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经济学原理英文版第九版课程设计

Principles of Economics, 9th Edition: Course Design Course OverviewThe Principles of Economics course is designed to introduce students to the fundamental concepts of economics. Students will learn about microeconomics, which studies the behavior of individual economic actors such as consumers and firms, and macroeconomics, which focuses on the aggregate behavior of the entire economy. The course is based on the 9th edition of Principles of Economics, written by N. Gregory Mankiw.The course is divided into 14 modules, with each module covering a different topic. The first part of the course covers microeconomics, while the second part focuses on macroeconomics. The modules are designed to build upon each other, so that students can develop a clear understanding of the concepts and theories that underpin economic behavior.Learning ObjectivesAt the end of this course, students will be able to:1.Expln the basic concepts of economics and how they relate toreal-world situations2.Analyze the behavior of individual economic actors such asconsumers, firms, and markets3.Understand the factors that influence the level of economicactivity and growth in the economy4.Evaluate fiscal and monetary policy and their effects on theeconomyCourse ContentModule 1: Ten Principles of EconomicsThis module introduces students to the ten basic principles of economics, such as how people make decisions and how markets work.Module 2: Thinking Like an EconomistThis module teaches students how to think like an economist, including how to make assumptions, use graphs, and analyze data.Module 3: Interdependence and the Gns from TradeThis module explores the concepts of interdependence and trade, and how countries can benefit from specialization and trade.Module 4: The Market Forces of Supply and DemandThis module explns the basic principles of supply and demand and how they interact in markets.Module 5: Elasticity and Its ApplicationThis module delves deeper into the concept of elasticity and how it affects the behavior of buyers and sellers in markets.Module 6: Supply, Demand, and Government PoliciesThis module looks at how governments can influence markets through policies such as price controls and taxes.Module 7: Consumers, Producers, and the Efficiency of MarketsThis module examines the concept of market efficiency and how it can be measured.Module 8: Application: The Costs of TaxationThis module applies the concepts of supply and demand to taxation, analyzing the effects of taxes on the behavior of buyers and sellers.Module 9: International TradeThis module explores the benefits and costs of international trade and analyzes the factors that influence trade patterns between countries.Module 10: ExternalitiesThis module introduces the concept of externalities and how they can affect market outcomes.Module 11: Public Goods and Common ResourcesThis module examines public goods and common resources, analyzingthe role of government in addressing the problems associated with their provision.Module 12: The Design of the Tax SystemThis module discusses the principles of tax design and how they can be applied to create an efficient and fr tax system.Module 13: The Costs of ProductionThis module explores the factors that determine the costs of production and how firms make decisions about production.Module 14: Firms in Competitive MarketsThis module looks at the behavior of firms in competitive marketsand analyzes the factors that influence their decisions about pricingand output.Course RequirementsStudents are expected to attend all lectures and complete all assignments on time. Assignments will include readings from the textbook, problem sets, and written assignments. Grades will be based on class participation, assignments, and exams.ConclusionThe Principles of Economics course provides students with a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental concepts and theoriesthat underpin economic behavior. Students will learn about micro and macroeconomics, market forces, taxation, international trade, and more. Through this course, students will be able to apply economic principles to real-world situations and make informed decisions about economic issues.。

曼昆英文版《经济学原理》01-经济学十大原理

Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources. Equity means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society.
Marginal changes are small, incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action.
People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.
Guns v. butter Food v. clothing Leisure time v. work Efficiency v. equity Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.
1. People face tradeoffs. Efficiency v. Equity
1. People face tradeoffs.
"There is no such thing as a free lunch! lunch!"
1. People face tradeoffs.
To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.
7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.
Market failure may also be caused by market power, which is the ability of a single person or firm to unduly influence market prices.

萨缪尔森：《经济学》英文版目录

Economics, 18/ePaul A. Samuelson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology William D. Nordhaus, Yale UniversityISBN: 0072872055Copyright year: 2005Table of ContentsPart One: Basic Concepts1 The Fundamentals of EconomicsAppendix 1 How to Read Graphs2 Markets and Government in a Modern Economy3 Basic Elements of Supply and DemandPart Two: Microeconomics: Supply, Demand, and Product Markets4 Applications of Supply and Demand5 Demand and Consumer BehaviorAppendix 5 Geometrical Analysis of Consumer Equilibrium6 Production and Business Organization7 Analysis of CostsAppendix 7 Production, Cost Theory, and Decision of theFirm8 Analysis of Perfectly Competitive Markets9 Competition and Its Polar Case of Monopoly10 Oligopoly and Monopolistic Competition11 Uncertainty and Game TheoryPart Three: Factor Markets: Labor, Land, and Capital12 How Markets Determine Incomes13 The Labor Market14 Land and CapitalAppendix 14 Markets and Economic EfficiencyPart Four: Applied Microeconomics: International Trade, Government, and the Environment15 Comparative Advantage and Protectionism16 Government Taxation and Expenditure17 Promoting More Efficient Markets18 Protecting the Environment19 Efficiency vs. Equality: The Big TradeoffPart Five: Macroeconomics: Economic Growth and Business Cycles20 Overview of MacroeconomicsAppendix 20 Macroeconomic Data21 Measuring Economic Activity22 Consumption and Investment23 Business Fluctuations and the Theory of Aggregate Demand24 The Multiplier Model25 Money, Banking, and Financial Markets26 Central Banking and Monetary PolicyPart Six: Economic Growth and Macroeconomic Policy27 The Process of Economic Growth28 The Challenge of Economic Development29 Exchange Rates and the International Financial System30 Open-Economy MacroeconomicsPart Seven: Unemployment, Inflation, and Economic Policy31 Unemployment and the Foundations of Aggregate Supply32 Ensuring Price Stability33 The Warring Schools of Macroeconomics34 Policies for Growth and Stability。

