英文摘要的写法
英文摘要的写法
Stokes output and good pulse shape.
资料性摘要概括地阐述论文或报告中的主要
结论,重点突出文中提及的新发现或有别于
其他同类研究的结论。
结合型摘要 (Informative Indicative Abstracts)
此类摘要综合了说明性摘要和资料性摘要
的特点
(1)This article discusses some possible roles for self-access pathways, particularly in cultures which have no tradition of self-study. ( 2 ) It suggests how pathways might influence the design and running of self-access centres, (3)and gives an illustration of how pathways were designed and employed in a centre in China. Feedback is based on a minisurvey distributed to thirty users.
Abstract: ( 1 ) This paper discusses the
effect of processing temperature on the room temperature resistivity and PTC
characteristic of the PS matrix Sn-Pb alloy composite. ( 2 ) The results show that … and the low melting point of Sn-Pb alloy results in the excellent PTC characteristic.
英语摘要写法
摘要(Abstract)摘要(Abstract) 也成为内容提要,通常在学士论文中都必须附有摘要,其位置应放在论文的正文之前,对整个论文内容的概述。
无论对专业读者还是对非专业读者而言,摘要都是一个非常重要的文件。
摘要如果和论文一起发表,则被称为一次性出版物摘要,主要用于帮助读者评价文章内容及其潜在作用,使读者不必阅读全文就可以了解论文的内容。
除此之外,摘要也可以被单独收入文摘机构出版的摘要期刊如:生物学文摘(Biological Abstract)、化学文摘(Chemical Abstract)等、称为二次性出版物摘要。
此类脱离论文独立成篇的摘要主要用于方便读者检索文献、收集信息,帮助研究者寻找新的研究领域。
一.摘要的定义摘要的英文术语:有两个词汇,一个是abstract, 一个是summary.根据美国国家标准学会(American National Standard Institute)于1971年通过并颁布的《美国国家文摘写作标准》(American National Standard for Writing Abstracts)规定,Abstract 不应与summary 混同。
Abstract 对一篇论文的主要内容以精炼的文字进行高度概括,使读者不必阅读全文即可了解论文内容,或者让读者对即将阅读的文章有思想准备,或者让读者判断是否有通读全文的必要。
文中只对论文信息进行浓缩,而不加主观评论或解释,可以脱离原文而独立成篇。
字数通常在100~150个词左右,更确切地说,约为原文长度的1% ~ 5%(有的杂志规定摘要平均为全文的3% ~ 5%)。
现在越来越多的用法是abstract. 尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用abstract 这个术语,在论文的题目下也通常要用这个词。
Summary (概要) 与abstract 无明显差别。
严格地说,summary 一般附在论文的后面,对论文的主要结论和成果进行再叙述。
英文摘要的写法
主要结论
The results indicated that … The results show that … The results demonstrated that … The results reveal that …
由It 引起的that 从句 It was shown that … It can be seen that … It was found that … It was discovered that … It was concluded that … It has been demonstrated that It was clarified that … It was revealed that … It is considered that … It was confirmed that … It is suggested that … It was supposed that … It has become apparent that …
2、过程与方法(How did you do it?) 过程及方法。主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法,也 应包括众多的边界条件,使用的主要设备和仪器。在英文摘要中, 过程与方法的阐述起着承前启后的作用。开头交待了要解决的问 题(What do you want )之后,接着要回答的自然就是如何解决问 题(How did you do),而且,最后的结果和结论也往往与研究过 程及方法是密切相关的。大多数作者在阐述过程与方法时,最常 见的问题是泛泛而谈、空洞无物,只有定性的描述,使读者很难 清楚地了解论文中解决问题的过程和方法。因此,在说明过程与 方法时,应结合(指向)论文中的公式、实验框图等来进行阐述, 这样可以既给读者一个清晰的思路,又给那些看不懂中文(但却可 以看懂公式、图、表等)的英文读者以一种可信的感觉。
英文合同摘要格式模板
英文合同摘要格式模板This document serves as a summary of the contract entered into by and between [Party A] and [Party B] on [Date]. This contract outlines the terms and conditions under which both parties agree to conduct business together.1. Parties Involved:- [Party A]: [Name], located at [Address]- [Party B]: [Name], located at [Address]2. Scope of Work:The scope of work outlines the specific services or products that [Party A] will provide to [Party B]. This includes a detailed description of the work to be completed, timelines for completion, and any deliverables that will be provided.3. Payment Terms:Payment terms outline how and when payments will be made for the services or products provided by [Party A]. This includes the total amount due, any payment schedules, and any penalties for late payment.4. Confidentiality:Confidentiality