Coordination_Games
游戏的玩法英语对话作文
In the realm of digital entertainment, video games have emerged as a prominent form of interactive media that captivates players of all ages. The intricate designs, immersive narratives, and engaging gameplay mechanics have transformed the way we experience stories and interact with virtual worlds. One of the most fascinating aspects of video games is the diversity of their play styles, which can range from strategic thinking in complex puzzles to the adrenalinepumping action of firstperson shooters.A typical day in the life of a gamer might begin with a casual conversation about the latest game releases or updates. Hey, have you tried the new Epic Quest game? I heard its got some really innovative gameplay mechanics, one might say to a friend. The friend, equally enthusiastic, might respond, Yeah, Ive been playing it nonstop. The combat system is so dynamic, and the graphics are stunning!The dialogue between gamers often revolves around the unique features of each game. For instance, discussing the strategic depth of a turnbased strategy game, one might say, I love how Tactical Triumph requires you to think several moves ahead. Its like a chess game, but with more action. Another might chime in, Absolutely, and the variety of units you can deploy adds so much depth to the gameplay.Roleplaying games RPGs are another popular genre that often sparks lively discussions. In Fantasy Realms, you can really get immersed in the characters story, a player might mention. Its not just about leveling up and fighting monsters its about making choices that affect the world around you. A fellow RPG enthusiast could add, Thats what I love about RPGs.They let you live out different lives and explore different moral dilemmas.The social aspect of gaming is also a significant part of the experience. Multiplayer games, especially online ones, foster a sense of community and competition. Did you join our guild in World Conquerors? Weve got some great players, and were always strategizing for the next big battle, one might ask. The response could be, Oh, I joined last night. The teamwork required to succeed in that game is incredible. Its like were all part of a reallife military operation.Gamers also frequently discuss the technical aspects of games, such as graphics, sound, and controls. The controls in Speed Racer X are so responsive. It feels like youre really driving the car, a player might comment. Another might agree, And the sound design is topnotch. The roar of the engine and the screeching tires are so realistic.Sometimes, the conversation might turn to the emotional impact of games. You know, Emotional Journey really got to me. The story was so moving, and I felt a real connection to the characters, one might share. A sympathetic friend could respond, I know what you mean. Games have come a long way from just being about fun and challenges. They can be truly artful and emotionally resonant.The evolution of gaming platforms is another topic that often comes up. Remember when we used to play games on our old consoles? Now, with virtual reality, its like stepping into another world, one might reminisce. Another might add, True, and with the rise of mobile gaming, you can playanywhere, anytime. Its amazing how accessible gaming has become.In conclusion, the world of gaming is rich with diverse experiences, and the conversations among gamers reflect this variety. Whether discussing the strategic nuances of a board game, the emotional depth of a narrativedriven RPG, or the thrill of a fastpaced shooter, gamers find joy in sharing their passion and insights with one another. These dialogues not only enhance the gaming experience but also contribute to a vibrant community that continues to grow and evolve alongside the everexpanding universe of video games.。
Coordination_Games
19
Game 7
1
1 Row Player 2 3
Column Player
2
350, 250 550, 550 0, 0
3
700, 0 0, 0 500, 500
350, 350 250,350 0, 700
Two Nash Equilibria at (1, 1) and (2, 2); latter is Payoff dominant; similar to Game 4
– high contributions “efficient” equilibria while low contributions “inefficient equilibria” (Rabin, 1993)
• Bryant’s (1983) Keynesian model with a continuum of underemployment equilibria • Diamond and Dybvig (1983) model of bank runs
Game 2
1
Row Player 1 2 3
Column Player
2
555, 60 625, 420 550, 645
3
585, 0 700, 495 625, 720
525, 20 505, 110 385, 200
Unique Nash equilibrium at (2, 3)
8
9
10
4
Selection Criteria in Coordination Games Cooper, Dejong, Forsythe and Ross (1990) • Is the Nash equilibrium selected?
英语作文games
Games are an integral part of human culture and have been around for centuries. They serve various purposes,from entertainment and social interaction to education and skill development.Heres a detailed look at the different aspects of games and their significance in our lives.Types of Games1.Board Games:Traditional board games like chess,Monopoly,and Scrabble have beena staple of family gatherings and friendly competitions.They require strategic thinking and often foster a sense of community.2.Video Games:With the advent of technology,video games have become incredibly popular.They range from simple puzzles to complex roleplaying games RPGs and firstperson shooters FPS.Video games are not only a source of entertainment but also a platform for storytelling and creative expression.3.Sports:Competitive sports like soccer,basketball,and tennis are physical games that promote physical fitness and teamwork.They also serve as a means of international diplomacy and cultural exchange.4.Card Games:From classic games like poker and bridge to newer card games,these are portable and can be played almost anywhere.They require a combination of skill, strategy,and sometimes,luck.cational Games:Designed to teach and reinforce learning,educational games can be found in classrooms and at home.They make learning fun and engaging for children.Benefits of Games1.Cognitive Development:Games,especially those that involve strategy and problemsolving,can help improve cognitive skills such as memory,concentration,and logical thinking.2.Social Skills:Playing games with others,whether in person or online,helps develop social skills like communication,cooperation,and empathy.3.Physical Health:Physical games and sports contribute to overall physical fitness, coordination,and health.4.Mental Health:Games can provide a healthy outlet for stress and can be a form ofrelaxation and enjoyment.5.Cultural Understanding:Games from different cultures can offer insights into the values,history,and traditions of those societies.Challenges and Considerations1.Addiction:While games are beneficial,there is a risk of addiction,especially with video games.Its important to maintain a balance and not let gaming interfere with other aspects of life.2.Violence and Aggression:Some games contain violent content that can potentially influence behavior.Its crucial to monitor the content of games,especially for younger players.3.Accessibility:Not all games are accessible to people with disabilities.There is a growing movement to make games more inclusive and accessible to everyone.4.Economic Impact:The gaming industry is a significant economic force,providing jobs and driving technological innovation.However,its also important to consider the economic impact on consumers and the potential for overspending.The Future of GamesAs technology advances,we can expect games to become more immersive and interactive.Virtual reality VR and augmented reality AR are already changing the gaming landscape,offering new experiences that blur the lines between the digital and physical worlds.In conclusion,games are a multifaceted aspect of human life that offer numerous benefits and challenges.They are a source of joy,a tool for learning,and a means of social connection.As we continue to innovate and create new forms of games,its essential to consider their impact on individuals and society as a whole.。
