early and medieval literature
(完整word版)英国文学史习题全集(含答案)
(完整word 版)英国文学史习题全集(含答案)3Part One Early and Medieval English LiteratureⅠ. Fill in the blanks.1. In 1066, ____， with his Norman army, succeeded ininvading and defeating England 。
A. William the ConquerorB. Julius Caesar C 。
Alfred the Great D. Claudius2。
In the 14th century ， the most important writer (poet)is ____ .A. LanglandB. Wycliffe C 。
Gower D. Chaucer 3. The prevailing form of Medieval English literature is____。
A. novel B 。
drama C. romance D. essay 4。
The story of ___ is the culmination of the Arthurianromances 。
A 。
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight B. BeowulfC 。
Piers the PlowmanD 。
TheCanterbury Tales5。
William Langland’s ____ is written in the form of adream vision 。
A 。
Kubla KhanB 。
Piers the PlowmanC 。
The Dream of John Bull D. Morte d'Arthur1—5 ADCAB 6-10 ACBAB6. After the Norman Conquest ， three languages existedin England at that time 。
英国文学简史
英国文学简史笔记一．早中世纪文学：Early and Medieval English Literature（约5世纪-1485) The ancestor: Celts(凯尔特人）.Life style: Primitive life(原始生活）.Language: Celtic（凯尔特语）(Britons 大不列颠语).最早的英国史：1. Roman Conquest. (55BC--410AD)---Julius Caesar.2. Anglo-Saxon Conquest. (450--1066)---Anglos, Saxons, Jutes(朱特人).3. Norman Conquest. (1066--1350).中期英国史：1.Romance(罗曼史): love, chivalry(骑士精神), religion;2.3 major themes: (1).Matter of France;(2).Matter of Greece and Rome;(3).Matter of Britain.nguage: 3 language.文学作品：1.Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里。
乔叟):Chaucer's works:(1) . The Canterbury Tales( 坎特伯雷故事集);(2). The Wife of Bath (巴斯夫人）；(3). Romance of the Rose (玫瑰传奇);(4).The House of the Fame (声誉殿堂);(5).The Parliament of Fowls (百鸟会议);(6).Troilus and Cressie (特洛伊斯和克莱西德）.Chaucer's contribution to the English language:(1). The " father of English poetry";(2). He introducer from France and Italy the rhymed (押韵的)stanzas of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter ( heroic couplet) (抑扬格、五音步诗), instead of the Old English alliterative( 头韵的) verse;(3). For the first time in English literature, he presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture( 现实主义）of the English society of life in his masterpiece " The Canterbury Tales( 坎特伯雷故事集)";(4). He was the first English poet who wrote in English, thus establishing English as the literature language;(5), He did much in making the London dialect(方言) the foundation for modern English language.Chaucer's social significance:(1). Influenced by the early Italian Renaissance, Chaucer affirmed man's right to pursue earthly happiness and opposed asceticism, praised man's energy, intellect, and love of life;(2). Meanwhile, he also exposed and satirized the social evils, esp.,the religious abuses.2.The Song of Beowulf (贝奥武甫，a hero）3.The English Ballads (大众民谣): a story told in song.; in various Englishand Scottish dialects.---- Robin Hood (罗宾汉), who is strong, brave, clever, tender-hearted and affectionate(深情的).二、文艺复兴时期文学: The English Renaissance（15世纪后期-17世纪初）文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义.几个过渡时期：1. The Hundred Year's War: 1337--1453;2. The wars of the Rose(玫瑰战争/蔷薇战争): 源于两个皇族所选的家微。
英美文学考试题
英美文学考试题英国文学习题与练习Week 2 Early and Medieval English LiteratureReference Questions:1. Who were the earliest settlers of Britton/England? What do you know about them (home, language, belief, life style)?2. What are the 3 conquests? What effects they had upon the nation?3. Ideologically what is the most significant change in people’s spiritual life?4. How was the nation developed politically or what changes were there in the form of the social structure?5. In terms of literature, what influence had the French upon England?6. How many languages were spoken during the French reign? How do you understand modern English as a language?7. What was the essence of Christian doctrine preached at the time? Was there any ignoble reason behind it?8. Why was the Middle Ages known as the Dark Ages?9. What was the form of literature at the time? What features does it have? 10. What are the 3 periods/stages of Chaucer’s literary career?11. In what way do we call Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales the first work of English literature?Text study: Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (6-7)1. What is image of the nun?2. Is she favorably and admirably or satirically portrayed? How?3. What figures of speech are used? Week 3 Renaissance (1)Reference questions:1. What is Renaissance? How and why did it come about?2. What is the development of drama? What were the original forms and content and practice of drama?3. Why did drama flourish in Elizabethan age? Who are the major playwrights of the time?4. Who is Marlowe? What contributions did he make to English drama?5. Who is Shakespeare? What famous and great plays (history, comedy, tragedy)? What features?6. What did Ben Jonson write about? What representative work?7. Prepare the excerpt from Hamlet (31-32). What is it mainly about? What humanist idea can you find in the soliloquy?8. What was the most important translation of the time?Week 4 Renaissance (2)Reference questions on Shakespeare and Hamlet: 1. Why is Shakespeare an eternal subject of study? Where lies his greatness? 2. What are the themes of Hamlet?3. What is the significance of Hamlet as a character?4. What is blank verse?5. What is soliloquy?Text study Hamlet’s soliloquy “To be or not to be” (31-32)1. What is the main idea of Hamlet’s soliloquy? Summarize in one or two sentences the main idea of the soliloquy?2. How does the soliloquy reflect the spirit of the time or the idea of humanism?3. How do you analyze Hamlet’s argument in terms of structure?Week 5 Renaissance (3)Questions for Renaissance poetry and prose:1. Who was thought to be the greatest English poet since Chaucer? What is his representative work? What are the features of this poem?2. What new forms (rhyme—blank verse, stanza--sonnet) of poetry were introduced into England? By whom?3. Who were the famous sonneteers of the time?4. How do you tell an Italian (Petrarchan) sonnet from an English (a Shakespearean) one?5. How many sonnets did Shakespeare write? What are the major subjects?6. Who were the two major prose writers? What is Utopia? Where do you think More possibly got the idea or was it all his own invention? How do you interpret the title of the book?7. What contribution did Bacon make to the English system of thinking and learning?8. What’s the purpose of his Essays?9. Based on your reading of his work, give your personal impression of/comment onhis Essays?10. The English Renaissance period is known for its translations. What are the most important translations of this age?Text studyQuestions on Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare (58): 1. What is the English sonnet form? Study the metrical and rhyme scheme as well as the structure?2. What’s the main idea? Is it really about love? What is peculiar of this love poem?3. What figures of speech are used?Questions on “Of Studies” by F. Bacon (52-53):1. How do you define the style?2. Study the essay by comparing the English version with the translation of Mr Wang. How do you like the Chinese version?3. Paraphrase and comment on sentences 1-6, 10-12.Week 6 Revolution and RestorationReference questions:1. What was the most important social event during the mid-17th century?2. What were the two most popular forms of lyric?3. Why is Milton the greatest poet of the period? What is the significance of Paradise Lost?Text study: Paradise Lost by John Milton (67-68)1. What is the historical background of the work?2. As a transitional writer, how does Milton combine his humanistic ideas with his Puritan ideas?3. What is the image and the significance of Satanin the two extracts? 4. What philosophy can we get from the text?Week 7 18th century Enlightenment(1)Questions:1. What was the most important intellectual event of the time?2. The 18th century is called an age of the bourgeoisie. Why? And what effect it had on literature of the century?3. Why did English novel appear in this century?4. What are the major forms of literature?5. What have neo-classicism and realism got to do with the Enlightenment Movement?6. Why did literature of Sentimentality and Gothicism come into being in the latter part of thecentury?Text study: J. Swift’s “A Modest Proposal”(81-89) 1. How do you describe the narrator’s tone?2. What or who are the targets of Swift’s mockery?3. Is the proposal modest? Prove your point.Week 8 18th century Enlightenment(2)Text study:An Essay on Man by A. Pope (89-90) 1. What is heroic couplet? 2. What is the poetic pattern?3. What are the themes of the two extracts?4. Paraphrase the texts or tell in brief your interpretation.“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” by Thomas Gray (91-92) 1. What do you know of the Graveyard poetry? 2. What is the poetic pattern?3. What is the predominant mood?4. What is the theme ?5. Summarize each stanza in your own words.Week 9 19th-century Romanticism (1)Questions:1. How is the period defined in time?2. What was the historical background, politically,economically and ideologically? 3. What was the predominant genre of literature? Who were the important writers of the time?4. In what way was romanticist literature different from that of neoclassicism in the 18th century, such as in form, guiding principle, subject matter, purpose, style, etc.?Text study: “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” by Wordsworth (103) 1. What is the theme?2. What is the predominant image?3. How does it reflect the poet’s idea of romantic poetry?4. What is the poetic pattern?5. Paraphrase each stanza in one sentence.Week 10 19th-century Romanticism (2)Text study:“The World Is Too Much with Us” by Wordsworth (116-7) 1. What is the theme, the meaning, of the first line? 2. What romantic ideas does it advocate? 3. What type of sonnet form it is?4. What romantic spirit does it represent?5. Paraphrase the poem in your own words.“Ode on a Grecian Urn” by John Keats (109-110)1. What is the theme of the poem?2. What is the rhyme scheme?3. What romantic feature does the poem reflect?4. Summarize each stanza in one or two sentences. Week 11 Victorian Literature (1)Questions:1. What is the historical background politically, economically and ideologically?2. What is the predominant form of literature during this period?3. Who are the representative writers? And what was the literary tendency?4. What changes came about towards the end of the century?Week 12-13 Victorian Literature (2)(3)英国文学习题与练习Week 2 Early and Medieval English Literature Reference Questions:1. Who were the earliest settlers of Britton/England? What do you know about them (home, language, belief, life style)?2. What are the 3 conquests? What effects they hadupon the nation?3. Ideologically what is the most significant change in people’s spiritual life?4. How was the nation developed politically or what changes were there in the form of the social structure?5. In terms of literature, what influence had the French upon England?6. How many languages were spoken during the French reign? How do you understand modern English as a language?7. What was the essence of Christian doctrine preached at the time? Was there any ignoble reason behind it?8. Why was the Middle Ages known as the Dark Ages?9. What was the form of literature at the time? What features does it have? 10. What are the 3 periods/stages of Chaucer’s literary career?11. In what way do we call Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales the first work of English literature?Text study: Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (6-7)1. What is image of the nun?2. Is she favorably and admirably or satiricallyportrayed? How? 3. What figures of speech are used? Week 3 Renaissance (1)Reference questions:1. What is Renaissance? How and why did it come about?2. What is the development of drama? What were the original forms and content and practice of drama?3. Why did drama flourish in Elizabethan age? Who are the major playwrights of the time?4. Who is Marlowe? What contributions did he make to English drama?5. Who is Shakespeare? What famous and great plays (history, comedy, tragedy)? What features?6. What did Ben Jonson write about? What representative work?7. Prepare the excerpt from Hamlet (31-32). What is it mainly about? What humanist idea can you find in the soliloquy?8. What was the most important translation of the time?Week 4 Renaissance (2)Reference questions on Shakespeare and Hamlet:1. Why is Shakespeare an eternal subject of study? Where lies his greatness?2. What are the themes of Hamlet?3. What is the significance of Hamlet as a character?4. What is blank verse?5. What is soliloquy?Text study Hamlet’s soliloquy “To be or not to be” (31-32)1. What is the main idea of Hamlet’s soliloquy? Summarize in one or two sentences the main idea of the soliloquy?2. How does the soliloquy reflect the spirit of the time or the idea of humanism?3. How do you analyze Hamlet’s argument in terms of structure?Week 5 Renaissance (3)Questions for Renaissance poetry and prose:1. Who was thought to be the greatest English poet since Chaucer? What is his representative work? What are the features of this poem?2. What new forms (rhyme—blank verse, stanza--sonnet) of poetry were introduced into England? By whom?3. Who were the famous sonneteers of the time?4. How do you tell an Italian (Petrarchan) sonnet from an English (a Shakespearean) one?5. How many sonnets did Shakespeare write? What are the major subjects?6. Who were the two major prose writers? What is Utopia? Where do you think More possibly got the idea or was it all his own invention? How do you interpret the title of the book?7. What contribution did Bacon make to the English system of thinking and learning?8. What’s the purpose of his Essays?9. Based on your reading of his work, give your personal impression of/comment onhis Essays?10. The English Renaissance period is known for its translations. What are the most important translations of this age?Text studyQuestions on Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare (58): 1. What is the English sonnet form? Study the metrical and rhyme scheme as well as the structure?2. What’s the main idea? Is it really about love?What is peculiar of this love poem? 3. What figures of speech are used?Questions on “Of Studies” by F. Bacon (52-53):1. How do you define the style?2. Study the essay by comparing the English version with the translation of Mr Wang. How do you like the Chinese version?3. Paraphrase and comment on sentences1-6, 10-12.Week 6 Revolution and RestorationReference questions:1. What was the most important social event during the mid-17th century?2. What were the two most popular forms of lyric?3. Why is Milton the greatest poet of the period? What is the significance of Paradise Lost?Text study: Paradise Lost by John Milton (67-68)1. What is the historical background of the work?2. As a transitional writer, how does Milton combine his humanistic ideas with his Puritan ideas?3. What is the image and the significance of Satanin the two extracts? 4. What philosophy can we get from the text?Week 7 18th century Enlightenment(1)Questions:1. What was the most important intellectual event of the time?2. The 18th century is called an age of the bourgeoisie. Why? And what effect it had on literature of the century?3. Why did English novel appear in this century?4. What are the major forms of literature?5. What have neo-classicism and realism got to do with the Enlightenment Movement?6. Why did literature of Sentimentality and Gothicism come into being in the latter part of the century?Text study: J. Swift’s “A Modest Proposal”(81-89) 1. How do you describe the narrator’s tone?2. What or who are the targets of Swift’s mockery?3. Is the proposal modest? Prove your point.Week 8 18th century Enlightenment(2)Text study:An Essay on Man by A. Pope (89-90) 1. What is heroic couplet? 2. What is the poetic pattern?3. What are the themes of the two extracts?4. Paraphrase the texts or tell in brief your interpretation.“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” by Thomas Gray (91-92) 1. What do you know of the Graveyard poetry? 2. What is the poetic pattern?3. What is the predominant mood?4. What is the theme ?5. Summarize each stanza in your own words. Week 9 19th-century Romanticism (1)Questions:1. How is the period defined in time?2. What was the historical background, politically, economically and ideologically?3. What was the predominant genre of literature? Who were the important writers of the time?4. In what way was romanticist literature different from that of neoclassicism in the 18th century, such as in form, guiding principle, subject matter, purpose, style, etc.?Text study: “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” by Wordsworth (103) 1. What is the theme?2. What is the predominant image?3. How does it reflect the poet’s idea of romantic poetry?4. What is the poetic pattern?5. Paraphrase each stanza in one sentence.Week 10 19th-century Romanticism (2)Text study:“The World Is Too Much with Us” by Wordsworth (116-7) 1. What is the theme, the meaning, of the first line? 2. What romantic ideas does it advocate? 3. What type of sonnet form it is?4. What romantic spirit does it represent?5. Paraphrase the poem in your own words.“Ode on a Grecian Urn” by John Keats (109-110) 1. What is the theme of the poem? 2. What is the rhyme scheme?3. What romantic feature does the poem reflect?4. Summarize each stanza in one or two sentences.Week 11 Victorian Literature (1)Questions:1. What is the historical background politically, economically and ideologically?2. What is the predominant form of literature during this period?3. Who are the representative writers? And what was the literary tendency?4. What changes came about towards the end of the century?Week 12-13 Victorian Literature (2)(3)。
大学英语英国文学选读
Preface (The Development of British Literature)1. Early and Medieval Literature (5th century-1485)2. The Period of English Renaissance (the end of 15th century-the beginning of 17th century)3. 17th Century Literature4. The Period of Enlightenment (the end of 17th century-the middle of 18th century)5. English Romanticism (1798-1832)6. The Age of Realism (1830s-1918)7. The Age of Modernism (1918-1945)8. Contemporary British Literature (1945- )Unit 1 Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400)Lived in the 14th centuryThe greatest writer in this century and the 14th century is usually known as “The Age of Chaucer”Was acclaimed as “father of English poetry”◆Literary Career1. From 1360 to 1372 (French period)Translations: The Romance of the Rose2. From 1373 to 1386 (Italian period)Major works: 1380 The Parliament of Fowls《百鸟议会》1384 The House of Fame《声誉之堂》1385 Troilus and Criseyde《特洛勒斯与克丽西德》1386 The Book of the Duchess《公爵夫人之书》The Legend of Good Women3. From 1387 to 1400 (English period)Masterpiece: The Canterbury Tales1700lines—about half of Chaucer’s entire literary productionThe whole poem is a collection of tales and stories strung together according to a simple plan, which shows the influence of Boccaccio’s Decameron.◆The PrologueThe Prologue is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature. We see the whole cavalcade, as it rides out on a fine spring morning.The pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups, with various interests, tastes and predilections. (preference)◆CommentsChaucer makes English the language of literature. The language he used, known as Middle English now, is vivid and smooth.Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry i s that he greatly enriched the rhyme schemes by introducing from France the rhymed stanzas of various types.◆TermsIambic Pentameter:五音步抑扬格It refers to a poetic line consisting of metrical foot in poetry consisting of one short or unstressed syllable followed by one long or stressed syllable.Heroic Couplet:英雄双韵体It refers to a pair of rhymed iambic pentameter lines. A stanza composed of two heroic couplets is called a heroic quatrain.Alliteration:头韵It refers to the repetition of similar sounds, usually consonants or consonant clusters, in a group of words. Sometimes, the term is limited to the repetition of initial consonant sounds.Unit 2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)William Shakespeare is the most popular and most widely respected writer in all English literature. Comedy Tragedy Historical Play38/39 plays; 154 sonnets; 2 narrative poemsTwo tragedies:Romeo and Juliet；The Life and Death of Julius Caesar 《凯撒大帝》Great tragedies: Hamlet, Prince of DenmarkThe two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece were respectively published in 1593 and 1594.His Sonnets were published in 1609. They are divided into two groups. One is about the conflicted lover for a young man of superior beauty and the other about the uncontrollable love for a mysterious “dark lady” of irresistible beauty.◆HamletHamlet is considered to be the summit of Shakespeare’s art.Hamlet i s the profoundest expression of Shakespeare’s humanism and his criticism of contemporary life. Major Characters:Hamlet, the Ghost, Claudius, Gertrude, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Polonius, Ophelia, Laertes◆Some of the Problems Troubling Hamlet1. His father was murdered by his uncle who has become the king of Denmark.2. His mother was married to his uncle right after his father’s death.3. The Ghost of his father urged him to seek revenge for his murder, but Hamlet was not quite sure that the ghost was h is father’s spirit, for he feared it might have been a devil sent to torment him.4. His former friends Rosencrantz & Guildenstern were dispatched by the king to spy on him (A betrayal of friendship! As a humanist he attached great importance to friendship).5. His girl friend Ophelia was sent as a tool to find out whether or not he was really mad (A betrayal of love!).