clauses outline how sensitive information shared between both parties will be protected. This includes specifics on what information is considered confidential, how it will be safeguarded, and the consequences for breaching confidentiality.5. Termination:Termination clauses outline the conditions under which either party may choose to terminate the contract. This includes provisions for notice periods, reasons for termination, and any penalties for early termination.6. Dispute Resolution:Dispute resolution clauses outline how any conflicts or disagreements between both parties will be resolved. This can include mediation, arbitration, or litigation procedures.7. Governing Law:Governing law clauses specify which jurisdiction's laws will govern the contract. This ensures that both parties understand the legal framework under which the contract operates.8. Amendments:Amendment clauses outline how any changes to the contract will be made. This includes provisions for updating terms, obtaining consent from both parties, and documenting any changes in writing.9. Signatures:Both [Party A] and [Party B] must sign the contract to indicate their agreement to the terms and conditions outlined. Signatures confirm that both parties understand and agree to abide by the contract.By signing below, both parties acknowledge that they have read and understood the terms and conditions outlined in this contract summary.[Party A Signature] [Date][Party B Signature] [Date]This contract summary is a brief overview of the key terms and conditions of the contract between [Party A] and [Party B]. For a detailed understanding of the full contract, please refer to the original document.。
论文英文摘要格式
重庆科技学院高等教育自学考试本科毕业论文 英文摘要Ⅱ 宋体五号 The Title of the thesis空一行 ABSTRACT Times New Roman 三号加粗,居中空一行Due to lack of effective ways to utilize the bottom ashes of circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFB ashes), it is difficult to use widely the advanced technology of circulating fluidized bed combustion and defulfurization. In this paper, the properties of the CFB ashes are systematically analyzed and then a series of methods are proposed to evaluate the reactivity of CFB ashes. Meanwhile, the factors influencing and the method activating the reactivity of CFB ashes, and the expansion properties are investigated experimentally. The spontaneous setting, and the mechanism of activation of reactivity of CFB ashes and its expansion are investigated by XRD and SEM. Finally, the utilization in building materials of CFB ashes is studied.The properties of CFB ashes show it is difficult to utilize CFB ashes in building materials, however reasonable using its properties is possible in building materials. As concrete fine aggregate, it can improve structure of interface between aggregates and cement paste for its reactivity, then can increase the concrete flexural strength. As concrete additive can fully activate the reactivity, and can partly compensate the concrete shrinkage. Because of performance of the fresh concrete and durability, it is better to use it with FA. They both influence performance of the fresh concrete. It can produce CFB ashes-fly ash mortar used indoors and CFB ashes-fly ash-clinker mortar used outdoors with low shrinkage by using the cement and expansion of CFB ashes. CFB ashes mixed with lime, FA or cement, can be used for roadbed mixture in road engineering. Keywords : Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion, CFB Ashes, Reactivity, Expansion, Times New Rom 小四号Times New Roman 加粗小四号Times New Roman 小四号。