幼儿园日计划集体游戏以及反思目标
幼儿园日计划集体游戏以及反思目标1.今天我们一起玩捉迷藏，锻炼孩子们的动手能力和逻辑思维。
Today we will play hide and seek together, to exercisethe children's hands-on ability and logical thinking.2.通过集体游戏，让孩子们学会合作与团队精神，培养互助意识。
Through collective games, let the children learn to cooperate and team spirit, and cultivate a sense of mutual assistance.3.打游戏可以增加孩子们的互动，让他们更好地融入集体生活。
Playing games can increase children's interaction andmake them better integrate into collective life.4.风筝比赛可以培养孩子的耐心和专注力，同时锻炼动手能力。
Kite flying competitions can cultivate children'spatience and concentration, and exercise hands-on ability.5.适当的集体游戏可以促进幼儿园孩子们的身体发育和心理发展。
Proper collective games can promote the physical and psychological development of kindergarten children.6.通过集体游戏，让孩子们体验到竞争与合作的乐趣，培养他们的团队意识。
Through collective games, let children experience the fun of competition and cooperation, and cultivate their team awareness.7.今天我们一起玩“跳绳游戏”，锻炼孩子们的身体协调与平衡能力。
幼儿3~6岁粗大动作活动流程
幼儿3~6岁粗大动作活动流程英文回答：Gross Motor Activities for Toddlers Ages 3-6: A Comprehensive Guide.Introduction:Gross motor skills are essential for toddlers' physical and cognitive development. They involve using large muscle groups to coordinate movements such as walking, running, jumping, and climbing. Engaging toddlers in age-appropriate gross motor activities promotes their overall health, well-being, and learning abilities. This guide will provide a comprehensive overview of gross motor activities fortoddlers aged 3-6, including suggested activities, benefits, and safety considerations.Suggested Gross Motor Activities:1. Walking and Running:Toddlers should be encouraged to walk and runregularly as these activities strengthen their leg muscles, improve balance, and enhance coordination.2. Jumping and Hopping:Jumping and hopping activities develop leg strength, coordination, and spatial awareness. They can be incorporated into games like hopscotch or jumping over obstacles.3. Climbing and Sliding:Climbing and sliding promote upper body strength, coordination, and problem-solving skills. Supervise toddlers closely while engaging in these activities.4. Throwing and Catching:Throwing and catching activities improve hand-eyecoordination, spatial awareness, and accuracy. Use soft objects like bean bags or balls for safety.5. Balancing and Coordination Games:Balance and coordination games, such as walking on a line or balancing on one foot, help toddlers develop control, stability, and spatial awareness.Benefits of Gross Motor Activities:Physical Health: Gross motor activities promote muscle strength, flexibility, and cardiovascular health.Cognitive Development: They enhance coordination, balance, and spatial awareness, which are essential for learning and development.Social Skills: Group gross motor activities, such as games or obstacle courses, provide opportunities for toddlers to interact with others and develop social skills.Emotional Well-being: Physical activity releases endorphins, which have mood-boosting effects.Safety Considerations:Supervision: Always supervise toddlers during gross motor activities to ensure their safety.Appropriate Clothing: Dress toddlers in comfortable, loose-fitting clothing that allows for movement.Safe Environment: Ensure the environment is free from hazards and obstacles that could cause injuries.Gradual Introduction: Start with simple activities and gradually increase the difficulty as toddlers become more skilled.Conclusion:Gross motor activities are crucial for the physical, cognitive, and emotional development of toddlers aged 3-6.By engaging in age-appropriate activities, toddlers can improve their coordination, balance, strength, and spatial awareness. It is important to provide a safe environment and supervise toddlers closely during these activities. Incorporating gross motor activities into toddlers' routines will contribute to their overall health, well-being, and learning abilities.中文回答：3-6 岁幼儿粗大动作活动流程。
齐头并进的游戏作文
齐头并进的游戏作文英文回答：In terms of games that require teamwork and coordination, one that comes to mind is the game of soccer. Soccer is a sport that involves eleven players on each team, working together to score goals and prevent the opposing team from scoring. It requires constant communication, understanding of each other's strengths and weaknesses, and the ability to make split-second decisions.For example, during a soccer match, my teammate and I were on the same side of the field, trying to create a scoring opportunity. I saw an opening and quickly passedthe ball to my teammate, who was in a better position to shoot. Without even saying a word, we both understood each other's intentions and executed the play perfectly. This kind of teamwork and understanding is crucial in soccer, as it allows the team to stay one step ahead of the opponents.Another game that requires simultaneous progress is a cooperative video game. One popular example is "Overcooked," where players work together in a virtual kitchen to prepare and serve dishes. Each player has a specific role, such as chopping ingredients, cooking, or plating, and they must communicate and coordinate their actions to complete orders efficiently.In one particular level of "Overcooked," my friend and I were tasked with making a complex dish that required multiple steps. I was in charge of chopping the vegetables, while my friend handled the cooking. We had to constantly communicate and time our actions correctly to ensure the dish was prepared properly. It was challenging, but also incredibly rewarding when we successfully completed the order and received positive feedback from the virtual customers.中文回答：在需要团队合作和协调的游戏中，我首先想到的是足球。
有没有兴趣玩游戏英语作文
Do you have an interest in playing games?If so,you are not lions of people around the world find joy and excitement in various forms of games.Heres a detailed look at why games are so appealing and how they can be integrated into our daily lives.The Universal Appeal of GamesGames are a universal form of entertainment that transcends age,culture,and language barriers.They offer a platform for social interaction,mental stimulation,and sometimes even physical activity.Here are some reasons why games are so popular:1.Cognitive Benefits:Playing games,especially strategy and puzzle games,can improve cognitive skills such as problemsolving,critical thinking,and memory.2.Social Interaction:Multiplayer games provide an opportunity for people to connect with friends and make new ones,fostering a sense of community and teamwork.3.Relaxation and Stress Relief:Engaging in games can be a form of escapism,allowing individuals to unwind and temporarily forget about their daily stresses.4.Skill Development:Games can help develop various skills,including handeye coordination,strategic planning,and quick decisionmaking.5.Cultural Exposure:Playing games from different cultures can provide insights into their history,traditions,and ways of life.Types of GamesThe world of gaming is vast and