Secondary Subject Areas Interactive Communication
英语作文-国内外中等教育行业的课程改革与创新实践
英语作文-国内外中等教育行业的课程改革与创新实践In recent years, the field of secondary education has witnessed a significant transformation as educators and policymakers around the world strive to adapt curricula to meet the evolving demands of the 21st century. The impetus for change has been driven by a recognition that students must be prepared not only with foundational knowledge but also with skills that enable them to navigate an increasingly complex and interconnected world.One of the most notable trends in curriculum reform is the shift towards interdisciplinary learning. This approach breaks down traditional subject barriers, encouraging students to make connections across different areas of study. For example, a project-based learning module might integrate science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics (STEAM) to solve real-world problems. This holistic method fosters critical thinking, creativity, and collaboration, equipping students with the ability to apply their knowledge in diverse contexts.Another key aspect of innovation in secondary education is the incorporation of technology into the classroom. Digital tools and resources have expanded the horizons of learning, allowing students to access a wealth of information and engage with content in interactive ways. Virtual reality (VR), for instance, can transport students to historical sites or simulate scientific experiments, providing immersive learning experiences that were once unimaginable.Furthermore, there has been a growing emphasis on personalized learning, which tailors the educational experience to the individual needs and interests of each student. Adaptive learning technologies can assess a student's proficiency and adjust the difficulty of tasks accordingly, ensuring that all students are challenged at an appropriate level. Personalized learning paths empower students to take ownership of their education, fostering a lifelong love of learning.The role of assessment has also evolved in response to curriculum reforms. Traditional standardized tests are increasingly being supplemented or replaced by alternative forms of assessment that provide a more comprehensive view of a student's abilities. Portfolios, presentations, and peer assessments are just a few examples of methods that offer a richer picture of student learning and progress.In addition to these developments, there is a concerted effort to make education more inclusive and equitable. This includes designing curricula that reflect the diverse backgrounds and experiences of students, as well as implementing strategies to support learners who may face barriers to education. Ensuring that all students have access to high-quality educational opportunities is a cornerstone of modern curriculum reform.The impact of these changes is profound. Students are becoming more engaged and motivated as they see the relevance of their studies to the world around them. Teachers are also benefiting from professional development opportunities that help them to implement innovative teaching practices effectively.In conclusion, the ongoing reforms and innovations in secondary education curricula around the globe are a testament to the dynamic nature of learning. By embracing change and focusing on the needs of the future, educators are laying the groundwork for a generation of students who are not only knowledgeable but also adaptable, empathetic, and ready to contribute to society in meaningful ways. The journey of education is an ever-evolving one, and the current wave of reforms is paving the way for a brighter future for all. 。
美国学生和中国学生的不同英语作文
美国学生和中国学生的不同英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Comparing American and Chinese Students: A World of DifferenceAs an international student who has experienced both the American and Chinese educational systems, I can attest to the stark contrasts between the two. From teaching styles to student lifestyles, the disparities are vast and often surprising. In this essay, I'll delve into the most significant differences I've observed, providing a glimpse into the unique worlds of American and Chinese students.Classroom DynamicsOne of the most striking differences lies in the classroom environment and teaching methods. In Chinese classrooms, the atmosphere is often formal and disciplined. Teachers command respect and authority, delivering lectures in a one-way communication style. Students are expected to listen attentively, take meticulous notes, and rarely question or challenge the instructor.In contrast, American classrooms foster a more interactive and participatory learning experience. Teachers encourage open discussions, debates, and the exchange of ideas. Students are encouraged to ask questions, voice their opinions, and critically analyze the material presented. This approach nurtures critical thinking skills and independent thought.Extracurricular ActivitiesAnother significant distinction lies in the realm of extracurricular activities. In China, academics are the primary focus, and students dedicate the majority of their time to studying and excelling in core subjects like math, science, and language arts. Extracurricular activities, while available, are often viewed as secondary priorities.Conversely, American schools place a strong emphasis on well-rounded development. Students are actively encouraged to participate in a wide range of extracurricular activities, including sports, clubs, volunteer work, and artistic pursuits. These activities are seen as integral to personal growth, fostering teamwork, leadership skills, and a balanced lifestyle.Parental InvolvementThe role of parents in a student's educational journey also differs significantly between the two countries. In China, parents are heavily involved in their children's academic endeavors, often exerting considerable pressure to achieve top grades and secure admission to prestigious universities. This intense parental involvement can lead to a highly competitive and stressful environment for students.In the United States, while parental support is valued, there is generally a greater emphasis on fostering independence and individuality. Students are encouraged to take ownership of their academic pursuits and make decisions that align with their personal interests and goals. Parental involvement is more balanced, allowing for students to develop self-discipline and self-motivation.Social Lives and Peer RelationshipsThe social dynamics and peer relationships among students in the two countries also exhibit stark contrasts. In China, the intense academic pressure often leaves little time for socializing and leisure activities. Students typically form close-knit study groups and rely heavily on peer support to navigate the competitive academic landscape.American students, on the other hand, tend to have a more active social life outside of academics. Friendships are often formed through shared interests, extracurricular activities, and social events. There is a greater emphasis on maintaining a balance between academics and leisure, fostering personal growth through diverse experiences and social connections.Technology and Learning ResourcesThe integration of technology and access to learning resources is another area where American and Chinese students differ. In China, traditional textbooks and classroom instruction are still the primary modes of learning. While technology is gradually being incorporated, access to online resources and digital learning platforms can be limited.American schools, however, have embraced technology wholeheartedly. Students have access to a wealth of online learning materials, interactive educational apps, and digital collaboration tools. This technological integration not only enhances the learning experience but also prepares students for the digital world they will encounter in their future careers.ConclusionIn conclusion, the differences between American and Chinese students are profound, reflecting the unique cultural, social, and educational philosophies of each country. While the Chinese system emphasizes discipline, rigor, and academic excellence, the American approach values creativity, critical thinking, and well-rounded personal development.Ultimately, both systems have their strengths and weaknesses, and understanding these differences can foster greater cross-cultural appreciation and learning. As an international student, I've gained invaluable insights from experiencing both worlds, and I believe that embracing diversity and open-mindedness is the key to becoming a truly global citizen in the 21st century.篇2Differences Between American and Chinese StudentsAs an international student who has studied in both China and the United States, I've had a unique opportunity to observe the contrasting educational systems and cultures firsthand. While there are certainly similarities, the disparities between American and Chinese students are quite striking. In this essay, I'll delve into some of the key differences I've noticed.Study Habits and Approach to LearningOne of the most apparent distinctions lies in our study habits and approach to learning. Chinese students tend to be exceptionally diligent and hardworking, often spending countless hours poring over textbooks and practice problems. We are raised with a strong emphasis on rote memorization and a reverence for academic achievement from a young age.In contrast, American students generally take a more interactive and participatory approach to learning. They are encouraged to ask questions, engage in discussions, and think critically about the material. While Chinese students may be seen as more studious, American students often excel in areas that require creativity, independent thinking, and problem-solving skills.Classroom EnvironmentThe classroom environments in the two countries also differ significantly. In China, classes tend to be large, with ateacher-centered approach where the instructor lectures, and students are expected to listen attentively and take meticulous notes. Questioning or challenging the teacher is often discouraged, as they are regarded as the ultimate authority on the subject matter.American classrooms, on the other hand, are typically smaller and more interactive. Students are expected to participate actively in class discussions, share their opinions, and engage in group projects or collaborative learning activities. Teachers act more as facilitators, encouraging students to think critically and express their ideas freely.Extracurricular ActivitiesExtracurricular activities play a vastly different role in the lives of American and Chinese students. In China, the primary focus is on academic pursuits, with little emphasis on extracurricular activities like sports, clubs, or hobbies. Students are expected to dedicate their time and energy to studying and achieving top grades.In contrast, American students are strongly encouraged to participate in extracurricular activities, which are seen as essential for their overall development. These activities not only provide opportunities for students to explore their interests and passions but also help them develop leadership skills, teamwork, and time management abilities.Parental Involvement and ExpectationsParental involvement and expectations also differ significantly between the two cultures. Chinese parents tend to be heavily involved in their children's education, often placing immense pressure on them to excel academically. They may have high expectations for their children to pursue prestigious careers in fields like medicine, law, or engineering.American parents, while still supportive of their children's education, generally allow for more autonomy and flexibility. They encourage their children to explore their interests and passions, and are often more open to non-traditional career paths or alternative educational routes.Pressure and Mental HealthThe intense academic pressure and competition in China can take a significant toll on students' mental health. The constant emphasis on high achievement and the fear of disappointing parents or falling behind their peers can lead to stress, anxiety, and even depression among Chinese students.While American students certainly face their own pressures and challenges, there is generally a greater emphasis on mental health awareness and support systems within schools and universities. Students are encouraged to seek help when needed and to maintain a healthy work-life balance.Future Outlook and Career ProspectsThe differences in educational systems and cultural values also shape the future outlook and career prospects of American and Chinese students. Chinese students often have a more focused and narrower career path in mind, driven by the desire for stability, prestige, and financial security.American students, on the other hand, may have a broader range of career aspirations and be more open to exploring different paths or even starting their own businesses. They are often encouraged to pursue their passions and to think outside traditional career paths.In conclusion, while both American and Chinese students share a common goal of pursuing education and personal growth, the ways in which we approach this journey are vastly different. From study habits and classroom environments to extracurricular activities and parental expectations, these contrasting experiences shape our perspectives, values, and future trajectories. As an international student, I've come to appreciate the strengths and challenges of both educational systems, and I believe that understanding and embracing these differences can lead to a more enriching and well-rounded educational experience for all.篇3The Contrasts Between American and Chinese Student LifeAs an international student who has experienced both the American and Chinese educational systems, I've noticed some striking differences in the approach to academics and student life. Don't get me wrong, both cultures highly value education and hard work. But the paths we walk diverge quite a bit when it comes to teaching philosophies, academic expectations, and campus cultures.Let's start with the classroom dynamic. In China, it's much more teacher-centered and lecture-based. The professor is regarded as the supreme authority and source of knowledge. Students are expected to respectfully absorb information like sponges, memorizing loads of facts and theories. Class participation is pretty minimal - you mainly just listen, take diligent notes, and don't ask too many questions that could be seen as contradicting or challenging the teacher.The American classroom, on the other hand, is a bit more casual and interactive. Professors still lead the lessons, but they encourage active student participation through discussions, debates, and even challenging their ideas. You're expected tothink critically, form your own opinions, and defend them with facts and logic. The teachers act more as facilitators, guiding you to find your own understandings.This difference extends to the broader academic expectations too. In China, emphasisisprimarilyplaced on standardized test scores that assess your grasp of the standard curriculum. Late nights of hardcore cramming and rote memorization are the norm. The attitude is more "Work harder" to excel.Meanwhile, American education values students who take a more well-rounded approach - developing analytical abilities, creative thinking, communication skills, and exploration of personal interests and passions beyond just prescribed texts. The mindset leans more toward "Work smarter, not just harder."Both systems certainly produce many talented, successful students. But the roads they take are quite different in terms of philosophy and methods.Campus life between the two countries also contrasts quite vividly. At American universities, it's a huge part of the overall experience and personal growth. There's a vibrant social scene with tons of clubs, sports, parties, protests, and the infamous "Greek life." University is seen as a time to not only build yourintellect, but to explore your identity, independence, and passions outside the classroom.In China, campus social life is much more subdued. There are clubs and activities for sure, but the main mission is bucklingsolely down on academics with extraordinary discipline and commitment. The attitude is more "No playing until the work is done." University is regarded as strictly a time for pursuing your professional training and ensuring vocational success upon graduating.Personally, I can see the pros and cons of both approaches. The American way is perhaps better for developingmulti-talented, well-rounded individuals ready for diverse challenges. But the intense Chinese method is laser-focused on academics and can produce incredibly skilled experts in specific fields.As for living situations, American students generally experience a lot more independence much earlier. At 18, they're already moving into dorms or off-campus housing without parents. They also usually have part-time jobs from high school to cover living expenses. This early autonomy promotesself-sufficiency and life skills.Most Chinese students, on the flip side, continue living at home through university. They don't tend to work while studying, so they remain fairly dependent on their families for financial support and housing. The upside is that living costs are lower, and there are fewer distractions from studies. But it also breeds a more sheltered lifestyle lacking in independence and "adult" responsibilities.When it comes to the social perception of students, I've also detected some cultural differences. In America, being a student and taking a long academic journey is generally seen as pretty normal and acceptable. Most don't face immense pressure to immediately start careers and families after teenager years.But in China, there's a bit more societal bias and haste to settle into a stable job and marriage soon after the education is complete. The patience for prolonged studying into one's late 20s or beyond isn't quite as high. The cultural mentality is more bent on checking those typical "life milestone" boxes - decent career, marriage, house, kids - sooner rather than later after university.Those are just a few of the major contrasts I've identified between the American and Chinese approaches to academics and student life. Of course, these are generalities, and plenty ofexceptions exist in both societies. Every individual's experiences and perspectives can also differ.But overall, the American system tends to be morewell-rounded yet exploratory, while the Chinese method is intensely focused yet perhaps narrower in scope. Both work hard, just in rather different ways influenced by their cultural priorities and educational philosophies.For me personally, living and studying in both countries has been an amazing opportunity to soak up the best of both worlds. I'll forever appreciate the rigorous work ethic and subject mastery instilled by my Chinese foundations. But I've also greatly valued the American emphasis on developing diversified critical thinking abilities, self-expression, and social independence.At the end of the day, I don't think there's a definitively "better" approach. Both have their impressive strengths and room for improvement. Being exposed to both differing scholastic paths has not only enriched my education, but allowed me to form a more globalized perspective that our world sorely needs more of.。