英文摘要如何写
一、绪论 (1)要的类型与基本内容 (1)三、英文题名 (2)四、作者与作者单位的英译 (2)五、英文摘要 (2)英文摘要如何写一、绪论文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。
美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。
通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数,包括摘要部分不超过1万字。
而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。
因此,写摘要时,应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。
论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。
国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等,一般为200字-500字。
而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。
摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面,内容上涵盖全文,并直接点明全旨。
语言上要求尽量简炼。
摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。
科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要,这样可以节省读者的时间,使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。
书籍摘要,一般放在封二或封三;论文和学术报告的摘要,一般放在正文前面。
摘要应做到简明扼要,切题,能独立成文,使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。
写摘要时,最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句,文长一般不超过200个词。
要的类型与基本内容英文摘要内容包含题名、摘要及关键词。
gb 7713—87规定,为了国际交流,科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文应附有外文(多用英文)摘要。
原则上讲,以上中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要,但英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯,在撰写英文摘要时应特别注意。
摘要分陈述性的(Descriptive)和资料性的(Informational)两类。
陈述性摘要只说明论文、书籍或文章的主题,多半不介绍内容。
资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外,还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。
它可以包括三个组成部分①点明主题,解析文章或书籍的目的或意图;②介绍主要内容,使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌;③提出结论或建议,以供读者参考。
英文摘要写作格式和输入规范要求
英文摘要和外文翻译的格式要求目录一、总体要求 (2)二、英文标题 (2)三、作者姓名 (2)四、摘要 (3)五、关键词 (3)六、正文。
(3)七、图表。
(4)八、参考文献。
(4)九、斜体。
(4)十、英国人姓名规则 (4)十一、英文大、小写字母的使用 (5)十二、英文回行的基本规则 (6)十三、段落规则 (7)十四、英文标点使用规则 (7)十五、英国英语和美国英语标点符号的差异 (19)十六、中英文标点符号的差异 (19)十七:中国学生常见标点符号错误例析 (21)一、总体要求要求英语语言较为地道、通顺、简练,语法正确,符合英语表达习惯,专业术语规范、准确。
外文页所有字体均为Times New Roman ,要在英文状态输入法下输入,注意标点符号是英文的。
请结合所给模版认真体会。
本说明未尽事项,请查阅相关规定。
二、英文标题题目应写在第一行的中间,题目左右两边的空白距离大致相等。
题目的第一个单词的第一个字母必须大写。
从第二个单词起,其中每个实义词的第一个字母大写,而冠词、介词和连词的第一个字母则一般小写。
如:A Day to RememberLet's Go in for Sports题目的另一种写法是所有单词的第一个字母全部用大写。
如:My Life As Factory WorkerA Walk Under The Rain写题目不要用括号或引号。
题目后除了问号和感叹号之外,不加其它标点符号。
1、冠词:位于标题头时,首字母大写;位于标题中时,全部字母小写;2、介词及连词:位于标题头时,首字母大写;位于标题中时,5个(含)以上字母的,首字母大写;4个(含)以下字母的,全部字母小写。
三、作者姓名居中,斜体;中国人姓名按照中国人习惯,姓前名后,姓全部字母大写,名第一个字母大写,若名为2个字,则2个字之间加短线“-”,作者姓名之间加逗号“·”最后两作者之间加“and”。
⑴XIANG Hong-qiong and FENG Zhi-xin⑵YANG Xiu-hong , WU Zong-pu and ZHANG Guo-dong⑶西方国家及其它国家人的姓名按其习慣顺序排列,如:Sophie Dupont;缩写姓名时,姓要大写,之间用句号;如:J. H. Caemmere ;M. H. Thatcher(句号后面空1字符)⑷作者姓名及其排序应与中文稿一致。
5.英文摘要的写法
Example 3 范例3 -指示性摘要
一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时及其被动语 态
This section highlights early electronics milestones that have made significant contributions to aerospace and defense. Today everyone thinks digital, whereas more than 50% of electronic advances since technology founding 50 years ago were in the analog or continuous domain. It is too easy to forget that before the 1970s and 1980s analog systems had been the norm.
thesis, review, conference proceeding or any in-depth
analysis of a particular subject or discipline, and is often
used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper‘s
purpose.