曼昆经济学原理英文版

曼昆经济学原理英文版Economics is a fundamental subject that affects every aspect of our lives. Understanding the principles of economics is crucial for making informed decisions, whether in personal finance, business, or public policy. One of the most influential books in the field of economics is "Principles of Economics" by N. Gregory Mankiw.Mankiw's "Principles of Economics" provides a comprehensive introduction to the principles of economics, covering both microeconomics and macroeconomics. The book is widely used in introductory economics courses at universities around the world, and its clear, concise writing style makes it accessible to students with various backgrounds.The English version of Mankiw's "Principles of Economics" is a valuable resource for English-speaking students and professionals who want to deepen their understanding of economics. The book covers a wide range oftopics, including supply and demand, market efficiency, consumer behavior, fiscal policy, monetary policy, and international trade. By exploring these topics, readers can gain a solid foundation in economic theory and its real-world applications.One of the key strengths of Mankiw's "Principles of Economics" is its emphasis on real-world examples and applications. The book uses case studies and news articles to illustrate economic concepts and theories, helping readers connect abstract ideas to concrete situations. This approach not only makes the material more engaging and relatable but also demonstrates the relevance of economics in everyday life.In addition to its clear explanations and practical examples, Mankiw's "Principles of Economics" also provides a balanced perspective on economic issues. The book presents different schools of economic thought and encourages critical thinking about economic policy and decision-making. By considering multiple viewpoints, readers can develop a more nuanced understanding ofeconomic issues and become better equipped to analyze and evaluate economic arguments.Furthermore, the English version of Mankiw's"Principles of Economics" offers supplementary online resources, including lecture notes, practice questions, and interactive quizzes. These resources enhance the learning experience and provide additional support for readers who want to reinforce their understanding of the material.Overall, Mankiw's "Principles of Economics" is an essential read for anyone interested in economics. Whether you are a student, a professional, or simply a curious reader, this book offers valuable insights into the principles that shape economic behavior and decision-making. With its clear writing, real-world examples, and balanced perspective, the English version of Mankiw's "Principles of Economics" is a valuable resource for anyone seeking to develop a deeper understanding of the economic forces that drive our world.。

经济学英语文章范文

经济学英语文章范文Economics is a social science that studies how individuals, governments, businesses, and other entities allocate resources to meet their needs and wants. 经济学是一门研究个人、政府、企业和其他实体如何分配资源以满足他们的需求和欲望的社会科学。

One fundamental concept in economics is scarcity, which refers tothe limited availability of resources relative to unlimited human wants. 经济学中一个基本概念是稀缺性，指的是资源的有限供应与人类无限的需求之间的关系。

Supply and demand are essential factors in determining prices and quantities of goods and services in a market economy. 供给和需求是决定市场经济中商品和服务价格和数量的重要因素。

Economists also study how individuals and societies make choices in the face of scarcity, considering trade-offs and opportunity costs. 经济学家还研究个人和社会在稀缺性面前如何做出选择，考虑权衡和机会成本。

The field of economics is divided into two main branches: microeconomics, which focuses on the behavior of individual consumers and producers, and macroeconomics, which examines the economy as a whole. 经济学领域分为两个主要分支：微观经济学，着重研究个体消费者和生产者的行为，和宏观经济学，研究整个经济。

宏观经济学英文版

宏观经济学英文版English: Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that studies the behavior of an economy as a whole, focusing on factors such as inflation, unemployment, economic growth, and monetary and fiscal policies. It explores the aggregate outcomes of individual decisions made by households, businesses, and governments, and seeks to understand how these decisions impact overall economic performance. Macroeconomists use models to analyze and predict economic trends, and to formulate policies that can help stabilize and promote sustainable growth in the economy. By studying the relationships between different macroeconomic variables, such as consumption, investment, and government spending, macroeconomics provides valuable insights into how policymakers can manage economic fluctuations and achieve national economic goals. Overall, macroeconomics plays a crucial role in shaping government policies, business strategies, and individual financial decisions, by providing a framework for understanding and addressing the complex dynamics of modern economies.中文翻译: 宏观经济学是经济学的一个分支，研究整体经济行为，专注于通货膨胀、失业、经济增长以及货币和财政政策等因素。

微观经济学英文版精品PPT课件

Chapter 1: The Fundamentals of Economics（A. Introduction）
1.2 Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
What is Microeconomics ?
It is concerned with the behavior of individual entities such as markets, firms and households.
You want to buy a computer which is $2510. while it is $2500 in the supermarket in downtown. Wherever you buy the computer, it would return to the producer if there is any problem. Where would you buy it？
There are three types of economies:
Market economy Command economy Mixed economy
Chapter 1: The Fundamentals of Economics (C. Society’s technological possibilities)
Chapter 1: The Fundamentals of Economics（A. Introduction）
1.1 Scarcity and Efficiency
What is economics ?
Economics is the study f how societies use scarce resources to produce valuable commodities and distribute them among different people.