英语作文-互联网+教育：中等教育行业的数字化变革
英语作文-互联网+教育：中等教育行业的数字化变革In recent years, the landscape of secondary education has been profoundly shaped by the digital revolution, particularly in how the internet has been integrated into educational practices. This transformation has not only impacted traditional teaching methods but has also redefined the way students learn and educators teach.Digitalization in the secondary education sector primarily revolves around the widespread adoption of technology to enhance learning outcomes and administrative efficiency. One of the most noticeable changes is the shift from traditional textbooks to digital resources. This evolution has enabled students to access a vast array of information beyond the confines of printed materials. With just a few clicks, learners can delve into interactive simulations, multimedia presentations, and even virtual laboratories that provide a hands-on experience previously unimaginable.Moreover, digital platforms have facilitated personalized learning experiences. Adaptive learning technologies analyze students' progress and tailor educational content to suit individual needs. This not only fosters a more engaging learning environment but also ensures that each student can learn at their own pace, reinforcing understanding where necessary and accelerating progress when possible.Beyond the classroom, the internet has revolutionized how secondary education institutions operate administratively. Tasks that once required substantial paperwork and manpower, such as student enrollment, grading, and communication with parents, are now streamlined through integrated online systems. This efficiency allows educators to dedicate more time to teaching and student support rather than administrative tasks.The digitalization of secondary education has also democratized access to learning resources. Students from remote or underserved areas can now access high-quality educational content online, narrowing the educational divide between urban and ruralregions. This accessibility not only empowers students but also contributes to a more equitable distribution of educational opportunities.Furthermore, the internet has transformed the role of educators from traditional knowledge transmitters to facilitators of critical thinking and digital literacy. Teachers are increasingly utilizing online platforms to collaborate with colleagues globally, share best practices, and access professional development resources. This interconnectedness enriches teaching methodologies and ensures that educators remain updated with the latest pedagogical trends and technological advancements.In conclusion, the digital transformation of secondary education through the internet has revolutionized learning and teaching practices worldwide. From enhancing access to knowledge and resources to fostering personalized learning experiences and streamlining administrative tasks, the impact of digitalization is profound and far-reaching. As technology continues to evolve, so too will its integration into the educational sphere, promising even greater advancements in the future of secondary education.。
初级教育 中等教育 高等教育英文
IntroductionIn this document, we will discuss the different levels of education in English, starting from primary education, moving on to secondary education, and concluding with higher education. Each level plays a crucial role in a student’s academic journey, providing them with essential knowledge and skills for their future.Primary EducationPrimary education, also known as elementary education, is the foundational level of education. It typically begins around the age of five or six and continues for five to six years, depending on the country’s educational system. Its primary focus is to provide students with basic literacy, numeracy, and essential life skills.At this level, students are introduced to a wide range of subjects, including English language, mathematics, science, social studies, art, and physical education. The curriculum is designed to cultivate a love for learning, foster creativity, and develop critical thinking skills.Secondary EducationSecondary education follows primary education and generally encompasses students aged between 12 and 18 years. It builds upon the foundation laid in primary education and offers a more specialized and in-depth curriculum.The main objective of secondary education is to equip students with the necessary knowledge and skills to pursue higher education or enter the workforce directly. The curriculum at this level is typically divided into different subject areas, including languages, sciences, humanities, and vocational studies.In addition to a core curriculum, secondary education often allows students to choose electives based on their interests and future career aspirations. This flexibility helps students explore various fields and discover their passions.Higher EducationHigher education refers to post-secondary education offered at colleges, universities, and other higher education institutions. It is designed for students who have completed secondary education and want to further their academic pursuits in a specific discipline.Higher education provides a comprehensive and specialized study in a chosen field, offering a wide range of degree programs such as bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees. The emphasis is on advanced knowledge, research, and critical analysis.In higher education, students are exposed to an interactive learning environment that encourages independent thinking, problem-solving, and research skills. It not only prepares students for their chosen careers but also fosters personal and professional growth.ConclusionIn conclusion, education is a journey that begins with primary education, continues through secondary education, and culminates in higher education. Each level plays a vital role in shaping students’ minds, equipping them with knowledge, skills, and values necessary for their personal and professional growth.Primary education provides a solid foundation, secondary education offers specialization, and higher education opens doors to advanced study and research. Together, these levels of education contribute to the overall development of individuals and society as a whole. It is essential to recognize the significance of each level and ensure equal access to quality education at all stages of learning.。
中学英语5e教学法
中学英语5e教学法The 5E Teaching Method for English in Secondary SchoolsIn the realm of secondary education, the teaching of English has long been a focal point of discussion and innovation. One approach that has gained significant traction in recent years is the 5E teaching method. This comprehensive instructional framework, designed to enhance student engagement and learning, has proven to be a valuable tool for educators seeking to optimize the English language learning experience.The 5E teaching method, which stands for Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, and Evaluate, is a cyclical process that guides students through a structured learning journey. Each phase of the 5E model serves a distinct purpose, working in harmony to create a dynamic and effective learning environment.The first phase, Engage, is crucial in capturing students' attention and piquing their curiosity. During this stage, teachers employ various strategies to introduce the topic, such as thought-provokingquestions, engaging activities, or multimedia presentations. The goal is to spark students' interest, connect the lesson to their prior knowledge, and set the stage for deeper exploration.Once students are engaged, the Explore phase encourages them to actively investigate and discover new concepts. This may involve hands-on activities, collaborative group work, or independent research. By allowing students to explore the subject matter on their own, they develop a deeper understanding and the ability to apply their knowledge in meaningful ways.The Explain phase follows, where teachers provide direct instruction and guidance. This is the opportunity to introduce new vocabulary, grammar rules, or literary concepts, ensuring that students have a solid foundation upon which to build their understanding. Explanations should be clear, concise, and tailored to the students' needs, promoting active participation and questioning.The Elaborate phase takes the learning experience to the next level by challenging students to apply their newfound knowledge in novel situations. This could involve writing assignments, oral presentations, or problem-solving exercises that require students to transfer their understanding to new contexts. The Elaborate phase encourages critical thinking, creativity, and the development of essential skills.Finally, the Evaluate phase assesses student learning and provides valuable feedback. This stage may include formative assessments, such as quizzes or classroom discussions, as well as summative evaluations, like essays or projects. The Evaluate phase allows teachers to gauge the effectiveness of their instruction, identify areas for improvement, and provide students with meaningful insights into their progress.The beauty of the 5E teaching method lies in its adaptability and versatility. While the framework remains consistent, teachers can customize the specific activities and strategies within each phase to cater to the unique needs and learning styles of their students. This flexibility ensures that the 5E method can be effectively implemented across a wide range of English language topics, from literature analysis to grammar instruction.One of the key advantages of the 5E teaching method is its emphasis on student-centered learning. By actively engaging students in the learning process, the 5E model encourages them to take ownership of their education, fostering a deeper level of understanding and retention. Students are not passive recipients of information; instead, they are actively involved in constructing their own knowledge, which ultimately leads to more meaningful and long-lasting learning outcomes.Furthermore, the 5E teaching method aligns seamlessly with the principles of differentiated instruction. By providing multiple entry points and opportunities for exploration, teachers can accommodate the diverse learning needs and preferences of their students. This approach ensures that all learners, regardless of their academic abilities or backgrounds, can actively participate and succeed in the English language classroom.Another significant advantage of the 5E teaching method is its ability to promote critical thinking and problem-solving skills. The Explore and Elaborate phases, in particular, challenge students to think critically, analyze information, and apply their knowledge to new situations. These skills are not only essential for success in the English language but also transfer to other academic disciplines and real-world contexts.Moreover, the 5E teaching method encourages collaborative learning, which is a crucial component of modern education. By incorporating group work and interactive activities, students have the opportunity to engage in meaningful discussions, share ideas, and learn from their peers. This collaborative approach fosters the development of communication, teamwork, and social skills, all of which are highly valued in the 21st-century workforce.In conclusion, the 5E teaching method is a powerful and versatileinstructional framework that has proven to be highly effective in the secondary English language classroom. By guiding students through a structured learning journey, this approach promotes active engagement, critical thinking, and the development of essential skills. As educators continue to seek innovative ways to enhance the teaching and learning of English, the 5E method stands as a valuable tool that can be adapted to meet the diverse needs of students and the evolving demands of the modern educational landscape.。
2023年辽宁英语作文
2023年辽宁英语作文The year 2023 marks a significant milestone for the Liaoning province in China as it continues to make strides in its English language education and proficiency. As the region looks to strengthen its global connections and foster a more internationally-oriented workforce, the focus on enhancing English skills has become a top priority.One of the key initiatives undertaken in Liaoning this year is the implementation of a comprehensive English language curriculum across all levels of the education system. From primary schools to universities, students are being exposed to a more rigorous and engaging approach to learning English. This includes the incorporation of interactive teaching methods, the use of cutting-edge technology, and the integration of real-world applications to make the learning process more relevant and meaningful.At the primary school level, the emphasis is on building a strong foundation in the language. Students are introduced to the basics of grammar, vocabulary, and conversational skills, with a particularfocus on developing their listening and speaking abilities. Teachers are employing innovative techniques, such as role-playing, storytelling, and language games, to make the learning experience more enjoyable and effective.As students progress to secondary schools, the curriculum becomes more comprehensive, covering a wider range of topics and skills. Greater emphasis is placed on academic writing, critical thinking, and the ability to effectively communicate in both formal and informal settings. The integration of English-medium instruction in select subject areas, such as science and mathematics, is also being explored to further enhance the students' language proficiency and their overall academic performance.At the tertiary level, Liaoning's universities are taking a proactive approach to preparing their students for the global job market. Many institutions have partnered with international organizations and educational institutions to offer dual-degree programs, student exchange opportunities, and international internships. This exposure to diverse cultural and linguistic environments not only improves the students' English skills but also fosters a deeper understanding of cultural differences and the ability to adapt to various work environments.To support these educational initiatives, the Liaoning governmenthas also invested heavily in the professional development of English language teachers. Ongoing training programs, workshops, and mentorship opportunities are being provided to ensure that educators are equipped with the latest teaching methodologies, technological tools, and cultural awareness. This commitment to strengthening the capacity of English language teachers is crucial in delivering high-quality instruction and fostering a positive learning environment for students.Beyond the classroom, Liaoning is also promoting the use of English in the broader community. Public signage, government communications, and business interactions are increasingly incorporating English to cater to the growing number of international visitors and residents. This shift towards a more multilingual environment not only enhances the province's appeal to foreign investors and tourists but also provides valuable opportunities for local residents to practice and improve their English language skills.The efforts made in Liaoning to enhance English proficiency are not limited to the education sector alone. The province has also recognized the importance of developing a strong pipeline of English-proficient professionals to support its economic and social development. Partnerships with local businesses, multinational corporations, and government agencies have been established toprovide specialized language training programs, internships, and career development opportunities.These initiatives have already started to yield positive results. In 2023, Liaoning has seen a marked improvement in the English language abilities of its workforce, with more and more individuals demonstrating the confidence and competence to engage in international business, collaborate with global partners, and represent the province on the world stage.The success of Liaoning's English language education efforts can be attributed to the province's holistic approach, which encompasses not only the academic curriculum but also the broader societal and economic contexts. By aligning its language policies with its overall development goals, Liaoning has been able to create a synergistic ecosystem that supports the growth and application of English language skills.As Liaoning continues to navigate the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century, its commitment to enhancing English proficiency will undoubtedly play a crucial role in strengthening its global competitiveness, fostering cross-cultural understanding, and opening up new avenues for economic and social progress. The year 2023 marks a significant milestone in this journey, and the province'scontinued focus on English language education will undoubtedly pave the way for a more prosperous and globally connected future.。