abstract 摘要 discipline 学科 ascertain 确定,弄清
article 期刊论文 thesis (学位)论文 review 评论
conference proceeding
会议论文集
摘要是对研究性论文、学位论文、学术评论、会议论文或任 何特定领域和学科分析研究的一种简略的概述,并经常被用 来使读者能够快速了解文章的意图。
英文标题和摘要的撰写
英文标题和摘要的撰写一、英文标题的撰写1.标题中study on,studies on,study of,discussion on,research on,observation on,investigation on(of),some thoughts on,a final reporton等,只是增加标题的长度,未提供新的信息,不宜使用。
2.国际标准化组织规定,标题最好不要超过10~12个词,且除通用的缩写字和特殊符号外,标题内不使用缩写字、特殊符号、化学式、上下角标等。
3.标题通常由名词短语构成,即由一个或多个名词加上其前置定语或后置定语构成,因此标题中一般出现名词、形容词、介词、冠词和连接词,若出现动词,一般是现在分词、过去分词或动名词形式。
例如:Models and simulation of a single-phase flow correlation measuring system.(单相流相关测量系统的模型和仿真)(两个名词加后置定语)4.取消不必要的冠词。
例如:The effects of the patient age and physician training on thechoice and dose of anti-melan-cholic drugs,题目中的3个定冠词the均可删去。
(英文题名开头第1个字尽量不用冠词(包括定冠词the,不定冠词a和an)二、英文摘要的撰写5.摘要一般分为两类,信息性摘要和指示性摘要。
绝大部分科技期刊都要求作者提供信息性摘要。
信息性摘要通常以150~250 words为宜,指示性摘要以100~150 words 为宜。
6.信息性摘要的4要素:研究的目的;研究的过程与采用的方法;主要结果或发现;主要结论和推论。
7.尽量使用主动语态。
例如“A exceeds B”要好于“B exceeded by A”。
8.通常用过去时态描述作者的工作,用现在时态描述所做的结论,少用现在完成时、过去完成时,基本不用进行时和其它复合时态。
英文summary的格式
英文summary的格式
1. 标题,在摘要的开头,可以使用"Summary"或"Abstract"作
为标题,居中或者靠左对齐。
2. 摘要内容,摘要应该简明扼要地概括原文的主要内容,包括
关键信息和要点。
它应该是一个独立的段落,不超过几句话。
摘要
应该简洁明了,避免使用复杂的词汇和句子结构。
3. 结构,摘要可以按照原文的结构进行组织,包括引言、方法、结果和讨论等部分。
但在摘要中,每个部分的内容应该被简化和压缩,只保留最重要的信息。
4. 长度,英文摘要的长度通常在100到300个单词之间。
在某
些学术领域,摘要的长度可能有特定的要求,请根据具体的指导准
则进行调整。
5. 语言和风格,英文摘要应该使用简练、准确的语言表达,避
免使用复杂的词汇和句子结构。
使用第三人称,避免使用个人代词。
另外,应该使用现在时态来描述研究或文章的内容。
6. 关键词,在摘要的末尾,可以列出几个关键词,用于描述文章的主题和内容。
这些关键词应该与原文的主题和关键词相关联。
总之,英文摘要的格式应该简洁明了,突出文章的核心内容和要点,同时符合学术规范和要求。
具体的格式可以根据不同的出版物或学术机构的要求进行调整。
论文英文摘要写法
2
作者姓名与作者单位英译 1) 作者姓名 中国作者的汉语拼音名字采用如下拼 写方法:姓前名后,中间为空格,姓氏 的全部字母均大写,复姓连写,名字的 首字母大写,名字不缩写。如:ZHANG Zeduan SHANGGUAN Xuzhi
英语国家的作者,采用名前姓后的形式,
其他非英语国家人名按作者自己提供的 罗马字母拼法拼写。
论文摘要写作
I:Introduction
英文摘要的构成摘要是原始文献(一次文 献)的浓缩和代表,它本身给读者一个信息, 即该文献所包含的主要概念和讨论的主要 问题,帮助读者决定此论文是否有用。由 于英文摘要与中文摘要面向不同读者,所 以对英文摘要要求较高的完整性,即读者 不看中文原始文献,只读英文摘要就能对 论文有较完整的了解。它包括介绍性内容 和描述性信息,相对独立于正文。
(2)一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时
刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、 观察、调查等)。例如:The heat-pulse technique was applied to study the sternsapflow(树干液流) of two main deciduous broad-leaved tree species in July and August ,1996。 需要指出的是,用一般过去时描述的发现、 现象,往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永 恒真理的,而只是当时如何如何;所描述的 研究过程,也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。
4
) 大小写 科技论文英文摘要标题中字母大小写 的情况分三种: (1)全部字母均大写。 (2)开头字母以及每个实词首字母大写, 虚词小写。 (3) 开头第一个字母和专有名词大写, 其余均小写。 目前第2种形式较为普遍,第3种的使用 似有增多趋势。
英文文章摘要怎么写.doc
英文文章摘要怎么写英文文章摘要怎么写?英文文章摘要范文【1】abstractthe joy luck clubis written by famous chinese american writer amy tan in the end of 1980s. it isabout the experience of four mothers immigrating fromchinaand their four american born daughtersliving in theunited states.this paper mainly discusses the application of mitchells womens estate in the joyluck club. based on the position of women in society and family, writerthoroughly analyzes the oppressions on women.the paper includes threechapters, t heory of “womens estate”, the position of women in the joy luck club and consciousness-raisingreflected in the joy luck club. accordingly, it is reveals that the oppressionsgiven by men on women in families are inevitable, only can women have theability to liberate themselves.keywords: women; families; oppressions; mitchells“womens estate”论文英文标题、摘要等的写法【2】1.英文题名(标题)1) 题名的结构。
