2012年教育硕士学科英语教学题目

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翻译文章：Human history is littered with example where a few individual risked life and limbs to venture into the unknown, which then came to be discovered, thanks to their spirit of adventurism or as some would say, fool hardy bravado. Of course, certain names come to mind, Christopher Columbus, Captain James Cook, Lois and Clark etc. There is another side to this tale of fame as well. Even the success stories sometimes had a ring of failure about itself. A person might be a pioneer in the field of discovery but the fruits of his labor are enjoyed by those who follow him. He might in fact have served as an expendable instrument in the road to discovery, in the big schemes of things.Little do we know about the glaring failures of those who dared to and never lived to tell the tale of their supposed glory.The arctic and the Northern Alaskan territory presented similar challenges to the human spirit of the adventurism and discovery. The element of nature, the unfamiliar terrain, the extreme weather and unforeseeable circumstances all stacked up as worthy obstacles in the way of anyone who dared to explore its secrets and expansiveness, and fostered and thought of overcoming these. In the text under discussion, to build a fire by Jack London, the struggle between nature and man exemplifies the difficulties in the quest for adventurism whereby it can be said that much of what was discovered, what was new, came about through struggle rather than co-operation.Even though the main character foresees the big challenges lying ahead of him, he sets off to pursue it, through a mixture of ignorance, indifference and resolve. This perception follows the readers through out the body of the text uphill the end. This shows him to be less than prudent and a tad bit indifferent. Continuing in the same vein, it appears that main character is perhaps taking things lightly. Considering the journey itself, which is presented as a significant obstacle, it does present a contrast. The contrast is between the degree of difficulty and the lack of grasp for the gravity of the situation which presents itself.Perhaps, no where is this lack of preparedness for the journey more exhibited than where he does find himself in a hole (moment of danger) e.g. where he acknowledges this. Perhaps the most compelling evidence of this fool hard cockiness that is bordering on madness is evident through the following.All of the above explained, have the cumulative effect of presenting a picture of a man might be a tough individual but not necessarily a prudent one.The journey is wrought with peril and indeed presents itself as a significant hurdle not to be taken lightly. There is danger of thin ice on the top of a water hole or river covered by soft snow. In the extremeweather, getting wet is as good as dead!完型填空（部分含答案）：1 Joseph Pulitzer was one of the most famous journalists of the late 1800s. That's not the life he saw for himself as a lad. He was born in Hungary on April 10, 1847.2 After his time was served, Pulitzer worked at odd jobs to travel across the country. When he arrived in St. Louis, he decided to stay. He found any job he could to make a living. He drove mules, carried luggage at the train station, and waited on tables. He spent a lot of time in the library learning all he could about the country and the English language. One day he watched a chess game in one of the library's rooms. He couldn't help himself. He began to tell the players what moves they should have made. Instead of being angry, the players were impressed with Joseph's knowledge. As it turned out, the two men were newspaperbeginning of a long and famous career.3.句序排列（参考，非原文）FTC Issues Final Commission Report on Protecting Consumer PrivacyAgency Calls on Companies to Adopt Best Privacy PracticesThe Federal Trade Commission, the nation's chief privacy policy and enforcement agency, issued a final report setting forth best practices for businesses to protect the privacy of American consumers and give them greater control over the collection and use of their personal data. In the report, "Protecting Consumer Privacy in an Era of Rapid Change: Recommendations For Businesses and Policymakers," the FTC also recommends that Congress consider enacting general privacy legislation, data security and breach notification legislation, and data broker legislation."If companies adopt our final recommendations for best practices –and many of them already have – they will be able to innovate and deliver creative new services that consumers can enjoy without sacrificing their privacy," said Jon Leibowitz, Chairman of the FTC. "We are confident that consumers will have an easy to use and effective Do Not Track option by the end of the year because companies are moving forward expeditiously to make it happen and because lawmakers will want to enact legislation if they don't."The final privacy report expands on a preliminary staff report the FTC issued in December 2010. The final report calls on companieshandling consumer data to implement recommendations for protecting privacy, including:∙Privacy by Design - companies should build in consumers' privacy protections at every stage in developing theirproducts. These include reasonable security for consumerdata, limited collection and retention of such data, andreasonable procedures to promote data accuracy;∙Simplified Choice for Businesses and Consumers - companies should give consumers the option to decidewhat information is shared about them, and with whom.This should include a Do-Not-Track mechanism that wouldprovide a simple, easy way for consumers to control thetracking of their online activities.