高三英语 阅读复习第三期 科普知识与现代技术2(1)

2014年高三英语阅读复习第三期科普知识与现代技术2
【导读】“模仿”这种现象，不仅存在于人类身上，还存在其他动物（比如monkey）身上。

A new paper in Science reports that a common human phenomenon that we tend to prefer people who behave the same way we do exists in other species.
As the old proverb "monkey see, monkey do" says, monkeys in the study appeared to favor those who mimicked them — even when the imitator was a member of another species. The authors of the paper, Annika Paukner of the National Institutes of Health Animal Center and her colleague Pier Ferrari, did the study this way: two experimenters, each holding a small plastic ball, faced each monkey in its cage. The monkey was given an identical ball. One of the experimenters imitated whatever the monkey did with the ball — poking it, mouthing it, pounding it. The other experimenter didn't imitate the animal. The result was clear. Monkeys looked longer at the imitator than they did at the other experimenter, and they chose to stand in front of the i mitator more often.
In a study, psychologists Tanya Chartrand, who is now at Duke, and John Bargh, who is now at Yale, asked college students to describe a set of photographs in one-on-one（一对一的）discussions with researchers. During the discussions, the researchers secretly but consistently mirrored behavior of the students. If one of the college kids leaned back, then the researcher leaned back. If one of the kids folded his arms, then the researcher did as well. With a control group, the researchers made no attempt to copy behaviors; instead, they adopted a neutral tone and body language. And yet compared with those who were not imitated, the students who were mimicked reported liking the researchers more. In short, when people imitate us, we are more willing to be their friend.
A team of Dutch researchers found mimicked participants in the Dutch study were willing to help a researcher who had "accidentally" dropped some pens 84% of the time; those in the control group helped pick up the pens only 48% of the time. 【文章大意】本文主要讲述了三次相似的实验结果：“模仿”这种现象，不仅存在于人类身上，还存在其他动物（比如monkey）身上；并且还讲述了“模仿”可以拉近彼此间的距离，融洽彼此间的关系。

【信息提取】
1. Why did the experimenters give the monkeys identical balls in the first
experiment?
A. Because that was what the monke ys usually wanted.
B. Because the experimenters had no other balls at that time.
C. Because those balls were what the experimenters liked best.
D. Because it was easy for monkeys to identify if the experimenters imitated them.
2. The behavior of the researchers in the two groups in Paragraph 3 was _________.
A. just the same
B. very similar
C. quite the opposite
D. a little different
3. Why did the researchers’ pens dropped several times?
A. Because the researchers’ pen was difficult to hold tightly.
B. Because the researchers were too careless during the experiments.
C. Because the researchers wanted to find out which students were helpful.
D. Because the researchers dropped the pen purposely to find out the students’reaction.
4. Which waiters do you think will get larger tips in the restaurants according to passage?
A. Those who are familiar to the customers.
B. Those who are more enthusiastic to customers.
C. Those who have good relationship with the restaurant manager.
D. Tho se who use the exact words that customers used to orde r food.
5. What’s the main idea of this passage?
A. Studies show monkeys are as clever as people.
B. Studies show imitation exists in a lot of animals.
C. Studies show the different results of several studies.
D. Studies show imitation contributes to good relationship.
【解析】
1. D。

细节理解题。

通读全文和第一段，可知实验者给每个猴子同样的球就是为了方便它们辨认出实验者是在模仿它们，便于达到实验目的，故选D。

2. C。

细节理解题。

根据第三段第二、三、四、五句可知：在第一组中，研究人员秘密地模仿学生的行为，在第二组中研究人员一点也没有模仿学生的行为，故选C。

3. D。

细节理解题。

结合全文理解，研究人员多次“掉笔”，就是为了弄清楚被“模仿”学生对此的反应，故选D。

4. D。

推理判断题。

研究表明，人们往往把与自己行为相似的人视为“好友”，所以那些说顾客用来点菜的话的服务员会得到更多的小费，故选D。

5. D。

主旨大意题。

文章中提到了三次相似的实验结果，表明模仿均能拉近模仿者与被模仿者之间的距离，潜意识地促进他们之间的友好关系，故选D。

【词汇扩充】
1.exist vi.存在；生存
Does life exist on other planets?
其他行星上有生命吗？
Many possible orderings may exist.
组合方式可能有许多种。