英语摘要的写法
英语摘要的写法英文题名1、题名的结构英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语(noun phrase)最常见,即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。
短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰。
各个词的顺序很重要,词序不当,会导致表达不准。
题名一般不应是陈述句,因为题名主要起标示作用,而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义;且陈述句不够精练和醒目,重点也不易突出。
少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名,疑问句可有探讨性语气,易引起读者兴趣。
2、题名的字数题名不应过长。
国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制。
例如,美国医学会规定题名不超过2行,每行不超过42个印刷符号和空格;英国数学会要求题名不超过12个词。
总的原则是,题名应确切、简练、醒目,在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下,题名词数越少越好。
3、中英文题名的一致性同一篇论文,其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致,但不等于说词语要一一对应。
在许多情况下,个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。
4、题名中的冠词科技论文题名中的冠词有简化的趋势,凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。
5、题名中的大小写题名字母的大小写有以下3种格式:全部字母大写;每个词的首字母大写,但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写;题名第1个词的首字母大写,其余字母均小写。
6、题名中的缩略词语已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语,才可用于题名中,否则不要轻易使用。
引言摘要的定义为:“以提供文献内容梗概为目的, 不加评论和补充解释, 简明、确切地记叙文献重要内容的短文”。
由于大多数检索系统只收录论文的摘要部分,或其数据库中只有摘要部分免费提供, 并且有些读者只阅读摘要而不读全文或常根据摘要来判断是否需要阅读全文, 因此摘要的清楚表达十分重要。
好的英文摘要对于增加论文的被检索和引用机会、吸引读者、扩大影响起着不可忽视的作用。
1 摘要的类型与基本内容1.1 摘要的类型根据内容的不同, 摘要可分为以下三大类:报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要。
英文摘要写作
五:Conclusion
正确全面地掌握论文研究的主题范围 认真地进行主题分析,从摘要的四要素出发, 找出论文所研究的具体对象、作者运用的具体 方法、得出的具体结果及对结果进行剖析而得 出的具有创新性的结论 正确地组织好这些主题内容,简明地写出来。 尤其是信息性摘要叙述要完整,清楚,简明扼 要,摘要逻辑性要强,结构完整。
4.3 人称(personal pronoun) 人称( )
英文摘要的人称:原来摘要的首句多用第三人 称This paper…等开头, 现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词 开头。例如:To describe…, To study…, To investigate…, To assess…,To determine…,建议采用“对……进行了研 究”、“报告了……现状”、“进行了……调 查”等记述方式标明文献的性质和文献主题, 不必使用“本文”、“作者”等作为主语。
4.4、英文摘要的语态 、 (voice) 采用何种语态,既要考虑摘要的特点,又要满足表达的需要。 一篇摘要很短,尽量不要随便混用,更不要在一个句子里混 用。 (1)主动语态(active voice) :摘要中谓语动词采用主动语态, 有助于文字简洁、表达有力。 (2)被动语态( passive voice) :以前强调多用被动语态,理 由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过,至于那件事是谁做的, 无须一一证明。为强调动作承受者,采用被动语态为好;被 动者无关紧要,也必须用强调的事物做主语。
英文摘要写作 English Abstracts Writing
定义
摘要的定义 摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是论文主 体的高度浓缩,它应该能提炼论文的主要观点, 简明地描述论文的内容和范围,简短地进行概 括和总结。摘要能让读者尽快了解论文的主要 内容,以补充题名的不足,并为科技情报文献检 索,数据库的建设和维护提供方便。
英文摘要的写法(新)
Abstract
( 1 ) A design of two-cell SBS pulse compressor twowith polarizing pumping source was proposed for a high power KrF laser with pulse energy of 200J and 200J pulsewidth of 200ns to compress it to ~5ns and 200ns achieve high beam quality by SBS phase conjugation techniques. Possibility of doing this is techniques. numerically investigated to our knowledge. (2)Our knowledge. oneone-dimensional SBS amplifier numerical model employed is similar to those described by DaiJun et al. (J. App, Phys., 1992) with a little modification. (3) al. (J. Phys. 1992) modification. This model is then used for calculating pulse compression of above described KrF laser. laser.
Roles of Pathway in Self-Accell & Clive Newton Abstract