diverse,catering to a wide range of interests and preferences:1.Board Games:Traditional board games like chess,Monopoly,and Scrabble are timeless classics that encourage strategic thinking and social interaction.2.Video Games:With the advancement of technology,video games have evolved into immersive experiences that can be enjoyed on various platforms,from consoles to mobile devices.3.Sports:Physical games like soccer,basketball,and tennis not only provide entertainment but also contribute to physical fitness.4.Card Games:From simple games like Go Fish to complex ones like Poker,card games offer a wide range of challenges and strategies.5.RolePlaying Games RPGs:These games allow players to assume the roles of characters in fictional settings,often involving complex narratives and character development.Incorporating Games into Daily LifeIntegrating games into your daily routine can be both enjoyable and beneficial:1.Family Game Nights:Set aside time for family members to play games together, promoting bonding and shared experiences.cational Integration:Use games as a tool for learning in educational settings, making lessons more engaging and interactive.3.Work Breaks:Encourage short gaming sessions during work breaks to help employees relax and recharge.munity Events:Participate in or organize community game events to bring people together and promote social interaction.5.Personal Development:Use games as a means for personal growth,setting goals and tracking progress within the gaming environment.In conclusion,games offer a myriad of benefits and can be a valuable addition to ones lifestyle.Whether you prefer the strategic depth of chess,the adrenaline rush of a firstperson shooter,or the immersive world of an RPG,theres a game out there for everyone.So,the next time youre looking for a way to relax,connect with others,or challenge your mind,consider turning to the world of games.。
玩游戏和打篮球英语作文
Playing games and engaging in sports activities like basketball are integral parts of a balanced lifestyle.They offer numerous benefits to both the body and the mind.Playing Games:1.Cognitive Development:Games,especially those that require strategic thinking, enhance cognitive abilities.They stimulate the brain,improving memory and problemsolving skills.2.Social Interaction:Playing games with others fosters social skills.It teaches cooperation,communication,and the importance of teamwork.3.Stress Relief:Engaging in games can be a great way to unwind and relieve stress.They provide a break from daily routines and offer a sense of accomplishment.4.Creativity:Games that involve creative thinking,such as puzzles or roleplaying games, stimulate the imagination and encourage outofthebox thinking.5.Skill Development:Certain games can help develop specific skills,such as handeye coordination,quick reflexes,and strategic planning.Playing Basketball:1.Physical Fitness:Basketball is a highintensity sport that improves cardiovascular health,strengthens muscles,and increases stamina.2.Coordination and Agility:The sport demands quick movements,jumps,and changes in direction,which enhances overall body coordination and agility.3.Discipline and Commitment:Regular basketball practice instills discipline and commitment.It teaches the importance of consistent effort and dedication to achieve goals.4.Teamwork:Basketball is a team sport that emphasizes the value of working together towards a common objective.It teaches players to trust and rely on each other.5.Confidence Building:Success in basketball can boost selfesteem and confidence. Overcoming challenges and achieving personal bests in the game can translate to a positive selfimage in other areas of life.6.Fun and Enjoyment:Above all,basketball is a fun and enjoyable activity.It allows participants to enjoy the thrill of competition and the camaraderie of the team.In conclusion,both playing games and participating in sports like basketball contribute significantly to personal development.They offer a healthy outlet for energy,promote social interaction,and provide opportunities for learning and growth.Engaging in such activities can lead to a more fulfilling and wellrounded life experience.。
关于球类的英语作文
Ball games have been an integral part of sports and recreational activities for centuries.They are not only a source of entertainment but also a means to promote physical fitness,teamwork,and competitive spirit.Here,we will explore the essence of ball games and their significance in our lives.The Variety of Ball GamesThere are numerous types of ball games,each with its own set of rules and techniques. Some of the most popular ones include:1.Soccer Football:Known as the worlds most popular sport,soccer is played with a round ball and two teams of eleven players each,competing to score goals by kicking the ball into the opponents net.2.Basketball:This game involves a team trying to score points by throwing a ball through a hoop mounted high on a backboard at each end of the court.3.Volleyball:Played on a rectangular court divided by a net,two teams of six players pass a ball over the net,aiming to ground it on the opponents court.4.Tennis:A game played on a rectangular court,usually outdoors,where two players singles or four players doubles hit a ball with a racket over a net to score points.5.Baseball:A batandball game played between two teams of nine players,who take turns batting and fielding.6.Rugby:A contact team sport that originated in England,in which two teams of fifteen players each compete to score points by carrying,passing,and kicking a ball.Health Benefits of Playing Ball GamesPlaying ball games offers a multitude of health benefits:1.Cardiovascular Fitness:Most ball games involve running and jumping,which help to improve heart health and endurance.2.Muscle Strength and Tone:The physical exertion in these games helps to build and strengthen muscles throughout the body.3.Balance and Coordination:Ball games require players to move in various directions,enhancing their balance and coordination skills.4.Mental Agility:The need to make quick decisions and strategize during games sharpens the mind and improves cognitive function.5.Stress Relief:Engaging in sports can be a great way to relieve stress and promote a sense of wellbeing.Social and Psychological BenefitsBeyond the physical advantages,ball games also foster social and psychological growth:1.Teamwork:Players learn the importance of working together towards a common goal.munication Skills:Effective communication is crucial in coordinating plays and strategies.3.Discipline and Commitment:Regular practice and adherence to rules instill discipline and commitment.4.SelfEsteem:Success in games can boost selfesteem and confidence.5.Cultural Exchange:Ball games often bring people from diverse backgrounds together, promoting cultural understanding and exchange.The Role of Ball Games in EducationIn educational settings,ball games play a significant role in the holistic development of students:1.Physical Education:They are a key component of physical education programs, teaching students about sportsmanship and physical health.2.Extracurricular Activities:Participation in sports teams can enrich students school experience and provide opportunities for leadership and social interaction.3.Character Building:Sports teach valuable life lessons such as respect for authority, handling victory and defeat gracefully,and the importance of hard work.In conclusion,ball games are more than just a form of entertainment they are acomprehensive package of physical,mental,and social development.They offer a platform for individuals to learn,grow,and connect with others,making them an essential part of our lives.Whether played professionally or for leisure,ball games continue to be a universal language that brings people together.。
