高考语法复习动词不定式学案

高考语法复习动词不定式学案
一、不定式的基本形式
不定式主动式被动式
一般式to do to be done
完成式to have done to have been done
举行式to be doing
完成举行式to have been doing
1）不定式的一般式
表示的行动通常与主要谓语所表示的行动（状态）同时（险些同时）产生，或是在它之后产生。

比方：We rejoiced to see her back.我们看到他回来了很高兴。

They invited us to go there this summer. 他们邀请我们本年夏天去那儿。

2）不定式的举行式
要是在主要谓语动词表示的行动产生时，不定式的行动也正在举行，这时不定式就要用举行式。

比方：Her uncle seemed to be acting strangely towards her.
她叔父看待她的所作所为看上去很怪。

They pretended to be working very hard.他们冒充在努力劳动。

We happened to be talking about it 我们恰恰正谈到件事。

We did not expect you to be sleeping here.我们没想到你在这睡觉。

3）不定式的完成式
不定式所表示的行动在谓语所表示的行动之前产生，这个不定式用完成式，即to have done
比方：It is not like her to have missed two days of classed.
误了两天的课，这不像她的行为。

I am sorry to have done that.我那样做很抱歉。

You are said to have got some tickets for the concert.
听说你有几张这场音乐会的票。

She seems to have read the book before.她好像看过这本书。

4）不定式的完成举行式。

要是不定式的表示不是正在举行的行动，而是在谓语所表示时间前一直举行的行动，就要用完成举行式。

比方：They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan.(=It is said that they have been collecting...)听说他们一直在云南收集民歌。

They suspected us to having been puarreling. 他们还疑心我们刚刚吵过架呢。

We are happy to have been working with you.
我们很高兴这段时间和你们在一起劳动。

5）不定式的被动式
（1）要是不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的行动的承受者，不定式要用被动式to be done
比方：These clothes are to be washed as soon as possible. 这些衣服要尽早洗。

It takes 80 years for Mediteranean Water to be changed with Atlantic water.
地中海的水需要员80年才华同大西洋的水交换一次。

The new play to be put on tonight will be very interesting.
今晚要上演的新剧将十分有趣。

To fetch water before breakfast seemed to me a rule never to be broken.
早钣前往汲水对我来说是永远不能冲破的老例。

（98年上海高考）
（2）有些布局中不定式虽然表示被动意思，但用的却是主动形式，这是因为在句子中能找到不定式这个行动的发出者。

比方：Give her some books to read. 给她些书看。

有时候用不定式的主动式或被子动式表达的意义是不一样的。

比方：I have some letters to write. 我有许多信要写。

I have some letters to be writen . 我有许多信要让人写。

Do you have anything to take to the library?
你有什么工具需要拿到图书馆去吗？（是由你切身拿去）
Do you have anything to be taken to the library?
你有什么工具需要拿到图书馆去吗？（是由别人带去）
（3）在There be 句型中作定语修饰主语的不定式用主动式和被子动形式都有可以。

（多用主动形式）
比方：There are a lot of letters to write (to be written) 有许多信要写。

There is no chance to lose (to be lost ) 机会失去不能再有。

别的有些词用主动形式表示被子动意义：
比方：He is to blame for not driving carefully 他粗心驾驶应受到责备。

6）不定式的否定式
不定式的否定式是在to标记前加not，有时用never ,即not to do sth , never to do sth.
比方：He is disappointed not to go swimming this afternoon.
本日下午不能去游泳他很失望。

I warn them not to go out alone.我告诫他们不要独自出去。

You must promise never to smoke.你必答应再也不抽烟。

I advised people not to have hamburgers.我劝人们不要吃汉堡包。

动词不定式可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语等，但不能作谓语，不定式可有自己的逻辑主语，即for sb to do sth, of sb to do sth
一、作主语
To do that sort of thing is foolish.
To learn English well is very important.
注：常用形式主语it 取代不定式置于主语位置，不定式移至句末。