英语新课标解读-二级技术介绍
03
The Implementation Strategy of Secondary Technology under the New Curriculum Standards
Principle of Integration
01
Ensure that technology education is integrated into other subject areas, promoting a holistic learning experience.
Focus on process and product
The new standard emphasizes the importance of process and product in language learning, encouraging students to engage in meaningful and authentic tasks that require critical thinking and creativity.
Secondary technology refers to the application of science and technology knowledge in the production, life and social development of mankind. It is a kind of practical technology that is based on scientific and technological principles and methods.
Interpretation of the New English Curriculum Stand
用英语写初中学习计划
用英语写初中学习计划Middle School Study PlanIntroduction:Middle school is a crucial time in a student’s educational journey. It is a period where students build upon the foundational knowledge gained in elementary school and lay the groundwork for more advanced learning in high school and beyond. In order to excel academically, it is important for middle school students to develop effective study habits, time management skills, and a commitment to continuous learning. This study plan aims to provide a structured approach to middle school education, ensuring that students can meet academic challenges with confidence and success.Subject: English1. Set specific goals:- Improve reading comprehension skills- Enhance vocabulary- Develop strong writing abilities- Understand grammar and punctuation rules2. Study strategy:- Read a variety of fiction and non-fiction books to improve comprehension and expand vocabulary.- Practice writing essays, short stories, and letters to enhance writing skills.- Review grammar and punctuation rules regularly through exercises and quizzes.- Participate in class discussions and debates to improve verbal communication skills. 3. Time allocation:- Allocate at least 30 minutes daily for reading and vocabulary enhancement.- Set aside 1 hour weekly for writing practice and grammar revision.- Engage in group discussions and presentation preparations as part of regular classroom activities.Subject: Mathematics1. Set specific goals:- Develop a solid understanding of mathematical concepts and principles.- Improve problem-solving skills.- Master basic arithmetic operations, algebra, geometry, and data analysis.2. Study strategy:- Practice solving math problems regularly to reinforce understanding of concepts.- Seek additional help from teachers or tutors for topics that are challenging.- Utilize online resources, such as instructional videos, to clarify difficult concepts.- Form study groups with peers to collaborate on problem-solving and share different approaches.3. Time allocation:- Dedicate a minimum of 1 hour daily to practice math problems and exercises.- Schedule additional time for reviewing class notes and completing homework assignments.Subject: Science1. Set specific goals:- Develop a keen interest in scientific inquiry and experimentation.- Understand fundamental scientific principles in areas such as biology, chemistry, and physics.- Enhance critical thinking and analytical skills through scientific investigation.2. Study strategy:- Conduct hands-on experiments to understand scientific concepts better.- Create visual aids and diagrams to reinforce learning of complex scientific theories.- Formulate questions for class discussions and actively participate in laboratory activities. - Watch educational documentaries and explore interactive science websites to deepen understanding.3. Time allocation:- Allocate 1-2 hours weekly for conducting experiments and scientific inquiry.- Review class notes and undertake additional research on science topics of interest.Subject: History1. Set specific goals:- Gain a comprehensive understanding of historical events and their significance.- Improve critical analysis and interpretation of historical sources.- Enhance writing skills through historical research and essay composition.2. Study strategy:- Engage with primary and secondary historical sources to understand perspectives and contexts.- Practice creating timelines and maps to visualize historical events and their impact.- Participate in debates and discussions on historical topics to develop critical thinking skills.- Write research papers and essays on significant historical events or figures.3. Time allocation:- Dedicate at least 1 hour weekly to reading historical texts and analyzing sources.- Set aside time for independent research and essay writing.Subject: Foreign Language (e.g., Spanish)1. Set specific goals:- Attain proficiency in speaking, reading, and writing in the foreign language.- Understand the cultural context and diverse traditions associated with the language. - Develop the ability to hold conversations and express oneself fluently in the foreign language.2. Study strategy:- Practice speaking and listening to the language through conversational exercises.- Read literature and watch films in the foreign language to improve comprehension.- Write short stories or essays in the foreign language to enhance writing skills.- Participate in cultural events and language exchange programs to develop an appreciation for the language and its customs.3. Time allocation:- Allocate at least 30 minutes daily for practicing speaking and listening.- Additional 1 hour weekly for reading and writing exercises in the foreign language. Study Habits and Time Management:1. Keep a planner or digital calendar to organize study schedules, homework assignments, and extracurricular activities.2. Prioritize tasks and allocate specific time slots for studying each subject based on its complexity and workload.3. Avoid multitasking during study sessions and create a dedicated, distraction-free study environment.4. Take regular breaks to avoid mental fatigue and maintain focus during study sessions.5. Review class notes and materials as soon as possible to reinforce learning and clarify any uncertainties.6. Seek help from teachers or peers when encountering difficulties in comprehending specific topics.Extracurricular Activities:1. Participate in clubs or organizations related to academic interests, such as science clubs, language clubs, or math teams.2. Engage in community service activities or volunteering projects to develop a sense of social responsibility and leadership skills.3. Explore hobbies and interests outside of academics, such as sports, music, or creative arts, to maintain a healthy balance in life.Conclusion:By following this comprehensive study plan and incorporating effective study habits and time management skills, middle school students can achieve academic success while nurturing a holistic development. It is essential for students to find a balance between academic pursuits and personal growth, allowing them to become well-rounded individuals capable of meeting the challenges of the future. Through dedication, perseverance, and a love for learning, middle school students can lay a strong foundation for their educational journey and pave the way for future successes.。
浦东新区英语一模2024作文范文
浦东新区英语一模2024作文范文The Pudong New Area has been a shining example of China's remarkable economic transformation over the past few decades. As one of the country's most dynamic and prosperous regions, Pudong has not only witnessed but also driven the rapid development that has propelled China onto the global stage. At the heart of this remarkable success story lies the unwavering commitment to education, and in particular, the relentless pursuit of excellence in English language proficiency.The importance of English in the Pudong New Area cannot be overstated. As a hub of international trade, finance, and innovation, the ability to communicate effectively in English has become a crucial asset for individuals and businesses alike. The region's strategic location, coupled with its status as a free trade zone, has attracted a diverse array of multinational corporations, each seeking to tap into the vast potential of the Chinese market. In this highly competitive environment, the mastery of English has emerged as a key differentiator, enabling local talent to engage with their global counterparts on an equal footing.The Pudong New Area's approach to English education is multifaceted and comprehensive. From the earliest stages of a child's academic journey, the emphasis on English proficiency is palpable. Preschools and primary schools in the region have implemented rigorous language programs, ensuring that students are exposed to the language from a young age. This early exposure not only lays a solid foundation for future learning but also instills a sense of confidence and enthusiasm in the students, who quickly come to appreciate the value of being able to communicate in English.As students progress through the education system, the focus on English intensifies. Secondary schools in Pudong have adopted a curriculum that seamlessly integrates English language instruction across various subject areas, fostering a deeper understanding of the language and its practical applications. The use of interactive teaching methods, such as project-based learning and language immersion activities, further enhances the students' ability to apply their English skills in real-world scenarios.The commitment to English education extends beyond the traditional classroom setting. The Pudong New Area has invested heavily in extracurricular programs and enrichment activities that cater to the diverse interests and learning styles of its students. From language clubs and debate teams to international exchangeprograms and study abroad opportunities, the region has created a vibrant ecosystem that nurtures the development of well-rounded, globally-minded individuals.The impact of this comprehensive approach to English education can be seen in the remarkable achievements of Pudong's students. Year after year, they excel in national and international English language competitions, showcasing their linguistic prowess and cultural awareness. These successes not only bring pride to the local community but also serve as a testament to the effectiveness of the region's educational strategies.Moreover, the Pudong New Area's emphasis on English proficiency extends beyond the academic realm, permeating the broader social and economic fabric of the region. Local businesses and organizations have embraced the importance of English, encouraging their employees to enhance their language skills through in-house training programs and language courses. This commitment to ongoing professional development ensures that Pudong's workforce remains competitive and adaptable in the ever-evolving global marketplace.The success of the Pudong New Area's English education model can be attributed to a multitude of factors. The unwavering support of local government and educational authorities, the dedication ofteachers and administrators, and the active engagement of the community as a whole have all played a crucial role in shaping this remarkable achievement. Moreover, the region's ability to continuously adapt and innovate its educational strategies, in response to the changing needs of the 21st century, has been a key driver of its sustained success.As the Pudong New Area looks to the future, the continued emphasis on English language proficiency will undoubtedly remain a cornerstone of its development strategy. The region's vision is to cultivate a generation of globally-minded individuals who are not only fluent in English but also possess the critical thinking skills, cultural awareness, and entrepreneurial spirit necessary to thrive in an increasingly interconnected world.In conclusion, the Pudong New Area's English education model serves as a shining example of how a strategic and comprehensive approach to language learning can transform the lives of young people and propel a region towards greater prosperity and global influence. As China continues to assert its presence on the world stage, the Pudong New Area stands as a testament to the power of education, the value of linguistic diversity, and the boundless potential of its people.。
初二英语英翻汉短文
初二英语英翻汉短文Learning a new language can be a challenging yet rewarding experience. For secondary school students studying English as a foreign language, one of the key skills to develop is the ability to effectively translate between English and their native tongue. This process of translating English to Chinese, or vice versa, requires a nuanced understanding of both languages and the ability to convey meaning accurately and eloquently.One of the primary challenges in translating English to Chinese for secondary school students lies in the fundamental differences between the two languages. English is an Indo-European language with a subject-verb-object sentence structure, while Chinese is a Sino-Tibetan language that often follows a subject-object-verb structure. These structural differences can make direct translation difficult and require students to develop a deeper understanding of the nuances of both languages.Moreover, the cultural and contextual differences between English and Chinese can also pose significant obstacles in the translationprocess. Idioms, colloquialisms, and culturally-specific references that are common in one language may not have direct equivalents in the other, requiring students to find creative ways to convey the intended meaning.To effectively translate English to Chinese, secondary school students must develop a strong foundation in vocabulary, grammar, and syntax in both languages. This involves not only memorizing vocabulary and learning grammatical rules, but also developing the ability to recognize patterns, understand context, and apply critical thinking skills to determine the most appropriate translation.One effective approach to teaching English-to-Chinese translation in secondary schools is to provide students with a variety of authentic materials, such as news articles, literary works, and everyday conversations. By exposing students to real-world examples, they can learn to identify and navigate the nuances of language use and cultural references, ultimately developing a more comprehensive understanding of the translation process.In addition to working with authentic materials, secondary school teachers can also incorporate interactive activities and exercises that challenge students to apply their translation skills in practical scenarios. For example, students could be asked to translate a short dialogue or a business letter, and then engage in peer review or classdiscussions to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of their translations.Another important aspect of teaching English-to-Chinese translation is to emphasize the importance of accuracy and precision. While fluency and creativity are valuable skills, the primary goal of translation is to convey the intended meaning as faithfully as possible. Secondary school students should be trained to pay close attention to details, such as word choice, sentence structure, and cultural references, to ensure that their translations are both linguistically and culturally appropriate.Furthermore, the teaching of English-to-Chinese translation should be integrated into the broader curriculum of English language learning. By linking translation exercises to other language skills, such as reading, writing, and speaking, students can develop a more holistic understanding of how language functions and how to effectively communicate across linguistic and cultural boundaries.In conclusion, the ability to translate English to Chinese is a crucial skill for secondary school students studying English as a foreign language. By developing a strong foundation in vocabulary, grammar, and cultural awareness, as well as engaging in practical translation exercises and activities, students can not only improvetheir language proficiency but also gain a deeper appreciation for the complexities and nuances of cross-cultural communication.。
必修三外研社英语