经济学十大原理英文

The Ten Principles of EconomicsEconomics is a social science that studies how individuals, businesses, and governments make decisions regarding the allocation of scarce resources to satisfy their unlimited needs and wants. Through a systematic analysis of economic behavior, economists have formulated several principles that underpin the study of economics. These principles help us understand how the economy operates and how individuals and societies make economic choices. Here are the ten fundamental principles of economics:Principle 1: People Face Trade-offsIndividuals face trade-offs due to limited resources. A person can only allocate their time, money, and energy to certain activities, which necessitates sacrificing others. For example, a student must choose between studying for an exam and going out with friends. Similarly, governments face trade-offs when allocating their budgets between defense, healthcare, education, and other areas.Principle 2: The Cost of Something is What You Give Up to Get ItMaking decisions always involves considering opportunity costs. Opportunity cost refers to the value of the next best alternative that is forgone when making a choice. For instance, if you choose to spend your money on a new smartphone, the opportunity cost is the vacation you could have taken instead. Understanding opportunity costs is essential for making rational decisions.Principle 3: Rational People Think at the MarginRational decision-making involves weighing the marginal benefits against the marginal costs. The marginal benefit is the additional benefit derived from consuming or producing one more unit of a good or service, while the marginal cost is the additional cost of producing or consuming that unit. Rational individuals make decisions by comparing these marginal benefits and costs.Principle 4: People Respond to IncentivesIncentives play a crucial role in economics. An incentive is anything that influences the behavior of individuals or firms. People respond to incentives in predictable ways. For example, when the price of a product increases, consumers tend to buy less of that product. Understanding incentives helps predict how people will react to changes in prices, taxes, subsidies, or regulations.Principle 5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better OffTrade allows individuals and countries to specialize in what they do best, leading to increased productivity and overall welfare. By specializing in their comparative advantage and engaging in trade, individuals can consume a greater variety of goods and services at a lower opportunity cost. Trade allows for the efficient allocation of resources and can make everyone involved better off.Principle 6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic ActivityMarkets have proven to be effective in organizing economic activity. The interaction of buyers and sellers in a market determines prices and quantities. Prices serve as signals to individuals and firms, guiding them on how to allocate resources. Markets also encourage competition, leading to efficiency and innovation. However, there are cases where markets may fail to allocate resources efficiently, such as when there are externalities or monopoly power.Principle 7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market OutcomesGovernments intervene in the economy to address market failures and promote the general welfare. They enforce property rights and contracts, provide public goods and services, and regulate market activities. Additionally, governments aim to correct market failures caused by externalities, information asymmetry, or natural monopolies. However, government intervention can also lead to unintended consequences and inefficiencies if not carefully implemented.Principle 8: A Country’s Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and ServicesProductivity is the key driver of a nation’s standard of living. Countries with high levels of productivity can produce more goods and services per unit of input. Productivity growth is essential for sustained improvements in living standards over time. Factors that contribute to productivity growth include investments in physical and human capital, technological advancements, and efficient institutions.Principle 9: Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much MoneyInflation is primarily caused by the excessive growth of the money supply. When the government prints more money, the value of money decreases, leading to higher prices. Inflation erodes the purchasing power of individuals and businesses, distorts price signals, and hampers economic stability. Central banks play a key role in managing the money supply and controlling inflation.Principle 10: Society Faces a Short-Run Trade-off between Inflation and UnemploymentThe Philips curve illustrates the short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment. In the short run, policies that aim to reduce unemployment may lead to higher inflation, and policies that aim to decrease inflation may result in higher unemployment. This trade-off highlights the challenges faced by policymakers in balancing price stability and low unemployment rates.These ten principles provide a foundation for understanding the complexities of economics. By applying these principles, economists can analyze economic behavior, develop models, and make predictions about the effects of policy changes. Understanding these principles is not only important for economists but also for individuals, businesses, and policymakers in making informed decisions to improve economic outcomes.。