It would be better for you to go there.
二、作表语
To see is to believe.
To live in hearts we leave behind is not to die .
注：1、主语是不定式时，表语必须用不定式，而不用Ving形式。

2．不定式用表语时常用来表示预定要产生的行动，或表示未来的可能性或假设。

3．当主语部分有do 的某种形式时，to 可省略。

All you have to do is (to )finish the job quickly.
三、作宾语
Fred didn’t have any money , so he decided to look for a job .
He promised not to tell anyone about it .
注：只跟不定式作宾语的动词有：
afford ,agree, ask , decide , demand , expect, fail , help , hope , manage , offer , plan , prepare , pretend , promise , refuse , seem , wish , learn 等。

四、作定语
Do you have anything to say ?
There are a lot of TV sets to choose from .
We found a house to live in .
注；1、不定式作定语时，通常与被修饰的名词有动宾干系，所以当不定式的动词为不及物时，应当加上适当的介词。

2、当谓语是一些特定的动词时，如：give , find , have , need, want 等，后面
的名词（宾语或表语）可以用不定式修饰。

He gave us a week to think the problem over .
3、当名词有特定的定语，如：first , last , next , only等序数词以及形容词最高
级修饰时，厥后用不定式。

He is the only person to know the truth .
4. 一些要求不定式作宾语的动词转化为名词后，仍可带一个不定式作定语。

如：agreement , attempt , decision ,promise wish , plan 等。

She has a great wish to travel around the world .
五、作状语
（一）、目的状语
I must leave now to get there on time.
注：作目的状语的不定式前，常加上in order 或so as ，但so as 不能用于句首。

He spoke loudly so as to be heard .
(二)、终于状语
常用布局：
1．So +adj./adv. +as to do sth He is not so stupid as to do that .
2.Such +adj.+ n +as to do sth I’m such a fool as to believe that .
3.Enough + n +to do sth I have enough money to buy it
4.N /adj./adv. +enough + to do sth She isn’t old enough to go to school.
5.Too + adj./adv. + to do sth I’m too tired to walk any further tonight .
注：不定式表示终于时，常与only 连用，默示“意外的终于”。

He went to the seaside only to be drowned
In 1935, he left home never to return .
What have I done to offend you ?
He lived to be a very old man .
(三)、原因状语
They jumped with joy to hear the news .
The children felt happy to be with their parents.
(四)、方法状语（常与as if , as though 连用）
He raised his hand as if to take off his hat .
（五）、不定式修饰作表语或宾语补足语的形容词
I’m very glad to see you again .
注：有时不定式可与主语组成动宾干系。

She is easy to get on with.
English is not so difficult to learn .
六、作宾语补足语
1．动词+ 宾语+ to do sth
主要动词有：advise, ask , want , beg , order, cause, challenge, drive, encourage, expect , forbid , force, hire , intend , invite, order permit ,persuade, remind, require, teach, tell, warn等
Allow me to introduce Mr White to you .
2. 表示见解、见解的动词+ 宾语+ to do sth
主要动词有：believe, consider, declare, discover, feel , find, imagine, judge, suppose, think , understand等。

I found the news to be true .
I consider him to have done wrong .
注：这类动词后作补语的不定式通常是to be 或to have done
3.知觉动词+ 宾语+ 不领导to 的不定式
主要有：see, notice, watch , look at , listen to , observe , hear , feel
The policeman observed the thief walk into the shop .
注：在被动句中不定式要带to .
4.役使动词+ 宾语+ 不带to 的不定式
主要动词有：make, have, let
Don’t make the children do such heavy work .
注：在被动句中不定式要带to . 但是，have一般不用被动；let用于被动，不定式带to 与否均可。

5．表示好恶的动词+ 宾语+ to do sth
主要动词有：dislike , like , prefer, hate , love , want 等
I like people to tell the truth .
注：此类动词不用被动。