◆What do you learn about Hamlet’s mental conflict and character through this soliloquy独白? Further AnalysisIn this soliloquy, Hamlet is detached, reflective, analytic and moral. His thoughts were philosophical rather than practical; his concerns were on the nature of things rather than any specific plans for actions; his feelings were of a deep sorrow over the injustice and vanity, “a sea of troubles” which brought pains into human life. His melancholy and procrastination are also revealed. Here he is pondering on the question of life and death.He is thinking of committing suicide. But he hesitates for he doubts whether death can give him rest and peace. Besides, he is not sure whether the world of death would be better than this one. He gives the reasons why he wants to commit suicide.Apart from his personal revenge (He hasn’t mentioned it in this soliloquy), he cannot bear the social injustices and grievances. He is conscious of his own weakness of thinking too much which makes him dilatory, allowing many opportunities to slip away.◆SonnetA fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.It includes three Quatrains and a concluding Couplet, with rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg.Each quatrain deals with a different aspect of the subject and the couplet either summarizes the theme or makes a final comment.Unit 3 Francis Bacon (1561-1626)◆Literary CareerBacon’s works ma y be divided into three classes: the philosophical, the literary, and the professional works.1. Philosophical works:1605 The Advancement of Learning (in English)1620 Novum Organum (in Latin)2. Literary works:1597-1625 Essays(Of Truth, Of Death, Of Revenge, Of Friendship)3. Professional works:1630 Maxims of the Law1642 Reading on the Statue of Uses◆Of Studies“Of Studies” is the one of the shortest, but probably the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays.1. It analyzes the major functions of studies and the different ways of pursuing studies by different people.2. It probes into the effects studies have upon human character.3. Forceful and persuasive, compact and precise, the essay best reveals Bacon’s mature attitude towards learning.The essay starts with the general use and benefits of studies, namely, delight, ornament and ability.Then it goes on to relate studies to experience and reveals the mutual-promoting relation between them.Bacon also points out that studies need to be treated properly and conducted in right ways.By doing it right, he reckons, our characters shall be improved in different aspects.The whole essay seems to be a manifesto of the Renaissance and a declaration of the beginning of the coming Age of Reason.◆CommentsBacon was a representative of the Renaissance in England.He was a prominent philosopher and scientist as well as an essayist.He contributed to the foundation of modern science with his scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for knowledge.Although he wrote much in Latin, he was capable of varied and beautiful styles in English and there is a peculiar magnificence and picturesque-ness in much of his writing.Many of his sentences in Essays have assumed almost the character of proverbs.His Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has become a landmark in the development of English prose.Unit 7 Jane Austen (1775-1817)◆Main works:《理智与情感》（Sense and Sensibility，1811)《傲慢与偏见》（Pride and Prejudice，1813)《曼斯菲尔德庄园》（Mansfield Park，1814)《爱玛》（Emma，1816)《诺桑觉寺》（Northanger Abby，1818)《劝导》（Persuasion，1818)◆Pride and PrejudiceThe whole story portrays life in the genteel rural society of the day, and focuses on the relationship between Elizabeth Bennet and the haughty Darcy. Their relationship begins with the initial misunderstandings and ends with their mutual enlightenment. Finally they learn that their first impressions, based on pride and prejudice, were incorrect.◆Major Characters:Mr. Bennet＋Mrs. Bennet五个女儿：Jane（Mr. Bingley）; Elizabeth（Mr. Darcy）; Mary; Kitty; Lydia（Mr. Wickham）Lady Catherine（Mr. Darcy的姨妈）Charlotte（Elizabeth最好的朋友，和Mr. Collins结婚）◆人物分析Mr. BennettHe is a queer, sarcastic man.Being the father of 5 daughters, he is destined the responsibility for the future of them. But when a prospective catch comes, he keeps reserved and calm; he even teases his wife inconsiderately when she urges him to visit the new comer.This and his other oddities can only be accounted for that Mr. Bennett is regretful for his own marriage and thus becomes hesitant about his daughters. But he is now at a loss to help it, since there is such a gossipy and garrulous（唠叨，爱管闲事的）wife in the house. That is why he rarely talks to his wife as an equal and prefers to have the privacy of his library, his country and his self-entertaining irony.After all, he is a lively character.Mrs. BennettShe fails by all relevant criteria.empty-headed, snobbish, inconsiderate, ill-mannered, vulgar, foolish…She has no feminine charm.As a parent, she is partly responsible for the superficial characters of her 3 younger daughters. Lydia is clearly in her mother’s mold.She thinks of marriage mainly as a means of social and economic advancement.JaneThe eldest of the Bennett girls has two distinguishing characteristics: she is very beautiful, and she is very unperceptive, or, she is so pure of heart and mind that she will go to any length not to believe evil of any one.On the most superficial level, the plot is the story of the romance of Jane and Bingley; but actually their story provides only the occasion for the real interest of the novel.Jane and Bingley exhibit neither pride nor prejudice. The themes of social status arise only indirectly in their case. Choice for them is never problematic. Their function rather is to show how people can suffer from the pride and prejudice.◆CharacterizationWhich of these methods does Jane Austen employ? Cite examples to illustrate your choices.1. Physical description of a character by the author;2. A description of another character;3. The use of dialogue or conversation;4. An explanation of a character’s inner thoughts;5. The behavior or actions of a character;6. The reactions of a character to another character or to a situation◆Theme: Love and MarriageIn this novel, Austen provides 4 different marriages. They are utilitarian marriage, sex-oriented marriage, moral marriage and perfect marriage.It is analyzed that one’s character reflects his/her marriage and attitudes towards love and social mores are reflected in their marriage’s formation.The conditions for love and marriage: material wealth and social position; beauty and passion; true love with consideration of the partner’s personal virtue as well as his economic and social status.It is wrong to marry just for money, or beauty; it is also wrong to marry without it.Elizabeth thinks she is happier than Jane.◆Writing StyleIn style, Austen is a classicism advocate, upholding those traditional ideas of order, reason, and gracefulness in novel writing. She writes within a very narrow sphere. The subject matter, the character range, the social setting and plot are all restricted to the provincial life of the late 18th century England, concerning three or four landed gentry families with their daily routine life.Irony（反讽）A contrast or an incongruity between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually happens.“It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.”In this statement, Austen cleverly illustrates 3 points: she declares that the main subject of the novel will be courtship and marriage; she has established the humorous tone of the novel by taking a simple subject to elaborate and to speak intelligently of; she has prepared the reader for a chase in the novel of either a husband in search of a wife, or a woman in pursuit of a husband.The first line also defines Jane’s book as a piece of literature that connects itself to the 18th century period, in which, the emphasis on man in social environment was important, and the use of satire and wit was a common form of the 18th century literature.Unit 8 Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)◆Ode (颂)1. It refers to a complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject.2. Odes are often written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event.◆Ode to the West Wind1. Talking about the poem, Shelley says that it was his emotional response to a strong hailstorm in which he happened to be swallowed one autumn evening in 1819 on the Arno near Florence.2. Shelley sees, in the storm of the natural world, an apt metaphor for the storm of revolution in the human world. The poet had been feeling depressed at the triumph of the reactionary Holy Alliance over Napoleon and the French Revolution and was emphatic in his forecast that the storm of revolution would make a powerful comeback yet.◆The Form1. This ode contains five 14-lined stanzas of iambic pentameter, each containing four tercets and a closing couplet.2. The rhyme scheme in each part follows a pattern known as terza rima, the three-line rhyme scheme first used by Dante in his well-known The Divine Comedy.3.In the three-line terza rima stanza, the first and third lines rhyme, and the middle line does not; then the end sound of that middle line is employed as the rhyme for the first and third lines in the next stanza. The final couplet rhymes with the middle line of the last three-line stanza.4. Thus, each of the five stanzas follows the rhyme scheme aba, bcb, cdc, ded, ee.5. Function: This linked chain gives a feeling of onward motion and the verse has a breathless quality which is in keeping with the onward motion of the wind’s movement.Ⅰ哦，狂暴的西风，秋之生命的呼吸！你无形，但枯死的落叶被你横扫有如鬼魅碰到了巫师，纷纷逃避：黄的，黑的，灰的，红得像患肺痨，呵，重染疫疠的一群：西风呵，是你以车驾把有翼的种子催送到黑暗的冬床上，它们就躺在那里，像是墓中的死穴，冰冷，深藏，低贱，直等到春天，你碧空的姊妹吹起她的喇叭，在沉睡的大地上响遍，（唤出嫩芽，像羊群一样，觅食空中）将色和香充满了山峰和平原。
英国文学简史Part 1 Early and Medieval English Literature
Part on: Early and medieval english literature早期和中古时期的英国文学I.Beowulf <贝奥武夫>Features of Beowulf<贝奥武夫>的特点(1)Certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound.,每一行的重读单词以相同的辅音开始。
(2)Other features of Beowulf are the use of metaphors and of understatements.《贝奥武夫》的另一些特点是隐喻和低调陈述的大量运用。
II The Romance(1)The Content of the Romance传奇文学的内容The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes n verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances was the knight.封建时期的英国最流行的文学形式是传奇文学。
传奇文学的作品篇幅较长，有时是诗歌的形式，有时是散文的形式，描写贵族英雄的生活和冒险故事。
传奇文学的中心人物是贵族出身的善于使用武器的骑士。
(2)The Romance Cycles传奇文学的类型a.Matters of Britain(adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table)“取材于英国的作品”（亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）b.Matters of France(Emperor Charlemagne and his peers)“取材于法国作品”（查理曼大帝和他的贵族）c.Matters of Rome(Alexander the Great and so forth)“取材于罗马的作品”（亚历山大大帝）d.The romance of King Arthur is comparatively the most important for the history of English literature.比较起来亚瑟王的传奇故事是英国文学史中最重要的。
英国文学作品名字名词解释
Part One: Early and Medieval English LiteratureWhat’s epic?Epic is one of the ancient types of poetry and plays a very important role in early development of literature and civilization. An epic is a long narrative poem of great scale and grandiose style about the heroes who are usually warriors or even demigods. It deals with noble characters and heroic deeds.Basically, it is a story about hero, more significantly, it reflects national history.The significance of Beowulf:It sings of the exciting adventures of a great legendary hero whose physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualities, i.e. his resolution to serve his country and kind folk, his true courage, courteous conduct, and his love of honor. In the poem, Beowulf is strong, courageous, selfless, and ready to risk his life in order to rid his people evil monsters.Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利•乔叟1340-1400长诗：The House of Fame声誉之堂;Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德小说：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人Father of English poetry & Founder of English realism）(Boccacio 薄伽丘The Decameron十日谈)The significance of The Canterbury Tales is as follows:1.It gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer‟s time.2.The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by critics.3.Chaucer‟s humour: Humour is a characteristic feature of the English literature.4.Chaucer‟s contribution to the English language.Heroic couplet英雄双行体Part Two: The English Renaissance (1550-1642)Renaissance is commonly applied to the movement or period in western civilization, which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Florence and V enice.HumanismAccording to them it was against human nature to sacrifice the happiness of this life for an after life. They argued that man should be given full freedom to enrich their intellectual and emotional life.In religion, the H thinking was a relation against the narrow mindedness of the Catholic Church; they demanded the information of the church.In art and literature, instead of singing praise to God, they sang in praise of man and of the pursuit of happiness in this life. H shattered the shackles of spiritual bo ndage of man’s mind by the Roman Catholic Church and opened his eyes to “a brave new world” in front of him.Edmund Spenser (1552?-1599) The Fearie Queene仙后Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) They were predecessors to Shakespeare and were later called the University Wits（大学才子派）.William Shakespeare莎士比亚1564-1616“He was not of an age, but for all time.”Shakespeare’s achievements:1.Shakespeare represented the trend of history in giving voice to the desires and aspirations ofthe people.2.Shakespeare‟s humanism3.Sh akespeare‟s characterization4.Shakespeare‟s originality5.Shakespeare as a great poet6.Shakespeare as master of the English languageHamlet as a Character(Hamlet‟s theme is revenge interrelated with theme of faithlessness, love and ambition.)Soliloquy（自言自语，独白）is a dramatic speech delivered by on character speaking aloud while under the impression of being alone. The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience, either direct address. It is also known as interior monologue.“To be, or not to be.” The speech conveys a sense of world weariness as well as the author‟s. SonnetA sonnet is a short song in the original meaning of the word. Later it became a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic（长短格，抑扬格，抑扬格诗）pentameter（五步格诗）with various rhyming schemes.Part Three: Literature of Revolution Period (1603-1688)Francis Bacon培根1561-1626 essayist 散文家(the chief figure in English Prose in the first half of the 17th century and his essays began the long tradition of the English essay in the history of English literature.) Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum 新工具;New Atlantic新大西岛;Essays论文集（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man‟s Self）Of Studies purpose: This essay is intended to tell people how to be efficient and make their way in public life.Language Appreciation:Parallel structure; succinct（简明的）expression; long complex sentences side by side with short simple ones; classical diction（发音）; good and clear logical reasoning, with examples and facts; objective impersonal, persuasiv e writing without “we”, “I”.Conceit(高傲，骄傲自大)Conceit originally means “concept” or “idea” and later came to mean “fanciful idea”. A conceit is a metaphor or simile that is mad elaborate (far-fetched), often extravagant（奢侈的，夸张的）. The difference between a conceit and a metaphor or simile is largely to degree. A metaphor or simile appeals mainly to the reader‟s 5 senses and is easier to understand; a conceit may strike the reader as weird.Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images; the most famous preacher of his time. (In the first stage he was Donne the courtier, the lover, and the soldier. In the second stage he was Dr. John Donne, Dean of St. Paul‟s Cathedral.)John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608-1674 (He was the man of revolution enthusiasm. The military leader of the revolution, John Milton was the man of thought, and with his pen he defended the revolutionary cause.) L…Allegro欢乐的人;Il Penseroso沉思的人;Comus科马斯;Lycidas列西达斯;Areopagitica论出版自由;Pro Populo Anglicano Defense为英国人民声辩; Pro Populo Anglicano Defense Secunda再为英国人民声辩; Paradise Lost失乐园; Paradise Regained复乐园; Samson Agonistes力士参孙.The blank verse 素体无韵诗, i.e., the unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter, is used throughout the epic and is characterized by its employment of long and involved sentences, which run on many lines with a variety of pauses, and achieving sometimes an oratorical and sometimes an elaborately logical effect.John Bunyan班扬1628-1688 The Pilgrim‟s Progress天路历程(Vanity Fair名利场);The Life and Death of Mr Badman培德曼先生的一生Part Four: The Eighteenth Century and Neo-classicism (1688-1798)What is Neo-classicism新古典主义?Neo-classicism was a reaction against the intricacy and occasional obscurity, boldness and the extravagance of European literature of the late Renaissance, as seen for instance, in the works of the metaphysical. In favor of simplicity, charity restraint regularity and good sense. The characteristics of neo-classicism can be summed up as follows:1.People emphasized reason rather than emotion, form rather than content.2.As reason was stressed, most of the writings of the age were didactic（迂腐的）and satirical.3.As elegance, correctness, appropriateness and restraint were preferred; the poet found closed couplet the only possible verse form for serious work.4.It is almost exclusively a “town” poetry, catering to the interests of the “society” in greatcities.5.It is entirely wanting in all those elements that are related with the “romantic”.28、Classicism (新古典主义)名词解释Classicism implies (意味着) the revival (复苏) of the forms and traditions of the ancient world，a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival (并非古典主义的复苏)。
英国文学史及选读复习总汇
Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur‟s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)第一章古英语和中古英语时期1、古英语时期是指英国国家和英语语言的形成时期。
最早的文学形式是诗歌，以口头形式流传，主要的诗人是吟游诗人。
到基督教传入英国之后，一些诗歌才被记录下来。
这一时期最重要的文学作品是英国的民族史诗《贝奥武夫》，用头韵体写成。
2、古英语时期（1066—1500）从1066年诺曼人征服英国，到1500年前后伦敦方言发展成为公认的现代英语。
文学作品主要的形式有骑士传奇，民谣和诗歌。
在几组骑士传奇中，有关英国题材的是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的冒险故事，其中《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》代表了骑士传奇的最高成就。
中世纪文学中涌现了大量的优秀民谣，最具代表性的是收录在一起的唱咏绿林英雄罗宾汉的民谣。
英国文学史大纲
A Brief Outline of British Literature（英国文学概要）I. The early and Medieval literature（早期和中世纪文学）1. Beowulf （贝奥武夫，有记载的最早的一部英国文学作品）2. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales。
（杰弗里乔叟的坎特伯雷故事集）II. The English Renaissance (1485-1603) （英国文艺复兴时期）1. Edmund Spence r’s The Shepherd's Calendar and Faerie Queen（埃德蒙斯宾塞的牧羊人日记和精灵女王）2. Francis Bacon’s Essays（弗朗西斯培根的散文）3. William Shakespeare’s dramas（威廉莎士比亚的戏剧）III. The 17th century (1603-1660)1. The English Revolution （英国革命）2. John Milton’s Paradise Lost（弥尔顿的失乐园）3. John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress（约翰班扬的天路历程）IV. The Restoration and the 18th Century (1660-1798) （复辟与十八世纪）1. enlightenment （启蒙运动）2. neo-classicism:（新古典主义）a. John Dryden’s dramas（约翰德来端的戏剧）b. Ale xander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock （亚历山大蒲柏的夺发记）c. Richard Steele and Joseph Addison's essays（理查德斯蒂尔和约瑟夫艾迪生的散文）d. Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary（赛缪尔约翰逊的词典）3. rise of the novel writing:（小说创作的兴起）a. Daniel DeFoe’s Robinson Crusoe（丹尼尔笛福的鲁滨逊漂流记）b. Janathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels（贾纳森斯威夫特的格列佛游记）V. The Age of Romanticism (1798-1830)（浪漫主义时代）1. Pre-Romanticism : （前浪漫主义）a. William Blake （威廉布雷克英国诗人和画家）b. Robert Burn （罗伯特彭斯）c. William Wordsworth（威廉华兹华斯英国诗人）2. Romanticism （浪漫主义）a. P. B. Shelley （Percy Bysshe Shelley 珀西比西雪莱）b. G. G. Byron（George Gordon Byron 乔治戈登拜伦）c. J. Keats（John Keats 约翰济慈）3. Jane Austen’s novels（简奥斯丁小说）VI. The Victorian Age (1832-1901)（维多利亚时代）1. industrial revolution （工业革命）2. realism （现实主义）a. Charles Dickens （查尔斯狄更斯英国作家）b. Thomas Hardy（托马斯哈代英国小说家）c. Bronte sisters（勃朗特三姐妹）d. George Eliot（乔治艾略特）3. aestheticism: Oscar Wilde （唯美主义，奥斯卡王尔德）VII. The 20th century (1901-)1. two world wars（两次世界大战）2. modernism（现代主义）3. psychological fiction and stream of consciousness (心理小说与意识流)a. D. H. Lawrence （David Herbert Lawrence大卫赫伯特劳伦斯）b. James Joyce（詹姆斯乔伊斯）c. Virginia Woolf（弗吉尼亚伍尔夫）4. Poetry（诗歌）Definition of Literature ：Literature refers to All written or spoken compositions ( discourses) designed to tell stories, dramatize situations and reveal thoughts and emotions, and also more importantly, to interest, entertain, stimulate, broaden and ennoble readers. （文学的定义：文学是所有口头或书面的成分设计讲故事，戏剧化情况，揭示思想和情感，而且更重要的是，兴趣，娱乐，刺激，拓宽和授予爵位的读者。
(完整)英国文学史刘炳善版重点整理
莎士比亚
1564-1616
1.he isone of the foundersof realismin world literature。
2。his dramatic creation often used themethodofadaptation。
3。his long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting。
From everyone according to his capacities， to everyone according to his need； separation of town and country; the importance of labour for every member.