经济学基本原理英文

IntroductionEconomics is a field that studies how individuals, households, businesses, and governments make choices regarding the allocation of scarce resources. This discipline is based on a set of fundamental principles that guide economists in analyzing economic phenomena and formulating policies to improve economic outcomes. In this document, we will explore some of the key principles of economics.1. Scarcity and ChoiceThe principle of scarcity states that resources are limited, but human wants and needs are infinite. As a result, individuals and societies must make choices about how to allocate these scarce resources. This principle highlights the importance of opportunity cost, which refers to the value of the next best alternative that is forgone when making a choice. For example, if a country decides to allocate more resources to healthcare, it will have to sacrifice resources that could have been used for education or infrastructure.2. Supply and DemandThe principle of supply and demand is central to understanding how prices are determined in a market economy. The law of demand states that, ceteris paribus (all other things being equal), as the price of a good or service increases, the quantity demanded decreases, and vice versa. The law of supply, on the other hand, states that, ceteris paribus, as the price of a good or service increases, the quantity supplied increases, and vice versa. The intersection of the supply and demand curves determines the equilibrium price and quantity in a market.3. Rational BehaviorIn economics, individuals are generally assumed to be rational decision-makers who seek to maximize their own self-interest. Rational behavior implies that individuals carefully consider the costs and benefits of different choices and make decisions that are in their best interest. However, it is important to note that rationality does not imply that individuals always make optimal choices, as they may face constraints, imperfect information, or cognitive biases.4. Marginal AnalysisMarginal analysis focuses on examining the changes in costs and benefits resulting from small incremental changes in decisions. The principle of diminishing marginal utility, for example, states that as individuals consume more units of a good or service, the additional satisfaction they derive from each additional unit decreases. This principle is important in understanding consumer behavior and demand.5. Opportunity CostAs mentioned earlier, opportunity cost refers to the value of the next best alternative that is forgone when making a choice. This concept is closely related to the principle of trade-offs, which recognizes that individuals and societies face constraints and must make choices between competing alternatives. By considering the opportunity cost of different choices, individuals can make more informed decisions.6. Comparative AdvantageThe principle of comparative advantage highlights the benefits of specialization and international trade. It states that individuals, businesses, and countries should specialize in producing goods and services in which they have the lowest opportunity cost and trade with others who have a comparative advantage in producing different goods and services. By doing so, all parties can benefit from the increased efficiency and access to a wider variety of goods and services.7. Role of GovernmentThe role of government in the economy is another important principle of economics. While economists generally recognize the benefits of free markets and limited government intervention, they also acknowledge that governments play a crucial role in addressing market failures, such as externalities, public goods, and asymmetric information. Furthermore, governments can implement policies to promote economic stability, protect consumers, and reduce income inequality.ConclusionThe principles of economics provide a framework for understanding how individuals, businesses, and governments make choices in allocating scarce resources. By analyzing supply and demand, rational behavior, marginal analysis, opportunity cost, comparative advantage, and the role of government, economists can better comprehend economic phenomena and recommend policies to improve economic outcomes. Understanding these principles can also enhance our decision-making abilities in various economic contexts.。

微观经济学-(英文版)名词解释

微观经济名词解释CHAPTER 1Scarcity:the limited nature of society’s resources。

Economics：the study of how society manages its scarce resources。

Efficiency:the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources.Equity：the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society。

Opportunity cost:whatever must be given up to obtain some item。

Rational people：people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives。

Marginal changes：small incremental adjustments to a plan of action.Incentive：something that induces a person to act。

