高三历史哲学英语阅读理解25题

高三历史哲学英语阅读理解25题
1
<背景文章>
Ancient Greek philosophy is a remarkable and influential part of human intellectual history. There were several major schools of thought.
The Sophist school emerged in the fifth century BC. The background of its emergence was the flourishing of Greek city - states, with a relatively prosperous economy and active political life. The Sophists emphasized the importance of human perception and relativism. They believed that truth was not absolute but relative to the individual or society. Their teachings had a profound impact on the development of rhetoric and the understanding of human nature. However, their relativist views were also controversial.
Plato's school, founded by Plato, was based on his own philosophical system. Plato was influenced by Socrates. In the context of the decline of Athenian democracy and the search for an ideal society, he proposed his theory of Forms. According to Plato, the physical world we see is just a shadow of the real world of Forms. His ideas influenced not only Western philosophy but also various fields such as education. For example, his concept of an ideal education system has been studied and debated throughout history.
Aristotle, a student of Plato, developed his own school of thought. Aristotle was interested in observing and classifying the natural world. His school's ideas were formed in a time when there was a growing interest in understanding nature comprehensively. Aristotle made important contributions to logic, ethics, politics, and natural sciences. His method of logical analysis and classification became fundamental in Western intellectual traditions.
These ancient Greek philosophical schools have left indelible marks on Western and global cultures. Their ideas have been continuously studied, debated, and developed over the centuries, and still play an important role in modern philosophical thinking.
1. <问题1>
Which of the following statements about the Sophist school is TRUE?
A. It emerged in a time of economic depression in Greek city - states.
B. It emphasized the absoluteness of truth.
C. It had a great influence on the development of rhetoric.
D. It was not controversial at all.
答案：C。

解析：文章明确提到智者学派诞生于希腊城邦经济繁荣时期，A选项错误；智者学派强调真理是相对的而非绝对的，B选项错误；文中指出智者学派的相对主义观点是有争议的，D选项错误；而他们对修辞学发展有深远影响，C选项正确。

2. <问题2>
What was the main idea of Plato's theory of Forms?
A. The physical world is the real world.
B. The real world of Forms is a shadow of the physical world.
C. The physical world is a shadow of the real world of Forms.
D. There is no relationship between the physical world and the real world of Forms.
答案：C。

解析：根据文章，柏拉图认为我们看到的物质世界只是形式世界的影子，C选项正确，A、B、D选项与文章表述相悖。

3. <问题3>
Who was Aristotle influenced by?
A. The Sophists.
B. Plato.
C. Himself.
D. Socrates directly.
答案：B。

解析：文章明确提到亚里士多德是柏拉图的学生，所以他受柏拉图的影响，A选项智者学派，C选项他自己，D选项苏格拉底是柏拉图的老师，并非直接影响亚里士多德，所以答案是B。

4. <问题4>
In which fields did Aristotle make important contributions?
A. Only in logic.
B. In logic, ethics, politics, and natural sciences.
C. Only in natural sciences.
D. In ethics and politics but not in logic and natural sciences.
答案：B。

解析：文章清楚表明亚里士多德在逻辑、伦理、政治和自然科学等领域都做出了重要贡献，A选项只提到逻辑，C选项只提到自然科学，D选项表述错误，所以答案是B。

5. <问题5>
What can we learn from the ancient Greek philosophical schools?
A. Their ideas are no longer relevant today.
B. They only influenced Western philosophy.
C. Their ideas have been continuously studied and developed.
D. They had no influence on modern philosophical thinking.
答案：C。

解析：文章最后提到古希腊哲学流派的思想几个世纪以来不断被研究、辩论和发展，在现代哲学思维中仍然起着重要作用，A选项说其思想如今不再相关错误；B选项说只影响西方哲学过于片面；D选项说对现代哲学思维没有影响也是错误的，所以答案是C。