如何促进手眼协调英语作文
如何促进手眼协调英语作文Hand-eye coordination is an essential skill that allows individuals to perform tasks requiring the simultaneous use of their hands and eyes. It is crucial in various activities, such as playing sports, engaging in art and craft projects, and performing everyday tasks. As such, there are several ways to promote and improve hand-eye coordination to ensure individuals can effectively and efficiently complete these tasks.Firstly, engaging in physical activities that require hand-eye coordination is an effective way to enhance this skill. Sports such as basketball, tennis, and badminton require players to constantly track the movement of the ball or shuttlecock while using their hands to hit or catch it. Additionally, activities like juggling, playing catch, and even dancing can help improve hand-eye coordination.Furthermore, practicing fine motor skills is another wayto promote hand-eye coordination. Activities such as coloring, drawing, and writing involve precise movements of the hands and fingers while coordinating with visual input. Similarly, building models, assembling puzzles, and playing withbuilding blocks can help individuals develop better hand-eye coordination.In addition to physical activities, there are various exercises and games designed specifically to improve hand-eye coordination. These may include target-based games like darts, archery, and shooting sports, as well as video games that require quick reflexes and precise hand movements. Such activities can be both enjoyable and beneficial forindividuals looking to enhance their hand-eye coordination skills.Moreover, incorporating sensory integration activitiescan also be effective in promoting hand-eye coordination.These activities involve stimulating different senses, such as touch, vision, and proprioception, to improve the coordination between the hands and eyes. Examples of sensory integration activities include playing with sensory bins, using playdough, and engaging in sensory-based art and craft projects.It is important to note that consistency is key when it comes to improving hand-eye coordination. Regular practice and participation in these activities can lead to significant enhancements in this skill. Additionally, individuals should be encouraged to challenge themselves and gradually increase the level of difficulty in the activities they engage in to further improve their hand-eye coordination.In conclusion, promoting hand-eye coordination is essential for individuals to effectively carry out various tasks in their daily lives. Engaging in physical activities, practicing fine motor skills, playing specific games, andincorporating sensory integration activities are all effective methods for improving hand-eye coordination. By consistently participating in these activities, individuals can develop and enhance this crucial skill, allowing them to perform tasks requiring hand-eye coordination with precision and accuracy.。
游戏的好处英语作文
Playing games is a popular pastime that offers a multitude of benefits,both for individuals and society as a whole.Here are some of the advantages of engaging in gaming activities:1.Enhanced Cognitive Skills:Games,especially strategy and puzzle games,can improve memory,concentration,and problemsolving abilities.They challenge the brain to think critically and creatively.2.Stress Relief:Engaging in games can be a form of escapism,allowing players to momentarily forget about their daily stresses and anxieties.This can lead to a more relaxed state of mind and improved mental health.3.Social Interaction:Multiplayer games foster social skills by encouraging communication,teamwork,and cooperation among players.This can be particularly beneficial for individuals who may have difficulty socializing in reallife settings.4.Physical Health:While many games are sedentary,there are active gaming options, such as those requiring physical movement or coordination.These can help improve physical fitness and coordination.cational Value:Educational games can teach new concepts and skills in a fun and engaging way.They can be particularly effective for children,who may be more receptive to learning through play.6.Cultural Exposure:Games often incorporate elements of different cultures,providing players with insights into various traditions,histories,and societal norms.7.Development of New Skills:Video games,in particular,can help develop a range of skills,including handeye coordination,quick decisionmaking,and spatial awareness.8.Sense of Achievement:Completing levels or winning games can provide a sense of accomplishment and boost selfesteem.This can be especially important for individuals who may struggle to find success in other areas of life.9.Economic Benefits:The gaming industry is a significant economic driver,providing jobs and contributing to technological advancements.10.Lifelong Learning:Games can stimulate a lifelong love of learning,as players often seek to improve their skills and knowledge to excel in their gaming experiences.In conclusion,while its important to maintain a balance and not overindulge in gaming, the benefits of playing games are numerous and can contribute positively to an individuals overall wellbeing and development.。
Cognitive Games and Cognitive Traps
1
Introduction
Cognition is costly; thinking and memorizing, enlisting financial or engineering experts and lawyers, or brainstorming with others consumes resources (in amounts that depend on the urgency to act, the cognitive load or the context) and is strategic. This paper considers the implications of costly cognition in a multi-player context. It defines cognitive games as twostage games in which players at stage 1 privately select information structures for themselves or other players, and then play at stage 2 an arbitrary, normal or extensive form game under the resulting information structures. A recurrent theme is that individually optimal and anticipated cognitions can, under some circumstances, be expected to be “strategic complements”: A higher level of anticipated cognitive activity raises a suspicion and incentivizes the player to indeed engage in more cognition. Section 2 introduces expectation-conformity. (Unilateral) expectation conformity (EC) holds if there exist a player i ∈ I , two information structures Fi and Fi for player i, and an information
玩游戏的好处英语作文