Market economy:an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services。

Property rights:the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources。

国际经济学英文版(第八版)章节练习第四章

International Economics, 8e (Krugman)Chapter 4 Resources, Comparative Advantage, and Income Distribution1) In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, an influx of workers from across the border wouldA) move the point of production along the production possibility curve.B) s hift the production possibility curve outward, and increase the production of both goods.C) s hift the production possibility curve outward and decrease the production of the labor-intensiveproduct.D) shift the production possibility curve outward and decrease the production of the capital-intensiveproduct.E) N one of the above.Answer: D2) In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, the two countries differ inA) tastes.B) m ilitary capabilities.C) s ize.D) relative availabilities of factors of production.E) l abor productivities.Answer: D3) The Heckscher-Ohlin model differs from the Ricardian model of Comparative Advantage in that the formerA) has only two countries.B) h as only two products.C) h as two factors of production.D) has two production possibility frontiers (one for each country).E) N one of the above.Answer: C4) "A good cannot be both land- and labor-intensive." Discuss.Answer: In a two good, two factor model, such as the original Heckscher-Ohlin framework, the factorintensities are relative intensities. Hence, the relevant statistic is either workers per acre (or acres perworker); or wage per rental unit (or rental per wage). In order to illustrate the logic of the statementabove, let us assume that the production of a broom requires 4 workers and 1 acre. Also, let us assumethat the production of one bushel of wheat requires 40 workers and 80 acres. In this case the acres perperson required to produce a broom is one quarter, whereas to produce a bushel of wheat requires 2acres per person. The wheat is therefore (relatively) land intensive, and the broom is (relatively) laborintensive.5) "No country is abundant in everything." Discuss.Answer: The concept of relative (country) factor abundance is (like factor intensities) a relative concept. When we identify a country as being capital intensive, we mean that it has more capital per worker than doesthe other country. If one country has more capital worker than another, it is an arithmeticimpossibility that it also has more workers per unit capital.6) Refer to above figure. Can you guess which group of producers in Country P might lobby against free trade?Answer:In Country P, the owners of the relatively scarce factor of production are the owners of capital. Their relative and real incomes will decrease, and so they may well attempt to lobby for protectionism, which may prevent the country from moving to a free trade equilibrium.An Economy can produce good 1 using labor and capital and good 2 using labor and land. The total supply of labor is 100units. Given the supply of capital, the outputs of the two goods depends on labor input as follows:7) Refer to the table above.(a) Graph the production functions for good 1 and good 2(b) Graph the production possibility frontier. Why is it curved?Answer: The production possibility frontier is curved because of the diminishing returns associated with the expansion of output in the short run in each of the two industries.8) In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, a change from autarky (no trade) to trade will benefit theowners ofA) capital.B) t he relatively abundant factor of production.C) t he relatively scarce factor of production.D) the relatively inelastic factor of production.E) t he factor of production with the largest elasticity of substitution.Answer: B9) According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model, the source of comparative advantage is a country'sA) technology.B) a dvertising.C) h uman capital.D) factor endowments.E) B oth A and B.Answer: D10) The Hechscher-Ohlin model states that a country will have a comparative advantage in the good or servicewhose production is relatively intensive in the ________ with which the country is relatively abundant.A) tastesB) t echnologyC) f actor of productionD) opportunity costE) s cale economyAnswer: C11) According to the Hecksher-Ohlin model,A) everyone automatically gains from trade.B) t he scarce factor necessarily gains from trade.C) t he gainers could compensate the losers and still retain gains.D) a country gains if its exports have a high value added.E) N one of the above.Answer: CAssume that only two countries, A and B, exist.12) Refer to the table above. If good S is capital intensive, then following the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory,A) country A will export good S.B) c ountry B will export good S.C) b oth countries will export good S.D) trade will not occur between these two countries.E) I nsufficient information is given.Answer: B13) In international-trade equilibrium in the Heckscher-Ohlin model,A) the capital rich country will charge less for the capital intensive good than the price paid by the capitalpoor country for the capital-intensive good.B) t he capital rich country will charge the same price for the capital intensive good as that paid for it bythe capital poor country.C) t he capital rich country will charge more for the capital intensive good than the price paid by the capitalpoor country for the capital-intensive good.D) the workers in the capital rich country will earn more than those in the poor country.E) t he workers in the capital rich country will earn less than those in the poor country.Answer: B14) The Heckscher-Ohlin model predicts all of the following exceptA) which country will export which product.B) w hich factor of production within each country will gain from trade.C) t he volume of trade.D) that wages will tend to become equal in both trading countries.E) N one of the above.Answe: C15) If Australia has relatively more land per worker, and Belgium has relatively more capital per worker, then iftrade were to open up between these two countries,A) the relative price of the capital-intensive product would rise in Australia.B) t he world price of the land-intensive product would be higher than it had been in Belgium.C) t he world price of the land intensive product would be higher than it had been in Australia.D) the relative price of the land intensive product would rise in Belgium.E) N one of the above.Answer: C16) If Australia has more land per worker, and Belgium has more capital per worker, then if trade were to openup between these two countries,A) the real income of capital owners in Australia would rise.B) t he real income of labor in Australia would clearly rise.C) t he real income of labor in Belgium would clearly rise.D) the real income of landowners in Belgium would fall.E) t he real incomes of capital owners in both countries would rise.Answer: D17) The reason trade clearly benefits a country is thatA) it raises the real income of the more productive elements in society.B) i t lowers the real income of the less productive elements in society.C) i t increases the levels of consumption of everyone.D) it increases society's consumption choices.E) N one of the above.Answer: D18) International trade leads to complete equalization of factor prices. Discuss.Answer: This statement is typically "true . . . but." Under a strict and limited set of assumptions, such as the original Heckscher-Ohlin model which excludes country specific technologies; non- homothetic tastes;factor intensity reversals; large country differences in (relative) factor abundances, more factors thangoods, and an equilibrium solution within the "cone of specialization"; then it may be demonstratedthat internal consistency demands that the above stated sentence is "true." However, the minute onerelaxes any of the above listed assumptions one may easily identify solutions, which contradict thefactor price equalization theorem.19) Starting from an autarky (no-trade) situation with Heckscher-Ohlin model, if Country H is relatively laborabundant, then once trade beginsA) wages and rents should rise in H.B) w ages and rents should fall in H.C) w ages should rise and rents should fall in H.D) wages should fall and rents should rise in H.E) N one of the above.Answer: C20) According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model, if the United States is richly endowed in human-capital relative toMexico, then as NAFTA increasingly leads to more bilateral free trade between the two countries,A) the United States will find its industrial base sucked into Mexico.B) M exico will find its relatively highly skilled workers drawn to the United States.C) t he wages of highly skilled U.S. workers will be drawn down to Mexican levels.D) the wages of highly skilled Mexican workers will rise to those in the United States.E) t he wages of highly skilled Mexican workers will fall to those in the United States.Answer: E21) International trade has strong effects on income distributions. Therefore, international tradeA) is beneficial to everyone in both trading countries.B) w ill tend to hurt one trading country.C) w ill tend to hurt some groups in each trading country.D) will tend to hurt everyone in both countries.E) w ill be beneficial to all those engaged in international trade.Answer: C22) Groups that lose from trade tend to lobby the government toA) shift the direction of comparative advantage.B) a bolish the Specific Factor model from practical application.C) p rovide public support for the relatively efficient sectors.D) provide protection for the relatively inefficient sectors.E) N one of the above.Answer: D23) The Leontieff ParadoxA) supported the validity of the Ricardian theory of comparative advantage.B) s upported the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin model.C) f ailed to support the validity of the Ricardian theory.D) failed to support the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin model.E) p roved that the U.S. economy is different from all others.Answer: D24) The Leontieff ParadoxA) refers to the finding that U.S. exports were more labor intensive than its imports.B) r efers to the finding that U.S. Exports were more capital intensive than its exports.C) r efers to the finding that the U.S. produces outside its Edgeworth Box.D) still accurately applies to today's pattern of U.S. international trade.E) r efers to the fact that Leontieff an American economist had a Russian name.Answer: AAnswers to TextbookProblems 2. a. The box diagram has 600 as the length of two sides (representing labor)and 60 as the length of the other two sides (representing land). There will be a ray fromeach of the two corners representing the origins. To find the slopes of these rays we usethe information from the question concerning the ratios of the production coefficients.The question states that a LC/a TC= 20 and a LF/a TF= 5.Since a LC/a TC= (L C/Q C)/(T C/Q C) =L C/T C we have L C= 20T C. Using the samereasoning, a LF/a TF= (L F/Q F)/(T F/Q F) =L F/T F and since this ratio equals 5, we have L F= 5T F. We can solve this algebraically since L=L C+ L F= 600 and T=T C+ T F= 60.The solution is L C= 400, T C= 20, L F= 200 and T F= 40.b. The dimensions of the box change with each increase in available labor, but theslopes of the rays from the origins remain the same. The solutions in the different casesare as follows.L= 800: T C= 33.33, L C= 666.67, T F= 26.67, L F= 133.33L= 1000: T C= 46.67, L C= 933.33, T F= 13.33, L F= 66.67L= 1200: T C= 60, L C= 1200, T F= 0, L F= 0. (completespecialization).c. At constant factor prices, some labor would be unused, so factor prices wouldhave to change, or there would be unemployment.。