2
<Background Article>
Confucianism, one of the most influential philosophical and ethical systems in Chinese history, has a long and complex development process.
It all began with Confucius in the Spring and Autumn period. Confucius emphasized moral cultivation, benevolence (Ren), righteousness (Yi), propriety (Li), wisdom (Zhi), and faithfulness (Xin). His teachings were mainly about how individuals should behave in society,
how to maintain harmonious relationships, and how to pursue the ideal of a gentleman. For example, he believed that through education, people could cultivate their virtues.
After Confucius, Mencius further developed Confucianism. Mencius proposed the theory that human nature is good at birth. He advocated that rulers should practice benevolent governance, taking care of the people's livelihood.
During the Han Dynasty, Confucianism became the official ideology. Dong Zhongshu integrated Confucianism with the theory of yin - yang and the five elements, making it more suitable for the needs of feudal autocratic rule.
In the Song Dynasty, Neo - Confucianism emerged. Zhu Xi was a representative figure. Neo - Confucianism absorbed some elements of Buddhism and Taoism, and further deepened the exploration of the relationship between "principle" (Li) and "qi" (material force).
By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were new developments in Confucianism. For example, Wang Yangming put forward the theory of "the unity of knowledge and action".
Confucianism has had a profound impact on the East Asian cultural circle. In countries such as Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, Confucian ideas have influenced their social systems, family ethics, and educational concepts. In Korea, the hierarchical system and family values are deeply
influenced by Confucianism. In Japan, the concept of loyalty and respect for the elderly also has a certain connection with Confucianism. In Vietnam, Confucianism has also left a deep mark on its history of national governance and cultural construction.
6. What was the core idea proposed by Mencius?
A. Human nature is evil at birth.
B. Human nature is good at birth.
C. There is no fixed nature of human.
D. Human nature is determined by the environment.
Answer: B. 解析：文章中明确提到“Mencius proposed the theory that human nature is good at birth.”，所以答案是B。

A选项与原文相悖，C选项文中未提及，D选项也不符合文中关于孟子思想的表述。

7. When did Confucianism become the official ideology?
A. In the Spring and Autumn period.
B. In the Han Dynasty.
C. In the Song Dynasty.
D. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Answer: B. 解析：根据原文“During the Han Dynasty, Confucianism became the official ideology.”可知答案为B。

A选项孔子所在的春秋时期儒家尚未成为官方意识形态；C选项宋代儒家有新发展但不是成为官方意识形态的时期；D选项明清时期儒家有新发展也不是成为官方意识形态的时期。

8. Which of the following is the representative figure of Neo - Confucianism in the Song Dynasty?
A. Confucius
B. Mencius
C. Dong Zhongshu
D. Zhu Xi
Answer: D. 解析：文中提到“In the Song Dynasty, Neo - Confucianism emerged. Zhu Xi was a representative figure.”，所以答案是D。

A选项孔子是儒家创始人，B选项孟子是孔子之后发展儒家思想的人，C选项董仲舒是汉代将儒家思想与阴阳五行学说融合的人，都不符合题意。

9. What new theory was put forward in the Ming and Qing Dynasties?
A. The theory of human nature is good.
B. The theory of benevolent governance.
C. The theory of the unity of knowledge and action.
D. The theory of integrating Confucianism with yin - yang.
Answer: C. 解析：文章指出“By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were new developments in Confucianism. For example, Wang Yangming put forward the theory of 'the unity of knowledge and action'.”，所以答案是C。

A选项是孟子的理论，B选项是孟子提倡的，D选项是汉代董仲舒的做法。

10. Which country's hierarchical system was deeply influenced by
Confucianism?
A. Japan
B. Vietnam
C. Korea
D. India
Answer: C. 解析：原文提到“In Korea, the hierarchical system and family values are deeply influenced by Confucianism.”，所以答案是C。