Book one: contemporary England labouring class poor, the rich greed and luxury， ruler eager for war
Book two： ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean property in held in common, there is no poverty
Chaucer’s English， now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is a master of word—pictures。
Chaucer'scontribution to English poetry:1。introduced fromFrance the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet)。2.is the first great poet who wrote in the English language.3。hemakethe dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech。
英国文学史选读总结1
I. Early and Medieval Literature1. England’s inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans, the Teutonic tribes of Angle, Saxons and Jutes. In 1066, at the battle of Hastings(黑斯延斯), the Normans headed by William, Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization(地中海文明), including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.2. Jutes lived and maintained close relations with kindred(相似) tribes.3. The old English literature extends from about 449 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England.4. Three kinds of languages in the Anglo-Norman period: Norman---French, English---English, Religious---Latin. Two kinds of literature: Romans and Ballads. “Romans” is about upper class, and nothing to do with Romans.5. The old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one.6. The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions――pagan and Christian.7. The national epic of the English people, which belongs to the primitive(原始，早期) literature; Romance cycles, which belong to t he feudalist(封建) literature; Folk literature whose subjects are from the lower class8. Caedom is the first known religious poet of England, he is known as the father of English song.9. The didactic poem The Christ was produced by Cynewulf.10. The Song of BeowulfIt describes the most heroic man of the Anglo-Saxon times. It is a Denmark(丹麦) story which used alliteration , metaphors(隐喻) and understatements(轻描淡写).•It is the first literature, England’s national epic; it was written by an unknown scribe at the beginning of the 10th century and was not discovered until 1750•It consists of 3182 lines•Telling a stor y about an ancient hero Beowulf’s fight against a lake monster, Grendel, and his mother, a monster, too; Beowulf’s battle against a fire dragon.•The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends.12. The literature which they brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love andadventure, in marked contrast with the strength and somberness(严峻) of Anglo-Saxon poetry.The great majority of Romances mainly fall into 3 cycles.A. The matters of Britain: About King Arthur and his knights of the Round TableB. The matters of France: About Charlemagne and his peersC. The matters of Greece and Rome: About Alexander, and about the fall of Troy (特洛伊城的陷落)Of these three cycles, the matters of Britain is the most important one. There were many cycles of Arthurian romances, Chief of which are those of Gawain, Launcelot(朗斯洛特), Merlin(默林), the Quest of the Holy Grail(寻找圣杯), and the Death of ArthurSir Gawain and the Green Knight13. Geoffrey Chaucer•He is the father of English poetry in that he introduces rhymed verse, especially couplet, into Britain to replace alliterative verse formerly prevailing in British poetry and making English the literary language.•He is also the founder of English realism because The Canterbury Tales,his masterpiece,provides a panorama of the life in the medieval England.•He is the forerunner of humanism for in his masterpiece the keynote is humanism. He praises human intellect, human beauty, human passion and human living environment, and affirms human rights to pursue earthly happiness.•写作的三个时期：Translate from French; French; Write in his own words: English•The Canterbury TalesThree features: Plot; Prologue; Language (iambic pentameter)The Prologue is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature. The Prologue is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature.Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter(五音步抑扬格). It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.14. Popular Ballads•Literature of the lower class in the feudalist society includes written folk literature and oral folk literature.•As for the written folk literature, the most important writer is William Langland, whose masterpiece is TheVision of Piers, the Plowman.•Among the ballads published, the Robin Hood ballads are of special significance.•The best known of the earliest collections was given by Bishop Thomas Percy, named Reliques of Ancient English Poetry.II.Literature of the Renaissance Period1. Renaissance: general spirit---humanism2. Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of Queen Elisabeth.3.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe(克里斯托弗马洛) and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.4. Thomas More----Utopia; John Lyly----Eupheus(艳词); Marlowe----The Jew of Malta; Robert Greene----Gorge Green5. Edmund Spenser was the poet’s poet. The greatest epic poem of the time is The Fairy Queen.6. William Shakespeare produced 37 plays, 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets. A basic form of poetry consists of 14 lines of iambic pentameter, intricately rhymed (abab, cdcd, efef, gg).His plays can be divided into four types: historical plays, comedies, tragedies and romantic tragic-comedies. His four writing period: Apprenticeship; Mature period; Great tragedies; Romantic dramaSonnet 18: Theme---Art survives timeHamletIt praises humanists as represented by Hamlet. He is the scholar, a soldier and a statesman(政治家); it shows the inevitable problems faced by the humanists; Hamlet’s delay of action is due to his awareness of the possible national disaster which will be brought about by his personal revenge and his sense of responsibility to put the interests of his nation and his people before his own.7. Francis Bacon○Essayist, Scientist, Philosopher.○His major works are The Advancement of Learning and New Instrument.○He is also the first great English essayist.○His works may be divided into three classes: the philosophical, the literary and the professional works○In 1597 Francis Bacon published his first collection of essays, the EssaysIII.Literature of the Revolution and Restoration Period1. The government of James 1was based upon the theory of divine right of kings, but the Puritans offered another theory of divine right—the individual conscience.2. In 1649 Charles I was beheaded. England became a commonwealth under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell. He imposed a military dictatorship(军事独裁).In 1653 Oliver Cromwell imposed a military dictatorship on the country. It was called the period of the Restoration which was objectionable(讨厌的) in monarchy. After Cromwell’s death, monarchy was again restored in 1660.3. Revolution of 1688(Glorious Revolution) means three things: The supremacy of Parliament(议会至上), the beginning of the modern England(现代英国的开端), the final triumph of the principle of political liberty for which the Puritan had fought and suffered hardship for a hundred years.4. Literary CharacteristicsIn the literature also the Puritan Age was one of confusion, due to the breaking up of old ideals. The Puritan influence in general tended to suppress literary art.5. John Donne•He was the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.•Donne is best known by his The Songs and Sonnets. It contains most of his early lyrics. Love is the basic theme.•Sometimes the “conceits(奇遇)”, as these extravagant figures are called, are so odd that we lose sight of the thing to be illustrated, in the startling nature of the illustration.•Song(“Go and Catch a Falling Star”), the theme is “No where lives a woman true, and fair”6. John MiltonParadise Lost consists of 12 books, containing about ten thousand lines in blank verse(unrhymed iambic pentameter). Based on the biblical legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race---- Adam and Eve, and tells God and his eternal adversary, Satan in its plot.Major poetical works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonisters.7. John BunyanHe gives us the only great religious allegory(宗教寓言)Pilgrim’s Progress, V anity FairIV. Literature of the 18th Century1. The age of reason2. Two parties: the liberal Whigs and the conservative Tories came into being. However another party also existed, the Jacobites, who aimed to bring the Stuarts back to the throne.3. Characteristics of literature: Realism; Common people; Prose rapid development3. Daniel DefoeHis works are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people.Robinson Crusoe, colonial spirit(1) His marvelous(非凡的) capacity(才能) for work(2) His boundless(无穷的) energy and persistence in overcoming obstacles(障碍)(3) His hard struggle against nature and making all bend to his will3. Jonathan SwiftA Tale of a Tub (satirist) 《木桶的故事》Gulliver’ Travels (satire)Four places: Lilliput(厘厘普特), Brobdingnag(布罗卜丁奈格), the flying Island, Houyhnhnm(慧駰国).▪The first part tells about his experience in Lilliput, where the inhabitants are only six inches tall), twelve times smaller than the normal human beings. The emperor believed himself to be the delight and terror of the universe, but it appeared quite absurd to Gulliver who was twelve times as tall as he. In his account of the two parties in the country, distinguished by the use of high and low heels, Swift satirizes the Tories and the Whigs in England.▪Religious disputes were laughed at in an account of a problem which divided the Lilliputians: “Should eggs be broken at the big end or the little end?”About selected reading:The theme: exploration into human nature and satire to English and European life①Main plot—part one:His experiences in Lilliput where the inhabitants are only 12 times smaller than normal human beingAuthor satire the weakness of human being and the absurd actions of the English government before the nature②Main plot—part two:His experiences in Brobdingnag where are 10 times taller and larger than normal human being and superior in wisdomHere, the author gives a vivid description to the crankiness and arrogance(狂妄自大) of the authority in England③Main plot—part three:The experiences in Flying Island where the philosophers and projectors devote all their time and energy to the study of some absurd problemsHere is the criticism of the western civilization and false illustration about science, philosophy, history and even immortality④Main plot—part four:The experience in Houyhnhnm where horses are endowed with reason and all good and admirable qualities, and are the governing classHere, the author compared the differences and similarities between horses and human being, lead readers to think about a problem: what on earth are human beings?⑤Social achievement:The book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life—socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically and morally.⑥Artistic achievement:In structure, the four parts make an organic whole, with each contrived upon an independent structure, and yet complementing the others and contributing to the central concern of study of human nature and lifeSummary of a Modest Proposal▪With bitter irony, that the poverty of the Irish people should be relieved by the sale of their children, “at a year old”, as food for the rich, the narrator put forward his so-called perfect proposal .▪With the utmost gravity, he set out statistics to show the revenue that would come if this idea were adopted. ▪The remedy, Swift took care to point out, was only for the kingdom of Ireland, not for the whole England. ▪The last proposal is a most heartbreaking piece of sarcasm that fiery indignation has given birth to and a most powerful blow at the English government’s policy of exploitation and oppression in Ireland. Masterpieces4. Joseph AddisonSir Roger at Church乡村礼拜日5. Henry Fielding, the Father of the English NovelThe History of Tom Jones, a Foundling6. Thomas Gray, Graveyard School, sentimentalistElegy Written in a Country ChurchyardThe poem contains some of the best-remembered lines in English poetry and uses a graveyard at twilight to meditate on the lives of the ordinary people interred there.Gray laments not one particular death, but the obscurity into which death will plunge us all.There is nobility in all people, but that difficult circumstances prevent those talents from being manifested. Gray contrasts the simplicity and virtue of the English farmers of the past with the vain, boastful present.He speculates about the potential leaders, poets, and musicians who may have died in obscurity and been buried there.All life’s endeavors, positive or negative, are rendered useless by the shadow of the tomb. The poem ends with an epitaph which sums up the poet’s own life and beliefs.7. William BlakeThe first important Romantic poetMajor Works:Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》Songs of ExperienceThe Chimney Sweeper《扫烟囱的孩子》The TigerThe tiger means the power of destroy. The poet repeats the central question of the poem, stated in Stanza 1. However, he changes could (Line 4) to dare (Line 24). This is a significant change, for the poet is no longer asking who had the capability of creating the tiger but who dared to create so frightful a creature.8. Robert BurnsHe wrote some ballads on the basis of old Scottish legends. He expressed his love for freedom and sang of the heroic spirit of the Scottish people. Burns is the only greatest English poet who writes outside the standard/London dialect.A Red, Red Rose, Auld Lang Syne,John Anderson, My Jo and A Fond KissV.Literature of the Romantic Period1. The Romantic period is the period is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads(抒情歌谣集) and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament. It is emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind.2. Lake Poets and Passive romantic poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey;Positive romantic poets: Byron, Shelley, Keats3. William WordsworthI Wandered Lonely as a CloudComposed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 18024. Gorge Gordon, Lord ByronMain works:⏹Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 《恰尔德.哈罗德游记》⏹She Walks in Beauty⏹Don Juan《唐。
英国文学复习总结
英国文学复习总结详解Part one:Early and medieval English literature1.Beowulf《贝奥武甫》------the national epic of the English people ,it is also the epic of the Anglo-Saxon.(P3)2.The name of the terrible monster------Grendel(格伦德尔)(P3)3.the most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration(头韵)，others are metaphor （暗喻）and understatement(保守陈述)(P5)4The Norman Conquest （诺曼征服）marks the establishment of feudalism in England. (P6)5.The romance(传奇文学)(P8)The most popular of literature in fedual England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.The hero of the romance was the the knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons.It was written for the noble class(贵族的文学) Romances falls into three cycles :“matters of Britain”( adventures of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table),“matters of France” (Emperor Charlemagne and his peers)“matters of Rome”. (Alexander the Great and so forth)6. William Langland威廉·朗兰------ Piers the Plowman《耕者皮尔斯》(P11)7.The ballads(民谣)(P17)The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.It is a story told in song ,usually in 4-line stanzas[ˈstænzə],with the second and fourth lines rhymed.It was written for common people(平民文学). The subjects of ballads are various in kind,as the struggle of young loves against their feudal-minded families,the conflict between love and wealth ,the cruelty of envy,the criticism of the civil war,and the matters of class struggle. The most famous ballads are the ballads of Robin Hood.8. Geoffrey Chaucer’ Contributions<1>Father of English poetry in 14th century.Chaucer introduces from France the rhymed stanzas of various types instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse,especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter(the heroic couplet) to English poetry.(P26)<2>Chaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. His production of so much excellent poetry is an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country.He did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.(P26)<3>the founder of English realism(P23)The Prologue(序言)suppies a miniature of the English society of C haucer’s time<4>. he forerunner of humanisim (P24 倒数第二行)9. Geoffrey Chaucer died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey（威斯敏斯特教堂）thus founding the “Poets’ Corner”..(P20)10.The Romaunt of the Rose(translated from Franch)《玫瑰传奇》Troilus and Criseyde(adapted from the Italian)《特洛勒斯和克莱西》10. Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟------The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》The tales of the Knight,the Pardoner（卖赎罪券者），the Nun’s Priest (尼姑的牧师)，the Wife of Bath,together with the Prologue,are the best of the whole collection.(P24)（了解一下）Part two:The English renaissance1.historical background1.The Reformation(宗教改革)2. the Authorized Version(钦定版圣经)3. The Enclosure movement（圈地运动） 4 The commercial expansion（贸易扩张）5 The war with Spain（与西班牙战争）6Renaissance（文艺复兴）7 Humanism（人文主义）（P27-30）2.Thomas More托马斯·莫尔 Utopia《乌托邦》Utopia is More's masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and a returned sailor.It is divided into two books.(P37)Book I of " Utopia" is a picture of contemporary social conditions of England.BookⅡwe have a picture of an ideal commonwealth (Utopia )in some unknown ocean.(P37)3. Thomas Wyatt(托马斯·韦阿特): He first introduced the sonnet into England from Italy.Surrey(萨里)，in his tranlation Virgil’s Aeneid《埃涅伊德》,wrote the first English blank verse(无韵诗)，later masrerly handled by Shakepeare and Milton.4 Philip Sidney(菲利普·锡德尼)Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星星》Apology for Poetry《为诗辩护》5.WalterRaleigh(华尔特·罗利) Discovery of Guiaana《发现圭亚那》,Historty of the world6."the poets' poet" of the period was Edmund Spenser.T he Shepherd’s Calendar《牧羊人日记》，Epithalamion《新婚颂歌》，masterpiece The Faerie Queen 《仙后》7. The Faerie Queen《仙后》（P42）<1>Spenser’s grestest work,is a long poem planned in 12 books,he only finished 6.the work was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.<2>each guest has a knight,each knight represents a virtue(美德),as Holiness（圣洁）,Temperance(温和)，Chastity(贞洁)，Friendship,Justice （正义）and Courtesy(谦恭).<3>The knight as a whole symbolize England,the evil figures stand for his enemies,as King Philip of Spain,Mary Queen of Scots(both Catholics) or church of Rome.<4>The thoughts of the poem are nationalism,humanism,puritanism<5>The Faerie Queen is written in a special verse form ,consisits of 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet (an alexandrine亚历山大诗行),with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc c , the form called "Spenserian Stanza"(斯宾塞诗节) （P43）8.John Lyly（约翰·黎里）------Euphues《优弗依斯》was written in a peculiar style known as "Euphuism"（优弗依斯体或绮丽体）(P44)9. Francis Bacon（弗朗西斯·培根）the founder of English materialist philosophy(唯物主义) and modern science（P45）<1>Advancement of Learning《学问的演进》<2> New Instrument《新工具》---a statement of what is called the Inductive Method (归纳法)<3>Eassy《随笔》These essays cover a wide variety of subjects, such as love, truth, friendship, parents and children, beauty, studies, riches, youth and age, garden, death and many others. （P46）Of study《论读书》10.The Miracle Play(奇迹剧)(P46)The miracle were simply plays based on Bible stoies,such as the creation of the world,Noah(诺亚)and the flood, and the birth co Christ.They were at first performed in the churches.But after the actors introduced secular(世俗)and even commercial elements into the performance,it was forbidden inside the church ,so it got into the market place.11.Morality play(道德剧)(P47)A morality presented the conflict of good and evil with allegorical persons,such as Mercy(怜悯)，Peace,Hate,Folly and so on.They contended for the possession of one’s soul.The morality was dreary performance with endless speech-making of those abstract characters.so into the plays Vice(恶习)who was the predecessor of the modern clown.12.The Interlude(插剧)13.The classical drama------comedy and tragedy14."University Wits"(大学才子) They were Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene,Lodge and Nash). wrote for the stage of the time.15. Christopher Marlowe(克里斯托弗·马洛)t he most gifted of the "University Wits".（P50）Marlowe's best plays : Tamburlaine the Grea《帖木儿大帝》t, The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》.（P51）The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is Marlowe' s masterpiece.The doctor sold his soul to Devil so he may live 24 years in all voluptuousness.(P53)Marlowe's Literary Achievement（P55）<1>Marlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works.<2>He first made blank verse(unrhymed iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.<3>Marlowe's dramatic achievement lies chiefly in his epical and at times lyrical verse.<4>His works paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist –Shakespeare - whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance.16 Ben Jonson（本·琼森）--- V olpone, or the Fox, 《福尔蓬奈，或狐狸》The Alchemist.《炼金术士》，Every Man in His Humour《个性互异》，Bartholomew Fair《巴梭罗缪市集》（P94）William Shakespeare1. Shakespeare’s career may be divided into four major phrases which represent respectively his early, mature, flourishing, and late periods.（P60）详见课本2.His great ComediesA Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》，The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》，As You Like It《皆大欢喜》，Twelfth Night《第十二夜》are Shakespeare’s great comedies.3.The Character Analysis of Shylock 夏洛克人物形象分析He is greedy. He accumulates as much wealth as he can He is also cruel. In order to revenge, he would rather claim a pound of flesh from his enemy Antonio than get back his loan.他是贪婪的，竭尽全力敛财；他也是残忍的，为了复仇，宁愿割安东尼奥一磅肉用来偿还欠款。