6．动词短语+ 宾语+ to do sth
主要动词有：arrange for（部署）, ask for , call on , count on（依赖）, depend on ,long for （渴望）, rely on ,wait for 等
I’m waiting for you to reply .
七、插入语式的独立布局。

To tell you the truth , I don’t like maths .
八、作同位语
Our wish , to build China into powerful socialist country , will surely be realized.
He gave me the order to start the attack.
He followed the instruction to walk along the street .
动词不定式不带to 的用法
1、在see , look at , watch , notice , observe , hear, listen to , feel 等感觉动词后，不定式作宾语补足语时不带to .
e.g Mary saw John cross the street .
但在被动语态中，不定式要带to .
2、在make , let , have 等役使动词后，不定式不带to .
e.g You must make him do that at once .
但在被动语态中，make后不定式要带to .而have ,let 没有被动语态用法。

3、在had better , had best , had rather , had sooner , would rather 等布局中，动词不定式不带to .
e.g I'd rather stop here now .
He said that he would rather do it right now .
4、相连词rather …than ,rather than 之后的不定式不带to ，其常用布局为：
1）would rather do sth than do sth = Rather than do sth ,sb would do sth else.
2) prefer to do sth rather than do sth
3) insist on doing sth rather than do sth 4) would sooner do sth than do sth
5) may/ might as well do sth(A) as do sth (B) (与其说B不如说A）
6) would just as soon do sth as do sth .
5、在“Will you please +不定式”，“Would you please +不定式”一类表示邀请或命令的句型中，动词不定式不带to .
6、在"Why … " "Why not …"一类表示发起忠告或建议的句型中，不定式不带to.
7、在do nothing but, do anything but ,cannot but ,cannot choose but (只好),cannot help but (不得不)之后动词不定式不带to .但have no choice(alternative) but to do sth.
e.g It is raining hard . I cannot help but stay at home .
I have no choice but to do this work .
8．在介词but ,except , besides 之后，（主要用于否定句）。