Playing games is a popular pastime that offers a myriad of benefits.Here are some of the advantages of engaging in this activity:1.Enhanced Cognitive Skills:Games,especially those that involve strategy and problemsolving,can improve memory,concentration,and critical thinking.They challenge the brain to process information quickly and efficiently.2.Stress Relief:Engaging in games can provide a healthy outlet for stress and anxiety. They offer a temporary escape from daily pressures,allowing players to relax and unwind.3.Improved HandEye Coordination:Many games require precise movements and quick reflexes,which can help improve handeye coordination and fine motor skills.4.Social Interaction:Multiplayer games foster social interaction and teamwork.They provide opportunities to communicate and collaborate with others,enhancing interpersonal skills.cational Value:Educational games can teach new concepts and skills in a fun and interactive way.They can make learning more engaging,especially for children.6.Cultural Exposure:Games often incorporate elements of different cultures,providing players with insights into various traditions and histories.7.Physical Activity:While many games are sedentary,there are also active video games that require players to move,promoting physical fitness and a healthier lifestyle.8.Creativity Boost:Games that allow for creative expression,such as sandbox games or those with level editors,can stimulate the imagination and foster creativity.9.Time Management:Playing games can help develop time management skills,as players often need to allocate time effectively to achieve ingame goals.10.Sense of Achievement:Completing levels or winning games can provide a sense of accomplishment and boost selfesteem.11.Learning Resilience:Games often involve overcoming challenges and setbacks, teaching players to be resilient and to learn from failures.12.Entertainment Value:Ultimately,games provide entertainment and enjoyment, contributing to a balanced lifestyle.In conclusion,while its important to maintain a healthy balance and not overindulge, playing games can have a positive impact on various aspects of life,from cognitive development to social skills.。
玩电脑游戏英语作文
Playing computer games has become an integral part of modern life,especially for teenagers and young adults.These digital experiences offer a variety of genres,from actionpacked adventures to strategic simulations and everything in between.The Appeal of Computer GamesThe allure of computer games lies in their ability to provide an immersive experience. Players can step into the shoes of a hero,a strategist,or even a virtual world explorer. The graphics and sound design enhance the realism,making the gaming experience more engaging and enjoyable.Types of Computer Games1.Action Games:These games are fastpaced and require quick reflexes and decisionmaking.They often involve combat,racing,or platforming elements.2.RolePlaying Games RPGs:Players assume the role of a character in a fictional setting and take part in a narrativedriven adventure.RPGs often include character development and interaction with other characters.3.Strategy Games:These games challenge players to think critically and plan their moves carefully.They can range from turnbased board games to realtime military simulations.4.Puzzle Games:Designed to test players problemsolving skills,these games often involve logic puzzles or pattern recognition.5.Simulation Games:These games aim to replicate realworld activities such as flying an airplane,managing a city,or even running a farm.Benefits of Playing Computer Games1.Cognitive Skills:Computer games can improve cognitive abilities such as problemsolving,handeye coordination,and spatial awareness.2.Relaxation:After a long day,playing a game can be a great way to unwind and destress.3.Social Interaction:Many games offer multiplayer options,allowing players to connect with friends or make new ones in the gaming community.cational Value:Some games are designed with educational content,teaching history,science,or language skills in an entertaining way.The Dark Side of GamingWhile there are many benefits,excessive gaming can lead to negative consequences such as addiction,social isolation,and neglect of other responsibilities.Its important for players to maintain a balance between gaming and other aspects of life.ConclusionIn conclusion,computer games are a popular form of entertainment that can offer both fun and educational experiences.However,its crucial for players to be mindful of the time spent gaming and to ensure it doesnt interfere with their health,relationships,and personal goals.Moderation and awareness are key to enjoying the world of computer games responsibly.。
博弈论 战略分析入门第四章课后题答案
Instructor’s Guide to Game Theory: A Nontechnical Introduction to theAnalysis of StrategyChapter 4. Nash Equilibrium1.Objectives and ConceptsThe principle objective of this chapter is to introduce the Nash equilibrium and to convey some notion of the range of possibilities and applications, including the possibilities that there may be no Nash equilibria in pure strategies and the possibility that there may be plural Nash equilibria. (Since mixed strategy equilibria are not introduced until Chapter 8, it is not possible to give a meaningful definition of pure strategies at this point, and is necessary to talk around it a bit.) Important subsidiary concepts are coordination games and Schelling points (or focal point equilibria), heuristic methods of finding the Nash equilibria, such as underlining, and refinement of Nash equilibrium.The chapter begins with an example that is based on Warren Nutter’s game-theoretic version of Bertrand competition, except that in this instance a kind of quality competition is considered. The solution to this game can be found by iterated elimination of dominated strategies (which will not be covered until Chapter 11) and reflects the intuition that it is best to be just one step ahead of the competition. Thus, while it does not have a dominant strategy equilibrium, it has some dominated strategies and a unique Nash equilibrium, and hopefully forms a natural bridge from the study of dominant strategy equilibrium.Games with plural equilibria are introduced with the game of Choosing Radio Formats. The idea that history (or other clues) can establish a Schelling point also comes in with this example. The Market Day game reinforces the idea that plural Nashequilibria can have explanatory value – explaining the persistence of what seem to be arbitrary conventions. Games without Nash equilibria (in pure strategies) are introduced with an escape-evasion game. This is an important category in itself, though the most important applications are in differential games and thus beyond the scope of the book.Accordingly, the concepts areNash EquilibriumUnique Nash EquilibriaFinding Nash EquilibriaPlural Nash EquilibriaThe difficulty of choosing among plural Nash equilibriaSchelling PointsCustom, convention and history as Schelling pointsSchelling points from the logic of the gameRefinementGames without Nash equilibria in pure strategies2. Common Study ProblemsStudents who have not yet grasped the best-response idea will find Nash equilibria even more difficult than dominant strategy equilibria. This is the crisis point for students who have not “got” best response. The best response tables (such as table 2 in the chapter) are designed to make this a little easier, so urge the student to rely on them and on underlining as intermediate steps in their analysis. I sometimes suggest to mystudents that they physically move their fingers along the column or row to pick out the biggest payoff. Making the solution as mechanical as possible will help students over that hump. Another (less troubling) problem is the relationship between Nash and dominant strategy equilibria. Taking dominant strategy equilibria first is a pedagogical convenience, since it is a little easier and will be familiar to students who have seen the Prisoner’s Dilemma in another class, but it can produce the impression that dominant strategy equilibria are not Nash