北外经管国际贸易作业02
北外国经贸专业课国际贸易重点
第二章相互需求原理：约翰穆勒提出的。
在由比较优势（利益）决定的两国交换比例上下限内，实际的、唯一的均衡贸易条件是由两国对于各自交易对手的商品的需求强度所决定的。
提供曲线：又叫相互需求曲线。
英国马歇尔。
表示一国在不同的相对价格下愿意进口与出口的商品数量，即对应*一进口量一国愿意提供出口量的轨迹。
两国提供曲线的均衡交汇点就是国际商品交换比率，即国际市场均衡价格。
商品贸易条件：是指一个国家以出口交换进口的条件，即两国进行贸易时商品的交换比例。
假设基期的贸易条件为100.与基期比较的贸易条件T=P*/Pm*100。
P*—出口产品的价格指数。
Pm —进口产品的价格指数。
T>100, TOT改善T<100, TOT恶化。
第三章要素密集度：是指商品生产中使用的不同生产要素的比例。
例如若有2商品2要素，则生产A商品的K/L高于生产B的。
则说A是资本密集型商品。
要素禀赋：指一国所拥有的生产要素如劳动、资本、技术、土地等的状况是个相对概念，不是绝对的数量。
有两种定义方法，实物定义（K/L的比较）和价格定义（Pk/Pl的比较或者是r/w的比较）要素禀赋理论：H-O定理+3个推论H-O定理：国际贸易以要素丰裕度的不同为基础，各国都倾向于生产其要素相对充裕的产品并出口，进口其要素相对稀缺的产品。
斯托尔珀·萨缪尔森定理：在贸易的过程中，由于产品价格均等化，出口产品的相对价格会上升，进口替代品的相对价格会下降。
在长期里，在出口产品生产中密集使用的生产要素（本国的充裕要素）的报酬提高；在进口产品生产中密集使用的生产要素（本国的稀缺要素）的报酬降低，而不论这些要素在哪个行业中使用。
要素价格均等化定理：自由贸易不仅使两国的商品价格相等，而且使两国生产要素的价格相等，以致两国的所有工人都能获得同样的工资率，所有的资本（或土地）都能获得同样的利润（或租金）报酬，而不管两国生产要素的供给与需求模式如何雷布津斯基定理：如果产品价格不变，一国*种生产要素的数量增加，而其他要素不变，会导致密集使用增长要素的产品的生产扩大，而密集使用其他要素的产品的生产减少。
国际贸易双语教程课后练习参考答案
Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出口6边际利润16收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率17超额能力8贸易歧视18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9时机选择19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期20许可证协定IV. Case Study.Batteries called “white elephant” exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, but in United States no one was interested in the goods. Why?[Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries. It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant, he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. Please try to find out some cases about cultural differences in doing international business.(Open)VI. Please determine whether the following statements are TRUE or FALES. Then put T for TRUE or F for FALES in the bracket at the end of each statement.1. ( T )2. ( F )3. ( F )4. ( T )5. ( F )6. ( T )7. ( T )8. ( F )VI. Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growth. However oversimpl ified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the sellergives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country’s import needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawn before it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:KeyDear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely, VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day’s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Case Study[Answer]:A 公司与B公司的第一封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。
北外宏观经济学第二次作业(精品文档)
1.评述新古典经济增长理论。
（出自第七单元）(1)新古典增长理论放弃了哈罗德-多马模型中关于资本和劳动不可替代的假设。
模型假设的前提大致是：①全社会只生产一种产品；②储蓄函数为S=sY（s是作为参数的储蓄，且0<s<1）；③不存在技术进步，也不存在资本折旧；④生产的规模报酬不变；⑤劳动力按一个不变的比率n增长。
索洛推导出新古典增长模型的基本方程为：()sf k k nk=+，其中，k=K/L 表示资本与劳动力之比，大致为每一个劳动力所能分摊到的(或按人口平均的)资本设备；k=dk/dt表示每单位时间k的增加量，即：按人口平均的资本增加量；()/==表示每个劳动力的平均生产量，f k y Y L大致为按人口平均的产量；s为储蓄比例，n为人口增长率。
这一基本方程式说明，一个社会的人均储蓄可以被用于两个部分：一部分为人均资本的增加k，即：为每一个人配备更多的资本设备，这被称为资本的深化。
另一部分是为每一增加的人口配备每人平均应得的资本设备nk，这被称为资本的广化。
大致意思是说，在一个社会全部产品中减去被消费掉的部分(C)以后，剩下来的便是储蓄；在投资等于储蓄的条件下，整个社会的储蓄可以被用于两个部分：一部分用于给每个人增添更多的资本设备(即资本深化)，另一部分则为新生的每一人口提供平均数量的资本设备(即资本的广化)。
(2)新古典增长理论的四个关键性结论：①稳态中的产量增长率是外生的。
在上面的模型中为n，它独立于储蓄率s。
②尽管储蓄率的增加没有影响到稳态增长率，但是通过增加资本-产量比率，它确定提高了收入的稳态水平。
③产量的稳态增长率保持外生。
人均收入的稳态增长率决定了技术进步率，总产量的稳定增长率是技术进步率与人口增长率之和。
④如果两个国家有着相同的人口增长率、相同的储蓄率和相同的生产函数，那么它们最终会达到相同的收入水平。
如果两个国家之间有着不同的储蓄率，那么它们会在稳态中达到不同的收入水平，但如果他们的技术进步率和人口增长率相同，那么它们的稳定增长率也将相同。
国际经济与贸易作业
国际经济与贸易作业（家乐福超市）2011级经济学院物流一班孟华杰学号：111703016家乐福（Carrefour）目前已经成为是欧洲第一大零售商，世界第二大国际化零售连锁集团。
现拥有11,000多家营运零售单位，业务范围遍及世界30个国家和地区。
集团以三种主要经营业态引领市场：大型超市，超市以及折扣店。
此外，家乐福还在一些国家发展了便利店和会员制量贩店。
1999年8月30日，家乐福兼并普罗莫代斯组成世界第二大零售集团。
2004年集团税后销售额增至726.68亿欧元，员工总数超过43万人。
2005年，家乐福在《财富》杂志编排的全球500强企业中排名第22位。
成立于1959年的家乐福集团是大卖场业态的首创者，是欧洲第一大零售商，世界第二大国际化零售连锁集团。
现拥有11,000多家营运零售单位，业务范围遍及世界30个国家和地区。
集团以三种主要经营业态引领市场：大型超市，超市以及折扣店。
此外，家乐福还在一些国家发展了便利店和会员制量贩店。
2004年集团税后销售额增至726.68亿欧元，员工总数超过43万人。
2005年，家乐福在《财富》杂志编排的全球500强企业中排名第22位。
家乐福于1969年开始进入国际市场，目前在世界上31个国家和地区拥有一万多家销售网点，涉及的零售业态包括大卖场、超级市场、折扣店、便利店、仓储式商店与电子商务，集团的50万名员工正致力于为20亿消费者服务。
家乐福集团建立了全球性的采购网络，向不同国家和地区的供应商采购具有市场竞争力的商品。
家乐福的成功之道家乐福的经营理念是以低廉的价格、卓越的顾客服务和舒适的购物环境为广大消费者提供日常生活所需的各类消费品。
家乐福对顾客的承诺是在价格、商品种类、质量、服务及便利性等各方面满足消费者的需求。
家乐福力争通过自己的努力成为当地社区最好的购物场所，为消费者带来更多的实惠和便利，并携手和各商业伙伴为当地经济的繁荣做出贡献。
家乐福的成功在于精细、科学的管理，主要表现在6个方面：选址的科学化，强大的商品管理机构，强大的电脑支持功能，简洁的组织结构、经营理念及高效现场管理，完整的企业文化和强烈的防损意识。