经济学原理(英文版)

经济学原理（英文版）●Chapter 1 The scope and Method of Economics●Why study Economics?●To learn a way of Thinking●Opportunity Cost 机会成本●The best alternative that we forgo, or give up, when we make a choice or adecision.指决策过程中面临多项选择，当中被放弃而价值最高的选择●Cost: What You Must Give Up●Opportunity cost is the best thing that you must give up to get something -thehighest-valued alternative forgone.●Benefit: What You Gain●Benefit is the gain or pleasure that something brings.●Benefit is measured by what you are willing to give up.●Are there always opportunity cost for every choice we made?●Pre-conditions:●1.The resource is scarce;limited●2. Multiple usage for a resources;●3. The resource has been fully utilized;●4. Resources can be flowed freely●=/ actual cost, national cost●Marginalism 边际主义●The process of analyzing the additional or incremental(增加的) costs or benefitsarising from a choice or decision.●Marginal Cost 边际成本●is the opportunity cost of a one-unit increase in an activity.●you must give up to get one additional unit of it.●Marginal Benefit 边际效益●is the what you gain when you get one more unit of something.●is the what you gain when you get one more unit of up to get one additionalunit of it.●To understand Society●To be an informed citizen/voter●The scope of Economics●Microeconomics●The study of the choices that individuals and businesses make and the way thesechoices interact and are influenced by governments.●firms●households●Macroeconomics●The study of the aggregate (or total 总计) effects on the national economy andthe global economy of the choices that individuals, businesses, and governmentsmake.●income●employment●output●The method of Economics●positive economics 实证经济学●An approach to economics that seeks to understand behavior and the operation ofsystems without making judgments. It describes what exists and how it works.●normative economics 规范经济学●An approach to economics that analyzes outcomes of economicbehavior,evaluates them as good or bad, and may prescribe courses of action.Alsocalled policy economics.●should be ...●Chapter 2●The economic problem : Scarcity and choice●●The three basic question●What gets produced?●How is it produced ?●Who gets what is produced?●经济学要解决的问题●资源配置（和利用）Resource allocation●Scarcity means that wants are greater than what we can produce with ourresources.缺乏●Chapter 3●Demand, supply ,and market equilibrium●Firms and Households: The basic decision making units●Firm●An organization that transforms resources (inputs)into products(outputs).Firms are the primary producing units in a market economy.●entrepreneur●A person who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a firm,takinga new idea or a new product and turning it into a successful business.(produce to earn profit)●households●The consuming units in an economy.●Input markets and output markets: the circular flow●Output markets●The markets in which goods and services are exchanged.●Input markets●The markets in which the resources used to produce goods and services areexchanged.●Factors of production●The inputs into the production process. Land, labor, and capital are the threekey factors of production.●Demand in product and output market●quantity demand●The amount (number of units) of product that a household would buy in agiven period if it could buy all it wanted at the current market price.●demand curve●A graph illustrating how much of a given product a household would bewilling to buy at different prices.●●law of demand●The negative relationship between price and quantity demanded: Ceterisparibus, as price rises, quantity demanded decreases; as price falls,quantity demanded increases. 反比关系●Other determinants of Household demand●Income and Wealthincome available to the household●Prices of other goods and service●inferior goods 次品●substitutes 替代品●A price up, B demand upB 是A的替代品●complements,complementary goods 互补品●car price up, gasoline demand down●taste and preference●expectation 影响需求consumption policies●Shift of demand versus movement along a demand curve●shift of a demand curve (曲线移动) change in demand●factors shift the demand curve●buyers' incomes●the price of a substitute good●the number of buyers●movement along a demand curve （点移动）change in quantity demanded●Market demand●summing the quantities every consumer is willing to buy at each differentprice.●Supply in product and output market●Profit●The difference between revenues and costs.实现利润最大化是企业生产的目的●quantity supplied●The amount of a particular productthat a firm would be willingand able to offerfor sale at aparticular price during a giventime period.●law of supply●The positive relationship between price and quantity of a good supplied:Anincrease in market price will lead to an increase in quantity supplied, and adecrease in market price will lead to a decrease in quantity supplied. 正比关系●●Market equilibrium●Qd =Qs●there is no tendency for price to change●Excess demand●●●Excess supply●●Chapter 4●Demand and Supply applications 需求和供应的应用●Price rationing 价格配给● is the process by which the market system allocates goods and services toconsumers when quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied.●●Constraints on the Market and Alternative rationing mechanism 非价格配给制●Price ceiling (最高限价)●A maximum price that sellers may charge for a good, usually set bygovernment.●non-price rationing●Queuing (排队）●Waiting in line as a means of distributing goods and services: a nonpricerationing mechanism.●Ration coupons (优惠券)●Tickets or coupons that entitle individuals to purchase a certain amount ofa given product per month.●Favored customers●Those who receive special treatment from dealers during situations ofexcess demand.●Black market (黑市)●A market in which illegal trading takes place at market-determined prices.●price floor 价格下限●A minimum price below which exchange is not permitted.●Supply and Demand and Market efficiency●Consumer surplus 消费者盈余●The difference between the maximum amount a person is willing to pay for agood and its current market price.●愿意支付与实际支付的差额。