(1)This article discusses some possible roles for self-access pathways, particularly in selfcultures which have no tradition of self-study. self-study. suggests how pathways might ( 2 ) It influence the design and running of self-access selfcentres, (3)and gives an illustration of how pathways were designed and employed in a minicentre in China. Feedback is based on a miniChina. survey distributed to thirty users. users.
英文摘要写法
SCI结构式摘要案例 结构式摘要案例
Abstract: Context Patients experience the highest rate of death and recurrent ischemic events during the early period after an acute coronary syndrome, but it is not known whether early initiation of treatment with a statin can reduce the occurrence of these early events. Objective To determine whether treatment with atorvastatin, 80 mg/d, initiated 24 to 96 hours after an acute coronary syndrome, reduces death and nonfatal ischemic events. Design and Setting A randomized, double-blind trial conducted from May 1997 to September 1999, with follow-up through 16 weeks at 122 clinical centers in Europe, North America, South Africa, and Australasia. Patients A total of 3086 adults aged 18 years or older with unstable angina or non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction. Interventions Patients were stratified by center and randomly assigned to receive treatment with atorvastatin (80 mg/d) or matching placebo between 24 and 96 hours after hospital admission. Main Outcome Measures Primary end point event defined as death, nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest with resuscitation, or recurrent symptomatic myocardial ischemia with objective evidence and requiring emergency rehospitalization. Results A primary end point event occurred in 228 patients (14.8%) in the atorvastatin group and 269 patients (17.4%) in the placebo group (relative risk [RR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70-1.00; P = .048). There were no significant differences in risk of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or cardiac arrest between the atorvastatin group and the placebo group, although the atorvastatin group had a lower risk of symptomatic ischemia with objective evidence and requiring emergency rehospitalization (6.2% vs 8.4%; RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.57-0.95; P = .02). Likewise, there were no significant differences between the atorvastatin group and the placebo group in the incidence of secondary outcomes of coronary revascularization procedures, worsening heart failure, or worsening angina, although there were fewer strokes in the atorvastatin group than in the placebo group (12 vs 24 events; P = .045). In the atorvastatin group, mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level declined from 124 mg/dL (3.2 mmol/L) to 72 mg/dL (1.9 mmol/L). Abnormal liver transaminases (>3 times upper limit of normal) were more common in the atorvastatin group than in the placebo group (2.5% vs 0.6%; P < .001). Conclusion For patients with acute coronary syndrome, lipid-lowering therapy with atorvastatin, 80 mg/d, reduces recurrent ischemic events in the first 16 weeks, mostly recurrent symptomatic ischemia requiring rehospitalization.