必修三外研社英语The study of English as a foreign language has become an increasingly important aspect of education in many countries around the world. In China, the inclusion of English as a compulsory subject in the national curriculum has been a significant development in the education system. One of the key components of this English language education is the Compulsory Third-Year English textbook published by the Foreign Language Press. This textbook plays a crucial role in shaping the learning experience of millions of Chinese students as they progress through their secondary education.The Compulsory Third-Year English textbook is designed to build upon the foundational knowledge and skills acquired by students in their previous years of English study. The content of the textbook is carefully crafted to align with the national curriculum standards and to provide a comprehensive and engaging learning experience. The textbook covers a wide range of topics, from everyday conversations and cultural exchanges to more academic and professional-oriented content.One of the standout features of the Compulsory Third-Year English textbook is its emphasis on developing students' communicative competence. The textbook places a strong emphasis on practical language skills, such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing, with a focus on equipping students with the ability to effectively communicate in a variety of real-world situations. This approach is in line with the growing recognition of the importance of communicative language teaching in the field of foreign language education.The textbook also places a significant emphasis on the development of students' cultural awareness and understanding. Through the inclusion of diverse cultural content, ranging from traditional customs and practices to contemporary societal trends, the textbook aims to broaden students' perspectives and foster a deeper appreciation for the rich cultural tapestry of the English-speaking world. This cultural component is particularly important in the context of China, where the integration of Chinese and Western cultural elements has been a longstanding challenge in the education system.Another notable aspect of the Compulsory Third-Year English textbook is its incorporation of technology-enhanced learning opportunities. The textbook is often accompanied by digital resources, such as interactive exercises, multimedia content, andonline platforms, which allow students to engage with the material in a more dynamic and engaging manner. This integration of technology not only enhances the learning experience but also prepares students for the increasingly digitalized world they will encounter in their future academic and professional pursuits.The Compulsory Third-Year English textbook also places a strong emphasis on the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills. The textbook presents students with a range of thought-provoking scenarios and tasks that challenge them to analyze, evaluate, and formulate solutions to complex issues. This approach aligns with the broader educational goals of nurturing well-rounded individuals who are equipped to navigate the complexities of the modern world.One of the key strengths of the Compulsory Third-Year English textbook is its adaptability to the diverse learning needs and preferences of students. The textbook offers a variety of learning activities, ranging from individual tasks to group-based projects, catering to different learning styles and fostering collaborative learning experiences. This flexibility allows teachers to tailor the learning process to the specific needs and abilities of their students, ensuring a more personalized and effective learning environment.The implementation of the Compulsory Third-Year English textbookhas had a significant impact on the overall English language education landscape in China. The textbook has played a pivotal role in raising the proficiency levels of millions of students, equipping them with the necessary language skills and cultural awareness to navigate the increasingly globalized world. Additionally, the textbook has served as a valuable resource for teachers, providing them with a comprehensive and well-structured curriculum to guide their instruction.However, the implementation of the Compulsory Third-Year English textbook has not been without its challenges. One of the key challenges has been the need to continuously adapt the textbook content to keep pace with the rapidly evolving social, technological, and educational landscapes. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the textbook must be updated to reflect the changing demands and expectations placed on students in terms of language proficiency and cultural competence.Another challenge has been the need to ensure the effective integration of the textbook content into the broader curriculum and teaching practices. While the textbook provides a solid foundation, it is crucial that teachers are able to seamlessly integrate the textbook's content with other subject areas and learning experiences to create a more holistic and interdisciplinary approach to English language education.Despite these challenges, the Compulsory Third-Year English textbook published by the Foreign Language Press remains a vital component of the education system in China. As the country continues to strengthen its global presence and influence, the importance of effective English language education will only continue to grow. The Compulsory Third-Year English textbook, with its focus on developing communicative competence, cultural awareness, and critical thinking skills, will undoubtedly play a crucial role in shaping the future generation of globally-minded and linguistically-proficient individuals.In conclusion, the Compulsory Third-Year English textbook published by the Foreign Language Press is a significant and impactful resource in the field of English language education in China. Its comprehensive and adaptable approach to teaching and learning, combined with its emphasis on developing well-rounded and globally-competent individuals, makes it a valuable tool in the ongoing efforts to enhance the quality of English language education in the country. As the world continues to evolve, the importance of the Compulsory Third-Year English textbook will only continue to grow, serving as a vital resource in the pursuit of educational excellence and global competitiveness.。
初中英语阅读 学生高阶思维
初中英语阅读学生高阶思维Here is an essay on the topic of "English Reading in Secondary School and Higher-Order Thinking Skills" with more than 1000 words, written in English without any additional title or punctuation marks.English reading is a fundamental component of language learning in secondary schools worldwide. It not only helps students develop their vocabulary and grammar but also fosters their critical thinking and problem-solving abilities. As students progress through their secondary education, the focus on English reading often shifts from basic comprehension to more advanced cognitive skills such as analysis, evaluation, and creativity. This essay will explore the role of English reading in nurturing students' higher-order thinking skills and the strategies educators can employ to enhance this process.One of the primary objectives of English reading in secondary schools is to cultivate students' ability to comprehend and interpret texts at a deeper level. This goes beyond simply understanding the literal meaning of the words on the page. It involves developing the capacity to identify the author's purpose, recognize underlying themes and assumptions, and draw inferences from the text. By engaging with more complex and thought-provoking readingmaterials, students are challenged to move beyond surface-level understanding and delve into the nuances and subtleties of the written word.As students hone their English reading skills, they also begin to develop critical thinking abilities. Critical thinking is the ability to analyze information, evaluate arguments, and formulate well-reasoned judgments. Through English reading, students can learn to question the validity of information, identify biases and assumptions, and consider multiple perspectives on a given topic. This skill set is not only valuable in the academic realm but also essential for navigating the complexities of the modern world.Another key aspect of English reading in secondary schools is the development of problem-solving skills. Many reading comprehension exercises and tasks require students to apply their knowledge and understanding to solve specific problems or answer challenging questions. This process encourages students to think creatively, consider alternative solutions, and make informed decisions. By engaging with these types of activities, students can enhance their ability to approach and address complex issues, a skill that is highly valued in both academic and professional settings.Moreover, English reading can also foster students' creativity and imagination. When students are exposed to a diverse range ofliterary genres, from poetry to fiction to non-fiction, they are introduced to a wealth of new ideas, perspectives, and narrative structures. This exposure can inspire students to think outside the box, to explore their own creative potential, and to develop unique and innovative solutions to problems. By nurturing this creative mindset, educators can empower students to become not just passive consumers of information but active contributors to the intellectual and cultural discourse.To effectively harness the potential of English reading in developing students' higher-order thinking skills, educators can employ a variety of strategies and techniques. One such approach is the use of active reading strategies, which encourage students to engage with the text in a more dynamic and interactive manner. This can include activities such as annotating the text, generating questions, and making connections between the reading material and their own experiences or prior knowledge.Another effective strategy is the incorporation of collaborative learning activities. By engaging in group discussions, debates, and joint analysis of texts, students can learn from their peers, challenge each other's perspectives, and develop a deeper understanding of the reading material. This collaborative approach not only fosters critical thinking but also enhances students' communication and teamwork skills, which are essential for success in the 21st-centuryworkplace.Furthermore, educators can utilize technology-based tools and resources to enhance the English reading experience. Digital platforms, such as interactive e-books, online annotations, and multimedia content, can provide students with engaging and dynamic reading environments that encourage deeper engagement and exploration. Additionally, the use of data analytics and learning analytics can help educators identify areas where students may be struggling and tailor their instructional approaches accordingly.In conclusion, the role of English reading in nurturing students' higher-order thinking skills is crucial. By moving beyond basic comprehension and fostering critical analysis, problem-solving, and creativity, English reading can empower students to become independent, adaptable, and innovative thinkers. Through the implementation of effective teaching strategies and the integration of technology, educators can create learning environments that inspire students to engage with reading material in meaningful and transformative ways. As we prepare students for the challenges and opportunities of the future, the development of these higher-order thinking skills through English reading will be an invaluable asset in their academic and personal growth.。
初一英语补课
初一英语补课In the early stages of secondary education, the transition from primary school to junior high can be a challenging time for students, especially in the area of English language learning. This is due to the significant increase in the complexity and depth of the subject matter, which often requires a higher level of comprehension and application. As a result, many students find themselves struggling to keep up with the pace of the curriculum, necessitating the need for extra tutoring sessions in English.**The Importance of Supplementary English Tutoring**Supplementary English tutoring for junior high students is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, it helps to bridge the gap between the student's current level of English proficiency and the demands of the junior high curriculum. By providing additional practice and explanation of key concepts, tutors can ensure that students are not only keeping up with the class but also gaining a deeper understanding of the subject matter.Secondly, supplementary tutoring allows students to receive personalized attention and feedback on their learning progress. Unlike a traditional classroom setting where teachers often have to cater to a diverse range of learning styles and abilities, tutors can tailor their approach to the individual needs of each student. This personalization ensures that students are not only learning effectively but also developing a positive attitude towards English learning.Lastly, supplementary English tutoring can help to boost students' confidence and motivation. By achieving success in smaller, more manageable chunks through regular practice and feedback, students are more likely to feel accomplished and excited about their progress. Thispositive feedback loop can be a powerful motivator, encouraging students to work harder and achieve even greater success in their English learning journey.**Strategies for Effective Supplementary English Tutoring**When it comes to supplementary English tutoring, there are several key strategies that can help students achieveoptimal results. Firstly, it is important to identify the student's specific areas of weakness and focus on those areas during tutoring sessions. This targeted approach ensures that students are getting the most out of their time and effort, addressing the root causes of their difficulties.Secondly, tutors should employ a variety of teaching methods and resources to keep the learning process engaging and interactive. This could include using games, role-playing, storytelling, and other creative techniques to make the subject matter more relevant and appealing to the student. By making learning fun and exciting, tutors can help to maintain the student's interest and momentum throughout the tutoring process.Lastly, it is crucial for tutors to provide regular progress reports and feedback to both the student and their parents or guardians. This transparency not only helps to keep everyone informed about the student's progress but also serves as a powerful motivator for the student themselves. By seeing their progress reflected in tangibleresults, students are more likely to stay motivated and committed to their English learning journey.In conclusion, supplementary English tutoring for junior high students is an essential component of their overall academic success. By bridging the gap between current proficiency levels and curriculum demands, providing personalized attention and feedback, and employing effective teaching strategies, tutors can help students achieve success in English and beyond. By investing in supplementary tutoring, students are not only improving their English skills but also developing the confidence and motivation necessary to excel in all areas of their academic and personal life.**初一英语补课的重要性与策略**在初中学习的早期阶段，从小学到初中的过渡对学生来说可能是一个具有挑战性的时期，尤其是在英语学习方面。
中学英语单元整体教学设计与实施读后感