A选项日本文中提到的是忠诚和尊敬老人的观念受儒家影响；B选项越南文中未提及等级制度受儒家影响；D选项印度不属于东亚文化圈，与儒家思想影响无关。

3
<背景文章>
The Renaissance in Europe was a period of significant transformation, especially in the realm of philosophy. It emerged in the 14th - 17th centuries, following the Middle Ages. There were several factors contributing to the rise of philosophical trends during this time.
One of the main background factors was the growth of trade and commerce. As cities grew and trade routes expanded, there was an increase in wealth and a new class of merchants emerged. This led to a shift in the social structure. People became more interested in the world around them rather than just the afterlife, which was a dominant focus in the Middle Ages.
Another factor was the rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman texts. These texts, which had been lost or forgotten during the Middle Ages, were now being unearthed and studied. They contained ideas about human nature, democracy, and the pursuit of knowledge that inspired new ways of thinking.
Humanism was one of the most important philosophical ideas during the Renaissance. Petrarch is often considered one of the early representatives of humanism. His idea was centered around the importance of the individual. He believed that humans had the ability to achieve great things through their own efforts and that the study of classical literature was a means to understand human nature better.
Another great figure was Niccolò Machiavelli. His thoughts, especially in his famous work "The Prince", were quite revolutionary. He focused on the practical aspects of politics. He argued that rulers should be more concerned with maintaining power and stability rather than following traditional moral principles all the time. His ideas challenged the existing political and moral norms of the time.
These philosophical ideas had a profound impact on the social change in the Renaissance. They encouraged people to question the authority of the Church and the feudal system. People started to think more independently and pursue different forms of art, literature, and science. This led to a flourishing of creativity and innovation, which ultimately
contributed to the transformation from the medieval to the modern world.
11. What was one of the main factors contributing to the rise of philosophical trends during the Renaissance?
A. The decline of trade and commerce.
B. The growth of trade and commerce.
C. The decrease in the number of merchants.
D. The focus only on the afterlife.
答案：B。

解析：文章明确提到“One of the main background factors was the growth of trade and commerce.”，即贸易和商业的发展是文艺复兴时期哲学思潮兴起的主要背景因素之一，A选项说贸易和商业的衰落是错误的；C选项说商人数量的减少不符合原文，原文说的是新的商人阶层的出现；D选项只关注来世是中世纪的特点，而不是文艺复兴哲学思潮兴起的因素。

12. What did Petrarch believe?
A. Humans should rely solely on the Church.
B. The study of classical literature was useless.
C. Humans had the ability to achieve great things through their own efforts.
D. Only the afterlife was important.
答案：C。

解析：文中提到“Petrarch...He believed that humans had the ability to achieve great things through their own efforts...”，说明彼特拉克认为人类有能力通过自己的努力取得伟大成就，A选项人类应该
只依赖教会与原文相悖；B选项说古典文学研究无用，而原文说彼特拉克认为古典文学研究是更好地理解人性的一种手段；D选项只重视来世也是与彼特拉克的思想相悖的。

13. What was Machiavelli's view mainly about in "The Prince"?
A. Following all traditional moral principles in politics.
B. Ignoring power and stability in ruling.
C. Focusing on the practical aspects of politics.
D. Depending on the Church in ruling.
答案：C。

解析：根据原文“His thoughts, especially in his famous work 'The Prince', were quite revolutionary. He focused on the practical aspects of politics.”可知，马基雅维利在《君主论》中的观点主要是关注政治的实际方面，A选项遵循所有传统的政治道德原则与原文他认为统治者不应总是遵循传统道德原则相悖；B选项忽视统治中的权力和稳定不符合原文；D选项在统治中依赖教会也不是马基雅维利的观点。

14. How did the philosophical ideas during the Renaissance influence the society?
A. They made people more obedient to the Church.
B. They discouraged people from questioning the feudal system.
C. They led to a decline in creativity.
D. They encouraged people to question the authority and think independently.
答案：D。