equilibria. The Venn diagram (Figure 1) is meant to speak to that problem, and may need some stress in class.3. For Business StudentsThe key business concepts for this chapter are strategies of location and market niche, in the Location, Location, Location example, but also in the Radio Formats example and in the Hairstyle example in the exercises and discussion questions.4. Class AgendaFirst hour:1)Quiz on earlier material2)Introductory presentation: Nash Equilibria•Assignments3)Discussion: The Blonde Problem AgainSecond Hour:1)Discussion of quiz and assignments2)Play a coordination game in class, with random matching and without discussion.A handout description of the game is given on the next page.Another Random-Matching Two-Person GameOnce again, each person chooses between the strategies of collusion or defecting from the collusive arrangement.Put in your name and circle one of the two statements: either "my strategy is collude" or "my strategy is defect." Your instructor will tell you whether to follow directions A) or B) below.A)After you turn it in, your strategy choice will be matched with that of anotherclass member AT RANDOM, and your bonus points will be based on the payofftable above. There is to be no discussion of your strategy choices.B)You will be matched with your neighbor and may discuss your strategy choice ifyou wish.Payoffs are in GameBucks.TableArt's StrategyCollude DefectCollude (3,3)(0,2)Bob's StrategyDefect(2,0)(1,1)What will you do? Go for the big reward with a "collude" strategy or protect yourself with an "defect" strategy?Student name ____________________________My strategy is (circle one)ColludeDefect3)Discussion:a.Results of the in-class game.b.Give other examples of Schelling points in coordination games. Ideally,these should come from the students, but the following instances maystimulate the discussion if it comes slowly:i.Driving on the right or left-hand side of the road.ii.Speaking the same language.iii.Choosing a profession. Assumption: if both choose the sameprofession, it does not pay well because it is too crowded. Howmany business majors in the class? Engineering? Communications,etc?5. Answers to Exercises and Discussion Questions1.Solving the Game. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of NashEquilibrium as a solution concept for noncooperative games.Nash equilibrium is based on the idea that each player chooses the best response tothe strategy chosen by the other player. This is a clear concept of rationality wheneach person chooses in isolation from the other. Among the shortcomings are 1)Nash equilibrium may not be unique, posing the problem of determining which oftwo or more Nash equilibria may actually be chosen by rational agents, and 2) considering only the list of strategies for the game in normal form, that is, the“pure” strategies, there may not be a Nash equilibrium.2.Location, Location, Location (Again) Not all location problems have similarsolutions. Here is another one: Gacey's and Mimbel's are deciding where to puttheir stores in Metropolis, the town across the river from Gotham City. The three strategies for Metropolis are to locate downtown, in Old Town, or in the Garden District. The payoffs are shown in Table E1.Table E1 Payoffs in a New Location GameGacey'sDowntown Old Town Garden DistrictDowntown70,6060,12080,100Old Town110,7040,40120,110Mimbel'sGardenDistrict120,80110,12050,50Does this game have Nash equilibria? What strategies, if so? Which strategies would you predict that Gacey's and Mimbel's would choose? Compare and contrast this game with the location game in the chapter. What would you say about the relative importance of congestion in the location decisions of the firms in the two cases?A table modified to show the highest payouts for each player for each decision is as follows:Gacey's Downtown Old Town Garden District Downtown 70, 6060, 12080, 100Old Town110, 7040, 40120, 110M i m b e l 's Garden District 120, 80110, 12050, 50There are two Nash Equilibria. When Gacey’s locates in Old Town, Mimbels will locate in the Garden District, and vice versa. Which solution will actually be chosen is not definite.This problem is different from the one in the chapter since there are 2 NashEquilibriums instead of one, which requires a little guesswork as to which one will be the final solution. It is similar in that there is not a dominant strategy equilibrium.Congestion must be more of a problem in this scenario than in the chapterproblem. There is never a Nash equilibrium when both pick the same site. This could be explained by the congestion problem3. Drive on. Two cars meet, crossing, at the intersection of Pigtown Pike and Hiccup Lane. Each has two strategies: wait or go. The payoffs are shown in Table E2.Table E2. The Drive On Game Mercedeswait go wait0,01,5Buick go 5,1-100,-100Discuss this game, from the point of view of noncooperative solutions. Does it have a dominant strategy equilibrium? Does it have Nash equilibria? What strategies, if so? Would you predict which strategies rational drivers would choose in this game?Which? Why? Pigtown Borough has decided to put a stoplight at this intersection. How could that make a difference in the game?Here is a table modified to show the maximum payout for each driver:Mercedes Wait Go Wait0, 05, 1B u i c kGo 5, 1-100,-100Once again, there are 2 Nash Equilibria. They are for the Buick to wait and the Mercedes go, or vice versa.To determine which will happen requires guesswork. The personality of thedrivers might determine what happens. If I were in the Mercedes, I would probably not want to risk an expensive car getting damaged. Someone else, say in a CL600, mightfigure that his car is faster and that he can beat the other driver. Also, one of the drivers might just wave the other on rather than have both wait or both go.It is possible that both drivers might wait rather than run the risk of an accident, i.e. choose a risk dominant strategy.The stoplight would provide a Schelling Point to select for the equilibrium at which the driver with the green light chooses go.4. Rock, Paper, Scissors. Here is another common school-yard game called Rock, Paper, Scissors. Two children (we will call them Susan and Tess) simultaneously choose a symbol for rock, paper or scissors. The rules for winning and losing are:Paper covers rock (paper wins over rock)Rock breaks scissors (rock wins over scissors)Scissors cut paper (scissors win over paper)The payoff table is shown as Table E3.Table E3. Rock, Paper, ScissorsSusanpaper stone scissors.paper0,01,-1-1,1Tessstone-1,10,01,-1scissors1,-1-1,10,0Discuss this game, from the point of view of noncooperative solutions. Does it have a dominant strategy equilibrium? Does it have Nash equilibria? What strategies, if so? How do you think the little girls will try to play the game?Here is a table modified to show the best responses.Susanpaper stone scissors.paper0,01,-1-1,1Tessstone-1,10,01,-1scissors1,-1-1,10,0We see that there are no dominant strategies, nor are there Nash equilibriain terms of the strategies shown here. We have no basis (so far) to decide how the girls will play the game.NOTE TO INSTRUCTOR For the purist, it is not correct to say here that “thereare no Nash equilibria,” since this game has a mixed-strategy equilibrium. But, of course, we will not cover mixed strategy equilibria until a later chapter. Thecorrect statement is that there is no equilibrium in pure