国际贸易与国际金融(第二版)课后习题及参考答案
各章课后习题及参考答案第一章国际贸易概述一、名词解释对外贸易——是指一个国家（地区）与另一个国家（地区）之间的货物（商品）和服务的交换活动。
转口贸易——也称中转贸易，货物生产国和货物消费国不是直接买卖货物，而是通过第三国进行买卖，对第三国来说就是转口贸易。
现汇贸易——也称为自由结汇方式贸易（Free-Liquidation Trade），是指在国际贸易中以国际通用货币作为清偿工具的贸易。
贸易差额——是指一个国家或地区在一定时期内出口总额与进口总额之间的差额。
贸易条件——是出口商品价格与进口商品价格的对比关系，又称进出口交换比价。
它是反映一国进出口价格对该国是否有利的一项重要指标，也是衡量一国对外贸易经济效益的一项重要指标。
对外贸易依存度——又称对外贸易系数,是指一国对外贸易额占其国内生产总值（GDP）或国民生产总值（GNP）的比例。
是衡量一国经济外向程度的一个基本指标。
二、不定项选择1. 剔除了价格变动的影响，单纯反映对外贸易规模的指标是( B )A. 对外贸易额B. 对外贸易量C. 贸易差额D. 对外贸易依存度2. 2015年某国进口总额为12 000亿美元，出口总额为10 500亿美元，则该国当年贸易差额是( A )。
A. 逆差1 500亿美元B. 逆差22 500亿美元C. 顺差1 500亿美元D. 顺差22 500亿美元3. 下列各项中，反映各国或地区在国际贸易中的地位的是( D )。
A. 对外贸易依存度B. 国际贸易商品结构C. 对外贸易地理方向D. 国际贸易地区分布4. 关于对外贸易差额，下列说法正确的有( BCE )。
A. 贸易平衡是指货物贸易额等于服务贸易额B. 进口贸易总额超过出口贸易总额称为贸易逆差C. 出口贸易总额超过进口贸易总额称为贸易顺差D. 对外贸易差额是指一国货物贸易额与服务贸易额的差额E. 对外贸易差额是指一定时期内一国出口总额与进口总额的差额5. 以2010年为基期，2015年某国进口价格指数为150，出口价格指数为130，则该国2015年的贸易条件指数是( B )。
国际贸易作业
国际贸易作业P245思考题（7）1.买卖双方在贸易合同中规定使用跟单信用证支付。
2.买方通知当地银行（开证行）开立以卖方为受益人的信用证。
3.开证行请求另一银行通知或保兑信用证。
4.通知行通知卖方，信用证已开立。
5.卖方收到信用证，并确保其能履行信用证规定的条件后，即装运货物。
6.卖方将单据向指定银行提交。
该银行可能是开证行，或是信用证内指定的付款、承兑或议付银行。
7.该银行按照信用证审核单据。
如单据符合信用证规定，银行将按信用证规定进行支付、承兑或议付。
8.开证行以外的银行将单据寄送开证行。
9.开证行审核单据无误后，以事先约定的形式，对已按照信用证付款、承兑或议付的银行偿付。
10.开证行在买方付款后交单，然后买方凭单取货。
（8）只要从信用证的性质说起——信用证开证对受益人有条件的付款承诺，即受益人只要在信用证规定的交单期和有效期内，提交与信用证规定“表面”的相符单据，那么，开证行就必须在规定的时间内向议付行或受益人付款，且该付款是没有追索权的。
那么，对于信用证的受益人来说，只要做到按时提交与信用证表面相符的单据，就能够得到开证行的付款。
那么，受益人可以利用伪造的、与信用证规定一致的单据，就可以得到开证行的付款，而开证行没有识别单据真伪的能力和义务，所以，这一点常被不法分子利用来实施诈骗。
而对于开证申请人来说，可以利用信用证是银行信誉这一点，骗取受益人的信任，从而骗取受益人的货物——开证申请人与信誉很差的小银行或濒于倒闭的银行勾结，开立信用证，在受益人交货后，开证申请人取走单据并提走货物，而开证行因无力偿付，或者倒闭而无法偿付，使得受益人款货两空。
以上是容易被不法分子利用的信用证的弱点。
因此，信用证对于操作者的要求较高——除了能够正确操作信用证，达到安全收款或安全收货的目的外，还要具备识别诈骗分子伎俩的能力。
P3743.不合理。
因为我方未能按时派船接货是由于不可抗力事件的发生。
但是我方有按约定的通知期限和通知方式通知对方的义务并与对方商定是解除合同还是延期履行。
北外15春国际金融(02次作业)答案
管理学作业答题纸国际金融作业01（第6-10单元）答题纸学籍号：姓名：分数：学习中心：专业：__国际经济与贸易______本次作业满分为100分。
请将每道题的答案写在对应题目下方的横线上。
题目1（1）请阅读下面关于亚洲金融危机的文字，然后回答问题。
[50分]在1997年亚洲金融危机以前，东南亚国家的经济已经连续10年高速增长。
伴随着经济的高速增长，这些国家的银行信贷额以更快的速度增加，短期外债也达到前所未有的水平。
其中相当部分投向房地产。
投资的增加导致资产价格膨胀(主要是泰国和马来西亚)。
此外，汇率制度缺乏弹性也使得大量外债没有考虑汇率风险。
这些都为危机的发生埋下了伏笔。
危机首先从泰国爆发。
1997年3月至6月期间，泰国66家财务公司秘密从泰国银行获得大量流动性支持。
此外，还出现了大量资本逃离泰国。
泰国中央银行将所有的外汇储备用于维护钉住汇率制度，但仍然以失败告终。
7月2日，泰国财政部和中央银行宣布，泰币实行浮动汇率制，泰铢价值由市场来决定，放弃了自1984年以来实行了14年的泰币与美元挂钩的一揽子汇率制。
这标志着亚洲金融危机正式爆发。
很快，危机开始从泰国向其它东南亚国家蔓延，从外汇市场向股票市场蔓延。
7月以后，菲律宾、马来西亚、印度尼西亚等货币相继出现问题。
8月13日，印尼财政部和印尼银行联合宣布，放弃钉住美元的汇率政策，实行自由浮动汇率制度，印尼盾大幅下跌55%。
随着危机的发展，以国际货币基金组织为首的国际社会开始向危机国家提供了大量援助。
但这些国家的金融市场仍在恶化，并波及香港和美国市场。
危机国家在采取措施稳定金融市场和金融体系时，也开始进行经济和金融改革。
8月11日，国际货币基金组织经过协商，确定对泰国提供约为160亿美元的资金援助，以稳定泰国的经济和金融市场秩序。
香港特区政府首次动用外汇基金，提供10亿美元，参与泰国的贷款计划。
9月以后，菲律宾股票市场继续下跌；韩元对美元汇率跌到了韩国至1990年3月实行市场平均汇率以来的最低点；菲律宾比索也跌至历史新低点。
北外金融学《国际金融》作业2
第1页（共13页）管理学作业答题纸国际金融作业01（第1-5单元）答题纸学籍号：141415306043 姓名：杨芳清分数：学习中心：云南爱因森科技专修学院奥专业：金融学鹏学习中心[39]本次作业满分为100分。
请将每道题的答案写在对应题目下方的横线上。
题目1 [50 分] 答：1.文中第一段提到2010年中后期几种货币的汇率表现，请结合汇率决定的有关理论和世界经济环境的背景对它们进行析。
美元汇率在本周经历了一次大起大落。
由于美国公布的经济数据十分疲软，令交易商怀疑美联储对美国经济的乐观评论是否真有道理，一些经济学家预计美联储可能不会在8月10日的会议上再次提高利率。
13日美国公布6月贸易逆差大幅增加，使美国由来已久的双赤字问题又浮出水面，影响美元汇率大幅下跌，周五美元兑欧元汇率下跌到1.2374美元，美元兑日元汇率下跌到110.70日元。
贸易逆差创纪录财政预算入不敷出第2页（共13页）本周公布的经济数据进一步证实美国经济面临大幅滑坡的危险。
7月零售销售增长了0.7%，扣除汽车的零售销售仅上升0.2%,分别低于市场原先预期的增长1.1% 以及0.4%。
6月零售销售修正后为下滑0.5%。
美国周五公布多项经济数据均较预期疲弱。
其中，6月贸易逆差扩大至创纪录的558.2亿美元，远超出预期的470亿美元；7月生产者物价指数增长0.1%，增幅逊于预期的上升0.2%，而8月密西根大学消费者信心指数初值自7月的96.7下滑至94.0,远非市场预期的升至97.5。
疲弱的数据令市场更加怀疑美国经济复苏前景。
加之美国财政部公布7月预算赤字为691.6亿美元,超出华尔街分析师普遍预计的610亿美元,也高于上年同期的542.4 亿赤字。
令本年度迄今财政赤字几乎达到4000亿美元，这使美元汇率再次受到双赤字的压力。
石油价格连写新高个人收入几无增加虽然美联储表示对经济前景充满信心，但在一连串不利经济数据的影响下，投资者仍然对美国经济发展满怀疑虑。
北京外国语~国际金融(第2次)作业
请阅读下面关于亚洲金融危机的文字，然后回答问题。
在1997年亚洲金融危机以前，东南亚国家的经济已经连续10年高速增长。
伴随着经济的高速增长，这些国家的银行信贷额以更快的速度增加，短期外债也达到前所未有的水平。
其中相当部分投向房地产。
投资的增加导致资产价格膨胀(主要是泰国和马来西亚)。
此外，汇率制度缺乏弹性也使得大量外债没有考虑汇率风险。
这些都为危机的发生埋下了伏笔。
危机首先从泰国爆发。
1997年3月至6月期间，泰国66家财务公司秘密从泰国银行获得大量流动性支持。
此外，还出现了大量资本逃离泰国。
泰国中央银行将所有的外汇储备用于维护钉住汇率制度，但仍然以失败告终。
7月2日，泰国财政部和中央银行宣布，泰币实行浮动汇率制，泰铢价值由市场来决定，放弃了自1984年以来实行了14年的泰币与美元挂钩的一揽子汇率制。
这标志着亚洲金融危机正式爆发。
很快，危机开始从泰国向其它东南亚国家蔓延，从外汇市场向股票市场蔓延。
7月以后，菲律宾、马来西亚、印度尼西亚等货币相继出现问题。
8月13日，印尼财政部和印尼银行联合宣布，放弃钉住美元的汇率政策，实行自由浮动汇率制度，印尼盾大幅下跌55%。
随着危机的发展，以国际货币基金组织为首的国际社会开始向危机国家提供了大量援助。
但这些国家的金融市场仍在恶化，并波及香港和美国市场。
危机国家在采取措施稳定金融市场和金融体系时，也开始进行经济和金融改革。
8月11日，国际货币基金组织经过协商，确定对泰国提供约为160亿美元的资金援助，以稳定泰国的经济和金融市场秩序。
香港特区政府首次动用外汇基金，提供10亿美元，参与泰国的贷款计划。
