六、介词与连词
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六、介词讲解
介词是表示句子结构中词与词或句子成分之间关系的一种虚词。
它是各地中考英语常考的一个词类,所以大家一定要掌握好介词的相关知识。
现对介词的分类及用法作一简单归纳。
常用介词用法歌诀
in在里面on在上,by和beside在近旁;above表示在上方,below恰好为
反向。
若表正上用over,under表示正下方。
in front of表在前,反义behind在
后面。
从里穿过用through,表面通过across。
进到里面用into,落到上面用onto。
from表示自何方,to和towards表朝向。
小小介词用处大,反复实践掌握它。
一、表示时间和日期的介词
in表示年、季节、月份、周,或泛指上午、下午或晚上;on表示某一天,某一天的上午、下午或晚上;at表示某一时刻或时间上的某一点。
at 表示具体的时刻。
at seven o'clock at half past two
on 主要用于具体的某一天或某一天的上
午、下午或晚上,还用于具有某种特征
的一天。
on Monday
on August 8th, 2008
on the night of National Day
on a rainy evening
in 用于世纪、年、季节、月in the 21st century / in 2010 / in spring / in January
固定
用法
in the morning / afternoon / evening at noon / night / midnight
二、表示方位的介词
on意为“在……的上面”;over意为“在……(垂直)的正上方”;above意为“在……(不一定垂直)的上方”;under意为“在……(垂直的)正下方”;below 意为“在……(不一定垂直)的下方”;near意为“在……附近”;next to意为“紧挨着……”;round / around意为“在……周围”;by意为“在……旁边”;表示两者的位置关系时in表示“在同一区域内或同一范围内”;on表示“接壤;相邻”;to 表示“相离;相隔”,两者不属同一范围,也不接壤。
介词意义例句
on 在……上His book is on the desk.
under 在……下The football is under the chair.
in 在……里There is a pencil case in the schoolbag.
in front of 在……前There is a tree in front of the house.
behind 在……后He is standing behind me.
beside 在……旁边Tom is sitting beside the window.
三、表示延续时间的介词
by意为“在……之前;不迟于……”;for意为“历时……之久;持续……”;in 意为“在……以后;在……时间内”;since意为“自从……以来;自……以后”;until 用于否定句中,意为“直到……才”,其前的谓语动词多为非延续性动词,用在肯定句中,意为“直到……为止”,其前谓语动词须用延续性动词。
如:
他已经当老师9年了。
He has been a teacher ________ nine years.
我已经在这儿住了10年了。
I have lived here ________ ten years ago.
他十分钟之后将会回来。
He will be back ________ ten minutes.
知道五月,我们才会看到一些花。
We don’t see any flowers ________ May.
你必须得在这里站到太阳落下去为止。
You must stand here ________ the sun sets. 我明天早晨八点前必须得到校。
I must be at school ________ eight tomorrow morning.
你能在五分钟之内干完这些工作吗?Can you finish your work _______ five minutes?
四、表示方式的介词
介词用来表交通,常把by, in, on来用;
限定、复数用in / on,by要直通海陆空;
骑马、骑车惯用on,小轿车前in才通。
【注】
1. by + 交通工具,意为“乘坐……”。
如:
海:be ship / boat / sea 陆:by bus / car / train / bike / taxi 空:by air / plane / spaceship
2. on / in + 限定词+ 交通工具,意为“乘坐……”。
如:
He goes to work on the bike / in his car. 他骑自行车/ 开车去上班。
3.on foot为固定短语,意为“步行”。
in 颜色,语言,材料,方式
The girl in red is my sister.
穿红色衣服的女孩是我的姐姐。
Can you express yourself in English.
你能用英语表达自己吗?
I want to sign my name in black ink.
我要用碳素笔签名。
In this way, I can feel much more comfortable.
这样我感觉舒服多了。
With 具体的工具,手段,身体部位。
He likes writing with a pen.
他喜欢用钢笔写东西。
I made this shirt with my hand.
我亲手做的T恤。
I don’t believe it until I see it with my eyes
直到我亲眼目睹我才相信。
五、表示运动方向的介词
across意为“从……表面穿过”,或沿某一条线的方向而进行的动作;through 意为“从……内部穿过”,past和by表示“从旁边经过或路过”。
如:
Please be careful when you go ________ the street.
Look! The mosquito is trying to fly ________ the window.
We often go ________ a bakery on our way to school.
六、不用介词的情况
today, yesterday, tomorrow等时间状语前;含有last, this, that, these, those, next, every, one, some, all等词的时间状语前;here, there, home, back等副词前。
其他常用介词
表示“关于”的介词。
例如:on &about
On 专业about 泛泛
He bought a book on the radio.