经济学原理英文版

经济学原理英文版Economics is the study of how individuals, businesses, and governments allocate resources to satisfy their wants and needs. It is a social science that seeks to understand the behavior of individuals and institutions in making choices under conditions of scarcity. The principles of economics are essential for understanding the world around us and making informed decisions in our daily lives.The English version of the principles of economics provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental concepts and theories in economics. It covers a wide rangeof topics, including supply and demand, market structures, consumer behavior, production and cost, and macroeconomic issues such as inflation, unemployment, and economic growth. By studying these principles, readers can gain a deeper understanding of how the economy works and how various economic factors influence decision-making at the individual, business, and government levels.One of the key concepts in economics is the principle of scarcity. This principle states that resources are limited, while human wants and needs are unlimited. As a result, individuals and societies must make choices about how to allocate scarce resources to satisfy their needs and wants. This principle underlies the study of economics and is central to understanding how individuals and societies make decisions about production, consumption, and distribution.Another important concept in economics is the law of supply and demand. This law states that the price of a good or service is determined by the interaction of supply and demand in the market. When the demand for a good or service increases, while the supply remains constant, the pricewill rise. Conversely, when the supply of a good or service increases, while the demand remains constant, the pricewill fall. Understanding the law of supply and demand is crucial for businesses to make pricing decisions and for consumers to make purchasing decisions.In addition to microeconomic principles, the Englishversion of the principles of economics also covers macroeconomic issues such as inflation, unemployment, and economic growth. These issues are important for understanding the overall performance of the economy and the impact of government policies on economic outcomes. For example, the study of inflation helps individuals and businesses understand the effects of rising prices on their purchasing power, while the study of unemployment helps policymakers design effective strategies to reduce joblessness.Overall, the principles of economics provide a framework for understanding the behavior of individuals, businesses, and governments in making choices about how to allocate scarce resources. By studying these principles, readers can gain a deeper understanding of the economic forces that shape the world around them and make informed decisions in their personal and professional lives. The English version of the principles of economics is an invaluable resource for anyone seeking to develop a solid foundation in economic theory and its practical applications.。

英文版 Economics

Definition of Economics
-- Opportunity Cost
Discussion:
What is the opportunity cost of
college study?
Structure of Economics
Structure of Economics
-- Vocabulary Preparation
Scores Calculation (Schemed)

Class Performance + Homework + Exam
Class Performance (10%) Homework and Tests (20%) Exam (70%)
Reference Textbook

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Office: 2207源自ecture 1What is Economics?
Learning Guide
Definition
of Economics Structure of Economics Demand and Supply Price Control

Demand and Supply
Demand and Supply
-- Vocabulary Preparation
Microeconomics Macroeconomics Perfect Competition Pure Monopoly Monopolistic Competition Oligopoly 微观经济学宏观经济学完全竞争完全垄断垄断竞争寡头垄断

国际经济学英文版(internationaleconomics)PPT课件

3rd wave: 1980-present
▪ Growth of emerging markets ▪ international capital movements regain importance
6
Economic interdependence
Exports of goods and services as percent of Gross Domestic Product, 2001
Ch 16 Exchange-Rate Systems
Ch 17 Macroeconomic Policy in an Open Economy
Ch18 International Banking: Reserves, Debt and Risk
International Economics
By Robert J. Carbaugh 9th Edition
8
Economic interdependence
Interdependence: Impact
Overall standard of living is higher
▪ Access to raw materials & energy not availo goods & components made less expensively elsewhere
International Economics
By Robert J. Carbaugh 9th Edition
Ch 1 The International Economy Ch 2 Foundations of Modern
Trade Theory
Ch 3 International Equilibrium