2. imi tate vt.模仿，摹拟
James can imitate his father perfectly.
詹姆斯能逼真地模仿他父亲。

You should imitate her way of doing things.
你应该效法她做事的方式。

3. neutral adj.中立的
Journalists are supposed to be politically neutral.
新闻工作者在政治上应持中立态度。

In that war England was not an ally; she was neutral.
在那场战争中，英国不同任何一国结盟，保持中立。

4. participant n.参加者，参与者
He has been an active participant in the discussion.
他一直积极参与这次讨论。

The engineer was an eager participant in technical co-operation.
那位工程师热心参与技术合作。

She is an active participant in this activity.
她积极参与这项活动。

【长难句分析】
1.One of the experimenters imitated whatever the monkey did with the ball —poking it, mouthing it, pounding it.
【句意】其中一个实验者模仿猴子用球做的任何动作。

【分析】whatever the monkey did with the ball是宾语从句。

Whatever在宾语从句中做主语。

2. A new paper in Science reports that a common human phenomenon that we tend to prefer people who behave the same way we do exists in other species.
【句意】科学杂志上一份新的论文称我们倾向于更喜欢我们做的同样方式行事的人这一个共同的人类现象在其他物种也存在。

【分析】that we tend to prefer people who behave the same way we do是同位语从句，做a common human phenomenon的同位语。

who behave the same way是定语从句修饰先行词people。

【语法点滴】
Whatever的用法
Whatever有两个用法，一是引导名词性从句（如主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句），二是用于引导让步状语从句。

1. 用于引导名词性从句
Whatever she did was right. 她做的一切都是对的。

Whatever she did was right. 她做的一切都是对的。

I will do whatever you wish. 我可做任何你想我做的事。

Give them whatever they desire. 他们想要什么就给他们什么。

Whatever I have is at your service. 我所有的一切都由你使用。

You may do whatever you want to do. 无论你想做什么事，你都可以做。

I’ll just say whatever comes into my head. 一我想到什么就说什么。

One should stick to whatever one has begun. 开始了的事就要坚持下去。

She would tell him whatever news she got. 她得到的任何消息都会告诉他。

I’m going to learn whatever my tutor wishes. 我将学习任何我的导师愿意我学的东西。

College students are seen doing whatever work they can find. 我们可以看到,只要有工作，大学生们什么都干。

Do whatever she tells you and you'll have peace. 她叫你干什么你就干什么,那你就太平了。

2. 用于引导让步状语从句
Whatever we said, he'd disagree. 无论我们说什么，他都不同意。

Whatever happened I must be calm. 不管发生什么情况我都要镇静。

We’ll go along together whatever happens. 不管发生什么情况我们都要起干。

Don’t lose heart whatever difficulties you meet. 不管遇到什么困难都不要灰心。

Whatever you do, I won't tell you my secret. 不管你做什么，我都不会把我的秘密告诉你。

Whatever happens, we'll meet here tonight. 不管发生什么事情，我们今晚都在这儿碰头。

Whatever happens, the first important thing is to keep cool. 不管发生什么事,头等重要的是保持冷静。

【注意1】
whatever还可用于加强语气，相当于what ever, what on earth等。

如：
Whatever is the matter? 这是怎么回事?
Whatever does he mean? 他到底是什么意思?
【注意2】
Whatever从句有时可以省略。

如：
What ever your argument, I shall hold to my decision. 不管你怎样争辩，我还是坚持自己的决定。