解析：文章最后提到“These philosophical ideas had a profound impact on the social change in the Renaissance. They encouraged people to question the authority of the Church and the feudal system. People started to think more independently...”，说明文艺复兴时期的哲学思想鼓励人们质疑权威并独立思考
4
<背景文章>
German classical philosophy, represented by Immanuel Kant and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, has left indelible marks on the development of philosophy.
Immanuel Kant's philosophy is a cornerstone in the history of Western thought. His "Critique of Pure Reason" aimed to explore the limits and possibilities of human knowledge. Kant proposed that knowledge is not simply a passive reception of the external world but is actively constructed by the mind. He distinguished between the noumenon (things - in - themselves) and the phenomenon (things as they appear to us). This was a revolutionary idea as it challenged the traditional view that our knowledge directly reflects the objective world. Through his critical philosophy, Kant sought to establish the a priori conditions that make knowledge possible. For example, concepts like space and time are not derived from experience but are the forms through which we perceive the world.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel further developed the philosophical
ideas. Hegel's philosophy is centered around the concept of the Absolute Spirit. He believed that history is a process of the self - development of the Absolute Spirit. His dialectical method, which consists of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis, is widely known. Hegel's system of thought was highly comprehensive, covering logic, nature, and spirit. His work influenced many areas, including politics, art, and theology.
The significance of German classical philosophy for modern philosophy development cannot be overstated. It provided the basis for many subsequent philosophical movements. For instance, Kant's ideas about the nature of knowledge influenced the development of epistemology in modern philosophy. Hegel's dialectical method has been applied in various fields, such as in understanding social change and the development of ideas. Moreover, the critical thinking and in - depth exploration of fundamental concepts in German classical philosophy inspired generations of philosophers to question and re - evaluate established beliefs.
16. What was Kant's view on knowledge?
A. Knowledge is a complete copy of the external world.
B. Knowledge is passively received from the outside.
C. Knowledge is actively constructed by the mind.
D. Knowledge has no relation to the mind.
答案：C。

<详细的中文解析>在文章中提到“Kant proposed that
knowledge is not simply a passive reception of the external world but is actively constructed by the mind.”，明确表明康德认为知识不是对外部世界的被动接受，而是由思维积极构建的，所以C选项正确，A选项说知识是外部世界的完全复制，B选项说知识是被动从外界接收的，D选项说知识和思维没有关系，均不符合文章内容。

17. What did Kant distinguish between?
A. Matter and spirit.
B. Good and evil.
C. Noumenon and phenomenon.
D. Subject and object.
答案：C。

<详细的中文解析>文中指出“Kant distinguished between the noumenon (things - in - themselves) and the phenomenon (things as they appear to us).”，所以康德区分的是本体（物自体）和现象，C选项正确，A选项物质和精神，B选项善与恶，D选项主体与客体均不是文中提到的康德所区分的内容。

18. What is Hegel's central concept?
A. The Self - Consciousness.
B. The Absolute Spirit.
C. The Universal Will.
D. The Social Contract.
答案：B。

<详细的中文解析>根据文章“Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel further developed the philosophical ideas. Hegel's philosophy is
centered around the concept of the Absolute Spirit.”可知，黑格尔哲学的中心概念是绝对精神，B选项正确，A选项自我意识，C选项普遍意志，D选项社会契约均不符合文章内容。

19. What is Hegel's dialectical method composed of?
A. Analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.
B. Proposition, contradiction, and conclusion.
C. Thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.
D. Beginning, middle, and end.
答案：C。

<详细的中文解析>文中提到“Hegel's dialectical method, which consists of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis, is widely known.”，所以黑格尔的辩证法由正题、反题和合题组成，C选项正确，A选项分析、综合和评价，B选项命题、矛盾和结论，D选项开始、中间和结束均不符合文章内容。

20. What is one of the significances of German classical philosophy for modern philosophy?
A. It made modern philosophy less critical.
B. It provided the basis for many subsequent philosophical movements.
C. It limited the development of epistemology.
D. It only influenced art and theology.
答案：B。