他买了一本关于无线电方面的专著。
He told some stories about this city.
他讲了关于这个城市的一些故事
表示“数量”的介词
about“大约……”
over “超过……,在……以上”,相当于“more than”
around“大约……”
My grandmother is about 70 years old.
我的奶奶大约70岁了。
My grandmother is over 70 years old.
我的奶奶70岁了。
It’s around 3 o’ clock.
现在大约3点了。
except“除……以外”,“除去” 表示同类事物之间的关系。
except for“除了……以外”,“如果不是”,“若非”
表示对主要部分的肯定和对局部的否定。
它不表示同类事物之间的关系。
besides“除了……以外”,“还有……”。
所指事物包括在叙述范围之内。
but“除了……之外” 多与nobody,none,no one,nothing,anything,everyone,all,who等连用。
We all went swimming except Ann.
除了安之外,我们都去游泳了。
(安没去)
Besides Ann,we all went swimming.
除了安去游泳之外,我们也都去了。
(安去了)
Your composition is good except for some spelling mistakes.
你的作文除了有一些拼写错误之外,写得还是很好的。
No one but Peter went there.
除了彼得没有一个人去那里。
instead “代替” 副词,放在句首或句尾。
instead of “代替” 介词短语后接名词、动名词或宾格。
Tom didn’t answer his father.Instead,he asked his father.
汤姆没有回答他父亲,反而问他的父亲。
He will go instead of you.
他将代替你去。
介词的固定搭配
介词往往同其他词类形成了固定搭配关系。
记住这种固定搭配关系,才能正确使用介词。
(一)介词与动词的搭配
listen to,laugh at,get to,look for,wait for,hear from,turn on,turn off,worry about,think of,look after,spend...on...,等。
(二)介词与名词的搭配
on time,in time,by bus,on foot,with pleasure,on one’s way to.in trouble.at breakfast,at the end of,in the end等。
(三)介词与形容词的搭配
be late for,be afraid of,be good at,be interested in,be angry with, be full of, be sorry for等.
介词专练
I 用at, on, in填空。
1. ________ five o’clock
2. _________ a quarter past seven
3. ________ February 11th
4. _________ a hot summer afternoon
5. ________ winter
6. _________ the morning of Children’s Day
7. ________ night 8. _________ the evening
II 用in, by, on填空。
1. They often go to school _______ foot.
2. Does he usually go home _______ bike?
3. She went to Qingdao _______ ship last week.
4. I want to go to Beijing _______ bus.
5. She often comes to school _______ her father’s car.
6. Did you come here _______ a taxi?
III 用in, on, to填空。
1. Shanghai is located _______ the east of China.
2. Handan is _______ the south of Hebei province.
3. Hainan is _______ the south of China.
4. Japan is _______ the east of China.
5. Henan province is _______ the south of Hebei province.
6. Taiwan is ________ the southeast of China
七、并列连词大观园
连接具有并列关系的词、短语或句子的连词叫做并列连词。
根据其意义,并列连词又分为表示并列、转折、选择和因果等四种关系的连词。
【边学边做】
关系 连词
例句 并列关系 and / both ... and ...
/ not only ... but
also ...
/ neither ... nor ...
My father is a teacher and my mother is a nurse. Neither he nor I like to see this film. Not only I but also he will stay here tomorrow. 转折关系 but / however /
while
I like English, but I am not good at it. I am short, while my brother is very tall. 选择关系 or / either ... or ...
You can read this book or that one. Either she or you are going there with me. 因果关系
so / for It was late, so I went home at once.
It is morning now, for the birds begin to sing.
()1. Which one is heavier, the wooden ball ______ the iron ball?
A. or
B. and
C. but
D. so
()2. Hold on to your dream, _______ one day they may just come true.
A. and
B. but
C. so
D. or
()3. Work hard, ______ you’ll pass the English exam this time.
A. or
B. but
C. because
D. and
()4. --- Was the boy saved?
--- No. The doctors tried their best, _______ they failed.
A. and
B. so
C. but
()5. We’re going to the bookstore. You can go with us ______ you can meet us there.
A. and
B. but
C. or
D. then
6. 我和他昨天都去了龙湖公园。
______ he ______ I went to Longhu Park yesterday.
7. 我不想骑自行车去那儿,他也不想。
______ I ______ he wants to go there by bike.
8. 你要么和我一起去,要么待在家里。
You will ______ go with me ______ stay at home.
9. 我不仅喜欢数学,而且喜欢物理。
I like ______ ______ math ______ ______ physics.
10. 他已经来这里三年了。
但是,他还几乎没有朋友。
He has been here for three years. ________, he has few friends.。