规范英文摘要格式,并在原基础上增加
规范英文摘要格式,并在原基础上增加Acknowlegements:和Introduction to Author(Corresponding author): 两项内容。
长度:500-2000 words内容包括以下七部分Objectives:Methods:Results:Conclusions:若以上四部分不易区分,仍用“Abstract:”总引领。
Keywords:Acknowlegements:Introduction to first author:Introduction to corresponding author:例:Crustal Density Deformation Zones of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet) Plateau and Their Geological ImplicationsYANG Wencai1), SUN Yanyun2), YU Changqing1)1) State Key Lab of Continental Tectonics and Dynamics, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037;2) School of Geophysics and Information Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083注意:1)本刊默认作者单位的国为中国,若无他国作者,则不加“China”,若有他国作者,则加上他国国名,同时,中国作者单位后加“China”2)省会城市后不加省名,其他城市后需再加省名。
台湾按省处理,台北为省会;金门县属于福建省。
香港和澳门各单位的格式同上海、天津相应单位的格式。
3)我刊本文的英文题目,各实词的首字母均大写。
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• (5) 一个名词不宜用多个前置形容词来修饰,可改用 复合词,兼用后置定语 thermal oxidation apparent activation energy → apparent active energy of thermo-oxidation
四、一个典型示例
• A detailed study of the melting behavior of oriented isotactic polypropylene has been carried out using differential scanning calorimetry (差示扫描量热 法,DSC). The orientation in isotactic polypropylene was produced by extruding(挤压) it in solid phase. At extrusion ratio (挤压比,ER ) greater four, two melting peaks were observed. With increasing ER, the lower temperature peak was found to shift to higher temperature. The corresponding shift in the higher temperature peak was much less. It is shown that these peaks originate in the melting of crystalline species having different degrees of crystal disorder and stereo-block(立构嵌段) character.
• Example 3 • 现在完成时及其被动语态
The partial molar enthalpies(偏摩尔焓) of mixing of NaHSO4 and KHSO4 have been measured at 528K by dropping samples of pure compounds into molten mixtures (熔融混合物) of NaHSO4 and KHSO4 in Calvet calorimeter (热量计). From these values the molar enthalpy of mixing has been deduced. The phase diagram of this system has been confirmed by conductometric(导电) and thermal analysis methods. By an optimization method the excess entropy(过剩熵) of the liquid mixtures was also calculated.
• 说法二:EI 数据库建议 用过去时态叙述作者工作; 用现在时态叙述作者结论。
• 说法三
论文是通过科学实验揭示客观真理。所 取得的结果,无论是过去,还是现在或将来都 是如此。故常用现在时表达。 过去时“表达一件过去发生过的事,而 且现在已经完结了” 。如文中指出发生的日 期和时间是写文章之前,必须用过去时。
Part Four
Writing Skills
Abstract
How to write an abstract for a technological article
Writing Skills >> abstracts
Abstracts
What is an abstract Writing Strategy A Sample
Writing Skills >> abstract
第一,对所掌握的资料进行精心筛选,不 属于上述“四部分”的内容不必写入摘要。 第二,对属于"四部分"的内容,也应适当取舍, 做到简明扼要,不能包罗万象。比如"目的",在 多数标题中就已初步阐明,若无更深一层的目的, 摘要完全不必重复叙述;再如"方法",有些在国 外可能早已成为常规的方法,在撰写英文摘要时 就可仅写出方法名称,而不必一一描述其操作步 骤。
Writing Skills >> abstracts
What is an abstract ?