9月以后，菲律宾股票市场继续下跌；韩元对美元汇率跌到了韩国至1990年3月实行市场平均汇率以来的最低点；菲律宾比索也跌至历史新低点。
10月31日，印度尼西亚宣布银行处置一揽子计划；关闭16家商业银行，对其他银行的存款实行有限担保。
11月1日，国际货币基金组织总裁康德苏宣布，国际社会将向印尼提供280亿美元的紧急援助贷款，以帮助其稳定国内金融市场。
国际贸易英文版答案Unit2
国际贸易英文版答案Unit2第一篇：国际贸易英文版答案Unit 2Unit 2ExercisesI.Answer the following questions1.Why should we specify name of commodities in sales contract? What details should be mind when we stipulate the clauses of name?2.What should we watch when we follow “sale by sample”? Can we follow both “sale by sample” and sale by description” in one contract?3.Why is “more or less” clause in that important? What should we watch when we stipulate “more or less” clause?4.How packing is roughly classified? What are the functions of packing?5.What marks are usually used in transportation of goods? What should we watch when those marks are made and printed?II.Decide the following statement whether it is true or not.If not, correct the wrong statement.1.If a set of mechanical and electrical equipment is going be imported, “sale by specification” is a better method to be used to specify the quality.(√)2.When clause of quality is stipulated in the contra ct, it’d better not use both “sale by sample” and “sale by specification”.(×)sometimes both can be used.3.All products can be traded by merely their marks and/or brands if their quality is stable, reputation is sound and with which the consumers or custome rs are familiar.(√)4.In international trade, calculating by weight is the most commonly used method to decide quantity of trade goods.(√)5.Clause of quantity mainly deals with the quantity of the trade goods.(×)as well as the system of weight and ways to measure the goods.6.In international selling and buying, only the International System is allowed to indicate quality of the trade goods.(×)Not only.Other systems can be used.7.Besides raw silk, wool and cotton, conditioned weight is commonly used to indi cate quality of many other products.(×)Net weightually we don’t accept neutral packing and OEM in our export trade.(×)Sometimes we do accept the practice.9.Gross weight is the most widely used methods to calculate weight.According to international rules and practices, weight is calculated by gross weight unless otherwise stated in the contract.(×)Net weight10.The system we follow to create our own product code is Asian Article Number Association.(×)European Article Number III.Case studyCase 1Chinese company signed a contract with an Australian buyer.T otal amount of the sale is 200,000 Australian dollars.According to the contract, each piece of the trade goods should bepacked in a plastic bag with both English and French instructions.When the goods reach Australia, the buyer found that goods are not packed in plastic bag.And there is only English instruction.Can the buyer lodge a claim and ask for compensation? Why?Case 2A contract was signed between Chinese company YS and an American buyer NT for writing paper.In the contract under “Name of Commodity” “Hand-made Writing Paper wasspecified as name of the trade product, and the name was used in all documents and invoices.When NT received the paper, after re-inspecting, NT found that part of the production process was in fact finished by machine.NT claimed for compensation.YS refused, claiming that main processing stages of the paper were finished as the stipulation by hand.Besides, when the contract was signed, the agent of NT has examined the sample on the spot.(But “sale by sample” was not stipulated in the contract).Since the actual quality of the sent paper is in accordance with the sample, YS believes the contract was fulfilled as required by the contract.Who, do you believe, should be responsible? And how should the dispute be handled?Keys:I.Answer the following questions1.a.1.In practical sense, name or description of commodity is the substantial foundation and premise 1ofa single transaction.Therefore, while the seller and the buyer negotiate, conclude the transaction and sign the contract, name of commodity or further essential description must be clearly laid down.b.In legal sense, description of the commodity is the key component of the contract by course of law.It constructs the basis of the transaction and touches on the rights and