英国文学补充资料1
英国文学补充资料1PART ONE: EARLY AND MEDIEVAL ENGLISH LITERATUREChapter 1. The Making of EnglandⅠ. The B ritons:Before entering upon the study of English literature, it is necessary to know something about the English people. The English people are of a mixed blood. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Celts. From the Britons the island got its name of Britain, the land of Britons. The Britons were a primitive people. They were divided into dozens of small tribes, each of which lived in a clustering of huts. "The oldest Celtic laws that have come down to our day show the gens still in full vitality." (Engels) The Britons lived in the tribal society.Ⅱ. The Roman Conquest:In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar, the Roman conqueror, who had then just occupied Gaul. But as soon as the Romans landed on shore of the island, the Britons fought like lions under the leadership of their chieftain. And with the comings and goings of many Roman generals within the time of a century, Britain was not completely subjugated to the Roman Empire until 78 A.D.With the Roman Conquest the Roman mode of life came across to Britain also. Roman theatres and baths quickly rose in the towns. All these refinements of civilization, however, were for the enjoyment of the Roman conquerors while the native Britons were trodden down as slaves. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years, during which the Romans, for military purposes, built a network of highways, later called the Roman roads, which remained useful for a long time to come. Along these roads grew up scores of towns, and London, one of them, became an important trading centre. It was also during the Roman rule that Christianity was introduced to Britain. But at the beginning of the fifth century, the Roman Empire was in the process of declining. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. Thus ended the Roman occupation in Britain.Ⅲ. The English Conquest:At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. These three tribes landed on the British coast, drove the Britons west and north, and settled down themselves. The Jutes occupied Kent, in the southeastern corner of the island. The Saxons took the southern part and established some small kingdoms as Wes-sex, Essex and Sussex. The Angles spread over the eastmidland and built the kingdom of the East Anglia. Gradually seven such kingdoms arose in Britain. And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a united kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles. The three tribes had mixed into a whole people called English, the Angles being the most numerous of the three. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English, which is quite different from the English that we know today.Ⅳ. The Social Con dition of the Anglo-Saxons:Before the Anglo-Saxons settled down in Britain, they still lived in the tribal society. Each group of families united by kinship fixed its home in a separate village. There were chiefs of the war-band, which was composed of young men. The warriors ate the chief's bread and shared the booty. Though the chief had power of life and death over his men, he did not keep them at a distance. He was familiar with them. He would eat and drink with them, would join their amusements and their songs. There was then what Engels calls "the military democracy grown out of the gens." After the conquest of Britain, the social constitution of the Anglo-Saxons went through some rapid changes. "We know that rule over subjugated people is incompatible with the gentile order… Thus, the organs of the gentile constitution had to betransformed into organs of state… The first representative of the conquering people was, however, the military commander. The internal and external safety of the conquered territory demanded that his power be increased. The moment had arrived for transforming military leadership into kingship. This was done." (Engels) Therefore, the Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.Ⅴ. Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence:The Anglo-Saxons were heathen people. They believed in old mythology of Northern Europe. That is why the Northern mythology has left its mark upon the English language. For example, the days of the week in English are named after the Northern gods. Odin, the All Father, gave his name to Wednesday, Thor gave his name to Thursday, and Frigga, the beautiful goddess to whom prayers were made by lovers, gave her name to Friday. Tuesday preserves the memory of Tiu, another Northern god.The Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Then monasteries were built all over the country. In these monasteries, at a time when few but monks could read and write, the earliest English books were written down. But as the monks hated the heathen books, they managed to tinge them with someChristian colour which does not go in with the content of the whole thing.Chapter 2. "Beowulf"Ⅰ. Anglo-Saxon Poetry:English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England. Of Old English literature, five relics are still preserved. All of them are poems, or, songs by the Anglo-Saxon minstrels who sang of the heroic deeds of old time to the chiefs and warriors in the feasting-hall. Four are short fragments of long poems. But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is "Beowulf", the national epic of the English people.Ⅱ. The Story of "Beowulf":Beowulf is the nephew of Hygelac, King of the Geats, a people in Jutland, Denmark. News reaches him that Hrothgar, king of the Danes, is in great trouble. Hrothgar has built a great hall. But a terrible monster, Grendel, visits the hall from night to night and carries the warriors away. So the hall is deserted.On hearing the news, Beowulf sails for Denmark with fourteen companions and offers to fight the monster. After a feast of welcome, Beowulf and his companions lie down in the hall for the night. Then Grendel appears, seizes and devours one of Beowulf's men. He next attacks Beowulf, who grapples with him single-handed,because weapons do not avail against him. After a terrible hand-to-hand combat, Grendel retreats mortally wounded, leaving one of his arms with Beowulf. Great rejoicing follows and next night the hall is once more full of joys and songs.But Grendel has a mother. She comes to avenge her son's death by carrying away the chief counsellor of Hrothgar. Beowulf and his companions follow the bloody trail to the edge of a lake. Beowulf plunges into the water, finds the old she-monster and follows her into a hall under the waves. In the desperate combat his sword fails to bite. And at first he almost gets the worst of it if he does not by chance seize a big sword left by the giants of old time. With it he cuts off the head of the she-monster. There, too, he finds the body of Grendel himself and cuts off his head as well. With these trophies he goes back to the hall of the Danish king. The triumph is celebrated by feasting and song. And Beowulf sails home to the land of the Geats.Now, he becomes king and reigns over his people for fifty years. Then it comes to pass that a fire dragon comes out of its den and belches forth its fire to burn the people. Beowulf is an old man now. But he bids farewell to his household and goes to seek the dragon with eleven companions. He fights it single-handed. Again the sword fails to bite, and the hero is enveloped in flames.The dragon is killed at last. But Beowulf is hopelessly wounded too. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero:"Thus made their mourning the men of Geatland,For their hero's passing, his hearth-companionsQuoth that of all the kings of earth,Of men he was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest to praise."(In modern translation)Ⅲ. Analysis of Its Content:"Beowulf" is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo- Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century. Its main stories (the fights with monsters) are evidently folk legends of primitive Northern tribes. Such tribes lived along the northwestern coast of Europe. Back of their settlements were impenetrable forests. In front of them was the stormy northern ocean. They had to fight against the beasts. They had to struggle against the forces of nature, which remained mysterious and unknown to them. When they returned from their exploits and voyages, the warriors would tell stories of strange monsters that lived beneath the sea, or in the marshes and dark forests inland. They were brave but superstitious. Such is thebackground of the marvellous stories in "Beowulf".Beowulf is a grand hero. He is so, simply by his deeds. He is faithful to his people. He goes alone, in a strange land, to rescue his people. He forgets himself in face of death, thinking only that it profits others. Though the poem was written in the tenth century, its hero was no doubt mainly the product of a primitive, tribal society on the continent. It was probably put together in England on the basis of lays brought from Northern Europe by the minstrels. In his manuscripts on English and Irish histories, Engels mentioned the historical significance of "Beowulf" in reflecting the features of the tribal society of ancient times.Ⅳ. Features of "Beowulf":The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration. In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound. There are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation.Other features of "Beowulf" are the use of metaphors and of understatements. "Ring-giver" is used for king,"hearth-companions" for his attendant warriors, "swan's bath" or "whale's road" for sea, "sea-wood" for ship; such metaphors occurin great numbers. Understatements as "not troublesome" for very welcome, "need not praise" for a right to condemn, give an impression of reserve and at time a tinge of ironical humour. This quality is often regarded as a permanent characteristic of the English.Chapter 3. Feudal England1) The Norman ConquestⅠ. The Danish Invasion:About 787, the English began to be troubled by bands of Danish vikings. At first, the Danes came only on plundering the country. Gradually, however, they came to make permanent settlements. King Alfred the Great (849-901) succeeded in driving the Danes off with force. Laying down his sword, King Alfred set himself to the task of encouraging education and literature. He translated some works from Latin himself. More important as a literary work is the Anglo-Saxon "Chronicle", written under his encouragement and supervision, which begins with Caesar's conquest and is a monument of Old English prose.After his death, the Danes occupied the country in 1013, and held it for 30 years. Then England was once more governed by another foreign ruler.Ⅱ. The Norman Conquest:The French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. Revolts were cruelly suppressed and the conquest was completed with sword and fire. It was called the Norman Conquest.William the Conqueror ruled England with a high hand. He confiscated the lands of the English lords, and, regarding whole England as his own, bestowed large patches of land to his Norman barons. The Norman barons in turn divided their lands among their own knights. In order to secure the King's authority over his barons, William compelled all vassals to take oath to him directly as well as to their local lords. Then he ordered a great survey to be made of all the land and taxable property in the whole kingdom. The result of the inquiries was enlisted on a roll called the Domesday's Book by the English people. By this means he pushed England well on its way to feudalism, and the Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.Ⅲ. The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English Language: After the Norman Conquest, the general relation of Normans and Saxons was that of master and servant. One of the most striking manifestations of the supremacy of the conquerors was to be seen in the language. The Norman lords spoke French, while theirEnglish subjects retained their old tongue. For a long time the scholar wrote in Latin and the courtier in French. There was almost no written literature in English for a time. Chronicles and religious poems were in Latin. Romances, the prominent kind of literature in the Anglo-Norman period, were at first all in French. By the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominent speechin the country. But now it became something different from the old Anglo-Saxon. The structure of the language remained English, and the common words were almost all retained, though often somewhat modified in form. But many terms employed by the Normans were adopted into the English language. The situation is typified by the use of the English "calf", "swine" and "sheep" for the animals when tended by the Saxon herdsmen, and of the French "veal", "pork" and "mutton" for the flesh served at the noble's table. 2) Feudal EnglandⅠ. Social Feature of the Feudal England:By the time when England entered the feudal society, the chief feature of the society was distinct division into classes, mainly, two classes: landlords and peasants. Noblemen, knights, bishops, archbishops, abbots and the like, with the king at their head, all belonged to the ruling class who held most of the land. Thepeasants toiled all the year round and paid rent to the gentle folks in grain, service, or cash, with little left to sustain themselves. To rule the people, there was a whole network of church government as well as that of the king's officers. Those who were courageous enough to do or say anything against the feudal order were often condemned as heretics and severely punished, usually burnt alive.Ⅱ. The Miseries of the Peasants:English peasants lived little better than slaves. To make things worse, a disease called Black Death swept over the country (1348-49), and a third of the population perished of this terrible plague. The peasants were compelled to quit their homes in serch of work. Then the King proclaimed a Statute of Labourers (1350) to force them to work at low wages. At the same time, the war between England and France (Since 1337) was prolonged for 40 years. The burden of war expenditure fell upon the common people. In 1379, a poll-tax was imposed upon the peasantry, requiring 4 pence from every poor peasant. Next year, the tax-money was raised to 3 times as much. The peasants were thus completely pauperized.Ⅲ. The Rising of 1381:The peasants could endure no longer, and the famous Rising of 1381 broke out in England. Its leaders were Wat Tyler and JohnBall. John Ball was a poor priest, whose saying,"When Adam delved and Eve spanWho was then the gentleman?"became a slogan for the peasants. One of his sermons has been preserved in Froissart's "Chronicles":"My good friends, matters cannot go well in England until all things shall be in common; when there shall be neither vassals nor lords; when the lords shall be no more masters than ourselves. How ill they behave to us! For what reason do they thus hold us in bondage? Are we not all descended from the same parents, Adam and Eve? And what can they show, or what reason can they give, why they should be masters than ourselves? They are clothed in velvet and rich stuffs, ornamented with ermine and other furs, while we are forced to wear poor clothing. They have wines, spices, and fine bread, while we have only rye and the refuse of the straw, and when we drink, it must be water. They have handsome seats and manors, while we must brave the wind and rain in our labours in the field, and it is by our labour that they have wherewith to support their pomp. We are called slaves, and if we do not perform our service we are beaten, and we have no sovereign to whom we can complain or who would be willing to hear us. Let us go to the King and remonstrate with him; he is young and from him we mayobtain a favourable answer and if not we must ourselves seek to amend our condition." (In modern English translation)The essence of his sermon was not an appeal to the oppressors to mend their ways, but a call to action directed to the oppressed. The rising was treacherously and bloodily repressed, and Ball and his comrades were arrested and hanged. But the peasants' rising had shaken the feudal system in England to the root.3) The RomanceⅠ. The Content of Romance:The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances was the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons. He was commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments, or fighting for his lord in battle. He was devoted to the church and the king. The code of manners and morals of a knight is known as chivalry. One who wanted to be a knight should serve an apprenticeship as a squire until he was admitted to the knighthood with solemn ceremony and the swearing of oaths.Ⅱ. The Romance Cycles:The great majority of the romances fall into groups or cycles,as the "matters of Britain" (adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table), and the "matters of France" (Emperor Charlemagne and his peers), and the "matters of Rome" (Alexander the Great and so forth). The English versions of these romances were translated from French or Latin. The romance of King Arthur is comparatively the most important for the history of English literature. It has its origin in Celtic legends, its beginning in Geoffrey of Monmouth's "History of the Kings of Britain" (in Latin prose) and Layamon's "Brut" (in alliterative and rimed English verse), its culmination in "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" (metrical romance), and its summing up in Thomas Malory's "Mort D'Arthur" (in English prose).Ⅲ. Th e Class Nature of the Romance:The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone of feudal morality, without which the whole structure of feudalism would collapse.The romances were either recited by professional minstrels or written to be read aloud. But in both cases the audience was usually that of the court or of the castle. The romances had nothing to do with the common people. They were composed for thenoble, of the noble, and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble.。
英国文学简史汉语版