strategies.5. The Great Escape. Refer to Chapter 2, Question 2.Discuss this game, from the point of view of noncooperative solutions. Does it have a dominant strategy equilibrium? Does it have Nash equilibrium? What strategies, if so? How can these two opponents each rationally choose a strategy?WardenGuard walls Inspect cellsclimb No escape, success inpreventing escape Escape,failurePrisonerdig Escape,failure No escape, success inpreventing escapeThe numerical payoffs can be assigned in many different ways. Here is a simple version that interprets “no escape” as minus one for the prisoner, plus one for the warden, and “escape” as vice versa. As the underlines show, there is no Nash equilibrium. Thus far, we have no basis to say how a rational person would choose strategies in this case.WardenGuard walls Inspect cellsclimb-1,11,-1Prisonerdig1,-1-1,16. Sibling Rivalry. Refer to Chapter 2, Question 1.Discuss this game, from the point of view of noncooperative solutions. Does it have a dominant strategy equilibrium? Determine all the Nash equilibria in this game. Do some Nash Equilibria seem likelier to occur than others? Why?Irismath litmath 3.7, 3.8 4.0, 4.0Julialit 3.8, 4.0 3.7, 4.0If the siblings act independently, rationally and with self- interest (non-cooperatively), we can find two Nash equilibrium's strategies: (literature, math), (math, literature).We note that there is a Schelling point in this game: (Math, Lit) yields a certain 4.0 for both girls, which is a reason it might attract attention, and probably is more likely to be observed.7. Hairsyle.Shaggmopp, Inc. and Shear Delight are hair-cutting salons in the same strip mall, each groping for a market niche. Each can choose one of three styles: punker, contemporary sophisticate, or traditional. Those are their strategies. They already have somewhat different images, based on the personalities of the proprietors, as the names may suggest. The payoff table is shown as Table E4.Table E4. Payoffs for HaircuttersShearpunker sophisticate traditionalpunker35,2050,4060,30Shaggmoppsophisticate30,4025,2535,55traditional20,4040,4520,20Are there any dominant strategies in this game? Is there a dominant strategy equilibrium? Are there any Nash equilibria? How many? Which? How do you know?Once again, here is the modified table:ShearPunkerSophisticate Traditional Punker 35, 2050, 4060, 30Sophisticate 30, 4025, 2535, 55S h a g g m o p pTraditional20, 4040, 4520, 20Shaggmopp’s best strategy is to go punker regardless of what Shear does. This is his dominant strategy. Since Shear has no such dominant strategy, there is no dominant strategy equilibrium.The only Nash equilibrium is when Shear decides to go with the sophisticate look.Since Shear knows that Shaggmopp will probably go punk rather than sophisticate, it will choose sophisticate.6. Quiz questionPlaced on the next page for convenience in copying and printing.Student name ____________________________Quiz – Game TheoryFelix and Oscarina share their home with two cats. Felix, who has a sharp sense of smell, would like for the cat boxes to be cleaned twice a week. Oscarina, whose sense of smell is less acute, would be satisfied if they were cleaned once a week. Each would prefer not to be the one to clean the cat boxes. Their payoffs are shown on the following table.Oscarinadon't clean clean once clean twicedon't clean-5,-30,-17,-5Felixclean once-2,45,26,-4clean twice0,51,32,-3Find any and all Nash equilibria for the catbox game? Are there dominated strategies? Which? Is there a dominant strategy equilibrium? Explain.Answer:A payoff table with best responses underlined follows:Oscarinadon't clean clean once clean twicedon't clean-5,-30,-17,-5Felixclean once-2,45,26,-4clean twice0,51,32,-3The Nash equilibrium is where Felix cleans the cat box twice and Oscarina never cleans. “Clean twice” is a dominated strategy for Oscarina. Since the best response for each person depends on the strategy chosen by the other, there is no dominant strategy equilibrium.It seems that Felix, whose need is greater, will empty the catbox, if the two companions act noncooperatively. Now, it may seem odd that people who live together would act noncooperatively , but life is strange, and odd things do happen. However, a couple of years ago, Oscarina gave Felix a Christmas present – a year of catbox cleaning – and has renewed the gift, so love triumphs after all.。
电子游戏英语词汇大全学习游戏类型游戏机制和游戏开发的英文英语词汇
电子游戏英语词汇大全学习游戏类型游戏机制和游戏开发的英文英语词汇电子游戏已经成为了现代人娱乐生活中不可或缺的一部分。
无论是玩家还是游戏开发者，理解和掌握相关的英语词汇对于参与游戏行业是非常重要的。
本文将介绍一些常见的电子游戏类型、游戏机制以及游戏开发过程中常用的英语词汇，帮助读者更好地了解电子游戏领域的词汇。
一、电子游戏类型（Types of Games）1. 动作游戏（Action Games）- 这类游戏侧重于玩家对游戏角色的操作和反应能力。
常见的动作游戏有《魂斗罗》（Contra）、《合金装备》（Metal Gear Solid）等。
2. 射击游戏（Shooting Games）- 这类游戏通常是玩家利用角色进行射击，主要目标是击败敌人。
比较有名的射击游戏有《使命召唤》（Call of Duty）、《战地之王》（Battlefield）等。
3. 角色扮演游戏（Role-playing Games）- 这类游戏玩家扮演一个虚拟角色，在游戏中进行成长和发展。
著名的角色扮演游戏有《最终幻想》（Final Fantasy）、《巫师》（The Witcher）等。
4. 冒险游戏（Adventure Games）- 在冒险游戏中，玩家需要解谜、探索并完成各种任务。
典型的冒险游戏包括《古墓丽影》（Tomb Raider）、《生化危机》（Resident Evil）等。
5. 策略游戏（Strategy Games）- 这类游戏需要玩家制定长期和短期策略来达到游戏目标。
知名的策略游戏有《魔兽争霸》（Warcraft）、《文明》（Civilization）等。
二、游戏机制（Game Mechanics）1. 反应时间（Reaction Time）- 这是指玩家对游戏内事件的快速反应能力，通常与游戏中的敏捷程度相关。
2. 策略制定（Strategy Formation）- 玩家制定的长期和短期策略，包括资源管理、战术部署等。
关于游戏的英语作文
Games are an integral part of many peoples lives,offering a myriad of benefits and a source of entertainment.Here is an essay exploring the world of games and their impact on individuals and society.The Allure of Games:A Gateway to Fun and LearningIn the digital age,games have transcended the boundaries of mere entertainment to become a cultural phenomenon.They are not just a pastime but a multifaceted experience that engages players on various levels.The Evolution of GamingThe history of games dates back to ancient civilizations,where board games were played for strategy and leisure.With the advent of technology,video games emerged,offering interactive experiences that could be enjoyed in the comfort of ones home.From the simple pixelated graphics of early consoles to the realistic renderings of modern gaming, the evolution of games has been nothing short of revolutionary.Types of GamesGames come in a multitude of genres,catering to diverse interests and age groups.Action games provide adrenalinepumping excitement,while puzzle games challenge the mind and improve cognitive skills.Roleplaying games RPGs immerse players in rich narratives and complex worlds,allowing them to assume different identities and make decisions that shape the games outcome.The Benefits of GamingGaming offers numerous benefits beyond mere entertainment.It can enhance problemsolving abilities,improve handeye coordination,and foster strategic thinking. Moreover,multiplayer games promote social interaction and teamwork,as players collaborate to achieve common goals.The Impact on SocietyThe influence of games on society is profound.They have become a significant part of popular culture,inspiring movies,merchandise,and even academic studies.The gaming industry has also created job opportunities in areas such as game design,programming,and marketing.Challenges and ConcernsDespite the positive aspects,gaming also faces criticism.Concerns about excessive screen time,addiction,and the potential for violent content in games are valid considerations.It is essential for players,especially young ones,to maintain a balanced lifestyle and engage in other activities besides gaming.The Future of GamingAs technology advances,the future of gaming looks promising.Virtual reality VR and augmented reality AR are set to transform the gaming landscape,offering more immersive and interactive experiences.The integration of artificial intelligence AI will further enhance game dynamics,creating more adaptive and challenging gameplay. ConclusionGames are more than just a form of entertainment they are a cultural force that shapes and reflects society.As we navigate the digital landscape,it is crucial to appreciate the value of games while being mindful of their potential pitfalls.By doing so,we can ensure that gaming remains a positive and enriching part of our lives.。