obligations of both the seller and the buyer.If the goods delivered by the seller are not in accordance with the agreed name of commodity and/or other description, the buyer reserves the right to lodge a claim, reject the goods or even cancel the contract.2.When we trade following “sale by sample”, two basic principles must be followed.Firstly, the sample provided is the mere basis while commodities are delivered and accepted;secondly, the quality of the commodities must be in conformity with the sampleprovided.Both “sale by sample” and sale by description” can be used in one contract.3.Owing to the influence of natural conditions, packing requirements, transportation conditions or limitations of measurement tools, the actual quantity may be somehow more or less than the contracted quantity when delivery is taken.So flexibility2 is specified in the contract.The specification of the flexibility is in fact the “more or less” clause.If there is a “more or less” claus e in the contract, it is necessary to state clearly who has the option to decide the quantity latitude, the buyer or the seller and the specific latitude.4.Many different types of packing are adopted in international trade.According to the role第二篇：国际贸易英文自我介绍国际贸易英文自我介绍as an international trade specialized student, i know the importance of english in english learning, so i have been high-standard requirements themselves.through their own efforts, to xx passed cet band 4 and again to xx points passed cet6.in spoken english i have been in the exercise myself, and reached a certain level.in addition, i also laid a japanese primary basic.not only in english, as the rest of course also study hard.in six semester four times won the scholarship, and once passed the national computer rank examination(level 2).moreover i took an active part in social practice activities, and to exercise their professional skills,increase their professional knowledge, and has achieved good results.through a series of stratified activities, i also gradually grasp the people contacts and communication skills, learning how to make ourselves in a harmonious interpersonal relationships.throughstudies i deeply realize the theory instruction practicemeaning, and really in the code yourself.in learning and activities of remaining i also actively enrich himself, reading, rich knowledge, and grasped certain of the computer application skills enough to handle the job requirement.believe after three years study the lives of hone, already will i hammer become a moral decently, strong-willed, high ideals and soaring aspirations, has the enterprising spirit and team cooperation spirit of excellent college students.believe i have knowledge and competence can completely fit for any difficult work, environment of hard did not prevent completed i finish work.if i am lucky to become a member of your company, i will put all the youth and enthusiasm exert into work, obtain due grades for the development of the company, and contribute their efforts.第三篇：国际贸易英文术语商检费 commodity inspection fee海运费 ocean freight集卡运费、短驳费 Drayage订舱费 booking charge转运费 transportation charge污箱费 container dirtyness change坏箱费用 container damage charge清洁箱费 container clearance charge分拨费 dispatch charge报关费 customs clearance fee操作劳务费 labour fee or handling charge商检换单费 exchange fee for CIP换单费 D/O fee拆箱费 De-vanning charge港杂费 port sur-charge电放费 B/L surrender fee冲关费emergent declearation change 海关查验费customs inspection fee 提箱费 container stuffing charge 滞期费 demurrage charge 滞箱费 container detention charge 卡车运费 cartage fee 车上交货 FOT(free on track)电汇手续费 T/T fee转境费/过境费 I/E bonded charge待时费 waiting charge仓储费 storage fee改单费 amendment charge拼箱服务费 LCL service charge动、植检疫费 animal & plant quarantine fee移动式其重机费 mobile crane charge进出库费 warehouse in/out chargePRICE 价格FOB Liner Terms FOB 班轮条款FOB under tackle FOB吊钩下交货FOB stowed(FOBS)船上交货并理舱FOB trimmed(FOBT)船上交货并平舱FOB stowed and trimmed(FOBST)船上交货并理舱和平舱CFR Liner Terms 贸易术语款CFR Landed CFR 卸到岸上CFR EX Tackle CFR吊钩下交货CFR EX Ship’s Hold CFR舱底交货Documents against acceptance(D/A)承兑交单Documents against payment(D/P)付款交单Documents against payment after sight(date)远期付款交单PAYMENT 支付Draft 汇票Draft(bill of exchange)汇票Trade bill 商业汇票Banker’s draft 银行汇票Clean bill(of exchange)光票Documentary bill(of exchange)跟单汇票Draft with(without)recourse 有(无)追索权的汇票Sight draft 即期汇票Time draft(usance draft)远期汇票To order 空白抬头Blank endorsement 空白背书Discount 贴现Remittance 汇付方式M/T(Mail transfer)信汇T/T(telegraphic transfer)电汇D/D(demand draft，remittance by ban k’s demand draft)票汇Check(cheque)支票Promissory note 本票International postal money order 国际邮政汇票Payment 支付方式Cash payment(cash against documents)现付Cash on delivery(C.O.D.)