be divided into prefixes, and suffixes.




The minimal meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. It’s a two-facet language unit Morpheme and phoneme Morpheme and bound root inflectional affixes Morpheme bound
prefixes
derivational affixes
suffixes
Exercise
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