要是这些词前有do 的某种形式，那么不定式不带to .
9、在let go (放开），make believe(冒充）,make do (设法应付）等稳定搭配中，不定式不带to
e. g a. He let go the dog . b. Let us make believe we have a million dollars .
10.当主语由一个以do 为谓语动词的定语从句修饰时；当主语是主语从句，而且句中有do 时；当主语是to do 作定语修饰的thing时，作表语的不定式可以带to ，也可以不带to .
e.g All that we have to do is (to)practise speaking English every day .
11、两个或两个以上句法效用相同的动词不定式并列使用时，第一个不定式带to ,第二个不定式常不带to .
一、动词不定式简练：
1.I think your mother has already known all the truth. She appears ___ everything.
A. to tell
B. to be told
C. to be telling
D. to have been told
2. ___ late in the morning , Bob turned off the alarm .
A. To sleep
B. Sleeping
C. Sleep
D. Having slept
3. I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ___ in my new job .
A. expected
B. to expect
C. to be expecting
D. expects
4. Robert is said _____abroad , but I don’t know what country he studied in .
A. to have studied
B. to study
C. to be studying
D. to have been studying
5. The purpose of new technology is to make life easier , ___ it more difficult.
A. not make
B. not to make
C. not making
D. do not make
6. I would love ___ to the party last night , but I had to work extra hours to finish a report .
A. to go
B. to have gone
C. going
D. having gone
7. The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation .
A. to eat not
B. eating not
C. not to eat
D. not eating
8.Paul doesn’t have to be made ___ . He always works hard .
A. learn
B. to learn
C. learned
D. learning
9.We agreed ___ here but so far he hasn’t turned up yet .
A. having met
B. meeting
C. to meet
D. to have met
10.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street , but his mother told him____.
A. not to
B. not to do
C. not do it
D. do not to
11.John was made ____ the truck for a week as a punishment .
A. to wash
B. washing
C. wash
D. to be washing
12. Though he had often made his little sister ____ , today he was made ____ by his little sister . A. cry , to cry B. crying , crying C. cry , cry D. to cry , cry
13. How foolish the Emperor was ___ what the cheats said.
A. believing
B. believed
C. to believe
D. to be believed
14. She pretended ____ me when I passed by .
A. not to see
B. not seeing
C. to not see
D. having not seen
15. In order to improve her hearing ability , ____ .
A.Jenny’s father bought her a lot of tapes .
B.Jenny bought a lot of tapes
C. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny
D.A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny’s father
16. ____ his English , he spent much time ___ English novels .
A. Improve , to read
B. To improve , reading
C. To improve, read
D. Improved , reading
17. I felt it an honor ____ to speak here .
A. to ask
B. asking
C. to be asked
D. having asked
18. Would you mind___ me ten cents ? I would like ____ a telephone call .
A.to lend , to make
B. lending , making
C. to lend, making,
D. lending , to make
19. Tom happened ___ in the room when the stranger came in .
A. working
B. to be working
C. to work
D. to be worked
20. ___ the little boy , he kicked off his shoes and jumped into the river .
A. To save
B. Saved
C. Saving
D. Having saved
21. Since you find it difficult ____ a decision , you’d better ___ a discussion with your parents. A. reach , have B. reaching, having C. reach, having D. to reach , have
22. The boy pretended ___ a book when his father came into his room with his teacher.
A. to be reading
B. to read
C. reading
D. read
23. ---Do you have any clothes ____ ,sir ?
---No, thanks. I had my son ___ them this morning .
A.to wash , washed
B. to be washed , wash
C. washing, wash
D. to wash , washing
24. Did you notice the little boy ___ away ?
A. took the candy and ran
B. taking the candy and run
C. take the candy and run
D. taking the candy and ran
25. I’m sorry I can’t help ___ the radio .
A. fixing
B. you fixing
C. in fixing
D. you fix
26. He loves parties . He is always the first ___ and the last ____ .
ing, leaving
B. to come , to leave
C. come , leave
D. comes , leaves
27. These are the materials ___ to the countryside next week .
A. sent
B. to send
C. to be sent
D. sending
28.We are very anxious ___ the stories ____ in English.
A.reading , writing
B. to read, writing
C. reading , written
D. to read, written
29.I came ____ as well as ___ the truth about the accident.
A. seeing you, to learn of
B. seeing you , learning of
C. to see you , learn of
D. to see you, to learn of
30.Mrs Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking .
A. never to drive
B. to never drive
C. never driving
D. never drive
31. She can’t help ___ the house because she’s busy making a cake .(2019)
A. to clean
B. cleaning
C. cleaned
D. being cleaned
32. ---Mum , why do you always make me eat egg every day?
---___ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up .
A. Get
B. Getting
C. To get
D. To be getting
33. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier , ___it more difficult .
A. not make
B. not to make
C. not making
D. do not make
34. Paul doesn’t have to be made ___ . He always works hard .
A. learn
B. to learn
C. learned
D. learning
35. We agreed ___ here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet .
A. having met
B. meeting
C. to meet
D. to have met
36. After she considered the problem, she got a tall box to stand ____ .
A. by
B. on
C. up
D. with
37. Charles Babbage is generally considered ____ the first computer .
A. to invent
B. inventing
C. to have invented
D. having invented
38. The patient was warned ____ oily food after the operation .
A. to eat not
B. eating not
C. not to eat
D. not eating
39. In Australia he made a lot of friends ___ a very practical knowledge of the English language . A. get B. getting C. got D. to get
40. ---What did you mean by saying that ?
---I meant no harm . I only ___ .
A.meant helping
B. want helping
C. want to help
D. meant to help
Key :
1---30 DABAB BCBCA AACAB BCDBA DABCD BCDDA 31-40 ACBBC BCCDD ((中学课本全解))高二(上) P36。