交货付现Cash with order(C.W.O.)随订单付现Deferred(delayed)payment 延付Dishonour 拒付，退票Payment by installments 分期支付Open account trade(O.A.T.)记账交易Collection 托收Clean collection(collection on clean bill)光票托收Documentary collection(collection on documents)跟单托收Documents against payment(D/P)付款交单D/P at sight 即期付款交单D/P after sight 远期付款交单D/A(Documents against acceptance)承兑交单L/G(letter of guarantee)银行保证书Payment by banker’s letter of guarantee(payment by banker’s L/G)凭银行保证书支付L/C(letter of credit)Payment by letter of credit(payment by L/C)凭信用证支付信用证L/C(letter of credit)信用证信用证Irrevocable credit 不可撤销信用证Revocable credit 可撤销信用证Confirmed credit 保兑信用证Unconfirmed credit 未加保兑信用证Documentary credit 跟单信用证Clean credit 光票信用证Acceptance credit 承兑信用证Sight credit 即期信用证Usance(time)credit 远期信用证Transferable credit 可转让信用证Non-transferable credit 不可转让信用证Divisible credit 可分刈信用证Anticipatory credit 预支信用证Red clause credit 红条款，预支信用证Back to back credit 背对背信用证Revolving credit 循环信用证Unrevolving credit 非循环信用证Reciprocal credit 对开信用证Stand-by credit(commercial paper credit，guarantee credit，performance credit)备用信用证CONTRACT 合同Sales contract(confirmation)销货合同(确认书)Purchasecontract(confirmation)购货合同(确认书)Confirmation of order 订单确认书Distributorship contract(agreement)经销合同(协议)Sole distributorship contract(agreement)独家经销合同(协议) Exclusive(sole)sales contract(agreement)包销合同(协议)Consignment contract(agreement)寄售合同(协议)Agency contract(agreement)代理合同(协议)Time to volume 及时大量生产Time to money 及时大量交货FOUR CONTROL YSTEM 四大管制系统Engineering control system 工程管制系统Quality control system质量管理系统Manufacturing control system生产管制系统Management control system经营管制系统Classification整理(sorting, organization)-seiriRegulation整顿(arrangement, tidiness)-seitonCleanliness清扫(sweeping, purity)-seisoConservation清洁(cleaning, cleanliness)-seiktsuCulture教养(discipline)-shitsukeSave 节约Safety安全质量人员名称类QC quality control 品质管理人员FQC final quality control 终点质量管理人员IPQC in process quality control 制程中的质量管理人员OQC output quality control 最终出货质量管理人员IQC incoming quality control 进料质量管理人员TQC total quality control 全面质量管理POC passage quality control 段检人员QA quality assurance 质量保证人员OQA output quality assurance 出货质量保证人员QE quality engineering 质量工程人员质量保证类FAI first article inspection 新品首件检查FAA first article assurance 首件确认CP capability index 能力指数CPK capability process index 模具制程能力参数SSQA standardized supplier quality audit 合格供货商质量评估FMEA failure model effectiveness analysis 失效模式分析FQC运作类AQL Acceptable Quality Level 运作类允收质量水平S/S Sample size 抽样检验样本大小ACC Accept 允收REE Reject 拒收CR Critical 极严重的MAJ Major 主要的MIN Minor 轻微的Q/R/S Quality/Reliability/Service 质量/可靠度/服务P/N Part Number 料号L/N Lot Number 批号AOD Accept On Deviation 特采UAI Use As It 特采FPIR First Piece Inspection Report 首件检查报告PPM Percent Per Million 百万分之一制程统计品管专类SPC Statistical Process Control 统计制程管制SQC Statistical Quality Control 统计质量管理GRR Gauge Reproductiveness & Repeatability 量具之再制性及重测性判断量可靠与否DIM Dimension 尺寸DIA Diameter 直径N Number 样品数其它质量术语类QIT Quality Improvement Team 质量改善小组ZD Zero Defect 零缺点QI Quality Improvement 质量改善QP Quality Policy 目标方针TQM T otal Quality Management 全面质量管理RMA Return Material Audit 退料认可7QCT ools 7 Quality Control T ools 品管七大手法通用之件类ECN Engineering Change Notice 工程变更通知(供货商) ECO Engineering Change Order 工程改动要求(客户) PCN Process Change Notice 工序改动通知PMP Product Management Plan 生产管制计划SIP Standard Inspection Procedure 制程检验标准程序SOP Standard Operation Procedure 制造作业规范IS Inspection Specification 成品检验规范BOM Bill Of Material 物料清单PS Package Specification 包装规范SPEC Specification 规格DWG Drawing 图面系统文件类ES Engineering Standard 工程标准CGOO China General PCE龙华厂文件IWS International Workman Standard 工艺标准ISO International Standard Organization 国际标准化组织GS General Specification 一般规格部门类PMC Production & Material Control 生产和物料控制PCC Product control center 生产管制中心PPC Production Plan Control 生产计划控制MC Material Control 物料控制DC Document Center 资料中心QE Quality Engineering 质量工程(部)QA Quality