小学上册第十一次英语第4单元期末试卷(含答案)
小学上册英语第4单元期末试卷(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.Which animal is known for its intelligence?A. DogB. CatC. DolphinD. Parrot答案: C2.The salamander can regenerate its _________ (肢体).3. A substance that cannot be broken down is called an ______.4.The capital of Tajikistan is __________.5.Plants can help prevent _______ erosion.6.The chemical symbol for europium is ______.7.The chemical formula for lead(II) oxide is _____.8.My friend is very ________.9.Metals are usually good ______ of heat.10.My best friend lives next ____.11.I help my sister with her __________. (任务)12.The first person to fly in space was _______ Gagarin.13.The bronze age followed the ________ age.14.I love to celebrate ______ with my family.15.We will have a picnic in the _______.16.My pet hamster likes to run on a _______.17.The chemical name for rust is ______.18.We visit the ______ (博物馆) for educational trips.19.Practicing good ______ techniques can lead to a productive garden. (实践良好的园艺技巧可以带来丰收的花园。
小学上册第九次英语第1单元测验卷(有答案)
小学上册英语第1单元测验卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1. A crab scuttles sideways on the _______.2.During recess, we play ________ (捉迷藏) and have a lot of ________ (乐趣).3.古代中国的________ (silk) 是一种重要的贸易商品。
4. A kitten loves to chase ________________ (玩具).5.The ____ lives in a den and is cunning.6.What is the main ingredient in chocolate?A. SugarB. CocoaC. FlourD. Milk答案: B7. A ________ is an area of land that is mostly covered in trees.8.My favorite game is ________ (国际象棋). I play it with my ________ (兄弟).9.My pet ______ (兔子) loves to eat fresh greens.10. A _______ can be used to measure the speed of a falling object.11.The ancient Greeks contributed greatly to ________ and the arts.12.The process of hydrolysis involves breaking down compounds using __________.13.The __________ (历史的多元叙事) enhance comprehension.14.I think a _______ (小蛇) is fascinating because of its smooth body.15.What is the name of the first man on the moon?A. Neil ArmstrongB. Buzz AldrinC. Yuri GagarinD. John Glenn答案: A16.We have _____ (很多) fun games.17.I have a ______ of marbles. (bag)18.The country known for pyramids and pharaohs is ________ (埃及).19.My brother often plays _______ (名词) with his friends. 他觉得这个游戏很_______ (形容词).20.My cousin is a ______. She loves to play video games.21.My brother is a _____ (学生) who excels in sciences.22.The ______ (小鸟) builds a nest in the ______ (树上) to keep its eggs safe.23.The library is full of _______ (books).24.The capital of the Netherlands is __________.25.给下列图片选择恰当的语句，并把序号填在波浪线上。
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Interpretation
• The cooperative outcome now is (2, 2) • If players place the same prior probability on their opponent playing the dominated strategy in Game 7 (8) as they did in Game 4 (3) the outcome observed in these two games should be the same • If players place positive probability on their opponent playing the cooperative strategy rather than the dominated strategy players should expect that their opponent is more likely to play strategy 2 in Game 7 (8) as opposed to Game 4 (3).
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Game 6
1
1 Row Player 2 3
Column Player
2
350, 250 550, 550 0, 650
3
700, 0 650, 0 600, 600
350, 350 250,350 0, 700
Two Nash Equilibria at (1, 1) and (2, 2); latter is Payoff dominant; Joint maximum at (3, 3) but strategy 3 is dominated by both 1 and 2
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Game 4
1
1 Row Player 2 3
Column Player
2
350, 250 550, 550 0, 0
3
700, 0 0, 0 600, 600
350, 350 250,350 0, 700
Two Nash Equilibria at (1, 1) and (2, 2); latter is Payoff dominant; Joint maximum at (3, 3) but strategy 3 is dominated by strategy 1
• • • • Work norms Location of industries – economic geography Development of urban neighbourhoods Adoption of technology/diffusion of innovations – QWERTY keyboard • Contributions to public goods
1
Battle of the Sexes
Opera Opera Boxing
Three equilibria
A third equilibrium in mixed strategies
2
Boxing 0, 0 1, 2
2, 1 0, 0
Stag-Hunt Games
(Rousseau – A Discourse on Inequality, 1755)
14
• In Games 5 and 6 the threat of getting zero from failed coordination has been removed
– In Games 3 and 4 if one player chooses 2 while the other chooses 3 then both players get zero
4
Selection Criteria in Coordination Games Cooper, Dejong, Forsythe and Ross (1990) • Is the Nash equilibrium selected?
• Is the Payoff-dominant Nash Equilibirum selected?
19
Game 7
1
1 Row Player 2 3Βιβλιοθήκη Column Player
2
350, 250 550, 550 0, 0
3
700, 0 0, 0 500, 500
350, 350 250,350 0, 700
Two Nash Equilibria at (1, 1) and (2, 2); latter is Payoff dominant; similar to Game 4
20
Game 8
1
1 Row Player 2 3
Column Player
2
350, 250 550, 550 0, 0
3
1000, 0 0, 0 500, 500
350, 350 250,350 0, 1000
Two Nash Equilibria at (1, 1) and (2, 2); latter is Payoff dominant; similar to Game 3
12
Game 5
1
1 Row Player 2 3
Column Player
2
350, 250 550, 550 0, 1000
3
700, 0 1000, 0 600, 600
350, 350 250,350 0, 700
Two Nash Equilibria at (1, 1) and (2, 2); latter is Payoff dominant; Joint maximum at (3, 3) but strategy 3 is dominated by both 1 and 2
Game 3
1
1 Row Player 2 3
Column Player
2
350, 250 550, 550 0, 0
3
1000, 0 0, 0 600, 600
350, 350 250,350 0, 1000
Two Nash Equilibria at (1, 1) and (2, 2); latter is Payoff dominant; Joint maximum at (3, 3) but strategy 3 is dominated by strategy 1
22
23
• Thus, when strategy 3 no longer supports the cooperative outcome players evidently place a lower probability on its paly by their rival.
• In Games 3 - 6 the cooperative dominated strategy is chosen 11% of the time while in Games 7 – 8 it is played only 1.8% of the time.
18
Interpretation
• Is strategy 3 important because it is the cooperative strategy or do players place prior probability on a dominated strategy even when it does not support the cooperative joint maximum? • That is a player might believe that his opponent will be “cooperative” or will be “irrational” where the latter term refers to the play of a dominated strategy by a self-interested player
Payoff Dominant
Stag Stag Rabbit 8, 8 5, 0
Rabbit 0, 5 5, 5
Three equilibria
A third equilibrium in mixed strategies
Secure/Risk Dominant
3
Examples of Coordination Problems
15
16
17
Interpretation
• These results provide evidence against Pareto-dominance as a selection criteria for coordination games • Indicate that cooperative, dominated strategies influence equilibrium selection • At some point during the play of these games, some participants placed positive probability on an opponent playing the cooperative, dominated strategy
Economics 776 Experimental Economics First Semester 2007 Topic 5: Coordination Games
Assoc. Prof. Ananish Chaudhuri Department of Economics University of Auckland
6
Game 1