is a brief statement of purpose and scope, thesis, relevant theory and the methodology used in the research. ⑵it does not provide detailed results, conclusions, or recommendations. ⑶an abstract is usually no more than 250 words.
Writing Skills >> abstracts
What is an abstract ?
An academic abstract tells a reader what is in a paper or research report. It is usually placed at the beginning of the paper---on the second page after the title page. The purpose of an academic abstract is to identify the focus of the research and to tell potential readers what will be covered in the full text.
• 例:This was first known in 1930.
• 许多论文,虽然是作者过去做的工作和得到的 结论,然而这些工作和结论并不是达到“完结 了”的阶段,而是还会有人,也可能是作者本 人,继续研究下去,从而产生进一步的改进和 完善。从这一角度出发,可以用现在完成时来 描述已做过的工作,以表达这种延续性。
3、语态
目前,英文摘要仍以被动语态居多(见 上例),这种语态“可以在主语部分集中较多 的信息,起到信息前置,语义鲜明突出的效 果。”
主动语态也偶有出现,并有增长的趋势, 认为“主动语态表达的语句文字清晰、简捷明 快,表现力强,动作的执行者和动作的承受者 一目了然,往往那给人一种干净利落、泾渭分 明的感觉。”
• Example 2
• 一般过去时及其被动语态
An analysis of the cure(硫化,固化) kinetics of several different formulations composed of bifunctional epoxy resins and aromatic diamines was performed. …… All kinetic parameters of the curing reaction were calculated and reported. Dynamic and isothermal(等温的) DSC yielded different results. An explanation was offered in terms of different curing mechanism which prevail under different curing conditions. A mechanism scheme was proposed to account for various possible reactions during cure.
对实验结果可用现在时(表示客观真理)或现在 完成时(已取得的阶段性成果)。
4、 语法修辞
• (1) 力求简捷 at a temperature of 250℃ to 300℃ → at 250 to 300℃ at a high pressure of 2 kPa → at 2 kPa has been found to increase → increased from the experimental results, it can be concluded that → the results show
(1) it
Writing Skills >> abstract
Writing stragedy
结构及特点 中英文摘要的区别 基本要素 典型示例 常用句式 撰写要求 练习
Writing Skills >> abstract
一、结构及特点
1、英文摘要包括目的、方法、结果和结论 四部分 2、撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了,力争 用最短的篇幅 提供最主要的信息。
• 二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译,对中文摘 要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏,这往往使英文摘要用词 累赘、重复,显得拖沓、冗长。英文摘要应严格、全 面的表达中文摘要的内容,不能随意增删,但这并不 意味着一个字也不能改动,具体撰写方式应遵循英文 语法修辞规则,符合英文专业术语规范,并照顾到英 文的表达习惯。
三、基本要素
1. 基本特性
2. 时态
3. 语态
4. 语法修辞
1、基本特性
• 报道性
• 指示性
• 独立性
注意摘要与前言的区别,有关背景资料 (background information)放前言中
2、时态
说法一:从理论上讲 一般现在时:通过科学实验取得的研究结果、 结论,揭示自然界的客观规律; 一般过去时:在一定范围内所观察到的自然 现象的规律性认识,这种认识也许有一定的局限 性现在完成时表明过程的延续性,虽某事件(或 过程)发生在过去,但强调对现实所产生的影响 以一般现在时为主,也使用一般过去时和现在完 成时;