Assurance 质量保证(处)QC Quality Control 质量管理(课)PD Product Department 生产部LAB Laboratory 实验室IE Industrial Engineering 工业工程R&D Research & Design 设计开发部第四篇：国际贸易英文求职信国际贸易英文求职信范文Dear leaders:Hello!First of all, your hard work to extend our deep respect!At the same time, also thank you for your busy schedule in my recommended reading materials.I was in Xi'an Translation College of Foreign Languages Institute for English Majors, a 04 session students will be faced with graduation.Experienced a three-year teacher education and colleges of high life, in the face of new opportunities and challenges, I am more determined the “self-confidence, self-reliance, diligence, modesty,” the doctrine of life.Xi'an Translation College of Education of China's well-known talent training base, renowned for their rigorous scholarship, well known for educating people.In such a learning environment, I appreciate the vital to the fun of learning English.Whether in the intellectual capacity or the quality of self-cultivation, I have benefited from.Three years, the Friends of the division in good faith and personal efforts to help, I have a solid foundation of professional knowledge, a systematic grasp of the English literature, linguistics and education, such as the theory ofexit examinations in all subjects, the results outstanding.At the same time, I also have excellent English listening, speaking, reading, writing, translation, such as capacity and be good at innovation in the study.At the same time, after school hours, I covered a lot of extensive books, skillfully mastered the basic knowledge of computer and operating system used, not only enrich their own, but also cultivate their abilities in various In addition, I also actively participate in various social activities, and grasp every opportunity to exercise their own.University for three years, I deeply feel and talents to work, so I benefit from the competition;practical difficulties to the challenge, let me grow up in frustration;Xi'an Translation College, I developed a practical and realistic style of hard work and innovation.I love to engage in the cause of your organization, eager to look forward to your leadership, for the glorious cause of building blocks.If your organization can provide a copy of my employment, I will be very grateful, and take concrete actions to prove that they live up to your choice.A time when the pen collection, solemnly raised a small request: Regardless of whether you choose me, and respect the leadership, I hope you will accept my sincere thanks!Your organization wishes to the cause of success!People put themselves forward: xxx第五篇：国际贸易英文缩写国际贸易、海运单证的缩写主要贸易术语：(1)FCA(Free Carrier)货交承运人(2)FAS(Free Alongside Ship)装运港船边交货(3)FOB(Free on Board)装运港船上交货(4)CFR(Cost and Freight)成本加运费(5)CIF(Cost,Insurance and Freight)成本、保险费加运费(6)CPT(Carriage Paid To)运费付至目的地(7)CIP(Carriage and Insurance Paid T o)运费、保险费付至目的地(8)DAF(Delivered At Frontier)边境交货(9)DES(Delivered Ex Ship)目的港船上交货(10)DEQ(Delivered Ex Quay)目的港码头交货(11)DDU(Delivered Duty Unpaid)未完税交货(12)DDP(Delivered Duty Paid)完税后交货主要船务术语简写：(1)ORC(Origen Recevie Charges)本地收货费用（广东省收取）(2)THC(Terminal Handling Charges)码头操作费（香港收取）(3)BAF(Bunker Adjustment Factor)燃油附加费(4)CAF(Currency Adjustment Factor)货币贬值附加费(5)YAS(Yard Surcharges)码头附加费(6)EPS(Equipment Position Surcharges)设备位置附加费(7)DDC(Destination Delivery Charges)目的港交货费(8)PSS(Peak Season Sucharges)旺季附加费(9)PCS(Port Congestion Surcharge)港口拥挤附加费(10)DOC(DOcument charges)文件费(11)O/F(Ocean Freight)海运费(12)B/L(Bill of Lading)海运提单(13)MB/L(Master Bill of Lading)船东单（或OCEAN BILL OF LADING）(14)MTD(Multimodal Transport Document)多式联运单据(15)L/C(Letter of Credit)信用证(16)C/O(Certificate of Origin)产地证(17)S/C(Sales Confirmation)销售确认书（Sales Contract)销售合同(18)S/O(Shipping Order)装货指示书(19)W/T(Weight Ton)重量吨（即货物收费以重量计费）(20)M/T(Measurement T on)尺码吨（即货物收费以尺码计费）(21)W/M(Weight or Measurement ton)即以重量吨或者尺码吨中从高收费(22)CY(Container Yard)集装箱（货柜）堆场(23)FCL(Full Container Load)整箱货(24)LCL(Less than Container Load)拼箱货（散货）(25)CFS(Container Freight Station)集装箱货运站(26)TEU(Twenty-feet Equivalent Units)20英尺换算单位（用来计算货柜量的多少）(27)A/W(All Water)全水路（主要指由美国西岸中转至东岸或内陆点的货物的运输方式）(28)MLB(Mini Land Bridge)小陆桥（主要指由美国西岸中转至东岸或内陆点的货物的运输方式）(29)NVOCC(Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier)无船承运人TEUTWENTY