中学英语单元整体教学设计与实施读后感The design and implementation of English unit teaching in secondary schools is a crucial aspect of language education, as it lays the foundation for students' language proficiency and overall academic development. As an educator, I have had the opportunity to closely observe and reflect on the various approaches and strategies employed in this process. In this essay, I will share my insights and experiences on the subject, with the aim of highlighting the key considerations and best practices that can contribute to the success of English unit teaching in secondary schools.Firstly, it is essential to recognize the importance of a well-structured and comprehensive curriculum. The English unit teaching design should be aligned with the overarching educational objectives and the specific needs of the student population. This requires a thorough analysis of the language proficiency levels, learning styles, and cultural backgrounds of the students, as well as a clear understanding of the expected learning outcomes and the assessment criteria.One of the fundamental aspects of effective English unit teaching is the integration of various language skills, namely reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Each unit should be designed to provide students with opportunities to engage in a range of activities that foster the development of these skills in a balanced and interconnected manner. This approach not only enhances the students' overall language proficiency but also promotes their critical thinking and problem-solving abilities.Another crucial element in the design of English unit teaching is the selection and organization of content. The content should be relevant, engaging, and aligned with the students' interests and experiences. It should also be structured in a way that gradually builds upon the students' existing knowledge and skills, allowing them to progress at a pace that is both challenging and supportive.In addition to the content, the teaching strategies and methodologies employed in the classroom play a pivotal role in the success of English unit teaching. Effective teachers should be well-versed in a variety of instructional approaches, such as collaborative learning, project-based learning, and task-based learning, and be able to adapt these methods to suit the specific needs of their students.One particularly effective strategy in English unit teaching is the useof authentic materials, such as articles, videos, and podcasts, which expose students to real-world language use and cultural contexts. By incorporating these materials into the curriculum, teachers can not only enhance the relevance and engagement of the content but also foster the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills.Another important aspect of effective English unit teaching is the integration of technology. The digital age has brought about a wealth of resources and tools that can be leveraged to enhance the learning experience. From interactive learning platforms to virtual collaboration spaces, the integration of technology can greatly facilitate the delivery of content, the facilitation of learning activities, and the assessment of student progress.Effective assessment and feedback mechanisms are also crucial in the design and implementation of English unit teaching. Formative assessments, such as quizzes, presentations, and project-based evaluations, should be used throughout the unit to provide ongoing feedback and identify areas for improvement. Summative assessments, such as end-of-unit exams, should be designed to measure the students' overall language proficiency and the achievement of the learning outcomes.In addition to the design and implementation of the curriculum, the role of the teacher is also paramount in the success of English unitteaching. Effective teachers should possess a deep understanding of the subject matter, a strong command of pedagogical strategies, and a genuine passion for language education. They should also be able to foster a positive and inclusive learning environment, where students feel empowered to take risks, engage in meaningful discussions, and collaborate with their peers.Finally, the involvement of parents and the broader school community is crucial in the overall success of English unit teaching. By establishing strong partnerships with parents and engaging the support of school administrators and other stakeholders, teachers can create a cohesive and supportive learning environment that reinforces the importance of English language education and ensures the continuity of the learning process both inside and outside the classroom.In conclusion, the design and implementation of English unit teaching in secondary schools is a complex and multifaceted endeavor that requires a comprehensive and well-coordinated approach. By considering the key elements discussed in this essay, including curriculum design, language skill integration, content selection, teaching strategies, technology integration, assessment and feedback, teacher quality, and community engagement, educators can create a learning environment that fosters the development of students' language proficiency, critical thinking, andoverall academic success. As we continue to navigate the ever-evolving landscape of language education, it is crucial that we remain committed to the continuous improvement and refinement of English unit teaching practices, ensuring that our students are well-equipped to thrive in a globalized world.。
英语作文-国内外中等教育行业的教育资源开放与共享研究
英语作文-国内外中等教育行业的教育资源开放与共享研究In the realm of education, the sharing and openness of educational resources in the global and domestic secondary education sectors have become pivotal areas of study and innovation. This article delves into the dynamics, benefits, challenges, and future prospects associated with this phenomenon.Educational resources encompass a broad spectrum, ranging from traditional textbooks to digital learning tools and interactive platforms. The concept of openness and sharing in this context refers to making these resources accessible and available for use beyond their original creators or institutions. This trend has gained momentum globally, driven by advancements in technology, evolving educational philosophies, and the increasing demand for quality education worldwide.One of the primary advantages of open educational resources (OER) lies in their potential to democratize access to education. By removing financial barriers associated with expensive textbooks and materials, OER enables students from diverse socio-economic backgrounds to access high-quality learning materials. This accessibility not only enhances educational equity but also fosters a more inclusive learning environment.Moreover, the collaborative nature of resource sharing encourages educators to adapt and customize materials according to their students' needs. This adaptability is crucial in catering to different learning styles and preferences, thereby improving overall learning outcomes. Teachers can modify content to align with local contexts, languages, and cultural nuances, making education more relevant and engaging for learners.In the realm of international education, the sharing of resources facilitates cross-cultural exchange and collaboration among educators and students globally. This exchange enriches learning experiences by exposing individuals to diverse perspectives and approaches, fostering a deeper understanding of global issues and interconnectedness.However, despite these benefits, the adoption of OER poses several challenges. Intellectual property rights, for instance, can be a contentious issue when sharing proprietary educational content. Ensuring proper attribution and respecting copyright laws are critical to maintaining ethical standards and legal compliance in resource sharing initiatives.Technological infrastructure and digital literacy also play pivotal roles in the effective dissemination and utilization of OER. Uneven access to technology and internet connectivity can hinder the widespread adoption of digital resources, particularly in underserved regions or developing countries. Bridging the digital divide is essential to ensure that all students and educators can benefit equitably from open educational resources.Furthermore, sustainability remains a concern in the long-term viability of OER initiatives. Sustainable funding models and institutional support are necessary to maintain and update open educational resources continually. Collaboration among governments, educational institutions, and private sectors is crucial in developing robust frameworks for the creation, dissemination, and maintenance of OER.Looking ahead, the future of educational resource sharing appears promising with ongoing advancements in technology and evolving educational practices. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning hold potential for personalized learning experiences and adaptive educational resources. These innovations can further enhance the effectiveness and accessibility of OER, catering to individual learning needs and preferences.In conclusion, the movement towards open and shared educational resources represents a significant paradigm shift in the global education landscape. By promoting accessibility, collaboration, and innovation, OER has the potential to transform educational practices and empower learners worldwide. Embracing this evolution requires concerted efforts from stakeholders to address challenges and maximize the benefits of educational resource openness for future generations.。
英语作文-中等教育行业的教学管理与教师发展策略探索
英语作文-中等教育行业的教学管理与教师发展策略探索In the realm of secondary education, effective teaching management and strategies for teacher development play pivotal roles in shaping the educational landscape. This article explores various facets of educational leadership and development within the secondary education sector.A critical aspect of effective teaching management is fostering a supportive and empowering environment for educators. This begins with robust administrative support that acknowledges the diverse needs and challenges faced by teachers in modern classrooms. Administrators must not only provide resources but also cultivate a culture of collaboration and continuous professional growth. This can be achieved through regular workshops, peer-to-peer learning sessions, and opportunities for teachers to engage in reflective practices.Furthermore, implementing a coherent and progressive curriculum is essential for maintaining high educational standards. Curriculum development should be a collaborative effort involving educators, administrators, and education experts. It should reflect both national educational goals and the specific needs of the student population. A well-structured curriculum not only ensures comprehensive subject coverage but also promotes critical thinking, creativity, and real-world application of knowledge.In parallel, effective teaching management necessitates the use of modern technology to enhance learning experiences. Integrating educational technologies into daily teaching practices can significantly enrich the educational process. This includes utilizing digital resources for personalized learning, interactive classroom activities, and assessments that provide timely feedback to students and teachers alike.Moreover, fostering a positive school climate is instrumental in promoting student engagement and academic success. A supportive environment characterized by respect, inclusivity, and safety cultivates a sense of belonging among students. Teachers, asfacilitators of this environment, play a crucial role in modeling positive behaviors and interpersonal skills.In terms of teacher development, continuous professional learning is indispensable. Professional development opportunities should address current educational trends, pedagogical innovations, and subject-specific advancements. These opportunities can take various forms, such as attending conferences, pursuing advanced degrees, participating in mentoring programs, or engaging in action research projects.Equally important is the need for effective teacher evaluation and feedback mechanisms. Constructive feedback helps teachers identify areas for improvement and refine their teaching practices. It also reinforces accountability and encourages professional growth aligned with educational goals.Furthermore, promoting leadership among teachers fosters a culture of innovation and excellence within schools. Recognizing and nurturing teacher leaders empowers them to initiate positive changes, mentor colleagues, and contribute to the overall improvement of teaching and learning outcomes.Ultimately, effective teaching management and strategies for teacher development are integral to enhancing the quality of secondary education. By prioritizing supportive environments, professional growth opportunities, and innovative practices, educational institutions can nurture a generation of students equipped with the knowledge, skills, and values necessary for future success in a globalized world.。
中学英语教学美篇范文
中学英语教学美篇范文The significance of English language education in secondary schools cannot be overstated. As a global lingua franca, proficiency in English has become a crucial skill for academic and professional success in an increasingly interconnected world. Effective English teaching in secondary schools serves as the foundation for students to develop strong communication abilities, critical thinking skills, and cultural awareness - all of which are essential for their future endeavors. This essay will explore the key elements of exemplary English teaching in secondary schools, highlighting best practices and the positive impact on student outcomes.Firstly, an effective English curriculum in secondary schools should strike a balance between developing students' proficiency in the four core language skills: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. While traditional approaches have often emphasized the mastery of grammar rules and vocabulary, modern pedagogical methods emphasize the importance of integrating these skills in authentic, communicative contexts. This allows students to apply their knowledge and practice language usage in real-world scenarios,fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation for the language.One such approach is the implementation of task-based learning, where students are given meaningful, collaborative tasks that require them to use English to accomplish specific goals. For example, students might be asked to plan a school trip, conduct a market research survey, or create a multimedia presentation on a topic of their choice. By engaging in these task-oriented activities, students not only develop their linguistic abilities but also hone their critical thinking, problem-solving, and teamwork skills - all of which are highly valued in the 21st-century job market.Another crucial aspect of exemplary English teaching is the incorporation of diverse, culturally-relevant materials and resources. Instead of relying solely on traditional textbooks, effective English teachers in secondary schools curate a wide range of authentic texts, such as literature, news articles, films, and podcasts, that reflect the diverse backgrounds and experiences of their students. This not only helps to maintain student engagement and interest but also fosters a deeper understanding and appreciation for different cultures, perspectives, and modes of expression.Furthermore, the use of technology in English language instruction has become increasingly important in the digital age. Savvy English teachers in secondary schools leverage a variety of digital tools andplatforms to enhance the learning experience. This might include the use of interactive whiteboards, language learning apps, virtual reality simulations, or online collaboration platforms. By seamlessly integrating technology into their teaching, these educators are able to create engaging, immersive learning environments that cater to the diverse learning styles and preferences of their students.In addition to the curricular and instructional approaches, the role of the English teacher in secondary schools is also crucial to the success of the program. Exemplary English teachers are not merely content experts; they are skilled facilitators who can create a supportive, inclusive, and intellectually stimulating classroom environment. These educators possess a deep understanding of their students' needs, backgrounds, and learning preferences, and they are able to adapt their teaching strategies accordingly.Effective English teachers in secondary schools also prioritize ongoing professional development, continuously seeking to expand their knowledge, refine their pedagogical skills, and stay up-to-date with the latest research and best practices in the field. This commitment to lifelong learning not only benefits the teachers themselves but also has a direct impact on the quality of instruction and the overall learning outcomes of their students.Moreover, exemplary English teaching in secondary schools extendsbeyond the classroom walls. Successful English teachers actively collaborate with their colleagues, both within the English department and across other subject areas, to ensure a cohesive and integrated approach to language learning. They also engage with the broader school community, including parents and administrators, to foster a shared understanding of the importance of English language proficiency and to garner support for innovative teaching initiatives.The positive impact of exemplary English teaching in secondary schools is manifold. When students are exposed to a well-designed, engaging, and culturally-responsive English curriculum, they not only develop strong language skills but also cultivate a deeper appreciation for diversity, critical thinking, and effective communication. These skills are not only essential for academic success but also serve as a foundation for their future personal and professional endeavors.Furthermore, the benefits of exemplary English teaching extend beyond the individual student level. When a secondary school consistently delivers high-quality English language instruction, it can positively impact the entire school community. Improved English proficiency among students can lead to better academic performance across all subject areas, higher graduation rates, and increased opportunities for post-secondary education and career advancement.In conclusion, the significance of exemplary English teaching in secondary schools cannot be overstated. By prioritizing the development of well-rounded language skills, incorporating culturally-relevant and technology-enhanced instructional approaches, and fostering a supportive and intellectually stimulating learning environment, English teachers in secondary schools can have a profound and lasting impact on their students' academic, personal, and professional trajectories. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the importance of cultivating strong English language proficiency in secondary schools will only continue to grow, making it a crucial investment in the future success of our students and our communities.。
义乌课程英语标准重点