∙Greater Transparency - companies should disclose details about their collection and use of consumers' information,and provide consumers access to the data collected aboutthem.The final report notes that the FTC received over 450 comments on the staff's preliminary recommendations. Based on technological advances and industry developments since the December 2010staff report and in response to the comments, the agency is revising recommendations in three areas:The final report changes the guidance's scope. The preliminary report recommended that the proposed framework apply to all commercial entities that collect or use consumer data that can be linked to a specific consumer, computer, or other device. Recognizing the potential burden on small businesses, the report concludes that the framework should not apply to companies that collect and do not transfer only non-sensitive data from fewer than 5,000 consumers a year. The report also responds to comments filed by organizations and individuals that, with technological advances, more and more data could be "reasonably linked" to consumers, computers, or devices. The final report concludes that data is not "reasonably linked" if a company takes reasonable measures to de-identify the data, commits not to re-identify it, and prohibits downstream recipients from re-identifying it.The report refines the guidance for when companies should provide consumers with choice about how their data is used. It states that whether a practice should include choice turns on the extent to which the practice is consistent with the context of the transaction or the consumer's existing relationship with the business or isrequired or specifically authorized by law. These practices include product fulfillment and fraud prevention.The report also contains important recommendations regarding data brokers. It notes that data brokers often buy, compile, and sell highly personal information about consumers. Consumers are often unaware of their existence and the purposes to which they use the data. The report makes two recommendations to increase the transparency of such practices. First, it reiterates the Commission's prior support for legislation that would provide consumers with access to information held by data brokers. Second, it calls on data brokers who compile consumer data for marketing purposes to explore creation of a centralized website where consumers could get information about their practices and their options for controlling data use.While Congress considers privacy legislation, the Commission urges individual companies and self-regulatory bodies to accelerate the adoption of the principles contained in the privacy framework, to the extent they have not already done so. Over the course of the next year, Commission staff will work to encourage consumer privacy protections by focusing on five main action items:Do-Not-Track - The Commission commends the progress made in this area: browser vendors have developed tools to allow consumers to limit data collection about them, the Digital Advertising Alliance has developed its own icon-based system and also committed to honor the browser tools, and the World Wide Web Consortium standards-setting body is developing standards. "The Commission will work with these groups to complete implementation of an easy-to-use, persistent, and effective Do Not Track system," the report says.Mobile - The FTC urges companies offering mobile services to work toward improved privacy protections, including disclosures. To that end, it will host a workshop on May 30, 2012 to address how mobile privacy disclosures can be short, effective, and accessible to consumers on small screens.Data Brokers - The Commission calls on data brokers to make their operations more transparent by creating a centralized website to identify themselves, and to disclose how they collect and use consumer data. In addition, the website should detail the choices that data brokers provide consumers about their own information. Large Platform Providers - The report cited heightened privacy concerns about the extent to which platforms, such as InternetService Providers, operating systems, browsers and social media companies, seek to comprehensively track consumers' online activities. The FTC will host a public workshop in the second half of 2012 to explore issues related to comprehensive tracking. Promoting Enforceable Self-Regulatory Codes - The FTC will work with the Department of Commerce and stakeholders to develop industry-specific codes of conduct. To the extent that strong privacy codes are developed, when companies adhere to these codes, the FTC will take that into account in its law enforcement efforts. If companies do not honor the codes they sign up for, they could be subject to FTC enforcement actions.The vote approving the report was 3-1. Commissioner J. Thomas Rosch dissents from the issuance of the Final Privacy Report. He agrees that consumers ought to be given a broader range of choices and applauds the Report's call for targeted legislation regarding data brokers and data security. However, Commissioner Rosch has four major concerns about the privacy framework because he believes: 1) in contravention of our promises to Congress, it is based on "unfairness" rather than deception; 2) the current state of "Do Not Track" still leaves unanswered many important questions; 3) "opt-in" will necessarily be selected as thede facto method of consumer choice for a wide swath of entities; and 4) although characterized as only "best practices," the Report's recommendations may be construed as federal requirements. See Dissenting Statement of Commissioner J. Thomas Rosch, Final Privacy Report at Appendix C.The Federal Trade Commission works for consumers to prevent fraudulent, deceptive, and unfair business practices and to provide information to help spot, stop, and avoid them. To file a complaint in English or Spanish, visit the FTC’s online Complaint Assistant or call 1-877-FTC-HELP (1-877-382-4357). The FTC enters complaints into Consumer Sentinel, a secure, online database available to more than 2,000 civil and criminal law enforcement agencies in the U.S. and abroad. The FTC’s website provides free information on a variety of consumer topics. Like the FTCon Facebook and follow us on Twitter.。