英国文学简史由以下八个部分66章组成,从早期、中世纪英国文学一直到二十世纪英国文学;Part 1:Early And Medieval English LiteraturePart 2: The English RenaissancePart 3:Part 4:Part 5: Romanticism In EnglandPart 6:Part 7: Prose-Writers And Poets Of The Mid And Late 19th Century一、中世纪文学约5世纪—1485英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样,不是书面的,而是口头的;故事与传说口头流传,并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展,最后才有写本;公元5世纪中叶, 盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠;盎格鲁—撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中,最重要的一部是贝奥武甫Beowulf,它被认为是英国的民族史诗;贝奥武甫讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事,具有神话传奇色彩;这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说,随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国,现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的,当时,不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期;因此,贝奥武甫也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌,呈现出新旧生活方式的混合,兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想,体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统;公元1066年,居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡,征服英格兰;诺曼底人占领英格兰后,封建等级制度得以加强和完备,法国文化占据主导地位,法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言;这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇,流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事;高文爵士和绿衣骑士Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 1375-1400以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材,歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德,是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一;传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情,是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现;14世纪以后,英国资本主义工商业发展较快,市民阶级兴起,英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉,社会各阶层普遍使用英语,为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件;杰弗利·乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer, 1343-1400的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始;坎特伯雷故事The Canterbury Tales以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索,通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事,勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画; 乔叟首创英雄诗行,即五步抑扬格双韵体,对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献,被誉为“英国诗歌之父”;乔叟的文笔精练优美,流畅自然,他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平,推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程;二、文艺复兴时期文学15世纪后期—17世纪初相对于欧洲其他国家来说,英国的文艺复兴起始较晚,通常认为是在15世纪末;文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义,它主张以人为本,反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观,提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想;托马斯·莫尔Thomas More, 1478-1535是英国最主要的早期人文主义者,他的乌托邦Utopia批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会,设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国;Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词,但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果;乌托邦开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河,这一传统从培根的新大西岛The New Atlantis、斯威夫特的格列佛游记Gulliver's Travels、勃特勒的埃瑞璜Erewhon一直延续到20世纪的科幻小说;文艺复兴时期诗歌创作繁荣,埃德蒙·斯宾塞Edmund Spenser, 1552-1599的长诗仙后The Faerie Queene歌颂女王,宣扬人文主义思想;他创造的“斯宾塞诗体”每节诗有九行,韵律复杂,具有柔和动听、萦绕耳际的音乐性;弗兰西斯·培根 Francis Bacon, 1561-1626是这一时期最重要的散文家,他对文学的主要贡献是论说文集Essays,共58篇;这些文章题材广泛,内容涉及哲学、宗教、政治制度以及婚姻、爱情、友谊、园艺、读书等,文笔典雅,略带古风而又明白畅达;英国戏剧起源于中世纪教堂的宗教仪式,取材于圣经故事的神秘剧和奇迹剧在 14、15世纪英国舞台上占有主导地位,随后出现了以抽象概念作为剧中人物的道德剧;到了16世纪末,戏剧进入全盛时期;克里斯托弗·马洛Christopher Marlowe, 1564-1593冲破旧的戏剧形式的束缚,创作了一种新戏剧;帖木儿大帝Tamburlaine、浮士德博士的悲剧The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus、马耳他岛的犹太人The Jew of Malta等剧作反映了文艺复兴时期那种永无止境的探索精神和极端的个人主义精神;马洛将戏剧情节集中于一个主要角色的做法、他对人物性格的分析以及他的素体诗戏剧对白,对英国戏剧的发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献;英国文艺复兴时期最杰出的作家是威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare, 1564-1616,他的全部作品包括两首长诗,154首十四行诗和38部一说39部戏剧;莎士比亚的主要剧作有喜剧仲夏夜之梦A Midsummer Night's Dream、威尼斯商人The Merchant of Venice,悲剧罗密欧与朱丽叶Romeo and Juliet、哈姆莱特Hamlet、奥赛罗Othello、李尔王King Lear、麦克白Macbeth,历史剧亨利四世Henry IV,传奇剧暴风雨The Tempest等;莎士比亚塑造了性格鲜明的人物形象,展现了封建制度和资本主义制度交替时期波澜壮阔的历史画面,宣扬了人文主义和个性解放;他的剧作思想内容深刻,艺术表现手法精湛,历经几个世纪,长演不衰;莎士比亚是语言大师,他娴熟地运用英语,将英语的丰富表现力推向极致;与莎士比亚同时或稍后还有一批剧作家在进行创作,本·琼森Ben Johnson, 1572-1637是其中最主要的作家,莎士比亚曾在他的喜剧人人高兴Every Man in His Humor中扮演角色;琼森的讽刺喜剧狐狸Volpone、练金术士The Alchemist揭露了当时社会人们追逐金钱的风气,喜剧性很强;三、17世纪文学1603年伊丽莎白女王去世后,英国国王与议会矛盾日趋激烈,政局动荡;1649年1月国王查理一世被送上断头台,同年5月,英国宣布为共和国;约翰·弥尔顿John Milton, 1608-1674积极投入资产阶级革命,曾任共和国政府拉丁秘书,写了不少文章扞卫共和国;1660年,查理二世回国复辟,弥尔顿一度被捕入狱,在朋友帮助下才得免一死,获释回家;在双目失明的状态下,他完成了长诗失乐园Paradise Lost和复乐园Paradise Regained、诗剧力士参孙Samson Agonistes;这些作品反映了王政复辟后弥尔顿内心的痛苦以及对资产阶级革命始终不渝的态度,文体雄伟庄严;17世纪英国诗歌另外的一支是玄学派诗歌,代表诗人有约翰·邓恩John Donne, 1572-1631和安德鲁·马韦尔Andrew Marvell, 1621-1678;玄学派诗歌的特点是采用奇特的意象和别具匠心的比喻,揉细腻的感情与深邃的思辩于一体;玄学派诗歌在18和19世纪一直为世人所忽视,直到20世纪初,才从历史的尘封中重见天日,对现代主义诗风产生很大影响;王政复辟时期最受人欢迎的作家是约翰·班扬John Bunyan, 1628-1688,他的天路历程The Pilgrim's Progress采用梦幻的形式讲述宗教寓言,但揭开梦幻的面纱,展现在读者面前的是17世纪英国社会的一幅现实主义图景;查理二世复辟后,被清教徒关闭的剧院重新开放,英国戏剧获得新生;这一时期出现的风俗喜剧是当时戏剧的最高成就,威廉·康格里夫William Congreve, 1670-1729的以爱还爱Love for Love、如此世道The Way of the World等剧作是风俗喜剧的代表作品;17世纪下半叶,约翰·德莱顿John Dryden, 1631-1700驰骋文坛,集桂冠诗人、散文家、剧作家于一身;德莱顿关于戏剧创作和舞台艺术的论述构成英国戏剧史上第一组有分量的戏剧评论,他那简洁明朗的散文文体影响了18世纪许多作家的文风;四、启蒙时期文学17世纪后期—18世纪中期1688年的“光荣革命”推翻复辟王朝,确定了君主立宪制,建立起资产阶级和新贵族领导的政权,英国从此进入一个相对安定的发展时期;18世纪初,新古典主义成为时尚;新古典主义推崇理性,强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅,追求艺术形式的完美与和谐;亚历山大·蒲柏Alexander Pope, 1688-1744是新古典主义诗歌的代表,他模仿罗马诗人,诗风精巧隽俏,内容以说教与讽刺为主,形式多用英雄双韵体,但缺乏深厚感情;18世纪英国散文出现繁荣,散文风格基本建立在新古典主义美学原则之上;理查德·斯梯尔Richard Steele, 1672-1729与约瑟夫·艾迪生Joseph Addison, 1672-1719创办闲谈者Tatler与观察者Spectator刊物,发表了许多以当时社会风俗、日常生活、文学趣味等为题材的文章,他们清新秀雅、轻捷流畅的文体成为后人模仿的典范;乔纳森·斯威夫特Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745是英国文学史上最伟大的讽刺散文作家,他的文风纯朴平易而有力;斯威夫特的杰作格列佛游记Gulliver's Travels是一部极具魅力的儿童故事,同时包含着深刻的思想内容;作者通过对小人国、大人国、飞岛国、慧马国等虚构国度的描写,以理性为尺度,极其尖锐地讽刺和抨击了英国社会各领域的黑暗和罪恶;塞缪尔·约翰逊Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784是18世纪英国人文主义文学批评的巨擘,莎士比亚戏剧集序言The Preface to Shakespeare和诗人传Lives of the Poets是他对文学批评作出的突出贡献;他从常识出发,在某些方面突破了新古典主义的框框,不乏真知灼见;约翰逊的散文风格自成一家,集拉丁散文的典雅、气势与英语散文的雄健、朴素于一体;约翰逊在英语词典编纂史上占有独特地位,他克服重重困难,一人独自编纂英语词典A Dictionary of the English Language,历时七年得以完成,这是英语史上第一部也是随后一百年间英国唯一的标准辞书;约翰逊青史留名,也得益于詹姆斯·鲍斯韦尔James Boswell, 1740-1795为他写的传记约翰逊传The Life of Samuel Johson,该书逼真地再现了约翰逊的神态容貌及人格力量,标志着现代传记的开端;18世纪被称为“散文世纪”的另一个原因是小说的兴起;丹尼尔·笛福Daniel Defoe, 1660-1731的鲁滨逊漂流记Robinson Crusoe采用写实的手法,描写主人公在孤岛上的生活,塑造了一个资产阶级开拓者和殖民主义者形象,具有时代精神;这部小说被认为是现实主义小说的创始之作,为笛福赢得“英国小说之父”的称号;笛福的另一部长篇小说摩尔·弗兰德斯Moll Flanders叙述女主人公摩尔在英国因生活所迫沦为娼妓和小偷的经历;现实主义小说在亨利·菲尔丁Henry Fielding, 1707-1754的笔下得到进一步发展;他的汤姆·琼斯Tom Jones故事在乡村、路途及伦敦三个不同背景下展开,向读者展现了当时英国社会风貌的全景图;小说以代表自然本性的汤姆与代表理智、智慧的索菲娅终成眷属结尾,表达了感情要受理性节制的思想;全书共十八卷,每卷都以作者对小说艺术的讨论开始,表现出菲尔丁对小说创作的一种理论上的自觉意识;与菲尔丁同时代的塞缪尔·理查逊Samuel Richardson, 1689-1761采用书信体创作了帕米拉Pamela、克拉丽莎Clarissa Harlowe;他将视角投入年轻女主人公的内心深处,心理刻画淋漓尽致,令读者潸然泪下;托比亚斯·斯摩莱特Tobias Smollett, 1721-1771是18世纪中叶颇具特色的小说家;他的蓝登传The Adventures of Roderick Random继承欧洲流浪汉小说传统,布局松散,是一连串发展迅速、好恶交替、变化急剧的冒险经历的组合;劳伦斯·斯特恩Lawrence Sterne, 1713-1768的项狄传The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy打破传统小说叙述模式,写法奇特;小说各章长短不一,有的甚至是空白;书中充满长篇议论和插话,并出现乐谱、星号、省略号等;斯特恩对小说形式的实验引起20世纪俄国形式主义批评家的注意,项狄传被认为是“世界文学中最典型的小说”;评论家指出20世纪小说中的意识流手法可以追溯到这部奇异的小说;18世纪中叶,英国发生了工业革命;许多作家对资本主义工业化发展给大自然和农村传统生活方式带来的破坏发出悲哀的感叹,以大自然和情感为主题的感伤主义作品一度流行;奥利弗·哥尔德斯密斯Oliver Goldsmith, 1730-1774的长诗荒村The Deserted Village是感伤主义诗歌的杰作;他的世界公民The Citizen of the World原名为中国人信札Chinese Letters,虚构了一个在伦敦游历的中国河南人李安济Lien Chi Altangi,把他在伦敦的所见所闻写成书信寄回北京礼部官员,以中国人的眼光对英国的政治、司法、宗教、道德、社会风尚进行批评;詹姆斯·汤姆逊James Thomson, 1700-1748的四季歌The Seasons、威廉·柯林斯William Collins, 1721-1759的黄昏颂Ode to Evening、托马斯·格雷Thomas Gray, 1716-1771的墓园哀歌Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard表达诗人对时代纷乱状态的厌恶和对“自然简朴安排”的向往,吐露了他们的内心感受;英国诗歌开始逐渐摆脱新古典主义的束缚,理性的优势地位为感情或感受所代替;五、浪漫主义时期文学1798—183218世纪末、19世纪初,英国诗风大变;苏格兰农民诗人罗伯特·彭斯Robert Burns, 1759-1796给英国诗坛带来一股新鲜的气息;他的抒情诗自然生动、感情真挚,讽刺诗尖锐锋利、妙趣横生;威廉·布莱克William Blake, 1757-1827是版画家兼诗人,想象奇特,极富个性;他的短诗意象鲜明,语言清新,后期的长诗内容比较晦涩;他在诗歌中建立起自己一套独特的神话体系,具有神秘主义色彩;布莱克的革命性、独创性和复杂性使他成为浪漫主义诗歌的先驱;1798年,威廉·华兹华斯William Wordsworth, 1770-1850与塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 1772-1834合作出版了一本小诗集抒情歌谣集Lyrical Ballads,其中大部分诗歌出自华兹华斯之手,用简朴的语言描写简朴的生活;抒情歌谣集的问世标志着英国浪漫主义文学的真正崛起;华兹华斯在 1802年诗集再版时写的序中对诗歌作出了着名定义：“好诗是强烈感情的自然流溢”;浪漫主义是对新古典主义的反拨：诗歌内容不再是对现实的反映或道德说教,而是诗人内心涌出的真实感情；诗歌语言不是模仿经典作家去追求高雅精致,而是要贴近普通人的日常用语;浪漫主义诗人崇尚自然,主张返朴归真;浪漫主义是一个比较笼统的概念,每个诗人各有其特征;同样是“湖畔派”诗人,华兹华斯将大自然视为灵感的源泉,自然美景能给人力量和愉悦,具有疗效作用,使人的心灵净化和升华,柯勒律治则赋予自然神奇色彩,擅长描绘瑰丽的超自然幻景;乔治·戈登·拜伦George Gordon Byron, 1788-1824和波西·比希·雪莱Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1792-1822属于革命诗人,但拜伦自我表现意识强烈,而雪莱深受柏拉图哲学影响,憧憬美丽的理想和理念;约翰·济慈John Keats, 1795-1821一生追求美,是创造艺术美的天才诗人;19世纪20年代初,济慈、雪莱和拜伦相继英年早逝,英国浪漫主义诗歌由强转弱,风势渐衰;六、现实主义时期文学19世纪30年代-19181837年维多利亚女王Queen Victoria, 1819-1901登基;在她统治时期,英国一度取得世界贸易和工业的垄断地位,科学、文化、艺术出现繁荣的局面;维多利亚时代英国诗歌表现出与浪漫主义截然不同的诗风,诗人们不再沉湎于主观感情的发泄,而是注重形式的典雅,对诗艺精益求精;罗伯特·布朗宁Robert Browning, 1812-1889早年从事过戏剧创作,后来专门写戏剧独白;戏剧独白是一种通过主人公的自白或议论来抒发情感的无韵体诗;在皮帕走过了Pippa Passes、指环与书The Ring and the Book等作品中,诗人带上“面具”,进入戏剧人物内心世界,以其口吻娓娓而谈,语言极为生动,说话者跃然纸上;阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生Alfred Tennyson, 1809-1892在他漫长的艺术生涯中创作了大量的抒情诗、哲理诗和叙事诗,诗风凝重、典雅;丁尼生的剑桥挚友哈勒姆溺水而死,对他诗歌创作产生深远影响;诗人在挽诗悼念In Memoriam A. H. H中表达了真切的伤感和悲痛,同时反映了对生活本质和人类命运的思索和忧虑,成为时代的心声;19世纪中叶,英国经济发展迅速,物质丰富,国力昌盛;但是资本主义制度所引起的各种社会矛盾十分尖锐,社会主义思潮开始流行,作为西方文明基石的基督教受到科学思想的挑战,日益衰微,在繁荣景象的背后潜伏着焦虑不安的暗流;马修·阿诺德Matthew Arnold, 1822-1888敏锐地捕捉到时代的脉搏,在写于雄伟的卡尔特寺院的诗章Stanzas from the Grande Chartreuse中揭示了人们的处境：“彷徨在两个世界之间,一个已经死去,另一个无力诞生;”阿诺德是19世纪英国人文主义文学批评的杰出代表, 他有关文学与文化的论述对后世影响很大;与诗歌相比,19世纪英国小说成就更为辉煌;沃尔特·司各特Walter Scott, 1771-1832的浪漫主义历史小说为他赢得“西欧历史小说之父”的声誉;密得洛西恩监狱The Heart of Midlothian、艾凡赫Ivanhoe等小说的特点是讲述卷入重大历史事件的普通人物的故事,并展示导致书中人物所作所为的那些社会力量和历史力量;与此相对照,简·奥斯丁Jane Austen,1775-1817则以女性作家特有的敏锐和细腻刻画英国乡村中产阶级的生活和思想;她认为：“一个乡村中的三四户人家是合适的写作对象;”傲慢与偏见Pride and Prejudice、爱玛Emma等作品涉及婚姻、爱情、门第和财产,小说结构精巧,人物对话机智,语言幽默含蓄,耐人寻味;勃朗特三姐妹在 19世纪英国文学史上占有独特地位;夏洛蒂·勃朗特Charlotte Bronte, 1816-1855的简·爱Jane Eyre是一部关于女主人公克服男性统治社会对女性的种种压制最后取得自主独立的成长小说,浪漫爱情故事的背后包含着严肃的思想内容,受到20世纪女性主义批评家的青睐;艾米丽·勃朗特Emily Bronte, 1818-1848想象奇特,呼啸山庄Wuthering Heights采用间接叙述手法讲述一段刻骨铭心的恋情,小说中野性与文明、浪漫与现实反差强烈,具有神秘恐怖色彩;安妮·勃朗特Anne Bronte, 1820-1849在简·爱和呼啸山庄问世的1847年也发表了小说阿格尼斯·格雷Agnes Grey;乔治·艾略特George Eliot, 1819-1880是玛丽·安·伊万斯Mary Ann Evans的笔名,这位才女是19世纪现实主义小说的真正代表;弗罗斯河上的磨房The Mill on the Floss、织工马南Silas Marner和米德尔马契Middlemarch等作品以写实手法展现英国的社会人生图画,对人物内心活动和行为动机的刻画十分生动细致,艾略特因此被誉为心理小说的先驱;查尔斯·狄更斯Charles Dickens, 1812-1870是19世纪英国最伟大的小说家,其作品的深度和广度超过了同时代的任何作家;狄更斯的着名小说雾都孤儿Oliver Twist、大卫·科波菲尔David Copperfield、远大前程Great Expectations等均以孤儿为主人公,这与作家的不幸童年经历有关;荒凉山庄Bleak House揭露了英国司法制度的腐败与黑暗;双城记A Tale of Two Cities以法国大革命为背景,生动再现了当时伦敦和巴黎的局势,情节跌宕起伏;狄更斯在他的小说中展示了一幅幅维多利亚时代英国社会生活的画卷,但他是一位具有浪漫、幽默气质的作家,笔下经常出现性格怪异的人物;威廉·麦克皮斯·萨克雷William Makepeace Thackray, 1811-1863是19世纪另一位出色的小说家,曾一度与狄更斯在文坛上平起平坐;名利场VanityFair通过女主人公丽贝卡·夏普不择手段跻身上流社会的故事,对势利者进行了无情的揭露和嘲讽;萨克雷的亨利·埃斯蒙德The History of Henry Esmond是英国文学史上一部杰出的历史小说;19世纪中下叶其他重要的小说家还有安东尼·特罗洛普Anthony Trollope, 1815-1882,他是一位多产作家,发表小说达47部之多,主要作品是“巴塞特郡系列小说”Barchester Series;塞缪尔·勃特勒Samuel Butler, 1835-1902的埃瑞璜是一部讽刺小说,“埃瑞璜”是英文nowhere的倒写,通过一个游客在埃瑞璜的所见所闻,记述了这个乌托邦国家的生活,以此抨击和讽刺英国社会;他去世后出版的众生之路The Way of AllLife批评英国中产阶级的价值观,矛头直指维多利亚时代的家庭、宗教、道德;19世纪末、20世纪初,英国不少小说家创作出以“幻灭”为主题的小说,最为典型的是托马斯·哈代Thomas Hardy, 1840-1928;哈代的小说一直以故乡多塞特郡和该郡附近的农村地区作为背景,早期作品描写的是英国农村的恬静景象和明朗的田园生活,后期作品明显变得阴郁低沉,其主题思想是无法控制的外部力量和内心冲动决定着个人命运,并造成悲剧;他的德伯家的苔丝Tess of the D'Urbervilles和无名的裘德Jude the Obscure讲述了英格兰南部农村青年男女走投无路、陷于绝望的悲剧故事;与此相对照,以海外为题材的小说作为英国当时海外扩张的折射,基调并不那样灰暗,如拉迪亚德·吉卜林Rudyard Kipling, 1865-1936的吉姆Jim宣扬了英雄主义的可能性,带有帝国主义色彩;约瑟夫·康拉德的小说展示了西方扩张主义转型的历史过程,并对此进行反思;黑暗的心Heart of Darkness表现出他对西方特别是比利时帝国主义的扩张、对民族剥削和压迫的不满;吉姆老爷Lord Jim的故事发生在东南亚马来地区,主人公执着于道德理念,因自己的过失常常遭受良心的谴责,为了赎罪,最后导致悲剧性结局,作品包含着对具有殖民主义色彩的英雄主义的批判;康拉德在小说布局、叙述角度及象征手法等方面有意识地进行一系列革新,他的小说成为英国现代主义文学的先声;题材范围进一步扩大, 是这个时期小说创作的特点;阿诺德·本涅特ArnoldBennett, 1867-1931的老妇谭Old Wives' Tale等自然主义小说描绘了英格兰北部生产陶瓷的工业城镇生活;威廉·萨默塞特·毛姆William Somerset Maugham,1874-1965的创作也深受法国自然主义影响,他的长篇小说人性的枷锁Of Human Bondage展现了主人公摆脱精神枷锁的过程;赫伯特·乔治·威尔斯Herbert George Wells, 1866-1946创作的时间机器The Time Machine等一批科幻小说,将科学幻想与社会批评结合起来;约翰·高尔斯华绥John Galsworthy, 1867-1933在福尔赛世家The Forsyte Saga中以批判的眼光揭示了资产阶级的家庭、社会关系;E. M. 福斯特E. M. Forster, 1879-1970的霍华兹别墅Howards End针对英国社会经济与文化、富人与穷人、男性与女性之间愈益尖锐的矛盾冲突,探索建立“联结”关系的途径;在印度之行A Passage to India中,他将“联结”的思想运用于英帝国与殖民地关系这一更大的国际范围;柯南道尔Arthur Conan Doyle, 1859-1930塑造了智力超凡、逻辑严密、个性鲜明的福尔摩斯这一着名侦探形象;在柯南道尔的侦探小说中,犯罪威胁了社会秩序的稳定,侦探的作用是通过破案来恢复平衡和稳定;19世纪末迎来英国戏剧的复兴;英国戏剧在18世纪除了哥尔德斯密斯的屈身求爱She Stoops to Conquer与理查德·布林斯利·谢里登Richard Brinsley Sheridan, 1751-1816的讽刺喜剧造谣学校The School for Scandal之外,没有太多的建树;在随后的一百年间,英国戏剧一直处于低迷状态;到了19世纪90年代,在易卜生等欧洲大陆剧作家的影响下,英国发生了新戏运动,戏剧才摆脱了衰退、委顿的状况,呈现欣欣向荣的景象;喜剧天才奥斯卡·王尔德Oscar Wilde, 1854-1900的风俗喜剧对上层社会进行揶揄讽刺,妙语连珠,充满似非而是的怪论、机智诙谐的俏皮话;萧伯纳George Bernard Shaw, 1856-1950以易卜生为榜样,倡导一种有思想的“问题剧”,将社会问题引入剧坛,使戏剧走向现实;萧伯纳一生写了许多优秀的剧本,如皮格马利翁Pygmalion、圣女贞德Saint Joan等;他擅长表现舞台对话,人物语言锐利、简洁、风趣;王尔德和萧伯纳是戏剧复兴的里程碑,他们的戏剧创作活动使英国剧坛发生根本的变化,一改英国戏剧百年不振的局面;1918-194520世纪初,本涅特、威尔斯、高尔斯华绥坚持维多利亚时代的现实主义传统进行创作,用写实的方法记载社会转型时期资产阶级社会和家庭发生的变化;但他们很快就受到来自现代主义文学的挑战;按照弗吉妮亚伍尔芙Virginia Woolf, 1882-1941的说法,1910年是英国小说从传统现实主义到现代主义变化的重要年份;第一次世界大战无疑加速了这一变化;战争中,大批无辜青年充当炮灰,白白丧生;一战之后,不少英国人对文艺复兴以来人文主义有关人性、人类前途的基本观念乃至基督教文化传统的信念发生了动摇;社会思想观念的深刻变革,促使现代主义文学蓬勃发展,英国小说也面目一新;D.H.劳伦斯D. H. Lawrence是煤矿工人的儿子,他将视线投向两性关系,对西方文明的缺陷进行反思;查特莱夫人的情人Lady Chatterley’s Lover曾因为大胆的性爱描写而在英美两国被查禁;他的儿子与情人Sonsand Lovers、虹The Rainbow、恋爱中的女人Women in Love等小说将社会批评与性心理探索巧妙结合起来,猛烈抨击资本主义工业文明;作为对现实主义文学的反拨,现代主义文学追求心理真实,注重直接观察人物的心理活动,直接体验人物的内心感受,在内心世界这面镜子上折射出丰富多彩的外部现实;出生于书香世家的伍尔芙的突出成就是意识流小说;她的达罗卫夫人Mrs. Dalloway和到灯塔去To the Lighthouse等作品突破传统的时空观,将意识流手法运用得出神入化,还体现出女作家对于女性存在的历史及现状的独特反思;来自爱尔兰的詹姆斯乔伊斯James Joyce, 1882-1941被认为是继莎士比亚后英语文学史上最伟大的作家,他的旷世之作尤利西斯Ulysses给英国传统小说带来一场革命;尤利西斯情节简单,主要记载迪达勒斯、布卢姆和布卢姆的妻子莫莉三个人物的日常琐事;小说实际上只写了爱尔兰首府都柏林一天里的事情;这一天是1904年6月 16日,乔伊斯与他未来的妻子娜拉曾在这一天首次幽会,除此以外,它是都柏林历史上最普通不过的一个日子;乔伊斯在小说中力图展现的是生活的本质和对人的精神世界的探索,尤利西斯因此被有的评论家誉为表现了西方“现代社会的全部生活和全部历史”;尤利西斯的成功在于意识流描写表面上纷纷扬扬,漫无边际,实际上结构齐整,周密严谨;。
(完整版)英美文学史复习笔记
英美文学复习时期划分-—Early ＆ Medieval literature 包括The Anglo-Saxon Period 和The Anglo-Norman Period--Renaissance 文艺复兴—-Revolution ＆ Restoration 资产阶级革命与王权复辟——Enlightenment 启蒙运动-—Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期——Critical Realism 批判现实主义——20th Modernism 现代主义传统诗歌主题：nature, life， death， belief, time， youth, beauty， love, feelings of differen t kinds, reason（wisdom), moral lesson， morality。
修辞名称：meter格律, rhyme韵， sound assonance谐音, consonance和音, alliteration头韵， form of poetry诗歌形式, allusion典故, foot音步， iamb抑扬格, trochee扬抑格， anapest抑抑扬格, da ctyl扬抑抑格, pentameter五音步文学体裁：诗歌poem，小说novel，戏剧novel起源：Christianity基督教Bible圣经myth神话The Roma nce of king Arthur and his knights亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、 1、The Anglo—Saxon period(496—1066）这个时期的文学作品分类：（pagan异教徒）(Christ ian基督徒）2、代表作：The song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》（national epic）（民族史诗)采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、 The Anglo-Norman period（1066—1350)Canto 诗章受到法国影响 English literature is also a combination of French and Saxon element s。
英国文学史期末复习重点
英国文学史Part one: Early and Medieval English LiteratureChapter 1 The Making of England1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribeof Gelts.2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar.The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years.It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.3. The English ConquestAt the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates(海盗). They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were bined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles.And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English.4. The Social Condition of the Anglo-SaxonTherefore, the Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.5. Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its InfluenceThe Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century.Chapter 2 Beowulf1. Anglo-Saxon PoetryBut there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf.3. Analysis of Its ContentBeowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century.4. Features of BeowulfThe most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration,metaphors and understatements.Chapter 3 Feudal England1) The Norman Conquest2. The Norman ConquestThe French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England.The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.3. The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English LanguageBy the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled,English was once more the dominant speech in the country.3) The Romance1. The Content of the RomanceThe most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance.4. Malory’s Le Morte D’ArthurThe adventures of the Knights of the Round Table at Arthur’s courtChapter 5 The English Ballads2. The BalladsThe most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.Of paramount importance are the ballads of Robin Hood.3. The Robin Hood BalladsChapter 6 Chaucer1. LifeGeoffrey Chaucer, the founder/father of English poetry.3. Troilus and CriseydeTroilus and Criseyde is Chaucer’s longest plete poem and his greatest artistic achievement.But the poet shows some sympathy for her, hitting that her fault springs from weakness rather than baseness of character.4. The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.6. His LanguageChaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact.Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the “the heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part Two: The English RenaissanceChapter 1 Old England in Transition1. The New MonarchyThe century and a half following the death of Chaucer was full of great changes. And Henry 7, taking advantage of this situation, founded the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of the risingbourgeoisie and so won its support.2. The ReformationProtestantismThe bloody religious persecution came to a stop after the church settlement of Queen Elizabeth.3. The English BibleWilliam TyndallThen appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James I and so was sometimes called the King James Bible.The result is a monument of English language and English literature.The standard modern English has been fixed and confirmed.4. The Enclosure Movement5. The mercial ExpansionChapter 2 More1. LifeThomas More2. UtopiaUtopia is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and Hythlody, a returned voyager.The name “Utopia” es from two Greek words meaning “no place”.3. Utopia, Book OneBook One of Utopia is a picture of contemporary England with forcible exposure of the poverty among the laboring classes.4. Utopia, Book TwoIn Book Two we have a sketch of an ideal monwealth in some unknown ocean, whereproperty is held in mon and there is no poverty.Chapter 3 The Flowering of English Literature3. Edmund Spenser1) LifeThe Poet’s Poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.In 1579 he wrote The Shepher’s Calendar, a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.2) The Faerie Queene (masterpiece)Spenser’s greatest work, The Faerie Queene (published in 1589-1596), is a long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only 6.iambic feet Spenserian Stanza4. Francis Bacon (father/founder of English essay)the founder of English English materialist philosophyBacon is also famous for his Essays. When it included 58 essays.Bacon is the first English essayist.Chapter 4 Drama7. The PlaywrightsThere was a group of so-called “university wits” (Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene,Lodge and Nash).Chapter 5 Marlowe1. LifeThe most gifted of the “university wits” was Christopher Marlowe.2. WorkMarlowe’s best includes three of his plays, Tamburlaine, The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.3. Doctor FaustusMarlowe’s masterpiece is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.5. Marlowe’s Literary AchievementMarlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama.It is Marlowe who first made blank verse (rhymeless iambic pentameter) theprincipal instrument of English drama.Chapter 6 Shakespeare1. LifeWilliam Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon.After his death, two of his above-mentioned fellow-actors, Herminge and Condell, collected and published Shakespeare’s plays in 1623. To this edition, which has been known as the First Folio.4. The Great ediesA Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It and TwelfthNight have been called Shakespeare’s “great edies”.6. The Great TragediesShakespeare created his great tragedies, Hamlet, Othello,King Lear and Macbeth.7. Hamletthe son of the Renaissance9. The Poems1) Venus and Adonis2) The Rape of Lucrece3) Shakespeare’s Sonnets10. Features of Shakespeare’s DramaShakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance.Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolution Chapter 1 The English Revolution and the Restoration5. The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restorationin 1688 Glorious Revolution6. The Religious Cloak of the English RevolutionPuritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during the English Revolution. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labour in whatever calling one happened to be, but with no extravagant enjoyment of thefruits of labour.Chapter 2 Milton1. Life and WorkParadise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.2. Paradise Lost1) Paradise LostParadise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece.blank verse.Chapter 3 Bunyan1. LifeThe Pilgrim’s Progress was published in 1678.2. The Pilgrim’s Progress1) The Pilgrim’s Progress is a religious allegory.Chapter 4 Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poetsa school of poets called “Metaphysical” by Samuel Johnson.by mysticism in content and fantasticality in formJohn Donne, the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.Chapter 6 Restoration Literature2. John DrydenThe most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden. Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the next century.Part Four: The Eighteenth CenturyChapter 1 The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature1. The Enlightenment and 18th Century England2) The Enlightenment in EuropeThe 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.3) The English EnlighternersThe representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addisonand Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet.Chapter 2 Addison and Steele1. Steele and The TatlerRichard SreeleIn 1709, he started a paper, The Tatler, to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers.His appeal was made to “coffeehouses,” that is to say, to the middle classes, for whose enlightenment he stood up.“Issac Bickerstaff”2. Addison and The SpectatorThe general purpose is “to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality.”They ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.Chapter 3 Pope1. LifeAlexander Pope, the most important English poet in the first half of the 18th century.3. Workmanship and LimitationPope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century.Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poery.But he lacker the lyrical gift.Chapter 4 Swift3. Bickersta f f Almanac (1708)Swift wrote his greatest work Gulliver’s Travels in Ireland.Chapter 5 Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel1. The Rise of the English Novelthe realistic novel: Defoe, Swift, Richardson and FieldingSwift’s world-famous novel Gulliver’s TravelsDefoe’s Robinson Crusoe (the forerunner of the English realistic novel)Richardson: Pamela, Clarissa and Sir Charles GrandisonFielding was the real founder of the realistic novel in England.The novel of this period … spoke the truth about life with an unpromising courage.”The novelists of this period understood that “the job of a novelist was to tell the truth about life as he saw it.” (Ibid.) This explains the achievement of the English novel in the 18th century.4. Robinson Crusoe1) Today Defoe is chiefly remembered as the author of Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece.Chapter 6 RichardsonSamuel RichardsonPamela was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.After Pamela, Richardson wrote two other novels: Clarissa Harlowe and Sir Charles Grandison.Clarissa is the best of Richardson’s novel.Chapter 7 Fielding (the father of English novel)1. LifeHis first novel Joseph Andrews was published in 1742.His Jonathan Wild appeared in 1743. It is a powerful political satire.In 1749, he finished his great novel Tom Jones.Amelia was his last novel. It is inferior to Tom Jones, but has merits of its own.3. Joseph Andrews4. Tom Jones1) The StoryFielding’s greatest work is The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling.6. Summary2) Fielding as the Founder of the English Realistic NovelAs a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation.He has been rightly called the “father of the English novel.”Chapter 10 Johnson1. LifeSamuel Johnson, lexicographer, critic and poet.2. Johnson’s DictionaryIn 1755 his Dictionary was published.His Dictionary also marked the end of English writers’ reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.Chapter 13 Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry1. LifeThomas Gray2. Pre-RomanticismIn the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival.Pre-Romanticism was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, andrepresented by Blake and Burns.Chapter 14 Blake1. LifeWilliam Blake2. Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience4. Blake’s Position in English LiteratureFor these reasons, Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romanticpoetry of the 19th century.Chapter 15 Burns1. LifeHis Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect were printed. (masterpiece)The Scots Musical Museum and Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs2. The Poetry of Burns1) Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.3. Features of Burns’ PoetryBurns is the national poet of Scotland.Part Five: Romanticism in EnglandChapter 1 The Romantic Periodthe Industrial Revolution the French RevolutionAmid these social conflicts romanticism arose as a new literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832.These were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have also been called the Lake Poets.Active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.The general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against or an escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “prison of the actual” under capitalism. Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments.The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott.Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism whichfollowed it.Chapter 2 WordsworthColeridgeIn 1798 they jointly published the Lyrical Ballads.The publication of the Lyrical Ballads marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, i.e., with classicism, and the beginning of Romantic revival in England.The Preface of the Lyrical Ballads served as the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry.Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets”because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England.His deep love for nature runs through such short lyrics as Lines Written in EarlySpring, To the Cuckoo,I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, My Heart Leaps Up, Intimationsof Immortality and Lines posed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey. The last is called his “lyrical hymn of thanks to nature”.Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language. Chapter 3 Coleridge and Southey1. ColeridgeColeridge’s best poems, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.Chapter 4 Byron1. LifeChilde Harold’s PilgrimageHe finished Childe Harold, wrote his masterpiece Don Juan.2. Childe Harold’s PilgrimageThis long poem contains four cantos. It is written in the Soenserian stanza.3. Don JuanByron remains one of the most popular English poets both at home and abroad. Chapter 5 Shelley4. Promethus UnboundShelley’s masterpiece is Promethus Unbound, a lyrical drama in 4 acts.6. Lyrics on Nature and LoveOde to the West WindChapter 6 Keats2. Long PoemsKeats wrote five long poems: Endymion, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, Lamia and Hyperion.5) The unfinished long epic Hyperion has been regarded as Keat’s greatest achievement in poetry.3. Short Poems1) His leading principle is: “Beauty in truth, truth in beauty.”3) Ode to Autumn, Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a Nightingale Chapter 10 Scott2. His Historical NovelsScott has been universally regarded as the founder and great master of thehistorical novel.According to the subjet-matter, the group on the history of Scotland, the groupon English history and the group on the history of European countries.In fact, Scott’s literary career marks the transition from romanticism to realismin English literature of the 19th century.Part Six: English Critical RealismChapter 2 DickensCharles Dickens critical realismDickens: Pickwick Papers, American Notes, Martin Chuzzlewit and Oliver Twist4) Dickens has often been pared Shakespeare for creative force and range of invention.“He and Shakespeare are the two unique popular classics that England has given to the world, and they are alike in being remembered not for one masterpiece but for creative world.”David CopperfieldChapter 3 Thackeray2. Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a HeroVanity Fair is Thackeray’s masterpiece. characters: Amelia Sedley and Rebecca (Becky) SharpThackeray can be placed on the same level as Dickens, as one of the greatestcritical realists of 19th-century Europe.Chapter 4 Some Women Novelists1. Jane Austen (1775-1817)She herself pared her work to a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square.Jane Austen wrote 6 novels: Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma and Persuasion.2. The Bronte SistersCharlotte’s maiden attempt at prose writing, the novel Professor, was rejected by the publisher, but her next novel Jane Eyre, appearing in 1847, brought her fame and placed her in the ranks of the foremost English realistic writers. Emily’s novel Wuthering Heights appeared in 1847.Anne: Agnes Grey4. George EliotMary Ann Evansthree remarkable novels: Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner3) Silas Marner:Critical realism was the main current of English literature in the middle of the 19th century.Part Seven: Prose-Writers and Poets of the Mid and Late 19th Century Chapter 1 Carlylethe Victorian AgeChapter 3 Tennysonthe Victorian Age prose especially the novel1. Tennyson’s Life and CareerAlfred Tennyson, the most important poet of the Victorian Age.In the same year (1850) he was appointed poet laureate in succession to Wordsworth. Chapter 7 Literary Trends at the End of the Century1. NaturalismNaturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half of the 19th century.2. Neo-RomanticismStevenson was a representative of neo-romanticism in English literature. Treasure Island (masterpiece)3. AestheticismAestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by the French poet Theophile Gautier.The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.2) Oscar Wilde dramatistLady Windermere’s Fan, 1893; A Woman of No Importance, 1894; An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest, 1895The Importance of Being Earnest is his masterpiece in drama.Part Eight: Twentieth Century English Literature(Modernism)Chapter 2 English Novel of Early 20th Century3. Henry JamesHe is regarded as the forerunner of the “stream of consciousness” literature in the 20th century.Chapter 3 Hardy1. Life and WorkAmong his famous novels, Tess of the D’Urbervillies and Jude the Obscure. 2. Tess of the D’Urbervilliescharacters: Tess, Alec D’Urbervillies and Angel ClareChapter 6 Bernard ShawChapter 8 Modernism in Poetry1. ImagismEzra PoundThe two most important English poets of the first half of 20th century are W. B. Yeats and T. S. Eliot.2. W. B. YeatsThe Wild Swans at Coole, Michael Robartes and the Dancer, The Tower and The Winding StairT. S. Eliot has referred to Yeats as “the greatest poet of our age-certainly the greatest in this (i.e. English) language.”3. T. S. EliotThe Waste Land (1922) is dignifying the emergence of Modernism.T. S. Eliot was a leader of the modernist movement in English poetry and a great innovator of verse technique. He profoundly influenced 20th-century English poetrybetween World Wars 1 and 2.Chapter 9 The Psychological FictionModernist fiction put emphasis on the description of the character’s psychological activities, sometimes has been called modern psychological fiction. One of its pioneers is wrence.1. D. H. LawrenceSons and Lovers (1913), the first of Lawrence’s important novels, is largely autobiographical.This shows the influence of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis, especially that of the “Oedipus plex.”The Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley’s Lover3. James JoyceUlysses (1922)June 16, 1904character: Leopold BloomJames Joyce was one of the most original novelists of the 20th century.His masterpiece Ulysses has been called “a modern prose epic”.His admirers have praised him as “second only to Shakespeare in his mastery of the English language.”4. Virginia Woolf“high-brows” the Bloomsbury GroupVirginia Wolf’s first two novels, The Voyage Out and Night and Day.Jacob’s Room, Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse and OrlandoPart Nine: Poets and Novelists Who Wrote both before and after the SecondWorld WarChapter 5 E. M. ForsterEdward Morgan Forster the Bloomsbury Groupfour novels: Where Angels Fear to Tread, The Longest Journey, A Room with a View and Howards EndA Passage to India, published in 1924, is Forster’s masterpiece.In 1927, Forster published a book on the theory of fiction, Aspects of the Novel. Chapter 10 William GoldingWilliam Gerald GoldingHis first novel Lord of the FliesChapter 11 Doris LessingGolden Notebook。
英国文学史期末复习重点
英国文学史Part one: Early and Medieval English LiteratureChapter 1 The Making of England1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts.2. In 55 ., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar.The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years.It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain.And in 410 ., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.3. The English ConquestAt the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates海盗. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles.And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English.4. The Social Condition of the Anglo-SaxonTherefore, the Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.5. Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its InfluenceThe Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century.Chapter 2 Beowulf1. Anglo-Saxon PoetryBut there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf.3. Analysis of Its ContentBeowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century.4. Features of BeowulfThe most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements.Chapter 3 Feudal England1 The Norman Conquest2. The Norman ConquestThe French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England.The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.3. The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English LanguageBy the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominant speech in the country.3 The Romance1. The Content of the RomanceThe most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance.4. Malory’s Le Morte D’ArthurThe adventures of the Knights of the Round Table at Arthur’s court Chapter 5 The English Ballads2. The BalladsThe most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.Of paramount importance are the ballads of Robin Hood.3. The Robin Hood BalladsChapter 6 Chaucer1. LifeGeoffrey Chaucer, the founder/father of English poetry.3. Troilus and CriseydeTroilus and Criseyde is Chaucer’s longest complete poem and his greatest artistic achievement.But the poet shows some sympathy for her, hitting that her fault springs from weakness rather than baseness of character.4. The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.6. His LanguageChaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter the “the heroic couplet” to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part Two: The English RenaissanceChapter 1 Old England in Transition1. The New MonarchyThe century and a half following the death of Chaucer was full of great changes.And Henry 7, taking advantage of this situation, founded the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie and so won its support.2. The ReformationProtestantismThe bloody religious persecution came to a stop after the church settlement of Queen Elizabeth.3. The English BibleWilliam TyndallThen appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James I and so was sometimes called the King James Bible.The result is a monument of English language and English literature.The standard modern English has been fixed and confirmed.4. The Enclosure Movement5. The Commercial ExpansionChapter 2 More1. LifeThomas More2. UtopiaUtopia is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and Hythlody, a returned voyager.The name “Utopia” comes from two Greek words meaning “no place”.3. Utopia, Book OneBook One of Utopia is a picture of contemporary England with forcible exposure of the poverty among the laboring classes.4. Utopia, Book TwoIn Book Two we have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.Chapter 3 The Flowering of English Literature3. Edmund Spenser1 LifeThe Poet’s Poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.In 1579 he wrote The Shepher’s Calendar, a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.2 The Faerie Queene masterpieceSpenser’s greatest work, The Faerie Queene published in 1589-1596, is a long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only 6.iambic feet Spenserian Stanza4. Francis Bacon father/founder of English essaythe founder of English English materialist philosophyBacon is also famous for his Essays. When it included 58 essays.Bacon is the first English essayist.Chapter 4 Drama7. The PlaywrightsThere was a group of so-called “university wits” Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash.Chapter 5 Marlowe1. LifeThe most gifted of the “university wits” was Christopher Marlowe.2. WorkMarlowe’s best includes three of his plays, Tamburlaine,The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.3. Doctor FaustusMarl owe’s masterpiece is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.5. Marlowe’s Literary AchievementMarlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama.It is Marlowe who first made blank verse rhymeless iambic pentameter the principal instrument of English drama.Chapter 6 Shakespeare1. LifeWilliam Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon.After his death, two of his above-mentioned fellow-actors, Herminge and Condell, collected and published Shakespeare’s plays in 1623. To this edition, which has been known as the First Folio.4. The Great ComediesA Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It and Twelfth Night have been called Shakespeare’s “great comedies”.6. The Great TragediesShakespeare created his great tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth.7. Hamletthe son of the Renaissance9. The Poems1 Venus and Adonis2 The Rape of Lucrece3 Shakespeare’s Sonnets10. Features of Shakespeare’s DramaShakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance.Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois RevolutionChapter 1 The English Revolution and the Restoration5. The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restorationin 1688 Glorious Revolution6. The Religious Cloak of the English RevolutionPuritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during the English Revolution. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labour in whatever calling one happened to be, but with no extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labour.Chapter 2 Milton1. Life and WorkParadise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.2. Paradise Lost1 Paradise LostParadise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece.blank verse.Chapter 3 Bunyan1. LifeThe Pilgrim’s Progress was published in 1678.2. The Pilgrim’s Progress1The Pilgrim’s Progress is a religious allegory.Chapter 4 Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poetsa school of poets called “Metaphysical” by Samuel Johnson.by mysticism in content and fantasticality in formJohn Donne, the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.Chapter 6 Restoration Literature2. John DrydenThe most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden.Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the next century.Part Four: The Eighteenth CenturyChapter 1 The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature1. The Enlightenment and 18th Century England2 The Enlightenment in EuropeThe 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.3 The English EnlighternersThe representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet. Chapter 2 Addison and Steele1. Steele and The TatlerRichard SreeleIn 1709, he started a paper, The Tatler, to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers.His appeal was made to “coffeehouses,” that is to say, to the middle classes, for whose enlightenment he stood up.“Issac Bickerstaff”2. Addison and The SpectatorThe general purpose is “to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality.”They ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.Chapter 3 Pope1. LifeAlexander Pope, the most important English poet in the first half of the 18th century.3. Workmanship and LimitationPope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century.Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poery. But he lacker the lyrical gift.Chapter 4 Swift3. Bickersta f f Almanac 1708Swift wrote his greatest work Gulliver’s Travels in Ireland.Chapter 5 Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel1. The Rise of the English Novelthe realistic novel: Defoe, Swift, Richardson and FieldingSwift’s world-famous novel Gulliver’s Travel sDefoe’s Robinson Crusoe the forerunner of the English realistic novel Richardson: Pamela, Clarissa and Sir Charles GrandisonFielding was the real founder of the realistic novel in England.The novel of this period …spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage.” The novelists of this period understood that “the job of a novelist was to tell the truth about life as he saw it.”Ibid. This explains the achievement of the English novel in the 18th century.4. Robinson Crusoe1 Today Defoe is chiefly remembered as the author of Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece.Chapter 6 RichardsonSamuel RichardsonPamela was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.After Pamela, Richardson wrote two other novels: Clarissa Harlowe and Sir Charles Grandison.Clarissa is the best of Richardson’s novel.Chapter 7 Fielding the father of English novel1. LifeHis first novel Joseph Andrews was published in 1742.His Jonathan Wild appeared in 1743. It is a powerful political satire. In 1749, he finished his great novel Tom Jones.Amelia was his last novel. It is inferior to Tom Jones, but has merits of its own.3. Joseph Andrews4. Tom Jones1 The StoryFielding’s greatest work is The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling.6. Summary2 Fielding as the Founder of the English Realistic NovelAs a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation. He has been rightly called the “father of t he English novel.”Chapter 10 Johnson1. LifeSamuel Johnson, lexicographer, critic and poet.2. Johnson’s DictionaryIn 1755 his Dictionary was published.His Dictionary also marked the end of English writers’ reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.Chapter 13 Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry1. LifeThomas Gray2. Pre-RomanticismIn the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival.Pre-Romanticism was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns.Chapter 14 Blake1. LifeWilliam Blake2. Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience4. Blake’s Position in English LiteratureFor these reasons, Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century.Chapter 15 Burns1. LifeHis Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect were printed. masterpieceThe Scots Musical Museum and Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs 2. The Poetry of Burns1 Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.3. Features of Burns’ PoetryBurns is the national poet of Scotland.Part Five: Romanticism in EnglandChapter 1 The Romantic Periodthe Industrial Revolution the French RevolutionAmid these social conflicts romanticism arose as a new literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832.These were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have also been called the Lake Poets.Active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.The general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against or an escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “prison of the actual”under capitalism.Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments. The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott.Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it.Chapter 2 WordsworthColeridgeIn 1798 they jointly published the Lyrical Ballads.The publication of the Lyrical Ballads marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, ., with classicism, and the beginning of Romantic revival in England.The Preface of the Lyrical Ballads served as the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry.Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the no rthwestern part of England.His deep love for nature runs through such short lyrics as Lines Written in Early Spring, To the Cuckoo, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, My Heart Leaps Up, Intimations of Immortality and Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey. The last is called his “lyrical hymn of thanks to nature”.Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language.Chapter 3 Coleridge and Southey1. ColeridgeColeridge’s best poems, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.Chapter 4 Byron1. LifeChilde Harold’s PilgrimageHe finished Childe Harold, wrote his masterpiece Don Juan.2. Childe Harold’s PilgrimageThis long poem contains four cantos. It is written in the Soenserian stanza.3. Don JuanByron remains one of the most popular English poets both at home and abroad. Chapter 5 Shelley4. Promethus UnboundShelley’s masterpiece is Promethus Unbound, a lyrical drama in 4 acts.6. Lyrics on Nature and LoveOde to the West WindChapter 6 Keats2. Long PoemsKeats wrote five long poems: Endymion, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, Lamia and Hyperion.5 The unfinished long epic Hyperion has been regarded as Keat’s greatest achievement in poetry.3. Short Poems1 His leading principle is: “Beauty in truth, truth in beauty.”3 Ode to Autumn, Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a NightingaleChapter 10 Scott2. His Historical NovelsScott has been universally regarded as the founder and great master of the historical novel.According to the subjet-matter, the group on the history of Scotland, the group on English history and the group on the history of European countries. In fact, Scott’s literary career marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.Part Six: English Critical RealismChapter 2 DickensCharles Dickens critical realismDickens: Pickwick Papers, American Notes, Martin Chuzzlewit and Oliver Twist4 Dickens has often been compared Shakespeare for creative force and range of invention. “He and Shakespeare are the two unique popular classics that England has given to the world, and they are alike in being remembered not for one masterpiece but for creative world.”David CopperfieldChapter 3 Thackeray2. Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a HeroVanity Fair is Thackeray’s masterpiece. characters: Amelia Sedley and Rebecca Becky SharpThackeray can be placed on the same level as Dickens, as one of the greatest critical realists of 19th-century Europe.Chapter 4 Some Women Novelists1. Jane Austen 1775-1817She herself compared her work to a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square.Jane Austen wrote 6 novels: Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma and Persuasion.2. The Bronte SistersCharlotte’s maiden attempt at prose writing, the novel Professor, was rejected by the publisher, but her next novel Jane Eyre, appearing in 1847, brought her fame and placed her in the ranks of the foremost English realistic writers. Emily’s novel Wuthering Heights appeared in 1847.Anne: Agnes Grey4. George EliotMary Ann Evansthree remarkable novels: Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner 3 Silas Marner:Critical realism was the main current of English literature in the middle of the 19th century.Part Seven: Prose-Writers and Poets of the Mid and Late 19th Century Chapter 1 Carlylethe Victorian AgeChapter 3 Tennysonthe Victorian Age prose especially the novel1. Tennyson’s Life and CareerAlfred Tennyson, the most important poet of the Victorian Age.In the same year 1850 he was appointed poet laureate in succession to Wordsworth.Chapter 7 Literary Trends at the End of the Century1. NaturalismNaturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half of the 19th century.2. Neo-RomanticismStevenson was a representative of neo-romanticism in English literature. Treasure Island masterpiece3. AestheticismAestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by the French poet Theophile Gautier.The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.2 Oscar Wilde dramatistLady Windermere’s Fan, 1893; A Woman of No Importance, 1894; An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest, 1895The Importance of Being Earnest is his masterpiece in drama.Part Eight: Twentieth Century English LiteratureModernismChapter 2 English Novel of Early 20th Century3. Henry JamesHe is regarded as the forerunner of the “stream of consciousness” literature in the 20th century.Chapter 3 Hardy1. Life and WorkAmong his famous novels, Tess of the D’Urbervillies and Jude the Obscure.2. Tess of the D’Urbervilliescharacters: Tess, Alec D’Urbervillies and Angel ClareChapter 6 Bernard ShawChapter 8 Modernism in Poetry1. ImagismEzra PoundThe two most important English poets of the first half of 20th century are W. B. Yeats and T. S. Eliot.2. W. B. YeatsThe Wild Swans at Coole, Michael Robartes and the Dancer, The Tower and The Winding StairT. S. E liot has referred to Yeats as “the greatest poet of our age-certainly the greatest in this . English language.”3. T. S. EliotThe Waste Land 1922 is dignifying the emergence of Modernism.T. S. Eliot was a leader of the modernist movement in English poetry and a great innovator of verse technique. He profoundly influenced 20th-century English poetry between World Wars 1 and 2.Chapter 9 The Psychological Fiction1. D. H. LawrenceSons and Lovers1913, the first of Lawrence’s important novel s, is largely autobiographical.This shows the influence of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis,especially that of the “Oedipus complex.”The Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley’s Lover3. James JoyceUlysses 1922June 16, 1904character: Leopold BloomJames Joyce was one of the most original novelists of the 20th century. His masterpiece Ulysses has been called “a modern prose epic”.His admirers have praised him as “second only to Shakespeare in his mastery of the English language.”4. Virginia Woolf“high-brows” the Bloomsbury GroupVirginia Wolf’s first two novels, The Voyage Out and Night and Day. Jacob’s Room, Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse and OrlandoPart Nine: Poets and Novelists Who Wrote both before and after the SecondWorld WarChapter 5 E. M. ForsterEdward Morgan Forster the Bloomsbury Groupfour novels: Where Angels Fear to Tread, The Longest Journey, A Room with a View and Howards EndA Passage to India, published in 1924, is Forster’s masterpiece.In 1927, Forster published a book on the theory of fiction, Aspects of the Novel.Chapter 10 William GoldingWilliam Gerald GoldingHis first novel Lord of the FliesChapter 11 Doris LessingGolden Notebook。
刘炳善《英国文学简史》完整版笔记(汇编)
英国文学简史完全笔记Part one：early and medieval english literatureChapter 1: the making of england1 the Briton2 the Roman Consequent3 the English Consequent4 the social condition of the Anglo-SaxonsChapter 2: Beowulf<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.e.g. Homer’s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:1 Using alliteration2 Using metaphor and understatementDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P5Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasChapter 3 : Feudal England1 the Norman Conquest:①the Danish invasionKing Alfred: the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle②the Norman Conquest:Marks the establishment of feudalism in England\2 Feuda EnglandSocial features of the Feuda England：Two classes（landlord and peasant）The miseries of the peasant：Black DeathThe raising of 13813 the Romance: knightFamous three:King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfChapter 4 William LanglandPiers The Plowman耕者皮尔斯:a picture of feudal England①the exposure of the ruling classes②the story of the Cat and Rats③the marriage of lady Meed④the condition of the peasants⑤the search for truth⑥a representative of the most oppressed section of the peasantryArtistic features:It is written in the form of a dream visionUsing symbolismChapter 5 the English Bllads民谣Oral literatureBallad: is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.The Robin Hood BalladChapter 6 Geoffery Chaucer英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
英美文学史简介
英美文学史简介Part A British LiteratureⅠEarly and Medieval English Literature 早期及中世纪英国文学1. “Beowulf”, the national epic of the English people.《贝奥武夫》（Beowulf），完成于八世纪，约750年左右的英雄叙事长诗，长达3000多行。
是以古英语记载的传说中最古老的一篇。
是现存古英文文学中最伟大之作，也是欧洲最早的方言史诗。
2. Geoffrey Chaucer ,the founder of English poetry.乔叟(1343-1400),英国诗歌之父.The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》, 以一伙来自社会各个阶层的香客在宗教朝圣的路上讲述故事为线索，向我们清楚地展示了那个时代人们的生活。
在所有的23个故事中，除了两篇之外，其余都是诗歌体裁的作品。
ⅡThe Renaissance [ri′neis(ə)ns] 文艺复兴时期文学1.William Shakespeare 莎士比亚（1564～1616）英国文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗人，欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者。
莎士比亚给世人留下了37部戏剧play，其中包括一些他与别人合写的一般剧作。
此外，他还写有154首十四行诗sonnet和三、四首长诗poem。
四大喜剧： A Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人As You Like It 皆大欢喜Twelfth Night 第十二夜四大悲剧:Hamlet 哈姆雷特(To be, or not to be, that is the question)Othello 奥赛罗King Lear 李尔王Macbeth 麦克白其他：Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶2.Francis Bacon 培根（1561-1626 ）The founder of English materialist philosophy and modern science.Bacon is especially famous for his Essays.培根,英国唯物主义和现代科学奠基人,散文家.代表作：散文Of Studies 《论学习》ⅢThe period of English Bourgeois [buə′ʒwɑ:] Revolution and Restoration 资产阶级革命时期文学1.John Milton 米尔顿Paradise Lost 《失乐园》2. John Bunyan 班扬The Pilgrim’s Progress 《天路历程》ⅣEighteenth Century English Literature 十八世纪英国文学1. Daniel Defoe: 笛福Robinson Crusoe 《鲁滨逊漂流记》2. Jonathan Swift：斯威夫特Gulliver’s Travels 《格列佛游记》3. Henry Fielding 菲尔丁the Founder of the English Realistic Nov 英国现实主义小说奠基人Joseph Andrew 《约瑟夫·安德鲁》4. William Blake 布莱克and Robert Burns彭斯: PoetⅤRomanticism in England 浪漫主义时期文学1. William Wordsworth 华滋华斯the representative poet of the early romanticism. 标志着浪漫主义的开始2. George Gordon Byron 拜伦Don Juan 《唐·璜》3. Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了,春天还会远吗?4. John Keats 济慈Ode to a Nightingale 《夜莺颂》5. Jane Austen 简·奥斯汀Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》ⅥThe Victorian Age 维多利亚时期文学1. Charles Dickens 狄更斯代表作：Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》、A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》、David Copperfield 《大卫·科波菲尔》2. William Makepeace Thackeray 萨克雷代表作：Vanity Fair 《名利场》3. George Eliot 乔治·艾略特4. The Brontë Sisters 勃朗特三姐妹Charlotte Brontë夏洛蒂·勃朗特：Jane Eyre《简·爱》Emily Brontë艾米莉·勃朗特：Wuthering Heights 《呼啸山庄》Annie Brontë安妮·勃朗特5. The Brownings 勃朗宁夫妇Husband: Robert BrowningWife: Elizabeth BrowningSonnets from the Portuguese 《葡语十四行诗集》ⅦTwentieth Century English Literature 20世纪英国文学1. Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代Tess of the d’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》2. John Galsworthy 高尔斯华绥3. Oscar Wilde 王尔德Poet，dramatist, novelist and essayist.The Happy Prince and Other Tales 《快乐王子和其他故事》4. George Bernard Shaw 萧伯纳the most important English dramatist5. D. H. Lawrence 劳伦斯Lady Chatterley’s Lover 《查泰来夫人的情人》6. Virginia Woolf 伍尔芙Feminism, the stream of consciousness意识流女权主义与现代主义小说的先驱7. James Joyce 乔伊斯Ulysses《尤里西斯》the stream of consciousness意识流Part B American LiteratureⅠThe Literature During the Colonial American and the American Revolution殖民地时期及独立战争时期的文学Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林ⅡAmerican Romanticism and New England Literature 浪漫主义及新英格兰时期文学1. Washington Irving华盛顿•欧文(1783-1859)the first American to achieve an international literary reputation. 是美国文学的奠基人之一。
外国文学作品英文名称
I. Early and Medieval English Literature (5th century-15th century)1. Bewolf 《贝尔武甫》2. The Legend of King Arthur and his Round Table Knights;《亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士》“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight” 《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》3. William Langland (1330-1400) Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》4. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里•乔叟The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400)《坎特伯雷故事集》The Romanunt of the Rose 《玫瑰罗曼史》Troilus and Criseyde《特罗勒斯和克丽西德》The House of Fame《声誉之堂》II. English Literature of the Renaissance (16th century) —the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)1. Thomas More (1478-1535)Utopia (1516) 《乌托邦》2. Edmund Spenser (1552-99)The Faerie Queen (1596) 《仙后》The Shepherd’s Calendar (1597 《牧人日历》3. Christopher Marlowe (1564-93)Tamburlaine the Great (1587)《帖木儿》Dr. Faustus (1589)《浮士德博士的悲剧》The Jew of Malta (1590) 《马耳他的犹太人》The Passionate Shepherd to His Love 《多情牧童致爱人》4. William Shakespeare (1564-1616)The First Period (1590-1594)1590 Henry VI, Part II《亨利六世中篇》Henry VI, Part III《亨利六世下篇》1591 Henry VI, Part I 《亨利六世上篇》1592 Richard III《理查三世》The Comedy of Errors 《错误的喜剧》1593 Titus Andronicus《泰特斯•安德洛尼克斯》The Taming of the Shrew《训悍记》1594 The Two Gentlemen of Verona《维洛那二绅士》Love’s Labour’s Lost《爱的徒劳》Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》Two narrative poems:Venus and Adonis 《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece《露克丽丝受辱记》The Second Period (1595-1600)The second period of Shakespeare’s work is his mature period, mainly a period of “great comedies” and mature historical plays. 1595 Richard II 《理查二世》A Midsummer Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》1596 King John《约翰王》The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》1597 Henry IV, Part I《亨利四世上篇》Henry IV, Part II《亨利四世下篇》1598 Much Ado about Nothing《无事生非》Henry V《亨利五世》The Merry Wives of Windsor《温莎的风流娘儿们》1599 Julius Caesar《裘力斯•凯撒》As You Like It《皆大欢喜》1600 Twelfth Night《第十二夜》The Third Period (1601-1607)The third period of Shakespeare’s dramatic career is mainly the period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”. 1601 Hamlet《哈姆莱特》1602 Troilus and Cressida《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》1603 All’s Well That Ends Well《终成眷属》1604 Measure for Measure《一报还一报》Othello《奥瑟罗》1605 King Lear《李尔王》Macbeth《麦克白》1606 Antony and Cleopatra《安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉》1607 Coriolanus 《科利奥兰纳斯》Timon of Athens 《雅典的泰门》The Fourth Period (1608-1602)The fourth period of Shakespeare’s work is the period of romantic drama.1608 Pericles《泰尔亲王配瑞克里斯》1609 Cymbeline《辛白林》1610 The Winter’s Tale《冬天的故事》1601 The Tempest《暴风雨》1612 Henry VIII《亨利八世》5. Ben Jonson (1573-1637)Every Man in His Humor (1598)V olpone, or the Fox (1606)The Alchemist (1610) 《炼金术士》Bartholomew Fair (1614)6. Francis Bacon (1561-1626)Advancement of Learning, 1605 《学术的进展》Novum Organum, 1620《新工具》New Atlantics, 1627《新大西岛》Essays, 1597,1612,1625 《论说文集》III. English Literature during the English Bourgeois Revolution and the Restoration (17th century)1. John Milton (1608-1674)“Morning of Christ’s Nativity”(1629)“圣诞晨歌”“L’ Allegro” (1632) “欢乐的人”“Il Penseroso” (1632) “沉思的人”Areopagitica (1644)《论出版自由》Deference of the English People (1651)《为英国人民辨》Second Deference of the English People (1654)《再为英国人民辨》Paradise Lost (1667)《失乐园》Paradise Regained (1671)《复乐园》Samson Agonistes (1671)《力士参孙》2. John Donne (1572-1631)3. Andrew Marvell (1621-1678)“To His Coy Mistress”《给他羞怯的情人》4. Robert Herrick (1591-1674)“Gather ye Rosebuds while ye May”《花开堪折直须折》5. John Bunyan (1628-1688)T he Pilgrim’s Progress (1678) 《天路历程》The Life and Death of Mr. Badman (1680)Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners《罪人受恩记》6. John Dryden (1631-1700)“All for Love”《一切为了爱》“Absalom and Achitophel”“A Song for St. Ceilia’s Day, 1687”“Alexander’s Feast”“An Essay of Dramatic Poesy”IV. English Literature of the 18th Century (18th century)1. Alexander Pope (1688-1744)An Essay on Criticism (1711) 《论批评》The Rape of the Lock (1714)《夺发记》The Dunciad (1728-1742)《愚人志》Essay on Man (1732-1734)《人论》2. Richard Steele (1672-1729) and “The Tatler”《闲话》报(1709-1711)3. Joseph Addison (1672-1719) and “The Spectator” 《旁观者》报(1711-1712)4. Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)The True Born Englishman (1701)《真正的英国人》The Shortest Way with the Dissenters (1702)《消灭不同教派的捷径》Robinson Crusoe (1719)《鲁滨逊漂流记》Moll Flanders (1722)《摩尔•弗兰德》A Journal of the Plague Year (1722)《大疫年日记》5. Samuel Richardson (1689-1761)Pamela: or, Virtue Rewarded (1742)《帕美拉,或德行有报》Clarissa: or The History of a Young Lady (1747)《克莱丽莎》The History of Sir Charles Grandison (1754)《查尔斯•格兰迪森爵士的历史》6. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)The Battle of Books (1697)《书籍之战》A Tale of a Tub (1698)《一个木桶的故事》Drapier’s Letters (1724)《布商的来信》Gulliver’s Travels (1726)《格列佛游记》7. Henry Fielding (1707-1754)The Coffee-house Politician (1730)《咖啡屋政客》Don Quixote in England (1734)《堂吉诃德在英国》The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews (1742)《约瑟夫•安德鲁》The History of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great (1743)《大伟人江奈生•魏尔德伟》The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling (1749)《汤姆•琼斯》8. Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816)The Rivals (1775)《情敌》St. Patrick’s Day (1775)《圣帕特里克日》The School for Scandal (1777)《造谣学校》A Trip to Scarborough (1777)《思卡波罗之行》9. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)A Dictionary of the English Language (1755)《英语大辞典》Lives of the Poets (1779-1781)《诗人传》The Vanity of Human Wishes《人类欲望之虚幻》10. James Boswell (1740-1795)Life of Johnson《约翰逊传》11. Edward Gibbon (1737-1794)The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 《罗马帝国衰亡史》12. Laurence Stern (1713-1768)The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy (1760-67)《项狄传》A Sentimental Journey (1768)《伤感之旅》13. Oliver Goldsmith (1730-1774)The Bee (1759)《蜜蜂》The Citizen of the World (1760—1761)《世界公民》The Vicar of Wakefield: A Tale (1766)《威克菲尔牧师传》The Deserted Village (1770)《荒村》She Stoops to Conquer (1773) 《屈身俯就》14. Thomas Gray (1716-1765)Ode on the Spring (1742)春天颂Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College (1747)《伊顿颂歌》Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (1750)《墓园挽歌》The Progress of Poetry (1757) 《诗歌的进程》15. Robert Burns (1759-1796)Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (1786)《苏格兰方言诗集》“To a Mouse”“致老鼠”“To a Louse” “致虱子”“Scots Wha Hae” “苏格兰人”“My Heart’s in the Highlands”“我的心呀在高原”“Auld Lang Syne”“过去的好时光”“A Red, Red Rose” 《一朵红红的玫瑰》16. William Blake (1757-1827)Poetical Sketches (1783)《素描诗集》Songs of Innocence (1789)《天真之歌》The French Revolution (1791)《法国革命》The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1793)《天堂与地狱的婚姻》Songs of Experience (1794)《经验之歌》V. Romanticism in England — the Romantic Period (early 19th century)1. William Wordsworth (1770-1850)Lyrical Ballads (1789)《抒怀歌谣集》Lucy Poems (1799)《露西组诗》“The Solitary Reaper”(1807)“孤独的刈麦女”“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” (1807)“我似孤独流云”The Prelude (1850)《序曲》“My Hearts Leaps Up” “我的心跳了起来”Tintern Abbey 《丁登寺旁》2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)“The Fall of the Bastille” (1789)“巴士底狱的倒塌”Lyrical Ballads (1789)《抒情歌谣集》“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”(1798)“老水手谣”“Kulbla Khan”(1816)“忽必烈汗”Biographa Literaria (1817)《文学传记》3. Robert Southey (1774-1843)Joan of Arc《圣女贞德》Walt Tyler《瓦特•泰勒》The Fall of Robespierre《罗伯斯庇尔之死》The Life of Nelson 《纳尔逊传》4. George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)Hours of Idleness (1807)《懒散时刻》Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (Canto I and II 1812; Canto III 1816; Canto IV, 1818)《恰尔德哈罗德游记》Oriental Tales (1813-1816)《东方叙事诗》Don Juan (1818-1823)《唐璜》The Age of Bronze (1822)《青铜时代》5. Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)“Queen Mab”(1813)“麦布女王”“The Masque of Anarchy”(1819)“专制魔王的化妆舞会”“Ode to West Wind” (1819)“西风颂”“Song to the Men of England”(1819)“致英国人民”“England in 1819”(1819)“一八一九年的英国”“Prometheus Unbound” (1819)“解放了的普罗米修斯”“To a Skylark” (1820)“致云雀”“A Defense of Poetry”(1821)“诗辩”6. John Keats (1795-1821)“Endymion”(1818)“恩底弥翁”“Isabella; or the Pot of Basil” (1820)“伊莎贝拉”“Ode to a Nightingale” (1819)“夜莺颂”“Ode on a Grecian Urn” (1819)“希腊古瓮颂”“Ode on Melancholy” (1819) “忧郁颂”“Ode to Autumn” (1819) “秋颂”“La Belle Dame Sams Merci”(1820)“无情的美女”“Sonnet on Peace” “和平十四行诗”7. Charles Lamb (1775-1843)Essays of Elia (1823;1833)《伊利亚随笔》Tales from Shakespeare (1807) 《莎士比亚戏剧故事集》Specimens from English Dramatic Poets Contemporary with Shakespeare《莎士比亚时期英国戏剧诗人选》8. Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859)The Confession of an English Opium-Eater《一个英国吸食鸦片者的自白》9. Mary ShellyFrankenstein《弗兰肯斯坦》10. Walter Scott (1771-1832)The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border(1802-1803)《英格兰边区歌谣集》The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805) 《末代歌者之歌》The Lady of the Lake (1810)《湖上夫人》Waverly (1814)《威弗利》Guy Mannering (1815)《盖•曼纳令》Rob Roy (1817)《罗布•罗伊》Ivanhoe (1819)《艾凡赫》11. Jane Austen (1775-1817)Sense and Sensibility (1811)《理智与情感》Pride and Prejudice (1813)《傲慢与偏见》Mansfield Park (1814)《曼斯菲尔德庄园》Emma (1816)《爱玛》Northanger Abbey (1818)《诺桑觉寺》Persuasion (1818)《劝导》VI. English Critical Realism (second half of the 19th century) — the Victorian Age (1837-1901) 1. Charles Dickens (1812-1870)1836 Sketches by Box《博兹特写集》1836-1837 The Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》1837-1838 Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》1838-1839 Nicholas Nickleby《尼古拉斯•尼克贝尔》1840-1841 The Old Curiosity Shop 《老古玩店》1841 Barnaby Rudge1842 American Notes 《游美札记》1843-1845 Martin Chuzzlewit《马丁•朱速尔唯特》1843 A Christmsa Carol《圣诞欢歌》1844 The Chimes《钟乐》1845 The Cricket on the Hearth《炉边蟋蟀》1846-1848 Dombey and Son《董贝父子》1849-1850 David Copperfield 《大卫•科波菲尔》1852-1853 Bleak House《荒凉山庄》1854 Hard Times《艰难时世》1855-1857 Little Dorrit《小杜丽》1859 A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》1860-1861 Great Expectations《远大前程》1864-1865 Our Mutual Friend 《我们的共同朋友》2. William M. Thackeray (1811-63)The Book of Snobs (1847)《势利人脸谱》Vanity Fair (1847-1848)《名利场》Pendennis (1848-1850)《潘丹尼斯》The History of Pendennis (1850) 《潘丹尼斯的历史》The History of Henry Esmond (1852)《亨利•埃斯蒙德》The Newcomers (1853-1855)《纽克姆一家》The Virginians (1857-1859)《弗吉尼亚人》Lovel the Widower (1860)《鳏夫洛弗尔》Adventures of Philip (1861-1862) 《菲利普历险记》3. Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855)Jane Eyre (1847)《简•爱》Shirley (1849)《谢利》Vilette (1853)《维莱特》The Professor (1857) 《教授》4. Emily Bronte (1818-1848)Wuthering Heights (1847)《呼啸山庄》5. Anne Bronte (1820-1849 )Agnes Grey 《艾格尼丝•格雷》6. William Morris (1834-1896)News from Nowhere 《来自乌有乡之消息》A Dream of John Ball《梦遇约翰•保尔》The Earthly Paradise 《人间乐园》Chants for Socialism《社会主义歌集》7. Robert Stevenson (1850-1894)Treasure Island《金银岛》New Arabian Nights《新天方夜谭》Kidnapped《诱拐》A Child’s Garden of Verses《儿童诗园》8. Oscar Wilde (1856-1900)An Ideal Husband《理想丈夫》The Picture of Dorain Gray《道林•格雷画像》A Woman of No Importance《一个无足轻重的女人》The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要性》Lady Windermere’s Fan《温德米尔夫人的扇子》The Ballad of Reading Gaol《累丁狱之歌》The Happy Prince and Other Tales《快乐王子集》9.George Eliot (1819-1880)Adam Bede (1859)《亚当•比德》The Mill on the Floss (1860)《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》Silas Marner (1861)《织工马南》Romola (1863)《罗莫拉》Middlemarch (1871-1872)《米德尔马奇》10. Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892)11. Robert Browning (1812-1889)VII. 20th Century English Literature (20th century) — the Modernist Period (between the two world wars) 1. Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)Far from the Madding Crowd《远离㵙尘嚣》The Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》The Return of the Native《还乡》Under the Greenwood Tree《绿荫下》Tess of the D’ Urbervilles 《德伯家的苔丝》Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》Wessex Pooems《威塞克斯诗集》2. Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936)The Jungle Book (1894)《林莽丛书》The Second Jungle Book (1895)《林莽丛书之二》3. Arnold Bennett (1867-1931)The Old Wives’ Tale (1908)《老妇谭》4. E. M. Forster (1879—1970)Where Angles Fear to Tread (1905)《天使们望而却步的地方》The Longest Journey (1907)《最漫长的旅行》A Room with a View (1908)《可以远眺的房间》A Passage to India (1924)《印度之行》5. John Galsworthy (1867-1933)The Forsyte Saga (1906)《福尔赛世家》In Chancery (1920)《骑虎》The Man of Property 《有产业的人》To Let (1921)《出租》Modern Comedy 《现代喜剧》The White Monkey (1924)《白猿》The Silver Spoon (1926)《银匙》Swan Song (1928)《天鹅曲》From the Four Winds (1897)《天涯海角》The Silver Box (1906)《银匣》6. Joseph Conrad (1857-1924)The Nigger of the Narcissus (1897)《白水仙号上的黑家伙》Lord Jim (1900)《吉姆老爷》Heart of Darkness (1902)《黑暗心脏》The Secret Agent (1907)《间谍》Under the Western Eye (1911)《在西方的注视下》7. Henry James (1843-1916)8. George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)Widow’s Houses (1892)《鳏夫的房产》Mrs. Warren’s Profession (1894)《华伦夫人的职业》Arms and Man (1894)《武器与人》Man and Superman (1903)《人与超人》Major Barbara (1905)《巴巴拉上校》Pygmalion (1913)《皮格马利翁》Heartbreak House (1917)《伤心之家》9. W. B. Yeats (1865-1939)10. T. S. Eliot (1888-1965)11. D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930)The White Peacock (1911)《白孔雀》Sons and Lovers (1913)《儿子与情人》The Rainbow (1915)《虹》Women in Love (1916)《恋爱中的女人》Lady Chatterley’s Lover (1928)《恰泰莱夫人的情人》12. James Joyce (1882-1941)Dubliner (1914)《都柏林人》A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916)《年轻艺术家画像》Ulysses (1922)《尤利西斯》Finnegan’s Wake (1939)《芬尼根的觉醒》13. Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)Mrs. Dalloway (1925)《黛洛维夫人》To the Lighthouse (1927)《到灯塔去》The Waves (1931)《浪》The V oyage Out (1915)《航行》Orlando (1928)《奥兰多》14. Katherine Mansfield (1888—1923)。
英国文学史常耀信重点知识
A Survey of British LiteratureI. Early and Medieval Literature (Unit 2)1. three conquests2. the medieval period: 476 A. D—the 15th century3. Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066):--oral traditions;--“Beowulf”: the national epic--Caedmon: the first known English religious poet4. Anglo-Norman Period (1066-15th century):--Popularity of romancens;--Chaucer: the father of English poetry;--Ballads developed;5. “Beowulf”--longest; an epic; features (Pagan and Christian coloring; kenning; metaphor)6. Romance--Definition: It is a narrative verse of prose singing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. Romances are popular in the medieval period.--“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”7. Geoffrey Chaucer--the father of English literature/poetry;--The Canterbury Tales: a double fiction; the Wife of Bath‟s prologue; The Wife of Bath‟s Tale; heroic couplet)8. Ballad:--Definition:A story told in song, usually in four line stanzas, with the 2nd and the 4th lines rhymed.--Robin Hood Ballads.9. Appreciation:--from “Beowulf”--from “The Canterbury Tales”II. The Renaissance (Unit 3, Unit 4, Unit 5,Unit 6)1.three discoveries2.Renaissance--a thristing curiosity for classical literature;--a keen interest in life and human activities.3.Humanism--individualism; the joy of the present life; reason; the affirmation of self-worth--Humanism emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.4.Sonnet:--Definition: It is a poem of 14 lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure; it expresses a single idea or theme. (Thomas Wyatt first introduced it to England)5.Shakespearean sonnet:--Definition: A Shakespearean sonnet consists of three four-line stanzas (called quatrains) and a final couplet composed in iambic pentameterwith the rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg.6.Blank verse: having a regular meter, but no rhyme. (Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey)7.Spenserian stanza:--Definition: Each stanza contains nine lines in total: eight lines in iambic pentameter followed by a single 'Alexandrine' line in iambic hexameter. The rhyme scheme of these lines is "ababbcbcc."8.Appreciation:--Edmund Spenser and “The Faerie Queene”(written in blank verse)--Thomas More and “Utopia”--Christopher Marlowe‟s Dr. Faustus (Appreication); Tamburlaine;The Jew of Malta;The Passionate Shepherd to His Love;--Sonnet 18by Shakespeare (“Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer‟s Day”): time, mortality, immortality9.The first English essayist: Francis Bacon (“Of Studies”)10.Elizabethan theatre—the golden age of English drama;11.Shakespearean comedies: As You Like It; The Merchant of Venice; A MidsummerNight‘s Dream; Much Ado About Nothing; Twelfth Night12.Shakespearean tragedies: Macbeth; King Lear; Hamlet; Othello13.Shakespearean comedies:--Features: clowns, servants, jesters, fools; dramatic irony; mistaken identity, cross-dressing;--Patterns: The Green World Pattern (Sample: A Mid-summer Night’s Dream)19. Shakespearean tragedies:--Features: characters; structure; soliloquy; traveling; the role of fate/chance20. Appreciation:--“To be, or not to be” (from Hamlet) (Hamlet‟s dilemma)--“Tommorrow, tomorrow,…”(from Macbeth) (Mabeth is tired of the world; bored with life; metaphors:)III. The Period of Revolution and Restoration (the 17th century) (Unit 7)1.17th: the beginning of modern England;2.Cavalier poets:--Reflected the royalist values;--Themes: beauty, love, loyalty, morality;--Style: Direct, short, frankly erotic--Motto:“Carpe Diem”“Seize the Day”--Robert Herrick, Ben Johnson, Rochard Lovelace, etc;--Appreciation: “To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time” (Herrick; “to seize the day”)3.Metaphysical school:--the founder of the Metaphysical school: John Donne--conceit: an extended metahpor involving dramatic contrasts or far-fetched comparisons;--John Donne‟s love poems: “The Flea”;“Valediction: Forbidden Mourning”(Appreciation)--Andrew Marvell: “To His Coy Mistress”4.Puritan writers:--John Bunyanh: “The Pilgrim‟s Progress” (a religious allegory)--John Milton: “Paradise Lost” (based on The Old Testament) (…Paradise Regained”;“Samson Agonistes”) (Appreciation)IV. The 18th Century Literature—The Age of Enlightenment (Unit 8 and Unit 9)1.18th century: the golden age of English novels2.Enlightenment--an intellectual movement in Europe in the 18th century;--Reason as the guiding principle for thinking and action;--the belief in eternal truth, eternal justice, natural equality ;--a continuation of Renaissance;(Belief in the possibility of human perfection through education).3.Neo-classicism:--A revival of classical standards of order, harmony, balance, simplicity and restrained emotion in literature in the 18th century.--Alexander Pope4.“Essay on Criticism” by Alexander Pope--a manifesto of neoclassicism;--Appreciation: “A Little Learning is a Dangerous Thing…”(learning as mountain climbing; inadequate learning may impair a balanced apprecation of a poem).5.Realistic novels:--Jonathan Swift; Gulliver’s Travels; A Modest Proposal; A Tale of a Tub; The Battle of the Books;--Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe;(Appreciation)--Henry Fielding: Tom Jones; Joseph Andrews; Jonathan Wilde the Great;6. Sentimentalism--the middle and later decades of the 18th c.;--definition: passion over reason, personal instincts over social duties; the return of the patriarchal times; lamenting over the destructive effects of industrialization--Oliver Goldsmith, Thomas Gray, etc.7. The Graveyard School--subjects, style;--Thomas Gray‟s “Elegy written in a country churchyard”: structure; theme; (Appreciation)8. Pre-romanticism:--the latter half ot the 18th century;--Robert Burns: “Auld Lyne Syne”; “A Red, Red Rose”--William Blake: “Songs of Innocence” “Songs of Experience”; “The Lamb”, “The Tyger”;9. Richard Bringsley Sheridan: The School for Scandal; The Rivals;10. Oliver Goldsmith: The Vicar of Wakefield; She Stoops to ConquerV. The Romantic Period (1789-1832) (Unit 10 , Unit 11 and Unit 12)1.The Romantic period: an age of poetry2.Romanticism:--Manifesto of British Romanticism: Lyrical Ballads: co-published by Wordsworth and Coleridge--Features: individual as the center of all life and experience; from the outer world to the inner world; Passion; imagination ; Nature; pastoral; past ; Individual freedom;simple and spontaneous expression; symbolic presentations; fantastic elements;3.English Romantic Poets--Lake Poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey--The Satanic Poets: Byron; Shelley; Keats--Lyrical Ballads: the manifesto of the English Movement;4.William Wordsworth--“a worshipper of nature”;--nature and country poems: “I Wanderered Lonely as a Cloud”; “The World is Too Much with us”; “Tintern Abbey”; “To a Butterfly” “The Solitary Reaper”; “Lucy Poems”;--theories on poetry; “Poetry is a spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings; it takes its orgin from emotion recollected in tranquility.”--W ordsworth‟s view of nature: critique of materialism; a source of mental cleanliness;the guardian of the heart; the beneficial influence of nature;--Appreciation: “I Wanderered Lonely as a Cloud”; “Tintern Abbey”;5.Samuel Taylor Coleridge:“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”6. George Gordon Byron:--Byronic Hero: an idealised but flawed anti-hero created by Byron; love of freedom, hatred of tyranny, passionate, rebellious, chivalrous, arrogant, cynical, individualistic, isolated, single-handedly, melancholy--major poems by Byron: “Childe Harold‟s Pilgrimage” (Byronic Hero); “Don Juan”;“She Walks in Beauty”; “The Isles of Greece” (Appreciation)7. Percy Bysshe Shelley:--Plato‟s influence; pantheism--“Prometheus Unbound”; “Ode to the West Wind”“Prometheus Unbound”; “Ode toa Skylark”; “Queen Mab”; “A Defense of Poetry”;-- Appreciation : “Ode to the West Wind”: themes of death and rebirth; destruction and regeneration;8. John Keats-- “Ode on a Grecian Urn”; “Ode to a Nightingale”; “Ode to Autumn”; “Endymion”; “Isabella”--Appreciation: “Ode on a Greican Urn”: the powers and limitations of artVI The Victorian Literature (1832-1901) (Unit 13 and Unit 14)1. Authors and Works--William Makepeace Thackray: Vanity Fair--George Eliot: The Mill on the Floss; Silas Marner; Middlemarch; Adam Bede--Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice: Emma; Sense and Sensibility; Mansfield Park--Thomas Hardy: Far from the Madding Crowd; Tess of the D’Urbervilles; Jude the Obscure; The Return of the Native; The Mayor of Casterbridge--Charlotte Bronte:Jane Eyre; Shirley;--Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights--Oscar Wilde: The Importance of Being Earnest; A Woman of No Importance--Walter Scott: Ivanhoe;1.Bronte Sisters and the Female Gothic Tradition:--Female Gothic refers to the tradition of Gothic writing by women . . . that represents the female experience within domesticity as one of imprisonment, claustrophobia and terror.2.Appreciation:--Jane Eyre by Charolotte Bronte;--Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte;3.Naturalism--Definition:Heredity and social environment as the sha ping forces of one‟s character;to determine "scientifically" the underlying forces influencing the actions of the characters. pessimism; fatalism; detached perspective;--Appreciation: “Tess of D‟Urbervilles” by Thomas Hardy4.Aestheticism--Oscar Wilde4. Charles Dickens:--Oliver Twist; David Copperfield; A Tale of Two Cities; Hard Times; Great Expectations; The Pickwick Papers; Little Dorrit5. Poets--Alfred Tennyson: “Break, Break, Break”--Robert Browning: “My Last Duchess” (dramatic monologue)--Mathew Arnold: “Dover Beach” (Appreciation)6.Thomas Hardy--“Shakespeare of the English novel.”--novels of character and environment: Far from the Madding Crowd; Tess of the D’Urbervilles; Jude the Obscure--fatalism;--naturalistic tendencies;7. George Bernard Shaw--the greatest Irish dramatist in the 20th c.--a member of the Fabian society; reformist ideas--Plays: Mrs. Warren’s Profession; Major Barbara8. John Galsworthy--The Forsyte Saga: The Man of Property, In Chancery, and To Let.--Analysis: The Man of PropertyVII. The Modern Period (Unit 15)1. Modernism:--theorectical basis;--innovative forms;--thematic concerns;3. Steam of consciousness novel:--Bergson‟s theory of ps ychological time;--Definition:The style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character‟s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them.--Virginia Woolf and James Joyce4. Virginia Woolf--“Modern Fiction” (attacked the traditional way of novel-writing)--Mrs. Dalloway; To the Lighthouse; The Waves--Mrs. Dalloway: appreciation5. James Joyce--an Irish writer;--Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Ulysses--Ulysses (Theme, techniques)6. Psychological Fiction--Freudian‟s theories;--D. H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers; The Rainbow; Women in Love; Lady Chatterley’s Lover--Sons and Lovers: appreciation7. Other important writers:--E. M. Forster: A Passage to India; A Room with a View; Where Angels Fear to Tread;Howards End;--William Golding: Lord of the Flies;--Joseph Conrad: Heart of Darkness; Lord Jim;VIII. Postwar Literature (Unit 16)1.Existentialism--“Existence precedes essence”--Theme;2. Theatre of the Absurd--Samuel Beckett: Nobel prize--Harold Pinter: Nobel Prize--Definition--Waiting for Godot (Beckett):3. Angry Young Man:--mid-1950s;--John Osborne: Look Back in Anger4. Metafiction:--definition:--John Fowles: The French L ieutenant’s Woman5. Symbolism:--definiton;--T. S. Eliot: “The Waste Land” (spiritiual empitness and emotional impoverishment) --William Butler Yeats: “Sailing to Byzantium”;（Appreciation）“The Second Coming”; “Leda and the Swan”;。
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The term epic is often applied by extension to narratives which manifest the epic spirit and grandeur in the scale, the scope, and the profound human importance of their subjects. Examples: Herman Melville's Moby Dick; Tolstoy's War and Peace; Joyce's Ulysses The Marxist critic George Lukacs used the term bourgeois epic for all novels, which reflect the social reality of their capitalist age on a broad scale. He said:" The novel is the epic of a world that has been abandoned by God."
What is Literature?
20th century French philosopher Gill Deleuze (1925-1995) defined literature as the passage of life within language that constitutes ideas. 20世纪法国著名哲学家吉尔德勒兹认为文 学是生命构成思想时在语言内部的旅行. Profound thoughts reside in great works. Literature keeps language alive as our collective heritage.
Feudalism
The feudal system
Essentially, feudal society consisted of only two classes, the people and the nobility
Fቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱudal England
Introduction to the Periods of English Literature
Old English Period/ Anglo-Saxon period (4491066) epic Middle English Period (1066—1485) romance The Renaissance Period (1500---1660) drama The Neoclassical Period (1660---1785) essay The Romantic Period (1789---1832) Poetry
Beowulf
The earliest of the folk epics is the English Beowulf, which may have been based upon the exploits of a sixth-century Scandinavian warrior.
epic
Beowulf
Beowulf is the most monumental work in the Old English period. It is an epic poem of 3183 lines of alliterative verse , centering on the narration of the exploits of the heroic figure Beowulf, including his adventures with Grendel and his mother in Denmark and with the dragon in the land of Geats.
Literature in the AngloNorman Period(1066-1485)
Feudalism originated in the human need to band together for mutual protection in a lawless and chaotic age. Inhabitants of a particular region placed themselves under the protection of the most powerful local lord and in return for his military protection pledged certain services.
Language and poetic form of Beowulf
It was written in Old English which is a language of strong stresses and many consonants. It is highly inflectional, rich in synonyms and compound words. Each line contains 4 stresses, with a pause between the 2nd and the 3rd , thus dividing the line into two parts.
Epics deal with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance, involving action of broad sweep and grandeur. They summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant period of its history. Examples include the ancient Greek epics by the poet Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Divine Comedy by the Italian poet Dante expresses the faith of medieval Christianity. The Faerie Queen by the English poet Edmund Spenser represents the spirit of the Renaissance in England and Paradise Lost by John Milton which represents the ideals of Christian humanism.
Epic is a long narrative poem on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, centering on a heroic or quasi-divine figure, on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation or even the whole human race. It is usually highly stylized, formal and ceremonial. The epic was ranked by Aristotle as secondary only to tragedy and by many Renaissance critics as the highest of all genres.
Stylistic devices
alliteration Frequent use of compound words as metaphors :Swan-road, whale-path, sealbath=sea; Wave traveler=ship; Ringgiver=king; Shield-bearer=soldier Understatement: not troublesome =very welcome
Historical Background: the making of the nation the English
The original Celts Angles, Saxons and Jutes Danes Normans
Literature in the AngloSaxon Period (449-1066)
The Victorian Period (1832---1901) Novel The Edwardian Period (1901----1914) Modern period 1914— The Georgian Period (1910---1936) Postmodern period 1945—
Features of an epic
The hero is a figure of great national or even cosmic importance. The setting of the poem is ample in scale, maybe worldwide, or even larger. Frye argues the point about epic is its encyclopaedic scope and its cyclic structure. The action involves superhuman deeds in battle or a long arduous and dangerous journey intrepidly accomplished. In these great actions the gods and other supernatural beings take an interest or an active part.