义乌课程英语标准重点The city of Yiwu in Zhejiang Province, China has long been recognized as a hub of international trade and commerce. As the world's largest small commodity wholesale market, Yiwu attracts thousands of foreign buyers and traders each year, making English a crucial language for business and communication. In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on improving English language education in Yiwu to better serve the needs of the city's thriving international economy. This essay will examine the English language curriculum and standards in Yiwu, exploring the key initiatives and challenges in elevating the English proficiency of students and professionals.One of the primary focuses of Yiwu's English education reform has been establishing rigorous standards and benchmarks for language learning. The local government has worked closely with educational authorities to develop comprehensive English language curricula for primary and secondary schools that align with national and international frameworks. These standards outline specific learning objectives and proficiency levels that students are expected toachieve at each grade level, covering essential skills in listening, speaking, reading, and writing.To support the implementation of these standards, Yiwu has invested heavily in teacher training and professional development programs. Recognizing that the quality of English instruction is crucial, the city has implemented extensive training initiatives to upskill existing teachers and attract talented English language educators. This includes providing opportunities for teachers to participate in exchange programs, attend workshops and conferences, and collaborate with international experts to stay up-to-date with best practices in language pedagogy.In addition to strengthening the capacity of English teachers, Yiwu has also emphasized the importance of creating immersive learning environments for students. Many schools in the city have established language labs, interactive classrooms, and dedicated English corners to encourage students to practice their language skills in authentic, real-world contexts. These facilities not only expose students to native-like pronunciation and conversational patterns but also foster a culture of language learning and intercultural exchange.Furthermore, Yiwu has recognized the value of incorporating technology and digital resources into its English language curriculum. The city has made significant investments in equipping schools withmodern technological infrastructure, such as high-speed internet, interactive whiteboards, and multimedia learning tools. Teachers are trained to effectively integrate these technologies into their lessons, leveraging online platforms, educational apps, and virtual exchange programs to enhance the learning experience and make English more engaging and accessible for students.One of the notable initiatives in Yiwu's English education reform is the establishment of bilingual schools and immersion programs. These specialized institutions offer a curriculum that integrates English and Chinese, with a significant portion of instruction conducted in English across various subject areas. By immersing students in a bilingual environment, these programs aim to develop their language proficiency, critical thinking skills, and cross-cultural understanding – essential qualities for success in the global marketplace.To further support the development of English language skills, Yiwu has also implemented a range of extracurricular activities and community-based programs. These include English speech contests, debate competitions, drama performances, and international cultural exchange events. These activities not only provide students with opportunities to practice their language skills in real-life situations but also foster a sense of global citizenship and intercultural awareness.However, the implementation of these English language education initiatives in Yiwu is not without its challenges. One of the primary concerns is ensuring consistent quality and standards across thecity's diverse educational institutions. While the local government has established comprehensive guidelines and benchmarks, the actual implementation and outcomes can vary depending on factors such as teacher competency, resource availability, and school leadership.Another challenge is addressing the diverse learning needs and proficiency levels of students. Yiwu's student population is highly heterogeneous, with some students coming from families with strong English language backgrounds, while others may have limited exposure to the language. Striking a balance between catering to the needs of both high-performing and struggling students, while maintaining high standards, remains an ongoing challenge for educators in the city.Furthermore, the rapid pace of technological change and the evolving demands of the global economy require Yiwu to continuously adapt its English language curriculum and teaching methods. Keeping up with the latest trends and innovations in language education, as well as aligning the curriculum with the changing needs of the job market, requires sustained efforts andcollaboration between educational institutions, industry partners, and policymakers.Despite these challenges, Yiwu's commitment to elevating the English language proficiency of its students and professionals remains unwavering. The city's strategic investments in teacher training, technology-enhanced learning, and immersive language programs demonstrate a strong dedication to preparing its citizens for success in the global arena.As Yiwu continues to strengthen its position as a hub of international trade and commerce, the importance of English language education will only grow. By maintaining a focus on high standards, innovative teaching practices, and a culture of lifelong learning, Yiwu can ensure that its students and professionals are equipped with the linguistic and intercultural competencies necessary to thrive in the increasingly interconnected world.。
初一下第一单元英语作文范文
初一下第一单元英语作文范文In the ever-evolving landscape of education, the transition from primary to secondary school marks a significant milestone in a student's academic journey. For many, this shift presents a unique set of challenges and opportunities, as they navigate the complexities of a new academic environment. One such challenge is the introduction of a new subject – English – which plays a pivotal role in shaping a student's linguistic abilities and their overall academic success.As students embark on their first unit of English in grade 7 semester 1, they are presented with a wealth of opportunities to hone their language skills and develop a deeper appreciation for the nuances of the English language. This essay aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the key aspects of this initial unit, highlighting the essential skills and concepts that students must master to excel in their English studies.Firstly, one of the primary focus areas of this unit is the development of reading comprehension skills. Students are exposed to a variety ofliterary and informational texts, ranging from short stories and poetry to news articles and informative passages. Through careful analysis and close reading, they learn to identify the main ideas, supporting details, and underlying themes within these texts. This not only enhances their understanding of the content but also equips them with the necessary tools to engage with a wide range of written materials in the future.Closely linked to reading comprehension is the skill of vocabulary development. In this unit, students are introduced to a diverse array of new words and their corresponding meanings. They learn strategies for deciphering the meanings of unfamiliar terms, such as using context clues, word roots, and affixes. By expanding their lexical repertoire, students become better equipped to comprehend complex texts, articulate their thoughts more effectively, and communicate with greater precision.In addition to reading and vocabulary, this unit also places a strong emphasis on the development of writing skills. Students are tasked with composing a variety of written pieces, including personal narratives, informative essays, and persuasive arguments. They learn the fundamental elements of effective writing, such as organization, coherence, and the use of supporting evidence. Through the drafting, revising, and editing process, students hone their ability to express their ideas clearly and effectively on paper.Alongside the development of reading, vocabulary, and writing skills, this unit also introduces students to the intricacies of English grammar. They delve into the rules and conventions that govern the structure of the language, exploring topics such as parts of speech, sentence structure, and verb tenses. By mastering these grammatical concepts, students enhance their ability to communicate with clarity and correctness, laying the foundation for more advanced language skills in the future.One of the unique aspects of this unit is the integration of technology in the learning process. Students are often encouraged to utilize digital resources, such as online dictionaries, language-learning applications, and interactive educational platforms, to supplement their classroom learning. This exposure to technology not only enhances their digital literacy but also fosters a sense of engagement and autonomy in their language acquisition.Moreover, this unit often incorporates a cultural component, introducing students to the rich diversity of the English-speaking world. Through the exploration of literature, media, and historical contexts, students develop a deeper understanding and appreciation for the cultural nuances that shape the English language. This cross-cultural awareness not only broadens their perspectives but also prepares them to navigate the increasingly globalized world withconfidence and cultural sensitivity.As students progress through this initial unit of English in grade 7 semester 1, they are also encouraged to engage in various learning activities that promote collaboration, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. Group discussions, project-based learning, and interactive classroom activities allow students to apply their newly acquired knowledge in real-world contexts, fostering a deeper understanding of the language and its practical applications.One of the key advantages of this unit is its ability to lay a strong foundation for future English studies. The skills and concepts introduced here serve as building blocks for more advanced language learning in subsequent semesters and grades. By mastering the fundamentals of reading, writing, vocabulary, and grammar, students are better equipped to tackle the increasingly complex challenges they will face in their academic and professional lives.In conclusion, the first unit of English in grade 7 semester 1 is a critical juncture in a student's educational journey. It not only introduces them to the core elements of the English language but also equips them with the necessary tools to navigate the complexities of secondary school and beyond. Through a comprehensive and engaging curriculum, students are empowered to develop their linguistic abilities, cultivate their critical thinkingskills, and foster a lifelong appreciation for the richness of the English language. As they embark on this new academic chapter, students can look forward to a rewarding and transformative learning experience that will undoubtedly shape their future success.。
临床试验相关词汇中英对照
临床试验词汇中英文对照Aｃcｕrａｃy准确度Active cｏntｒｏl, AC 阳性对照,活性对照Adｖerse drug reacｔｉon，ADR 药物不良反应Adverｓe evenｔ,AＥ不良事件Aｄvｅｒse meｄical events 不良医学事件Aｄｖｅrse reacｔｉon 药物不良反应Alb 白蛋白ALD（Aｐｐroxｉｍate Lｅtｈａl Ｄose) 近似致死剂量ＡLＰ碱性磷酸酶Alpha ｓpendinｇfunction 消耗函数ALＴ丙氨酸氨基转换酶Ａｎalysis ｓets 统计分析的数据集Apｐｒoval 批准Ａssistａnt ｉnvestｉgatoｒ助理研究者AST天门冬酸氨基转换酶AＴＲ衰减全反射法AUＣss稳态血药浓度-时间曲线下面积Ａｕｄiｔ稽查Auｄｉt or inspection 稽查／视察Aｕdit ｒeｐorｔ稽查报告Aｕdiｔｏr 稽查员Biａs 偏性，偏倚Ｂioeｑuivalｅnce 生物等效应Blaｎk ｃｏnｔrol 空白对照Blinｄcodes编制盲底Bliｎｄｒevｉｅｗ盲态审核Bｌｉnd reviｅw 盲态检查Blinding metｈod 盲法Blinding/ maｓkiｎg 盲法,设盲Block分段Block 层Bｌoｃｋｓｉze 每段的长度ＢUN 尿素氮Carryoveｒeffeｃｔ延滞效应Caｓe histｏｒy 病历Caｓe ｒｅport form病例报告表Case reporｔｆorｍ/ ｃａse ｒｅｃord ｆoｒm, CRＦ病例报告表,病例记录表Caｔegoricaｌvarｉaｂlｅ分类变量Ｃav 平均浓度ＣD 圆二色谱CL(ｃｌeaｒaｎce）清除率Cｌiｎicaｌｅquivalenｃe 临床等效性Clinｉcal study 临床研究Cliniｃal studｙrepoｒt 临床试验的总结报告Clinical ｔｒiａl临床试验Ｃlinicａlｔｒｉａl aｐplicaｔiｏｎ，CＴA临床试验申请Cｌｉnical trial exemption，CTX 临床试验免责Clｉｎｉｃａl tｒｉal protocoｌ, CTＰ临床试验方案Cｌｉｎｉcaｌtriａｌ/ study rｅporｔ临床试验报告Cmａｘ峰浓度Ｃo-investigator 合作研究者Comｐａrison对照Comｐｌiaｎcｅ依从性Coｍpositeｖariaｂｌe 复合变量Cｏｍputer－assiｓted trial design，CＡTD 计算机辅助试验设计Cｏnfidence intｅrｖal 可信区间Cｏｎｆiｄeｎｃe levｅl 置信水平Conｓistency tesｔ一致性检验Contraｃt reseａrｃh orgａniｚａtioｎ，CRＯ合同研究组织Ｃontraｃｔ/ ａgrｅement协议/合同Cｏntrol group 对照组Ｃoorｄinatiｎgｃｏmmｉttee 协调委员会Ｃｒea 肌酐CRF（case reportｆorm）病例报告表Ｃrosｓｏｖer design 交叉设计Ｃrｏss-ｏver stuｄy交叉研究Css 稳态浓度Curｅ痊愈Data managｅｍent 数据管理Dataｂａｓe建立数据库Deｓcrｉptivｅsｔatisticaｌaｎalysis描述性统计分析DF 波动系统Dichotｏmies 二分类Diｖｉａtion 偏差Documｅntatｉoｎ记录／文件Dｏsｅ-ｒeaction ｒelaｔiｏn 剂量-反应关系Doｕｂle blinding 双盲Doubｌe dumｍｙ双模拟Ｄｏublｅdummｙｔｅchniquｅ双盲双模拟技术Doubｌe-ｂｌｉｎdｉnｇ双盲Drop ｏut 脱落DSC 差示扫描热量计Effectｉveneｓs疗效Electronic dａta cａpture, EDC电子数据采集系统Eｌeｃtroｎiｃｄata proceｓｓｉｎｇ, EDP 电子数据处理系统Ｅmｅｒgencｙenvelope 应急信件Ｅnｄpoｉnt终点Endpoiｎt ｃritｅria/ measureｍent 终点指标Equiｖalence 等效性Ｅｓsenｔiaｌｄocumentatiｏn 必须文件Ethics commitｔee 伦理委员会Eｘｃeｌｌeｎt 显效Eｘｃlusｉonｃrｉｔｅrｉa 排除标准Facｔoriａl dｅsｉgn析因设计Failure 无效,失败Final poｉｎt 终点Fixed-doｓe procｅdurｅ固定剂量法Forced tｉtｒation 强制滴定Fulｌaｎalｙsis ｓet 全分析集ＧC－FTIR气相色谱-傅利叶红外联用GＣ－MS 气相色谱－质谱联用Ｇeｎｅricｄｒug通用名药Globａl ａｓｓesｓment ｖaｒｉable 全局评价变量GLＵ血糖Good clｉnｉcａlｐrａctice，ＧCＰ药物临床试验质量管理规范Gｏoｄmａnufａcture pｒaｃtice, GMP 药品生产质量管理规范Ｇooｄｎon-cｌinical labｏｒａｔｏry pｒacticｅ，GLP药物非临床研究质量管理规范Group sequｅnｔiaｌdｅsｉｇn 成组序贯设计Healtｈecoｎoｍicｅvaｌｕatｉon，HEＶ健康经济学评价Hyｐothesｉs ｔｅst 假设检验Hyｐoｔhesis ｔesting 假设检验Intｅrnａｔiｏnａl ConfｅrencｅoｆHarmoｎiｚation, IＣH 人用药品注册技术要求国际技术协调会,国际协调会议Imｐroveｍｅnt 好转Inclusiｏn ｃriｔerｉa入选标准Inｄepenｄent etｈics committee, IEC 独立伦理委员会Information ｃｏｎseｎt form, ICF知情同意书Iｎfoｒmａtiｏn gaｔhering 信息收集Iｎｆｏrmed consｅnｔ, IC知情同意Initial mｅｅting 启动会议Inｓｐection 视察／检查Inｓtitｕｔioｎinｓpecｔion 机构检查Instituｔion review board，IＢR机构审查委员会Intｅntion to tｒeａt 意向治疗（——临床领域)Ｉntention-to–treat，ITT 意向性分析（- 统计学)Inｔeraｃtivｅvｏｉcｅresponsｅsｙstｅｍ, IＶRS 互动式语音应答系统Inteｒiｍanａlysis 期中分析Invｅstigator研究者Investｉgatｏr's brochuｒe，IB 研究者手册IR 红外吸收光谱Ka吸收速率常Lastｏbsｅrvatiｏn cａｒry forｗard, ＬOCF最接近一次观察的结转LＣ-ＭS 液相色谱-质谱联用LD50 板数致死剂量Lｏgic checｋ逻辑检查LOQ(Limｉt of Quａｎtitatioｎ）定量限ＬOＣＦ，Ｌａｓt obsｅrvａtion carry forｗaｒｄ最近一次观察的结转Lｏst ofｆoｌlow up 失访Mａrketｉng apprｏvａl/ ａutｈｏｒization 上市许可证Maｔcｈeｄpaiｒ匹配配对Miｓsiｎg vaｌue缺失值Mixed efｆｅct mｏdｅl 混合效应模式Monitｏr 监查员Ｍoniｔｏring 监查Moniｔoｒｉng report 监查报告MRＴ平均滞留时间MS 质谱MＳ-MS 质谱－质谱联用MTＤ(Maximｕm Ｔolerａted Dose) 最大耐受剂量Ｍulticentｅr trｉal 多中心试验Muｌtｉ-center trial多中心试验New cheｍical ｅntity,NCE 新化学实体New dｒug applicatｉoｎ，ＮDA 新药申请NＭR 核磁共振谱Non-ｃliｎicaｌsｔudｙ非临床研究Non-ｉｎferioｒity 非劣效性Noｎ-ｐaramｅtric statｉstics非参数统计方法Ｏbｅdieｎｃe 依从性ＯDＲ旋光光谱Opｅn-bｌindｉng 非盲Opｅn-laｂeｌ非盲Optional titration 随意滴定Original mｅdical rｅcord 原始医疗记录Outｃome 结果Outｃome asｓessment 结果指标评价Ouｔcｏme ｍｅasurement 结果指标Outliｅr 离群值Ｐarallｅl gｒｏuｐｄesｉgn 平行组设计Parameｔer estimaｔion 参数估计Parａmeｔric statisｔics 参数统计方法Pａtｉeｎt ｆilｅ病人档案Patiｅnt hｉsｔory 病历Pｅr ｐrotｏｃol,PP符合方案集Ｐlacebo 安慰剂Pｌaｃebｏcontrｏｌ安慰剂对照Polytomies 多分类Ｐowｅｒ检验效能Precisｉon 精密度Precｌinｉcal ｓtｕdy临床前研究Priｍary ｅndｐoｉnt 主要终点Primarｙvariable 主要变量Prｉnciｐal inveｓtiｇator 主要研究者Ｐrincipｌe iｎvｅstigator, PＩ主要研究者Prodｕcｔlicenｓe, PL 产品许可证Ｐrｏtocol 试验方案Pｒotocol试验方案Proｔｏｃｏｌamｅnｄmeｎｔ方案补正Qualitｙassuraｎｃe ｕnit，QAU 质量保证部门Quａlｉtｙassｕrance，QA 质量保证Qｕalｉty controｌ, ＱC 质量控制Querｙlｉst，query ｆorm 应用疑问表Ｒandｏmizaｔion 随机化Rａｎｄomizaｔion随机Raｎｇe checｋ范围检查Ｒatiｎg scａle 量表Ｒｅgｕlatｏrｙauｔｈoritiｅs，RA 监督管理部门Replｉcaｔion可重复ＲSD 日内和日间相对标准差Run iｎ准备期Ｓaｆety ｅvalｕａtion 安全性评价Saｆｅｔy set安全性评价的数据集Samplｅsizｅ样本含量Sａmpｌe ｓize 样本量，样本大小Scalｅｏf oｒderｅd categorical ｒatｉngs 有序分类指标Secｏｎdaｒｙｖａｒiable次要变量Seqｕeｎce试验次序Sｅrious advｅｒse eｖeｎt, SAE 严重不良事件Serｉｏuｓaｄverse reacｔion，SAR严重不良反应Ｓeｒiousness 严重性Seveｒｉty 严重程度Sigｎｉficant ｌeveｌ检验水准Ｓｉmplｅrandｏｍizatioｎ简单随机Siｎｇlｅbliｎdｉng 单盲Sｉｎgle－ｂｌiｎdiｎg单盲Sｉｔe audit试验机构稽查SOＰ试验室的标准操作规程Sourｃｅｄａta veｒificａｔion, SDV原始数据核准Ｓource data,SD 原始数据Souｒce ｄocument，SD 原始文件Ｓpecｉfｉcｉty特异性Ｓｐoｎsｏr申办者Ｓpoｎsｏr-iｎvestigａtor 申办研究者Standard cuｒvｅ标准曲线Standard ｏperatｉnｇproｃeduｒe, SOＰ标准操作规程Ｓtaｔiｓtic 统计量Stａｔistical ａnａlysｉs ｐlan 统计分析计划Stａｔisticaｌａnａlysis plaｎ统计参数计划书Staｔiｓtiｃal ａnaｌysiｓplan，SAP统计分析计划Statistｉcal model 统计模型Ｓｔatｉsｔicaｌtablｅs 统计分析表Sｔrａtifiｅd 分层Stuｄｙaudｉｔ研究稽查Sｕbgroup 亚组Ｓuｂ-inｖeｓtｉｇator助理研究者Subｊeｃt受试者Sｕbjectｄiarｙ受试者日记Subjecｔenrollmｅnｔ受试者入选Ｓubject ｅnrollｍenｔlｏg受试者入选表Sｕｂject ｉdeｎtifｉｃａtioｎcoｄe, ＳIC 受试者识别代码Subject recruiｔｍent 受试者招募Ｓubject screeｎiｎg log 受试者筛选表Suｐeｒｉoriｔy 检验Surｖival analysis 生存分析SXRD单晶X-射线衍射Sｙsteｍaｕdit系统稽查T1/2 消除半衰期Ｔargｅt varｉaｂｌe 目标变量T－BIＬ总胆红素T－CHＯ总胆固醇TG 热重分析TLC、HPLＣ制备色谱Tmax 峰时间ＴP总蛋白Traｎsfｏrmａtion 变量变换Trｅatment groｕｐ试验组Trial eｒror 试验误差Trial master filｅ试验总档案Tｒial ｏbjectｉve试验目的Trｉａｌsｉtｅ试验场所Tripleｂlｉｎｄｉng 三盲Two onｅ-side teｓt 双单侧检验Uｎbｌindｉng 揭盲Uｎblinding破盲Unexｐｅcted adverse eveｎt, ＵAＥ预料外不良事件ＵＶ－VIS 紫外－可见吸收光谱Ｖarｉａbiｌｉty 变异Ｖaｒiable变量Vｉsuａl ａnaloｇｙsｃａle直观类比打分法Viｓｕal checｋ人工检查Vulｎerａｂｌe sｕbjeｃｔ弱势受试者Ｗａｓh-ｏuｔ清洗期Washout periｏd 洗脱期Well-being 福利,健康临床采血相关词汇Ｉntravｅnous injecｔｉon(ＩV）静脉注射Iｎｔｒaveｎouｓdrｉp/Intraｖenoｕsly gｕttae(ivｇtt)静脉滴注ｉntramｓcｕｌar injeｃtioｎ(IＭ)肌内注射ｉntradermal injections 皮内注射suｂcutaneous injectiｏｎs（ＳＣ）皮下注射diｓpoｓable sｔｅrile injｅctor一次性无菌注射针ﻫinｊection ｓet注射器ﻫdi ｓposableｖenoｕsｉｎfusiｏn neeｄle一次性静脉输液针ﻫdisposａble i ｎfｕsｉoｎset一次性使用输液器ﻫblood traｎｓfusiｏn set输血器infusioｎbag液袋ﻫurine draiｎaｇe bag集尿袋bloodｂag血袋ﻫmeｄｉcal caｔheter医用导管ﻫstainless stｅeｌｎeedlｅ不锈钢医用针管ﻫｂloｏd taｋｉng needle／blｏｏd cｏlｌｅctioｎneedlｅ采血针Neeｄｌe Holdeｒ持针器Bｌood sａmｐles血样样本saｍｐle draｗing／cｏｌlection 采血/抽血neeｄｌes针vacuｔaineｒneedlｅs真空采血针tubes导管vａcutaiｎer tubeｓ真空管vacutainｅr holｄeｒ真空持针器touｒnｉquｅｔ止血带ｄiｓinfｅctioｎｓwａbｓ消毒海绵miｃropoｒｅｔapeｄentaｌｒollsadhesｉvｅdressing胶布敷料rｕbber glｏvｅs 橡皮手套piｌlｏｗ枕头stｏｐper 塞子(采血管的塞子)vacuum tｕｂｅs真空管nｏn-vａｃuｕｍtubｅs 非真空管ｎｅｅdｌｅｄiｓpoｓal boｘ穿刺针处理盒（利器处理盒) transfer aｎd stｏrａge tubｅs 转移和存储管pipｅｔｔe 吸管吸液管移液管dｉｓｐosａbｌe pipetｔｅs一次性使用吸管cｅｎtrｉfuge离心机sｗｉnging bｕｃket ｒoｔoｒ浮桶式转头、吊桶式转头tiｍｅr 计时器ｒacks foｒtｕbes 试管架ｉdenｔifｉcatiｏｎcｏdｅs识别码mark／lａｂel the tubes标记导管ｆrｅeze冷冻rｅfrｉgeraｔｏr冰箱freｅzeｒ冰箱冷冻机Ｓerum SeｐａratioｎTube血清分离试管Serｕm血清Plaｓma血浆wholｅblood全血be invｅrted 倒垂的倒置的clｏt 凝块凝结Ｃoagulate 凝固凝结clｏtｔing tｉme 凝血时间minimally 最低限度地最低程度地ｍaxｉmallｙ最高限度地最高程度地Separａtion of serumｏｒｐｌasma 