<详细的中文解析>文章明确提到“The significance of German classical philosophy for modern philosophy development cannot
be overstated. It provided the basis for many subsequent philosophical movements.”，德国古典哲学对
5
<背景文章>
Marxism philosophy emerged in the 19th - century Europe. It was a time of great social upheaval and transformation. The Industrial Revolution had brought about significant changes in the economic and social structures. The working class was facing harsh exploitation in the factories, with long working hours, low wages, and poor working conditions.
On the intellectual front, there were already some philosophical and theoretical developments that provided a fertile ground for Marxism. Hegel's dialectics, though idealist in nature, offered a way of thinking about change and development. Feuerbach's materialism challenged the dominance of idealist philosophy at that time.
Marx combined these elements and developed dialectical materialism. This fundamental principle of Marxism philosophy emphasizes that the world is material and that change occurs through the interaction of contradictions. In historical materialism, Marx proposed that the development of society is determined by the mode of production. The economic base, which includes the forces and relations of production, determines the superstructure, which consists of politics, law, culture, etc.
The influence of Marxism philosophy has been far - reaching around
the world. In many countries, it has inspired social revolutions and movements for social justice. It has provided a theoretical framework for understanding social inequality and a guide for efforts to transform society. For example, in Russia, the Marxist - led Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 led to the establishment of the world's first socialist state. In China, Marxism was adapted to the Chinese context and has played a crucial role in China's development from a semi - colonial and semi - feudal society to a modern socialist power.
21. What was one of the main social situations in 19th - century Europe that contributed to the birth of Marxism philosophy?
A. The peaceful coexistence between the working class and the bourgeoisie.
B. The stable economic development with equal distribution of wealth.
C. The exploitation of the working class in the Industrial Revolution.
D. The dominance of small - scale handicraft production.
答案：C。

解析：文章提到马克思主义哲学诞生于19世纪的欧洲，当时工业革命使得工人阶级在工厂面临残酷剥削，这是马克思主义哲学诞生的主要社会背景之一。

A选项中工人阶级和资产阶级和平共处不符合当时情况；B选项当时经济发展并不平等；D选项当时是工业革命，不是小手工业生产占主导。

22. Which philosophical thought provided a basis for Marx's dialectical materialism?
A. Plato's theory of forms.
B. Aristotle's ethics.
C. Hegel's dialectics and Feuerbach's materialism.
D. Kant's transcendental idealism.
答案：C。

解析：文章明确指出黑格尔的辩证法和费尔巴哈的唯物主义为马克思的辩证唯物主义提供了基础。

A、B、D选项中的哲学思想与马克思辩证唯物主义的基础无关。

23. According to historical materialism, what determines the superstructure of society?
A. The religious beliefs of people.
B. The mode of production in the economic base.
C. The will of the ruling class.
D. The cultural traditions of a nation.
答案：B。

解析：根据历史唯物主义，经济基础中的生产方式决定社会的上层建筑，文章中有明确表述。

A、C、D选项都不符合历史唯物主义的观点。

24. In which country was the world's first socialist state established under the influence of Marxism?
A. France.
B. China.
C. Russia.
D. Germany.
答案：C。

解析：文章指出在俄国，1917年马克思主义领导的布尔什维克革命建立了世界上第一个社会主义国家。

A、B、D选项不符合事实。

25. How has Marxism been applied in China?
A. It has been completely copied without any adaptation.
B. It has been adapted to the Chinese context and contributed to China's development.
C. It has only been used in academic research and has no practical influence.
D. It has been rejected due to cultural differences.
答案：B。

解析：在中国，马克思主义与中国实际相结合，在中国从半殖民地半封建社会发展为现代社会主义强国的过程中发挥了至关重要的作用，并非完全照搬，也不是只用于学术研究或者因文化差异被拒绝。