FOOT EQUIVALENT UNITS 20'柜FEUFORTY FOOT EQUIVALENT UNITS 40'柜SHUT OUT退关CUT OFF CLOSING DATE/CUT OFF DATE 结关日O/F(Ocean Freight)海运费BAF(Bunker Adjustment Factor)燃油附加费CAF(Currency Adjustment Factor)货币贬值附加费BOOKING FEE订舱费DOC(DOcument charges)文件费THCTERMINAL HANDLING CHARGE 码头作业费V.V.D: Vessel voyage directionETD : Eistimated time of departureETA: Eistimated time of arrivalT/TIME : TRANSE TIMET/S : transshipment port主要贸易术语：(1)FCA(Free Carrier)货交承运人(2)FAS(Free Alongside Ship)装运港船边交货(3)FOB(Free on Board)装运港船上交货(4)CFR(Cost and Freight)成本加运费(5)CIF(Cost,Insurance and Freight)成本、保险费加运费(6)CPT(Carriage Paid To)运费付至目的地(7)CIP(Carriage and Insurance Paid T o)运费、保险费付至目的地(8)DAF(Delivered At Frontier)边境交货(9)DES(Delivered Ex Ship)目的港船上交货(10)DEQ(Delivered Ex Quay)目的港码头交货(11)DDU(Delivered Duty Unpaid)未完税交货(12)DDP(Delivered Duty Paid)完税后交货L/C(Letter of Credit)信用证S/C(Sales Confirmation)销售确认书（Sales Contract)销售合同A/W(All Water)全水路（主要指由美国西岸中转至东岸或内陆点的货物的运输方式）MLB(Mini Land Bridge)迷你大陆桥（主要指由美国西岸中转至东岸或内陆点的货物的运输方式）货运代理人a freight forwarder货运代理业务freight forwarding承运人 carrier货物① goods ② freight ③ cargo运输① transportation ② transit ③ conveyance运输业① transportation business ② forwarding business ③ carrying trade陆上运输 transportation by land海上运输 transportation by sea货物运输① goods traffic ② freight traffic ③ carriage of freights ④ carriage of goods滞期费 demurrage滞期日数 demurrage days速遣费 despatch money/dispatch空舱费 dead freight装载 loading卸货①unloading ②discharging ③landing舱单 manifest集装箱箱型container type也有人用container size活用一下：我要改箱型，从1X20GP改到1X40GPI want to change the container type from 1X20GP to 1X40GP改箱型也可以这么表示Pls help me to revise the container size from 1x20GP to 1x40GP做货代的免不了要值班值班 on duty值班表 on duty list值班人员 on duty personattachment附件attached附上CC抄送FYI for your information,for you reference 供参考BLOCK CODE 中转港代码IMP(import)进口EXP（export）出口MAX(maximum)最大的、最大限度的MIN(minimum)最小的，最低限度update这个词蛮常用的报关 customs brokerC/D(customs declaration)报关单报关行 customs broker报关员customs declarer海关退税 customs drawback海关查验 customs examination仓库 warehousefumigation 熏蒸MSDS maritime shipping document of safety危险货物安全资料卡D/R docks of receipt场站收据B/N booking note托书（有时看到的是SI shipping instruction)EIR(E/R）equipment interchange receipt设备交接单LOI letter of indemnity 保函，也称损害赔偿保证书quantity-数量packing-包装cubic meter 立方米包装种类：carton 纸箱（最常见的喽）package 包bag, sack 袋case, chest 箱packet 小包drum 圆桶case, chest 箱box盒wooden case 木箱rate 板条箱bale 包bundle 捆PALLET : 托盘commission-佣金vessel schedule 船期表Booking 订舱Booking Note 订舱单Booking Number 订舱号Container Number 箱号Container Seal 集装箱箱封Lorry with IC Card 有白卡的集卡Cable/Telex Release 电放Missed Voyage Container 漏装箱Cancellation 退关箱tri-axle chassis 三轮车价Ｏ．Ｗ．Ｃ＝＝ＯＶＥＲＷＥＩＧＨＴＣＨＡＲＧＥ如果是海运费用项目的话．有时也表示为Ｏ．Ｗ．Ｓ．ＯＶＥＲＷＥＩＧＨＴＳＵＲＣＨＡＲＧＥ超重附加费void sailing 也就是没有船的意思取消订舱Booking cancelledweight limitations 限重。
北京语言大学22春“国际经济与贸易”《国际贸易实务》作业考核题库高频考点版(参考答案)试题号2
北京语言大学22春“国际经济与贸易”《国际贸易实务》作业考核题库高频考点版（参考答案）一.综合考核(共50题)1.不可撤销议付信用证列有“议付到期日”，而未列有“最迟装运日”，则应被理解为“双到期”，即最迟装运日于到期日为同一天。
()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B2.在跟单托收的情况下，按照向进口人交单条件的不同分为()。
A.付款交单B.承兑交单C.信汇托收D.电汇托收参考答案：AB3.在规定单价时，若明确规定佣金的百分比，则规定总值时也应作出相应的规定。
()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B4.寄售商品的作价办法()。
A.规定最低限价B.随行就市C.销售前征得寄售人同意D.规定结算价格参考答案：A，B，C，D 第不符点的出现只要争得议付行同意并议付完毕，受益人即可不受追偿地取得货款。
()A.错误B.正确参考答案：A6.根据《公约》的解释，一项发盘，在受盘人发出接受通知前可以撤销，但有两种例外情况。
()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B7.经销商在规定的期限和地域内，对指定的商品享有独家专营权，通过使用独家专营权开展销售业务获得利润的贸易方式是()。
A.招标B.代理C.寄售D.包销参考答案：D8.《英国货物买卖法》将违约的形式划分为()A.违反要件和违反担保B.不履行债务和延迟履行债务C.轻微的违约和重大的违约D.根本性违约和非根本性违约参考答案：A9.国际贸易中常用的三种支付方式是()。
A.汇付B.托收C.信用证D.汇票参考答案：ABC10.在我对外加工装配合同中，如来料、来件和成品须分别计价者，其支付方式应坚持先收后结的原则。
()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B11.根据《跟单信用证统一惯例》的规定，只有信用证上明确注明可转让字样，受益人才有权要求银行将信用证的全部或部分转让给一个或者数个受益人(第二受益人)合用。
()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B12.采用延期付款时，货物的所有权一般在交货时转移。
()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B13.向海关申报进出口货物，供海关验关估税和放行的法定单据是()。
国际贸易操作实训 【各章练习】参考答案