分离血清或血浆Hemoｌｙｓis 溶血hemｏｌyｚｅd ｓampｌes 溶血样本asｓａyｓ含量测定aｎａｌyｓｉs 分析（名词)analyze分析(动词)ａｎalｙzinｇ分析(动名词)ｎon-frozｅn sａmples非冷冻样本chemistrｙlaborａｔoriｅs化学实验室Anａlyticaｌproｃｅｄures分析程序Qualificatiｏn 资质资格Ｐersｏｎnelｉn the labｏratｏry实验室人员Field peｒsｏnnｅl 现场工作人员Iｎternal quaｌityｃonｔrol 内部质量控制Ｅxternal qｕalｉｔy coｎtrol 外部质量控制Hｅpatitｉs Ｂ乙肝HepａtｉtiｓC 丙肝Posiｔｉve 阳性Ｎegａtivｅ阴性Measｕrement 测量pulse ｒate脉搏Bloｏｄpｒeｓsure 血压ｓｙstｏlｉc bｌoｏd pｒesｓｕre 收缩压diaｓtolic ｂlooｄｐresｓure 舒张压hypｅｒtensiｖes 高血压hｙpｏｔensｉon 低血压antihypｅrtｅnsｉve dｒuｇ抗高血压药meｒcuｒy sｐhygmomanometer 水银式血压计mercｕｒy column水银柱sｅrum totａl cｈｏlestｅrol 血清总胆固醇ｌｉｐid lowｅｒing dｒug 降脂药Ｏbesity 肥胖症Ｂｌｏｏd Ｇlucose 血糖BＭI (ｂｏdy ｍasｓiｎdex) 体重指数Oｖerweight 超重samｐlｅsizｅ样本大小staｔiｓtically 统计上地，统计地ｓtatiｓtｉcal precisiｏｎ统计精度suｂ-groｕｐs亚群Ｒecruitmenｔ招募Ethical 伦理的道德的Lｅgaｌ法律的合法的Dａｔa iｎeｌｅctronｉcｆorｍａt 电子版数据baｃk-uｐdata 备查资料常用临床医学英文术语cｏugｈ咳嗽ａsｔhmａ哮喘pｎeumoniａ肺炎hｅａｒtｄiｓｅase心脏病aｒrhｙthmia心律不齐indｉgestion 消化不良gastritiｓ胃炎appｅnｄicitis盲肠炎ｈｅpatiｔiｓ肝炎ｄermａｔitiｓ皮炎frecklｅ/ephelis 痣,雀斑acne粉刺flu 流感diaｒrhoeａ痢疾ｑuarantine检疫vａcｃｉnatｅ打疫苗ｅndemic 水土不服relａpsｅ复发症casuaｌｔｙ急症sｔupｏr 昏迷sｐrain 扭伤scａldｉｎg 烫伤ｇｒaze擦伤ｓｃratｃh 搔挠traumａ外伤bruiｓe 淤伤fracｔuｒe骨折disloｃatioｎ脱臼tｉnniｔus耳鸣tｒａcｈoma沙眼colour blindnｅsｓ色盲ｎearsiｇｈtednｅss／myopia近视astigmatiｓｍ散光giｎgivitiｓ牙龈炎ｃａvity 龋齿fｅver发烧ｄisｃｏmfｏrt／disorｄer 不适malｎuｔritｉon营养不良incｕｂatiｏn 潜伏期ａsthｅnia 虚弱poiｓoｎiｎg 中毒fａｔiｇｕe疲劳heat ｓtroke 中暑ｉtching 发痒ache/pain痛tetanｕｓ破伤风nightｓweat 盗汗chｉｌl 打冷颤ｐaｌe 脸色发白ｓhudｄering发抖iｎfｌammatiｏn 炎症acute 急症cｈroｎｉｃ慢性病ｃoｎgeniｔaｌ先天性病ｎaｕｓea恶心ｖoｍit 呕吐ｄiseaｓｅｓ疾病acute diseａses 急性病ａdvanced ｄiseａseｓ病沉重期，晚期疾病cｈｒoｎiｃｄiseaseｓ慢性病comｍuniｃａble diｓeasｅs 传染病comｐliｃating disｅaｓｅs 并发病coｎgenｉtａl dｉｓeaseｓ先天性疾病acｑｕiｒed disｅａsｅs 后天性疾病cｏｎｔａｇious ｄiseaｓes接触性传染病enｄeｍic ｄiseases 地方病epiｄemic ｄiｓeａｓes 流行病fｕnctionａｌdiseａses 机能病、官能病ｉnfectious diｓeasｅs 传染病inhｅrｉteｄｄiseases 遗传病ｍalignanｔdisｅａses恶性病ｎuｔrｉｔioｎal diseasｅs 营养病occｕpatｉon ｄiseases 职业病orgａnic diseａｓes 器质性病pａroxysmａl dｉseaseｓ阵发性病ｐeriｏdicaｌdiseaｓeｓ周期病prｉmary（principａl）ｄiseasｅs原发(主导)病secondaｒyｄiｓeaseｓ继发病ｓeｘual（ｖenereal,soｃiaｌ）diｓeａｓｅs 性病terminal dｉｓeases绝症wastinｇdiｓeasｅs 消耗性疾病chief ｃomplainｔ主诉ｃliｎiｃal manifestatioｎ临床表现ｄelivery ｈisｔｏry 分娩史etiology病因学ｆamily ｈistorｙ家族史hisｔory, medicａl hｉｓtory 病史ｐreciｐitａtinｇ（inｄuced)诱因mariｔａl statuｓ婚姻状况menｓｔrual histoｒy 月经史ｍenarchｅ初潮menoｐauｓｅ闭经past hiｓtory既往史pathogenesis 发病机制personalｈisｔoｒy个人史symptoms 症状cａrdinaｌsymｐtom 主要症状claｓsicａl sｙmｐtom典型症状conｃomitaｎt symｐtoｍ伴发症状ｃonｓｔiｔutioｎal（sysｔｅmic)sｙｍptom 全身症状indirect symptoｍ间接症状induced symｐtｏm 诱发症状ｌocaｌsymptｏm 局部症状menｔaｌsｙmpｔom精神症状symｐtom-ｃompｌeｘ(ｓyndｒomｅ)sｙmptoｍ综合症,症候群signs体征aｎtecｅdent前驱征asｓideｎt （ａccessorｙ) 副征cｏmmeｍｏｒativｅ后遗症sigｎof death 死征diaｇnostic诊断征siｇｎof diseａsｅ病征suｂｊeｃtｉvｅ自觉征,主观征vｅｉn ｓｉgn静脉征vitａｌsign 生命体征body lengｔh （hｅight oｆtｈe boｄy）身高boｄy weight 体重bａrrel chesｔ桶状胸ｃachexia 恶病质ｃompulsivｅｐosｉtｉｏn被动体位critｉcal facies病危面容emaｃiatioｎ消瘦enｏphthａlmos眼球下陷ｅｎtropion 睑内翻exophthaｌmos 眼球突出flｕshed ｆａcｅ面色潮红gaiｎ（losｓ）in weiｇhｔ增加(减轻）体重lock-jａw 牙关紧闭ｌorｄosｉs 脊柱前凸nasal ala flap 鼻翼扇动ｎystagmus 眼震oｂeｓity 肥胖pallor 苍白ｓcolisｉｓ脊柱侧凸agitation 焦急不安ｄebiｌｉｔy, weakｎeｓs 虚弱diaphorｅsis 出汗,大量出汗dｉzｚinesｓ，vertｉgo 眩晕lasｓiｔｕｄｅ，fatigue 无力，倦怠mａlaisｅ不适nｉght sweａt 盗汗nｕｍbness麻木rｉｇｏr, ｃhiｌl 寒冷，发冷pｅrｓpｉraｔｉｏn, sｗeaｔｉｎg 出汗pｒurｉtus, itchｉｎｇ痒,somastheｎｉａ躯体无力tinｇliｎｇ麻刺感abscess 脓肿aciｄｏｓis 酸中毒adhesｉｏn粘连alｋａlosｉs 碱中毒aｌlergy 过敏ｃoagulation deｆｅct 凝血不良ｃonｇestｉｏｎ充血ｄehydrａtion 脱水disteｎｔioｎ膨胀edeｍａ水肿eｍｂoliｓm 栓塞，栓塞形成fｌｕidａnd electrolyｔｅimbalancｅ水电解质紊乱gａｎgrｅne 坏疽hemａtoma血肿hemoｒrhaｇｅ，ｂleｅding 出血ｉnｆarction 梗塞，梗死infｅction 传染ｉnflaｍmａｔion 炎症ketoａcidoｓis 酮酸中毒ｍetasｔasiｓ转移perforａtion穿孔necｒoｓiｓ坏死sｈoｃk 休克ｒeｓpｏnse 反应,应答rｅactｉon 反应,感应ｔhrｏｍbosｉs 血栓形成ulｃｅratioｎ溃疡fｅver, ｐyrexia 发烧，发热continuous fever 稽留热inｔeｒmｉtteｎt fever 间歇热low－ｇradｅfeｖｅr 低热ｒemittentｆever 驰张热ｒelapｓing fever回归热ｐain 痛ｂurniｎg pain 灼痛ｃｈesｔ(flank,…) pａin胸（胁腹…)痛craｍp-ｌike paｉn 痉挛性痛ｄull, ｄiｆfuｓeｄｐain弥漫性钝痛plｅuｒｉtiｃpaiｎ胸膜炎性痛raｄiating pａin (pａin raｄiａting to…) 放射性痛（放射到…疼痛）angiｎａ绞痛carｄiacａnｇｉna 心绞痛bａckache 背痛coｌic 绞痛，急腹痛earａcｈｅ耳痛headａｃhe 头痛neｕralgia 神经痛ｍiｇrａｉne 偏头痛rebound tｅndｅrness 反跳痛somataｌgia 躯体痛sore tｈrｏaｔ咽喉痛ｓtomacｈａche 胃痛toothache 牙痛bｌooｄy spuｔｕm带血的痰ｃouｇh咳嗽drｙcoｕgh干咳ｅxpectoｒatｉon咳痰ｅxpectorａtｉoｎof bloｏd咳血hemopｔysis咳血aｎoxiａ缺氧ａpnｅａ呼吸暂停，窒息asｔhmａ气喘，哮喘Ｃhｅyne Stokｅｓreｓpiratioｎ切－斯氏呼吸,潮式呼吸dyspnea 呼吸困难ｈyperpｎeａhypervｅntiｌａtｉon 过度呼吸,换气过度ｈypｏpnea 呼吸不全，呼吸浅表hypoｘｉa 低氧，缺氧orthopnea端坐呼吸reｓpiratｏｒｙａrresｔ呼吸停止sｕffocation 窒息ｔacｈypnea呼吸急促fｅｔiｄbreath 口臭frｕity breath 呼吸有水果味ａrrhythmia 心律失常，心律不齐atelectasｉs 肺不张,肺膨胀不全cardiａｃａrrest心搏骤停caｒdiａc hｙpeｒtrophｙ心脏肥大cyanｏsｉs 发绀，青紫distｅnｓioｎｏf jugular ｖｅiｎ颈静脉怒张extraｓysｔoｌe 期外收缩gａllｏp rhytｈm 奔马律hｅmopｌeuｒa 血胸heｐatoｊuguｌar refluｘ肝颈静脉回流hypoｖoｌeｍia （循环）血容量减少palpitａtｉoｎ心悸tａchycaｒdiａ心动过速ｐneumothorａx 气胸thrｉｌl震颤abseｎt brｅath sｏundｓ呼吸音消失dulｌｓound 浊音hypｅrresoｎａnｔ鼓音rａｌe啰音rhoｎchus，rhoｎcｈi 鼾音,干啰音whｅeze 哮鸣音aｎorexia,lｏｓs of appｅtitｅ食欲不振，厌食dyｓpｈａgia 吞咽困难erｕctaｔiｏｎ嗳气belｃhing 嗳气ｆｌatulenｃe 气胀flａtus 肠胃气,屁gａseｏｕｓｄisｔｅntion 胃胀气heｍaｔemesis 呕血hｉccｏuｇh, hiccup 打呃,呃逆nausｅa 恶心pyｒｏsｉs 胃灼热reｇｕrgｉtaｔion 反胃,回流ｔｈｉrｓtｙ口渴voｍiｔing 呕吐aｎalｆissure，crａｃk in ｔhe anａl canaｌ肛裂ascｉtｅｓ腹水boａrd-ｌike rigｉｄity of the abdｏmen板状腹decreaｓｅd ｔaｃtｉle fremｉtus 触觉性震颤减弱exophａgeaｌｖariｃｅｓ食管静脉曲张ｆｉstula 瘘,瘘管hｅｍｏrrhｏid 痔herｎiａ疝ｈepatoｍeｇaｌy 肝肿大inｔussuscepｔｉoｎ肠套叠jaundiｃe 黄疸ｍｕscｌe gｕａrding, ｄefｅnce of the aｂdomiｎaｌwall 腹壁肌卫perｉstａlsis蠕动loss of perisｔalsｉs 蠕动消失mass perｉsｔalｓis 总蠕动reｔｒoｇrａｄe（ｒeversｅｄ）peristaｌｓis 逆蠕动prolａpse 脱垂prolａｐsｅof ａｎus脱肛recｔaｌpｒolaｐｓe 直肠脱垂,脱肛ｖolｖulus 肠扭转caｌｃuluｓ结石，石biliarｙcalｃuｌuｓ胆结石vesicalｃalculus 膀胱结石ｃｏｎstiｐaｔｉon 便秘defeｃａtion 排便dｉarrhea腹泻ｉncｏntｉnenｃe of ｆecｅｓ大便失禁hemａtｏchezia便血fｅcal ｉmpactiｏn 大便嵌塞occｕlｔbｌood 潜血paｉnful ｓtrainiｎgｗiｔh defeｃation 排便痛性牵动clay colored stoｏls 陶土色便darｋ, gｒanuｌaｒ/coffee gｒound emesis 咖啡样呕吐物fｅcａｌvomｉｔｉng, ｓtercoraceousｖoｍiｔｉng呕粪，吐粪fouｌfatty sｔooｌs, ｓｔｅatorrhea 恶臭脂肪便，脂肪痢ｓｃａｎｔy aｎd hard stools 便少而硬tarry (black）sｔｏols 柏油样便aｎuria 无尿buｒninｇsenｓation no uｒinａtion 排尿时的灼烧感ｄysurea排尿困难，尿痛enurｅsis, ｂeｄwetｔinｇ遗尿ｆｒeqｕｅnｃy oｆurinａtioｎ尿频micｔuration 排尿uresｉs,uriｎatiｏｎ,ｖoｉdinｇ排尿nｏcturｉａ夜尿oliguｒｉa少尿ｐｏlｙurｉa 多尿ｔeｎｅsmus 里急后重vesical tｅnesmus 排尿时里急后重uremiａcoma 尿毒症昏迷urgency oｆｕrｉｎatioｎ尿急urinａrｙincｏntｉnence尿失禁acｉdｕria酸尿ｃhyｌurｉa 乳糜尿cｙｌindrｕｉa管型尿glycosｕria 糖尿hｅmaturia 血尿keｔｏｎurｉa 酮尿pneuｍａｔinuria 气尿prｏtｅinuriａ蛋白尿pyuｒｉa 脓尿ａｍeｎｏｒrhea 经闭,无月经dｙsmｅnorrhｅa 痛经mｅnorrhagia 月经过多loｃｈia 恶露menｏrrhea 行经，月经过多menｓtrｕatiｏn月经uｔerｉnｅcoｎtｒaｃtion子宫收缩blotcｈ斑点brｕise挫伤,青肿aｃnｅ痤疮,粉刺deｓquamatｉoｎ脱皮，脱屑ecchｙmｏsis 瘀斑loss ｏf skin ｔｕrgor失去皮肤充盈neｖｕｓ痣paｐuｌｅ丘疹petｅchia 瘀点，瘀斑ｐｉｇmｅｎtatｉon 色素沉着puｓtｕlｅ脓疱puｒpｕｒa紫癫reｄnodｕlｅ红结节roseｏla玫瑰疹scar伤疤ｓeｎiｌe pｌaｑue 老人斑spidｅｒａｎaioma 蛛形痣subcutaneous noｄｕle皮下结节urticａｒia 荨麻疹veｓｉcle 小水疱ｖitiligｏ白斑blｉndnｅss 失明bｌurreｄvｉsiｏn, viｓｕａｌdiｓｔurbanｃe视力模糊iｍpａired vｉsｉｏn 视力下降ｌａcrimatiｏn 流泪papｉlledeｍa视神经乳头水肿ｐhotｏphoｂｉa 畏光,羞明retinal ｄetaｃｈmｅnt视网膜脱离deａfneｓs 聋ｈｅarｉng loss听力丧失ｔinnｉtus耳鸣episｔaxis, nasａl bleｅdiｎg鼻出血impａired smelliｎｇ嗅觉障碍nasal dｉｓchａrge鼻涕nasａｌobstrucｔｉon 鼻塞ｓneeze喷嚏ｓnoｒe 打鼾aphｏｎｉａ, loss ｏf voiｃe失音症hoａｒseｎeｓs嘶哑gｕm bleeｄinｇ齿龈出血heｒｐeｓlaｂialｉs 唇疱疹,感冒疮Koｐｌｉk's sｐots 科普利克斑lead ｌine oｆtｈe guｍ龈铅线salivａtion，dｒooｌing 流口水straw-berｒy tonｇuｅ草莓舌tｒemulous tｏnｇue舌震颤atropｈy 萎缩cｏnｔractｕre 挛缩dｅfｏrmiｔy 畸形,变形disｌocation脱位fracture 骨折closeｄ（simple）fractuｒe 无创骨折，单纯性骨折commｉnｕｔed fｒａctuｒｅ粉碎性骨折cｏmｐｏｕｎd frａｃtｕｒe 哆开（开放性)骨折ｋnock－knee 膝外翻oｐｉstｈoｔoｎos 角弓反张ｐｒosｔｈesis假体spasm 痉挛tetany(肌)强直,手足抽搦wrist drop 腕下垂aphasｉａ失语aｔaxia 共济失调coma 昏迷conscioｕsneｓs 知觉,意识ｃonvｕｌsion 抽搐,惊厥delirium 谵妄deluｓion 妄想fａint昏厥ｈallucinａtｉｏn幻觉ｈｅmipleｇiａ偏瘫ｉncreasｅd intｒａcｒanial presｓure 颅内压增高ｉnsanity 精神错乱ｌosｓof orientatioｎ定向丧失maniａ躁狂memoｒｙdｅｆｅcts, aｍｎeｓia 记忆缺损，遗忘症paraplｅgia 截瘫，下身麻痹proｊecｔｉｌe ｖｏｍiｔing 喷射性呕吐soｍnolence, （letharｇy）昏睡,嗜睡stupor 木僵,昏呆teｔｒａpｌegia四肢瘫痪uｎconsciouｓnesｓ失去知觉yawninｇ打哈欠cｒiｓｉs 危象cereｂｒaｌ(ｆeｂrile，ｈematｉc, hemｏlytic,ｈｙｐertｅnsive,thyｒoｔoxiｃ,……) ｃｒisｉs脑(热、血性、溶血、高血压、甲状腺中毒…）危象failure 衰竭，故障cenｔra(circｕｌaｔoｒｙ,cａｒdｉaｃ, ｍｙocardiac，peripｈeral，con ｇeｓtiｖe, renaｌ,ｒｅsｐiraｔｏry）faｉlure中枢(循环、心力、心肌、周围循环、充血性、肾、呼吸…)衰竭dｉagnosｉｓ诊断ａuscultaｔioｎ听诊insｐectioｎ视诊pａlpａｔｉｏｎ触诊pｅrcusｓion 叩诊laｂoratｏｒｙeｘamiｎatｉon 实验室检查ｐhyｓicａl examinatｉｏn 体格检查ｒｅcｔａl(vaginal）touch 直肠（阴道)指诊iｍpreｓsiｏn 印象tentaｔｉｖｅdiagnosis暂定诊断dｉfferｅnｔial ｄｉagnosis 鉴别诊断finaｌdｉaｇnosiｓ最后诊断progｎosiｓ预后prｅsｃripｔion 处方incｕbation （latent) period潜伏期proｄromal stage前驱期ｉncipienｔｓｔage 初期ｑuiｅscent stage 静止期alleviaｔｉon 减轻,缓和remｉsｓｉｏｎ缓解atｔack发作ｃoｎvalｅsceｎｃe （ｒeｃoveｒｙ）sｔagｅ恢复期rehａbiｌitatｉon康复ｒelaｐse复发sｕddｅn death 猝死mｏｒibｕnd濒死的coursｅof the dｉｓease 病程cｏurse of thｅtreatｍｅnt 疗程indicatioｎ适应症，指征cｏmｐlicaｔｉｏｎ并发症cｏnｔrａindｉcation 禁忌症sｉde-ｅffect 副作用sequｅl (sequｅla), after effect 后遗症therapieｓ治疗方法ａcupuｎctｕre therapy针刺疗法ｂｌoｃk tｈerapy 封闭疗法ｃhemicａl ｔｈｅrｐy(chemｏ-therａpy）化学疗法ｃoｍｂｉneｄthｅraｐy 综合疗法conｓｅrvative tｈerapy 保守疗法coｎsｔitutional theｒapy 全身疗法diｅｔetic therａpy 饮食疗法oｐｅratiｖe treatment 手术疗法ｐａlliａｔiｖe trｅatment，ａllｅviativｅtreatment 姑息疗法ｐhysicalｔhｅｒapy 物理疗法psyｃｈｏtｈeｒapy 精神疗法rａｄicaｌtreatmeｎt根治rａdio-ｔｈerapy 放射性疗法suｐportiｎg trｅａtmeｎt支持疗法symptomatic tｒeatment对症疗法cardiaｃｍaｓsage心脏按摩cardiａc paｃing心脏起博elｅctｒｏtｈerapｙ电疗法ｅlｅctroｓhock ｔreａtmｅnt 电休克疗法hemｏdialysis血液透析ｈypｅrbaric tｈeraｐy高压氧疗法insuｌin-shｏckｔrｅatｍeｎt胰岛素休克疗法lｉght ｔherapｙ光疗法Urｉｎe Anａlyzer 尿液分析仪ﻫbｌooｄsuｇar(glｕcose) analyzer血糖分析仪ﻫtesｔstｒｉｐ测试条reageｎt 试剂Semi-automaｔｉｃBiochemiｃaｌＡnalyzer半自动生化分析仪ﻫＡutoｍatiｃBlｏod Ｃell Analyzeｒ全自动血细胞分析仪ﻫUrine sｅdimｅnｔｓanaｌyzｅr 尿沉渣Bio-safeｔy Cabｉnet 生物安全柜Incｕbａtor培养箱ﻫHiｇh Frequency Electrotomｅ高频电刀ﻫshaｄowｌess ｌamp无影灯ﻫＨｉgｈsｐeed ｒefriｇeｒaｔed ｃeｎｔrｉfuge高速冷冻离心机ﻫhｏt aｉrｓtｅriｌizeｒ热空气消毒箱micrｏbｉｏlogiｃal inｃuｂａtｏr微生物培养箱ﻫＨalogeｎlight 卤素灯ﻫｎeedle dｅstｒoyeｒ针头销毁器ａutomａtiｃpacker自动纸塑包装机ﻫscalp veｉn seｔ头皮针uniprocessor ｖersion单机版ﻫnetwork versｉon网络版ﻫｍacroｍoleｃuｌｅ-s ｏlvent 高分子溶解的ﻫｍacromｏleｃulｅcoｌｄaccｕmulａtiｏn 高分子蓄冷coｌd tｒeａtmｅnt冷疗法ﻫice ｐａck冰袋ﻫeyeshade 眼罩ﻫMeｄｉcal ｉnjecｔion pump医用灌注泵ﻫlitｈｏｔrｉｔｅ碎石机ｅxtracoｒporeaｌｓhｏck wａve litｈoｔritｅ体外冲击碎石机ﻫBａlｌisｔｉｃinｔｒaｃroporeａl lithotrｉｔe 气压冲击体内碎石机ﻫLａparoscoｐe 腹腔镜Urology泌尿外科ﻫkidney stoｎｅｓ肾结石Ｍｕlti-parameteｒｍoｎitor, 多参数监护仪ﻫmaternal moniｔor/ｆetal moniｔｏr母亲/胎儿监护仪ﻫＩCUｍonitor 重症监护仪aｎeｓthｅtｉc ｅｑuipmenｔ麻醉机rｅspiratoｒ呼吸机ﻫｅｌectrｏniｃｃolpoｓcope电子阴道镜ﻫsmog absorber 烟雾吸收器diｇitaｌfiｌm room 数字胶片室Perｍanｅnt Ｍagnet Open MagnｅtiｃReｓonancｅsysteｍ永磁开放式磁共振系统UlｔｒasoｎiｃCｏloｒDｏppｌｅr Diagnosｔiｃｓystｅm彩色超声多普勒诊断系统ﻫMobile CT system 移动CT系统ﻫX-ｒay Ｍammary Ｍachine 乳腺X 线机Mamｍograｐhy乳腺ﻫhiｇh pｒｅｃｉsiｏn Ｓtｅreoｔａxic 高精度脑立体定向仪portａblｅTypｅ－B ultraｓｏnic 便携式B超ﻫSteｒｉlｉzaｔiｏn ａnｄＤis ｉnfｅcｔｉon Ｅquｉpｍent消毒灭菌设备ﻫRａdiｏtｈeraｐeutic ｅｑuｉpｍｅnt.放射疗法设备ﻫｐｈａrmaｃeuticalｅquipmｅnts.制药设备hｏrizonｔａｌpresｓurized sｔeam steriｌizeｒ普通卧式压力蒸汽灭菌器mｅdｉｃal eleｃtroｎic ｌinear ａcｃelerａtor医用电子直线加速器hiｇｈｆreqｕｅncy X-rays diagnosｔic maｃhinｅ高频Ｘ射线诊断机sｉmｕlated pｏｓitioner模拟定位机ﻫhiｇh ｆrequeｎcy ｍｏbilｅX－raｙs m ａｃhiｎe高频移动X射线机医疗卫生人员职衔职称主任医师(讲课）:Prｏfessor ｏf Medｉｃiｎe ﻫ主任医师（医疗）:Profes ｓoｒofＴrｅaｔmｅntﻫ儿科主任医师：Professorｏf Paｅｄｉatricsﻫ主治医师:Doctor－ｉn-cｈaｒge外科主治医师：Suｒgｅｏn-in-charｇｅ内科主治医师:Ｐhｙsｉcｉaｎ-ｉn-ｃｈargｅﻫ眼科主治医师：Ocｕliｓt-ｉn-chａrge妇科主治医师：Gｙnaecｏｌｏgiｓｔ－ｉn-chargeﻫ牙科主治医师:Dent ｉsｔ-ｉn－ｃｈarｇeﻫ医师:Dｏctｏrﻫ医士：ＡssistａnｔDoctor 主任药师:Proｆessor ｏf Phａrｍａcｙﻫ主管药师：Phaｒmaｃiｓｔ－in－cｈarge药师：Ｐhａrmaｃｉstﻫ药士：Aｓsｉstaｎt Pharmaｃisｔ主任护师:Pｒoｆessor ofＮursiｎgﻫ主管护师：Nｕｒse－in-chargeﻫ护师：Nurse Practｉtioneｒ护士:Nｕrseﻫ主任技师:Ｓenior Tｅｃhnologistﻫ主管技师:Ｔechnoｌogist-ｉｎ－cｈarｇeﻫ技师：Ｔecｈnｏlogiｓt技士:Tｅcｈniｃｉaｎ常用抗菌药物青霉素类青霉素(Ｇ) Ｐenicillin(G）Benzｙｌpeｎicｉｌlin, 苄青霉素，盘尼西林青霉素V PｅnicｉｌlｉnＶPhｅnｏxｙmetｈylpeｎicillin, Blinｖan，Oｓp ｅn, 苯氧甲基青霉素苄星青霉素BenｚａthinｅPenicillin 长效西林, 长效青霉素,比西林, ＬPG，苄星青氨苄西林Ａｍｐiciｌｌｉn安比西林,氨苄青霉素,安必仙, 安必林,安比林阿莫西林Ａｍoｘicilｌｉn 特力士, 弗来莫星，羟氨苄青霉素, 益萨林, 阿莫仙, 安福喜，本原莫星巴氨西林Bacaｍpicillin美洛平, 氨卡西林, 氨苄青霉素甲戊酯阿洛西林Azlｏcｉllin 阿乐欣，咪氨苄西林，氧咪苄青霉素, Azlｉn美洛西林Meｚｌocilｌin天林, Baｙｐｅｎ，Mezlin，Bayｃｉpｅn替卡西林Tiｃarcilliｎ羧噻吩青霉素, 的卡西林, Ｎonapeｎ,Ｔicarpｅｎ酞氨西林Talamｐicｉｌlin 氨苄青霉素酞酯, 酞氨苄青霉素, 酞氨苄西林,ＴAPC, Taｌｐen夫苄西林Fｕｒｂenｉｃillｉn 呋脲苄青霉素，呋苄青霉素, 呋氨西林, 呋喃酰脲苄青霉素氟氯西林Fluｃｌoxacｉllｉn 氟氯苯唑青霉素，氟沙星, 福氯平,Ｆloｘapen 羧苄西林Carbeniciｌlin 羧苄青霉素,卡比西林, 羧苄青阿扑西林Aｓpoxiciｌlim 天冬羟氨青霉素,Dｏylｅ, ＡSＰC匹氨西林Ｐｉvamｐicillｉn氨苄西林酯, 匹凡西林, 匹呋西林, 吡呋氨卡西林双氯西林Ｄicｌｏｘacilliｎ双氯青, Dynａpen，Coｎｓａｐｈyl, Stampen，Diflor甲氧西林Metiｃilｌiｎ新青霉素Ⅰ,美替西林，Azapen，Ｐeｎｙsol苯唑西林钠Oxacｉllin Sodｉum 新青霉素Ⅱ, 苯唑青霉素钠，苯甲异噁唑青霉素奈夫西林Nafcｉllin 新青霉素Ⅲ, 乙氧萘青霉素匹美西林Pivｍeciｌｌinam 氮卓咪青霉素双酯, Celｆuｒｏｎ,Melysｉｎ仑氨苄西林Ｌenａｍｐiciｌlin Varacilｌin, Takａcillｉｎ美西林MecillｉｎaｍSeｌexidleo, Seleｘiｄ，Coａｃtｉｎ, Aｍdinocillin，氮卓脒青霉素哌拉西林钠Ｐiperacillin Soｄium氧哌嗪青霉素，哔哌西林, 哌氨苄青霉素Ａvoｃin, Oｒociｎ, Pipｒiｌ氯唑西林钠Cloｘacｉllｉn Sodium 邻氯青霉素钠，氯唑青, Oｒｂenin阿帕西林钠Apaｌcilｌin Sodｉｕｍ萘啶青霉素钠,AＰPＣ，Lumota，Elｕｍota, Palcin磺苄西林钠SuｌｂeniｃｉlliｎSoｄiuｍ磺苄青霉素钠, 卡他西林, 格达西林Sulfｏｃｉllin, Ｌilacilliｎ, Kedａcillｉn青霉素V钾Phｅnoxymetｈylpenicillin Ｐｏtaｓｓiume 6–苯氧乙酰胺基青霉烷酸钾, ＣillapheｎDistaqｕaiｎe VK, Ｃompｏciｌｌin ＶK,Dｏwpen VK Ci ｌiｃａｉｎe VK, Apoｐen,Biｏpeｎ海他西林钾Hｅｔaｃiｌlｉn Potassｉｕm 缩酮氨苄青霉素钾,Etａcillin,V ｅisａpen卡茚西林钠CarｉnｄａｃｉllｉｎSodium Carbenｉciｌlin Ｉndaｎyl Sodｉｕm，Geopeｎ, Geoｃiｌlin治平霉素替莫西林二钠Ｔemｏcｉｌlin Disodium Ｔemｏpenﻫ头孢菌素类第一代头孢噻吩钠CeｆalotｉｎSoｄium 先锋Ⅰ号，头孢金素，噻孢霉素,CET 头孢噻啶Cefaloridｉne 先锋Ⅱ号,头孢利素, CＥR, Kａｆｓｐor头孢来星Cefａlｏglycine 先锋Ⅲ号, 头孢甘酸, Ｋafｏciｎ,Kefgｌycin头孢氨苄Cｅfaｌexin先锋Ⅳ号, 苯甘孢霉素, 头孢力新, ＣEX头孢唑啉钠Cｅfaｚolin Sodｉum 先锋Ⅴ号, 塞福宁，西华乐林, 先锋啉，凯复唑Cｅfaｌin, CEX, Cefａmedｉｎ, Kefzoｌ, Cramａxin头孢拉定Cefraｄiｎe 先锋Ⅵ号，头孢雷定, 头孢瑞丁, 头孢环已烯，泛捷复，Vｅｌosｅf, CEＤ，塞福定头孢乙腈Cefacetrｉle 先锋Ⅶ号, 头孢腈甲, 头孢赛曲头孢匹林Cｅfapiｒｉｎ先锋Ⅷ号, 头孢吡硫, Cetａ-Dri头孢硫脒Cefatｈｉaｍiｄine 先锋1８, 吡脒头孢头孢克洛Ｃefacｌor 赐福乐素, 新达乐，头孢氯氨苄，Ｃecｌor,希刻劳，头孢克罗,可福乐, 氯头孢菌素, ＣCL头孢羟氨苄Cefadｒoｘｉl Cefadriｌ, Kefｒoxil, 羟氨苄头孢菌素, 欧意, CDX，Duｒａcｅｆ, Bidｏcｅｆ,Ｃefａmx头孢沙定Cefroxadｉnｅ头孢环烯氨,ＯRASPON,CＧP-９000, CXＤ头孢罗齐Ｃefｐrozil 头孢丙烯, Ｃefｚｉl头孢替唑Ceftezｏlｅ特子社复, Tｅｚaceｆ，Aｌomenﻫ第二代头孢呋辛钠Cefuｒｏxime Soｄｉum头孢呋肟, 赐福乐信, 舒贝洛,西力欣，特力欣, 明可欣,CXM, Zinａｃef,Mｏnａｃef,Ｋetｏｃｅf,Fuｒex Ｋes ｉut, Ｓuｐｅro头孢替安Ｃｅfｏｔiａm噻乙胺唑头孢菌素,头孢噻乙胺唑，泛司博林, 泛司颇灵，Paｎｓpariｎ, Haｌosｐor, ＣTM头孢呋辛酯Cefuｒoｘiｍe Axetil头孢呋肟酯, 新菌灵,西力达, 头孢呋新乙酰乙酯Ziｎnａt头孢西丁Cefｏxitin 头孢氧唑, 甲氧头霉噻吩,噻吩甲氧头孢菌素, 美福仙, 甲氧头霉噻吩，CXT,ＣＦＸ头孢尼西二钠Cefonicid Ｄiｓodiｕm 铭乐希,Mｏｎoｃid, Cefoniｃid, Ｃefodiｅ,Cｅfoｌ头孢孟多Cefaｍaｎdoｌe 头孢羟唑,羟苄四唑头孢菌素, Ｍandｏlkef, CMT，Ceｆadole，Mandol头孢美唑钠Ceｆmｅｔａｚｏle Ｓodium 先锋美他醇,氰唑甲氧头孢菌素,头孢氰四唑，头孢美他唑, CＥFMETAＺON，ＣMＺ, Cemeｔol头孢布宗Cｅfbuperazoｎｅ头孢拉宗，Keiperａzoｎ, Toｍiporan，Ceｆoｂｕｔaziｎe, CBPZ头孢雷特Cｅforaｎｉde 头孢氨甲苯唑, 头孢苄胺四唑,氨苄唑头孢菌素Pｒｅcｅｆ第三代头孢地尼Cefdinir Cefzon头孢布坦Cefｔｉｂuｔeｎ头孢布烯, Ceｄax头孢卡品Cefcapene Pｉｖｏｘｉl 头孢卡喷新戊酰氧甲酯, Flｏmox头孢噻肟钠CefotａximｅSodium头孢氨噻肟, 泰可欣, 塞福隆, 菌必灭, 治菌必妥, 凯福隆, 凯复龙，头孢噻肟, 喜福得, Claforaｎ, CTX头孢曲松钠Ceftｒiaxone Sodｉuｍ头孢三嗪, 头孢泰克松, 罗氏芬, 罗噻嗪,菌必治, 菌得治，头孢三嗪噻肟，泛生舒复, 西华瑞隆, Ｒoｃephｉｎ, Ro-139904, ＣTRＸ头孢哌酮钠CeｆopｅrazonｅＳoｄｉum 头孢氧哌唑, 先锋必, 头孢必,达诺欣,塞福必，Ｃeｆobid，T-1５５1, ＣPZ头孢他啶Ceftaｚiｄiｍe 头孢塔齐定, 头孢羧甲噻肟, 复达欣, 凯复定, Gｌazｉdine, Ｆｏrｔaz，Epoｓeｒin，Ｍodｏcin, Ｆotｒｕm, Taｚidiｍe，CTZ, Sp ｅｃtruｍ, Eｐoｓeｒiｎ，Modociｎ头孢唑肟Ceftiｚoxｉme头孢去甲噻肟, 益保世灵,安保速灵, Epocelin CZＸ, CEＦTIZOX头孢克肟Ceｆixiｍｅ头孢烯噻羟肟,世伏素，世福素, FK027,Sｕprax, CFIX ，ＣEＦSＰAN头孢甲肟Cefmeｎoｘimｅ头孢氨噻肟唑，倍司特克, BＥＳTＣＡLＬ, CMＸ头孢地嗪Cｅｆｏdiｚimｅ头孢双唑,莫敌, 莫敌威, Modivid,Tｉmceｆ头孢匹胺Ｃｅfｐiraｍｉde 先福吡兰，甲吡唑头孢菌素,头孢吡胺, CPM，Cｅfpｉｒaｎ, Sepatren头孢特仑酯Ｃｅｆteram Ｐｉvｏxiｌ头孢特仑新戊酰氧甲酯, 托米仑,头孢他美酯,富山龙, Tomｉroｎ头孢磺吡苄钠Ceｆsuｌｏｄin Soｄium 头孢磺吡酮，头孢磺啶钠,磺吡苄头孢菌素钠,达克舒林, Ceｆｓｕlodｉne, Tａｋesulin, CFS, SCE１29拉他头孢Laｔamｏxef 羟羧氧酰胺菌素,拉氧头孢, 头孢拉坦, 噻吗灵Ｍoｘａlacｔam,Shiomarｉn, Moxaｍ, ＬMOX头孢米诺Cefminｏx 氨羧甲氧头孢菌素, 美土灵, Mｅicelin头孢咪唑Cｅfｐｉmiｚoｌe Benｉlaｎ，ＳPIE, Ａjiｃef头孢替坦二钠Ｃｅfoteｔan Dｉsｏdiｕm 双硫唑甲氧头孢霉素, Yａmaｔetan，CTT, Cefotａn第四代头孢唑喃钠CefuzonａｍSodium Coｓmosiｎ, CZＯN氟氧头孢钠Fｌomoxｅf Sodiｕｍ氟莫克西，6315-S头孢匹罗Ｃｅfpｉroｍe 头孢吡隆，氨噻肟吡戊头孢ﻫ其它Β－内酰胺类亚胺培南Ｉｍiｐeｎem 伊米配能，亚胺硫霉素，ＮFT氯曲南Aｚｔreonaｍ菌克单, 君刻单, 噻肟单酰胺菌素，ＡＺAＣTAM,Prim 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麦加乐定，沃尔得ＦLＸ，Meｇｅｌoｎe，Quｉｎoｄis, Ro-23624０, ＡM-８33氧氟沙星Ｏｆloxaciｎ氟嗪酸，秦利必妥, 泰利特, 奥复星，康泰必妥, 竹安新, ＴAＲIVID，赞诺欣,Zanｏxｉn, Oｆｌocin，泰利得，正康培氟沙星Pefloxacｉn 甲氟哌酸,培氟哌酸,培福新，倍宁，Pefalcine磺胺类柳氮磺胺吡啶Sulfasalaｚine SAＳＰ, 水杨酰偶氮磺胺吡啶, Roraｓｕl Sａlicyl ａｚoｓulｆaｐyriｄine复方新诺明ＳMＺ+ＴMP ＳMZ Ｃo,Cotriｍ磺胺嘧啶Ｓulfadiaｚine 大安净, 地亚净, 磺胺哒嗪，SＤ磺胺甲噁唑Suｌfamethoxazole 磺爱胺甲基异噁唑，新诺明, ＳMZ, SINOMI Ｎ磺胺米隆Mａfenide 甲磺灭脓，Sｕlfamyｌon, 氯苄磺胺, SML磺胺嘧啶银Sｕlfａｄiazine ＳiｌveｒＳD-Ag磺胺醋酰钠Sulfacetamide Soｄiｕm 碘胺乙酰, 斑马眼药水, 目宁, SA, SC-Na磺胺脒Sulfａguanｉdine 磺胺胍,克痢定, 消困定, 止痢片,ＳＧﻫ甲氧苄啶类甲氧苄啶Trimethopriｍ甲氧苄氨嘧啶, 美替普林, 磺胺增效剂, TMP，三甲氧普林溴莫普林Bｒｏdiｍoprim Clafａlｉx，BMP, Hypriｍ，溴莫卜宁ﻫ大环内酯类红霉素Eｒythromycin 福爱力，Ｅryc, EM琥乙红霉素Eryｔhromycin Ethylsuｃiｎate 琥珀酸乙酯红霉素, 红霉素琥乙酯,乙琥威霉素, 利尹沙依托红霉素Erytromyｃin Eｓtoｌate 无味红霉素，Laｕrｙlin, Miｓtｒal，Erｉｓceｌ阿红霉素Aｚitromycｉn 阿泽红霉素, 阿奇霉素, 氮红霉素,舒美特, 希舒美, Sｕmａmed白霉素Leuｃoｍyciｎ吉他霉素，阿波霉素, 利可霉素, Kｉtａsａmyｃin, Yosaxiｎ。
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COMBINING DATA AND VOICE COMMUNICATIONS ON DIGITAL WIRELESS NETWORKSShankar NarayanaswamyJianying HuRamanujan KashiBell LaboratoriesNew Jersey, U.S.A.AbstractGrowing demand for access to mobile data and the advent of new digital wireless voice/data services motivate the design of a system that handles both voice and data traffic efficiently. In this paper we describe the design of a system for wireless voice and data communications. On the network side, we enhance a digital cellular/PCS basestation with a direct data connection to provide data services. On the terminal side, we describe a small, light wireless handset that uses a pen based user interface and handwriting recognition for access to data services.Technical Subject Area: Personal Communication SystemsSecondary Subject Areas: Interactive Communication Systems, Interactive Multimedia Systems1.IntroductionRecent trends in communications and computing indicate a growing demand for mobile data communications services. In the last decade cellular subscriber growth rates have been between 35% and 60% per year in the United States [Cox96]. Concurrently, prices for cellular service have been dropping. New digital cellular networks that support both voice and data communications are being deployed. They are based on the IS-136, IS-95, and GSM standards and provide data bandwidths of up to 14.4 kbps per user. There are also a growing number of Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) users despite the high cost of terminal equipment. The Personal Communications Industries Association projects 88.3 million subscribers to PCS, paging, cellular, and other mobile radio services by 1998, climbing to 167.4 million subscribers in 2003 [Schn94].The Internet has experienced tremendous growth in the last few years. Applications include electronic mail (e-mail), electronic bulletin boards, Internet voice telephony and the World Wide Web (the Web). Web browsers for displaying local and remote documents encoded in HyperText Markup Language (HTML) [Musc96] have become the most popular applications on the Internet.Personal digital assistants (PDAs) such as the Newton MessagePad, 3Com PalmPilot, Sharp Zaurus, and new Windows CE palmtop computers are gaining in popularity. Their strengths include long battery life, small form factor, and well-designed, integrated applications. International Data Corporation reports that 5.1 million handheld devices were sold in 1997 and projects 1998 sales to reach 8.2 million.From these developments, we see that wireless service providers are making mobile data access available and that consumers desire mobile data services. This paper proposes a design for the network infrastructure to support data and voice together on the same wireless network and describes applications and a handset design for this network. Section 2 surveys current wireless data access methods and handsets. Section 3 describes the system architecture. Section 4 describes the applications and handset to supports the applications. Section 5 summarizes the paper.2.Previous WorkThere are two data-enabled digital cellular telephones and several wireless data services operating today. The Nokia 9000 Communicator [Nokia96] is a sophisticated palmtop computer built into a GSM cellular telephone. It is a capable of receiving faxes, e-mail, and short messages. When the clamshell casing is closed, it operates as a regular cellular telephone. When open, it reveals a half-VGA LCD display on one side and a keyboard on the other. Applications include address book, calendar, to-do list, calculator, world clock, Web browser and telnet. The user dials into an Internet service provider just like a cellular modem for Internet access. The AT&T PocketNet telephone [PCSI96] is an analog cellular telephone with an integrated CDPD modem. A TCP/IP stack is embedded in the telephone to enable applications to access the Internet and display Web pages on its 5 line by 20-character display. A Web browser allows users to view documents formatted in the Handheld Device Markup Language (HDML) [Unwi96]. Advanced Radio Data Information Systems (ARDIS) is a two-way packet data service operated by Motorola. It is suitable for two-way transfer of data files of size less than 10 kilobytes. Mobitex is a radio network for voice and data developed by Ericsson and Swedish Telecom. It operates similarly to a cellular telephone system, except that handoffs are handled by the mobile terminal rather than by the network.The Personal Access Communications System (PACS) was originally developed and proposed by Bellcore in 1992. It supports voice, data and video for indoor and microcell use. The Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT) system and the CT2 system are European standards for cordless telephones. The Personal HandyPhone (PHS) system is a micro-cellular system widely deployed in Japan. It supports handoffs only at walking speeds.The digital cellular networks, particularly GSM, are the most widely deployed worldwide. They offer both voice and data communications and are a good foundation upon which to build a true voice/data mobile communications system.3.System ArchitectureOur system enhances digital cellular and PCS networks to provide efficient wireless access to data communications services. The system distinguishes explicitly between voice and data traffic. Voice traffic is sent via the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) while data traffic bypasses the PSTN and goes directly to a data network. The data network includes an Internet gateway, compute servers and data servers. This architecture is shown in Figure 1. Each wireless basestation supports many mobile terminals. The basestation is enhanced to recognize wireless data packets and send them directly to the data network.3.1Data NetworkA direct data connection has several advantages over the old architecture. With the old architecture, a wired Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) call takes several seconds to set up. Cellular calls take even longer. An application that accesses the network therefore sees a long initial delay. After that, it has a continuous circuit-switched connection even though the radio channel is idle most of the time. With the new architecture, there is no PSTN connection for data calls so the setup time is much faster. This allows the terminal to be very responsive even if the wireless connection is torn down and rebuilt often.Since the channel is priced by connect time rather than by bandwidth, obtaining data services over the wireless channel can be expensive. One way to alleviate this problem is to tear down the wireless connection after a short timeout and rebuild it when needed. Ideally, the wireless data channel would be a packet-switched multiple access channel rather than circuit switched. New digital cellular packet data standards are evolving for this purpose. For example, IS-657 [TIA96] is a wireless packet data standard for CDMA. These standards will help speed the deployment of packet data capabilities in new digital cellular and PCS networks. The direct data connection also means that network service providers can become Internet service providers (ISPs). The service provider assigns a semi-persistent Internet Protocol (IP) address to each wireless terminal when it logs on, similarly to the scheme used by wired ISPs today. This address is independent of the user’s ID so that more than one person can use each terminal.A data network cluster may be shared by several basestations; routers allow communication between clusters. Inter-cluster communication is important when users roam away from their home basestation. Internet access is provided by the cluster serving the remote basestation. User data is retrieved from the home cluster. Protocols for serving roaming terminals already exist. One such protocol is Mobile IP [Per98]. Mobile IP provides for a home agent on the terminal’s home network and a foreign agent on the remote network. The terminal broadcasts a request for service on the remote network. The foreign agent replies and simultaneously contacts the terminal’s home agent to request interception of IP packets and tunneling these packets to the roaming terminal through the foreign agent. The home agent informs the sender of the foreign agent’s address so data packets can be sent there directly. Mobile IP has several limitations. It requires a static IP address for each terminal, which is not practical given the scarcity IP addresses. There is no provision for authentication and security. Mobile IP does not specify a billing method for roaming service. Extensions to the protocol are required to overcome these limitations.3.2ServersClusters of compute servers connected to the wireless basestations support several functions. Parts of Web pages and other documents, such as images, are transcoded or sub-sampled before transmission to conserve wireless bandwidth. Other compute-intensive services are provided to support thin wireless clients (that is, wireless terminals that do not have powerful capabilities). Security servers provide user authentication. Data servers serve as repositories of public information as well as providing storage for user data and backups. One or more Internet gateways provide access to the Internet.3.3AuthenticationEach user of the system has an ID that is distinct from the ID of the handset, and a password is necessary to authenticate the user. This password may be an alphanumeric string or some form of biometric authentication, such as fingerprints or signatures. Unauthenticated users may access public services such as 9-1-1 dialing; only authenticated users may access private data. Authentication is provided by the security servers mentioned in the preceding section.Each terminal therefore supports more than one user and each user can use any wireless terminal. For example, a user on vacation would take a lightweight handset with her whereas she would carry a more powerful terminal on a business trip. Of course, she may access her datafrom a desktop computer or other wired connection as well.4.The Voice/Data HandsetWe have designed a small, light voice/data handset as part of our system. It is designed primarily for communications applications although it supports personal information management. It uses a pen digitizer and handwriting recognition rather than a keyboard and mouse for text input and navigation. Bitmapped LCD screens support a graphical user interface.4.1ApplicationsCompelling applications are the key to the success of any communications system. The applications on our handset fall into two categories, communications applications and personal information management (PIM) applications. The handset design is optimized for communications applications since it is crucial to support the communications applications well, even at the expense of the PIM applications. Communications applications such as directory, e-mail, Web browsing, and facsimile (fax) directly support the handset’s function as a mobile communications device. The directory enables a user to obtain communications-centered information from the white pages, yellow pages, corporate directory, or personal directory. Multimedia e-mail allows users to send text, graphical and audio messages electronically. The Web browser is a powerful paradigm for retrieving and viewing multimedia documents, whether they are local or remote. Many corporations use Web servers for disseminating information to customers and employees.PIM applications include appointment diary, expense diary, calendar, world clock, notepad, and calculator. Although these applications are supported, the handset is not optimized for them.4.2HardwareThe handset is designed to be small and light yet have a large screen area. It features a clamshell casing which, when closed, looks and functions like a regular cellular telephone (see Figure 2). A dialing keypad on the front contains the usual numeric and control buttons (send, store, recall, answer). Calls are made and received as they would be on a regular cellular telephone. The form factor is about the same as that of cellular telephones. When the clamshell casing is opened it reveals two contiguous touch screens and operates like a pen-based PDA. Each physical screen has a resolution of 640 by 240 pixels so the pair realizes a full VGA screen. A passive pen is used to press soft keys, manipulate menus, and write on the touch screen.4.3User InterfaceThe user interface is optimized for communications applications. Our prototype uses the Inferno operating system. Inferno is small and fast so a low-power processor and a small memory can be used in the handset. A graphical user interface (GUI) is supported via the Tk widget set [Oust94], which is a set of graphical primitives such as buttons, menus, and data entry windows.Applications use a point-and-tap interface wherever possible so most control functions are accessed using buttons and pull-up menus. A writing area is maintained on the lower part of the screen and all handwriting capture is done here (see Figure 3). This minimizes hand and arm movement and maximizes screen visibility during writing since the writing hand does not obstruct the screen. Only one application is visible at any one time to prevent user confusion and eliminate placing and resizing applications. Menu bars are placed at the bottom of the application rather than at the top to minimize navigation from the writing area.For users preferring a keyboard for data entry, a software keyboard is available. This keyboard may be displayed on the lower screen for the user to tap with the pen. Selection and cursor movement are effected using the pen or by arrow keys on the soft keyboard.4.4Handwriting CaptureThe common writing area is called the Handwriting Capture Widget (HCW) and individual text entry areas within applications are called Text Entry Widgets (TEWs).All handwriting capture and editing is done in the HCW. Users print handwritten characters and “electronic ink”traces the trajectory of the pen. Text from the recognizer then replaces the electronic ink one character at a time. If the recognizer makes an error, the user taps on the misrecognized character to bring up a correction menu containing the 5 most likely choices returned by the recognizer. She can choose one of these candidates, Rewrite, or a soft keyboard.Arrow buttons allow horizontal scrolling. The “Clear”button erases characters. The “Lower” button indicates lowercase character mode, which the user changes to uppercase or digits by tapping on this button. Punctuation symbols are supported in all three modes. When the user taps the “Done” button, recognized text is sent to the TEW possessing entry focus. TEWs are enhanced Tk text entry widgets and are used by applications for all text input. When a TEW receives text from the HCW, it automatically passes focus to the next TEW on the current form without user intervention.4.5Biometric AuthenticationWhen the handset is turned on, the user is prompted to write his username and to sign in. A signature verification application authenticates the login locally or using a security server on the network. Signatures are particularly useful for identification because each person's signature is highly unique, especially if they are captured on-line. The feature statistics of a training set of6 signatures are used to build a template for validating test signatures [Kas96].The verifier compares global and local features of test and template signatures. Global features capture the overall spatial and temporal characteristics of signatures. We extract local information about a signature using stroke-direction code (SDC), which models hand movements as a time-ordered concatenation of a fixed number of strokes and derives information about the spatial orientation of these strokes. The SDC obtained from a test signature is compared to the model SDC using elastic matching techniques similar to ones used in speech techniques [Sak78]. This algorithm has a 3% equal error rate and needs 150 bytes to store each signature model.4.6Handwriting RecognizerThe user interface uses handprint rather than cursive or mixed-mode recognition because the input text consists mainly of non-dictionary words: Universal Resource Locators (URLs) for the Web, e-mail addresses, telephone numbers, personal names, and place names. The use of cursive recognizers is precluded because they require a restricted vocabulary.The recognizer is based on Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), and supports writer independent recognition of handwritten characters of unconstrained styles [Hu96]. A HMM describes a doubly stochastic process: a process that generates a sequence of states hidden from observation, and an observable process that is dependent on the underlying state sequence. HMMs have been very successful in modeling speech and on-line handwriting. In our recognizer, each character is represented by one or more classes depending on the number of distinct styles observed for the character. Each class is modeled by a left-to-right HMM with a variable number of states and discrete state dependent observation probabilities. For any input character, an N-best decoding algorithm (a variation of the Viterbi algorithm) is applied to find the top 5 closest matches in the alphabet. The HMMs are pre-trained on a large number of character samples from many different writers drawn from the UNIPEN database [Uni96].5.SummaryWe have described a system for supporting both voice and data applications over cellular digital and PCS networks. The system includes a direct connection from the basestation to a packet data network containing an Internet gateway and various servers. A wireless handset that supports PDA functions and both voice and data communications is also described.6.References[Cox96] D. Cox, “Wireless Personal Communications: A Perspective”, in Mobile Communications Handbook, J. Gibson ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996. [Gibs96] J. D. Gibson, “The Mobile Communications Handbook”, IEEE Press, 1996.[Hu96] J. Hu, M. K. Brown and W. Turin, “HMM based on-line handwriting recognition”, IEEE PAMI, vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 1039-1045, October 1996.[Inf96] /inferno[Kas96] R. S. Kashi, W. Turin and W. Nelson, “On-line signature verification using stroke direction coding”, Optical Engineering Journal, 35(9), 1996.[Musc96] C. Musciano and B. Kennedy, “HTML: The Definitive Guide”. O’Reilly and Associates, 1996. [Nokia96] /com9000/n9000.html [Oust94] J. Ousterhout, “Tcl and the Tk Toolkit”, Addison Wesley, Reading, MA, 1994.[PCSI96] /pal.html[Per98] C. Perkins, “Mobile IP: Design Principles and Practices”, Addison Wesley, 1998.[Rapp96] T. Rappaport, “Wireless Communications Principles and Practice”, IEEE Press, 1996.[Sak78] H. Sakoe and S. Chiba, “Dynamic programming algorithm optimization for spoken word recognition”, IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing, ASSP-26, 1978.[Schm97] T. Schmidt, “Tim’s Personal Devices Journal”, Pen Computing Magazine, vol. 4, no. 16, pp. 46-47, June 1997.[Schn94] R. Schneiderman, “Wireless Personal Communications”, IEEE Press, 1994.[TIA96] “IS-657, Packet Data Service Option Standard for Wideband Spread Spectrum Systems”, Electronic Industries Association, Arlington, VA, 1996. [Unwi96] [Uni96] http://unipen.nici.kun.nlFigure 1: Network Architecture: PSTN connections not shownFigure 2: Handset Design: Open and closed configurationsFigure 3: Screen Shot: Handwriting capture widget at bottom with correction menu active。