【各章练习】参考答案第一章现代外贸企业管理和出口业务流程1、Dear Sirs,We have your name and address from the internet and learn that you are interested in the Chinese Ceramic. We are very glad to e-mail you that we specialize in this line in producing and export Ceramic for more than 40 years. Our products enjoy good reputation and sale fast in the world market. We are very pleased to establish business relationship with you.Now we know that you are interested in two series of our products: article HC1003、HC1004、HC1005 and article FT1001、FT1002、FT1003, we are enclosing a copy of our latest photos、specifications and prices of our series for your reference .We are looking forward to your early reply and further discuss.Yours faithfully,Xiamen Renhua Import & Export Corporation2、Libro 公司瑞典哥德堡信箱221 S-42123谨启者，我们从中国驻瑞典使馆商参处得知你们的公司名称和联系方式，并获悉你们需要购买GPS天线，这一商品正好是我们公司经营的范畴，我们借此机会与你们联系以期在这一行和你们建立贸易关系。
北外《国际贸易实务》知识要点
北外《国际贸易实务》知识要点国际贸易是现代经济的重要组成部分，而在这个全球化的时代，了解国际贸易的知识变得尤为重要。
北外的《国际贸易实务》课程是为学生提供基础的贸易知识和实践技能的课程，下面将介绍这门课程的主要知识要点。
以下是从开课目录中摘录的一些重要要点。
一、国际贸易基础知识1. 国际贸易定义及其特点国际贸易是指不同国家之间进行商品、服务和资本流动的经济活动。
其特点包括跨国界、多方参与、货物流动、价值互换等。
2. 国际贸易的理论基础国际贸易的理论包括比较优势理论、绝对优势理论、要素禀赋理论等。
这些理论解释了为什么国家进行贸易以及贸易如何带来福利。
3. 国际贸易政策与制度国际贸易政策包括关税政策、非关税壁垒政策等。
而国际贸易制度则由世界贸易组织（WTO）等机构负责管理和监督。
二、国际贸易的实践技能1. 贸易方式和贸易条件了解常见的贸易方式，如出口、进口、转口贸易等，并掌握国际贸易的常见条件，如FOB、CIF等。
2. 国际贸易的支付方式学习了解国际贸易中常用的支付方式，如信用证、托收、汇票等，以及相应的操作流程。
3. 货物运输与保险了解不同的货物运输方式，如海运、空运和陆运，以及相应的运输单证和保险方式。
4. 国际贸易的风险管理学习如何识别和管理国际贸易中的各种风险，如汇率风险、信用风险和政治风险等。
5. 贸易函电和国际贸易文件熟悉国际贸易中常用的函电格式，如询价函、报价函等，并掌握贸易文件的编制方法，如发票、装箱单等。
三、案例分析与实践在课程中，学生将会通过案例分析和实践活动来应用他们所学到的知识和技能。
通过解决实际贸易案例以及模拟国际贸易谈判等活动，学生将提高他们的解决问题和应对挑战的能力。
总结：北外《国际贸易实务》课程重点涵盖了国际贸易的各个方面，从理论基础到实践技能，学生将获得全面的贸易知识和实践经验。
这门课程将为学生提供从事国际贸易相关工作或深造研究的基础，并在日后的职业生涯中大有裨益。
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第1页（共5页）
管理学作业答题纸
国际贸易作业02（第5-8单元）答题纸
学籍号：姓名：分数：
学习中心：奥鹏学习中心专业： ______管理学_______
本次作业满分为100分。
请将每道题的答案写在对应题目下方的横线上。
题目1 [50 分] （1）简述非关税壁垒有哪些形式（出自第六单元）
答：从数量上限制进口的措施有：进口配额制、“自动”出口配额制、进口许可证
制；从价格上限制进口的措施有：进口押金制、外汇管制、最低限价和禁止进口、
歧视性的产品归类与海关估价；还可以通过复杂苛刻的技术标准，包括技术标准、
卫生检疫、商品包装与标签规定等限制进口；有些国家还以立法形式限制外国
商品进口，如制定国家安全条款、以国家立法限制进口、歧视性的政府等。
总之，非关税壁垒具有更大的灵活性、针对性、隐蔽性、歧视性，更能达到限制
进口的目的。
题目2 [50 分] （2）简要回答区域经济一体化的各种形式（出自第七单元）
答：区域经济一体化概念：虽然区域经济一体化已成为当今国际经济关系中最引
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人注目的趋势之一，但国内外对经济一体化尚无统一定义。
"经济一体化"这个词语的使用是近年出现的。
据专家考证，在1942 年以前一次也没有被使用过。
到1950 年，经济学家开始将其定义为单独的经济整合为较大的经济的一种状态或过程。
也有人将一体化描述为一种多国经济区域的形成，在这个多国经济区域内，贸易壁垒被削弱或消除，生产要素趋于自由流动。
所谓"区域" 是指一个能够进行多边经济合作的地理范围，这一范围往往大于一个主权国家的地理范围。
根据经济地理的观点，世界可以分为许多地带，并由各个具有不同经济特色的地区组成。
但这些经济地区同国家地区并非总是同一区域。
为了调和两种地区之间的关系，主张同一地区同其他地区不同的特殊条件，消除国境造成的经济交往中的障碍，就出现了区域经济一体化的设想。
经济的一体化是一体化组织的基础，一体化组织则是在契约上和组织上把一体化的成就固定下来。
区域经济一体化的形式：经济一体化的形式根据不同标准可分为不同类别。
美国著名经济学家巴拉萨把经济一体化的进程分为四个阶段：(1)贸易一体化，即取消对商品流动的限制；(2)要素一体化，即实行生产要素的自由流动；(3)政策一体化，即在集团内达到国家经济政策的协调一致；(4)完全一体化，即所有政策的全面统一。
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与这四个阶段相对应，经济一体化组织可以根据市场融合的程度，分为以下六类: 1.优惠贸易安排。
即在成员国间，通过协定或其他形式，对全部商品或一部分商品给予特别的关税优惠，这是经济一体化中最低级和最松散的一种形式，典型的有1932 年英国与一些大英帝国以前的殖民地国家之间实行的英联邦特惠制。
2.自由贸易区。
即由签订有自由贸易协定的国家组成一个贸易区，在区内各成员国之间废除关税和其他贸易壁垒，实现区内商品的完全自由流动，但每个成员国仍保留对非成员国的原有壁垒。
3.关税同盟。
即成员国之间完全取消关税或其他壁垒，同时协调其相互之间的贸易政策，建立对外的统一关税。
这在自由贸易区的基础上又更进了一步，开始带有超国家的性质，典型的有欧洲经济共同体。
4.共同市场。
即成员国在关税同盟的基础上进一步消除对生产要素流动的限制，使成员国之间不仅实现贸易自由化，而且实现技术、资本、劳动力等生产要素
的自由流动。
典型的如欧洲统一市场。
5.经济同盟。
即在共同市场的基础上又进了一步，成员国之间不但实现商品和生产要素的自由流动，建立起对外的共同关税，而且制定和执行某些共同经济政策和社会政策，逐步废除政策方面的差异，形成一个庞大的经济实体，典型的如目前的欧洲联盟。
6.完全经济一体化。
这是经济一体化的最高阶段。
成员国在经济、金融、财政等政
第4页（共5页）策上完全统一，在国家经济决策中采取同一立场，区域内商品、资本、人员等完全自由流动，使用共同货币。
经济一体化是关于成员间贸易壁垒的撤除和各种合作互助关系的建立。
贸易壁垒的撤除被称为一体化中"消极"的一面，合作关系的建立则被称为" 积极的"一面，因为合作的建立往往要求参加者改变现有的制度或机构，或建立新的制度和机构以使一体化地区的市场能适当而有效率地运转。
在一体化的各种形式中，较初级的形式，如自由贸易区等主要是消极的一面，而较高级的形式，如经济同盟等则更充分地体现了积极的一面。
消极的形式比较易于达到，因为消除关税和数量限制易于做到，特别是在经过长期的多边贸易谈判后许多国家的关税水平本来就已经很低。
积极的形式不易做到，因为它要求采取某种形式的共同行动，而且要求在关税以外的领域合作，而金融、货币和雇佣等方面的合作往往涉及国家主权的协调等更深一层次的问题。
但对一体化的形式的划分只能是大体上的，实际上每个组织都不可能是标准的某种形式。
除以上分类外，近年还有学者根据成员国构成的不同，把经济一体化组织分为三类：
(1)发达国家型，即由发达国家组建的经济一体化组织，典型的如欧洲联盟；
(2)发展中国家型，即由发展中国家组成的经济一体化组织，如东南亚国家联盟；
(3)南北型，即由发达国家和发展中国家共同组建的经济一体化组织，如北美自由
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贸易协定。
这三类组织虽然形式上有相似之处，但目标、运行机制、发展历程等都有明显不同。
有人说亚太经济合作组织（APEC）是世界三大自由贸易区之一，你如何评价？（50分）
答：首先，作为一个地区性的经济组织，APEC对世界贸易未来的发展起着重要的作用，这主要因为它包括了全球最大的三个经济实体（美国、日本、中国），还包括了一度曾是世界上增长最快的东南亚国家和地区。
从规模上看，它是全球最大的区域性经济贸易合作体系.
但是，与欧盟和北美自由贸易区不同，APEC既不是经济同盟，也不是关税同盟，而是一个区域性的以促进贸易、投资和技术合作的开放型国际组织。
与一般的自由贸易区相比，APEC有两个明显的不同。
第一，APEC是一个开放的而非排他的区域性组织。
APEC实行不歧视原则，在最惠国待遇的基础上实现贸易投资自由化。
APEC不仅在内部相互开放，对非区域内国家和地区也同样开放。
第二，APEC是一个自愿的合作组织，不具有强制性。
各经济体的贸易与自由化都是建立在单边的、自愿的基础上。
相互之间通过协商而非谈判来达成共识。