什么是经济学英语作文模板

什么是经济学英语作文模板What is Economics?Economics is a social science that studies how people allocate resources to satisfy their unlimited wants and needs. It is concerned with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in society. Economics is also concerned with how individuals, businesses, and governments make decisions about these resources.Economists use a variety of tools and methods to study economic behavior. They use mathematical models,statistical analysis, and empirical data to understand how people make choices and how markets work. They also study the effects of government policies on the economy, such as taxes, regulations, and subsidies.One of the key concepts in economics is scarcity. Resources are limited, but wants and needs are unlimited. This means that people must make choices about how toallocate their resources. For example, if someone has a limited amount of money, they must decide whether to spend it on food, housing, or entertainment.Another important concept in economics is opportunity cost. This refers to the value of the next best alternative that is forgone when making a decision. For example, if someone decides to spend their money on food, the opportunity cost is the value of the housing or entertainment they could have purchased instead.Economics is divided into two main branches: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics focuses on the behavior of individuals and firms in markets, while macroeconomics studies the overall performance of the economy, including issues such as inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.In conclusion, economics is a fascinating subject that helps us understand how people make decisions and how markets work. It is essential for policymakers, business leaders, and individuals to have a basic understanding ofeconomics in order to make informed decisions about the allocation of resources.。

西方经济学--英文版

– ii) How or by what method goods & services should be produced? • This concerns with choosing the most efficient method of production.
– iii) For whom are goods & services to be produced, i.e. who are to enjoy the goods & services produced? • This concerns with the distribution of such goods & services.
employment, Balance of Payments and Economic growth. – f) Government policies (e.g. Monetary and Fiscal Policies). – g) Public Finance (e.g. Government revenue and expenditure).
• Everywhere human beings are found to make efforts and earn money and then spend this money to satisfy their wants. Therefore, the activities concerning the earning and spending of wealth are studied under Economics. (Eco.)
Macroeconomics
• Macroeconomics is a study of economy as a whole and it concerns the relationship among aggregate (total) measures.

Economics-Notes微观经济学-英文笔记-需求

Pavane’s Economics Notes[4th Feb 2021]Economics is the study of how we use our limited means to satisfy our unlimited wants.L IMITED M EANS---- All people have limited time, skills and money so they have to make choices to how to use them to the best advantage for them.C HOICE---- Since we can’t have everything we want as we have limited means we have to make decisions. (Decisions between alternatives)O PPORTUNITY C OST---- The next best alternative forgone when a decision is made. [5th Feb 2021]The economics problem is scarcity. This means that we have limited means but unlimited wants. Because of this we have to make a choice. Every choice has an opportunity cost.N EEDS---- Those things we require in order to sustain life.e.g. food, clothing and shelterW ANTS---- Things we desire to make our life more enjoyable.e.g. cell phone, stereo, SPAWants change as we get older because our tastes change and new things are introduced as technology improves.[17th Feb 2021]V ALUES ---- Core beliefs or principles that influence your decisions.>>Honesty >>Integrity >>Fair-trading >>Consideration of othersI NFLUENTS ON VALUES : Culture , Environment , Education , Upbringing (Family) Internet, FinanceD EMAND ---- Demand is the amount of a good or service that a person is willing and able to purchase at each price. falls or as the price falls the quantity demanded increases, ceteris paribus.C ETERIS PARIBUS ---- All other factors remain constant.[17th Feb 2021]Hugh’s weekly Quantity Demanded schedulePrice [$] Quantity demanded3020127>>TTitle is clear starting what the graph shows and the time period. >>AEven and appropriate scale on your axis.>>LLabel axes with item and unite.>>PPlot your points and join them using a ruler.[22nd Feb 2021]D ETERMINANTS OF D EMANDInfluents, other than price, that will influent the amount consumers’ purchase.>>Income>>Taste/ Fashion>>Price of substitutes>>Price of Complementary goods>>SeasonsS UBSTITUTEGoods that can be used to instead of other goods.e.g. butter and margarine : If the price of butter increases, more people will buy margarine as it is relating cheaper.C OMPLIMENTSGoods that are used together.e.g. DVDs and DVD players : When price of DVD players decrease there is an increase in demand for DVDs.C HANGE IND EMAND---- Change in demand is cause by a change in determinants and will result in a movement of the entire demand curve.e.g. Decrease in Demand : the demand has decrease at each price.[4th Mar 2021]D EMAND S CHEDULE----A table showing the quantity of a good or service that consumer is willing and able to purchase at various prices, in a given time period, ceteris paribus.[16th Mar 2021]I NFERIOR G OODS---- They are poorer quality goods that you will buy less as your income rises.e.g. cheap cuts of meat instead of steakN ORMAL G OODS---- Goods that you will but more as your income rises.N ECESSITIES---- Things needed to sustain life. Necessities are usually normal goods so you will buy more as your income rises.L UXURIES---- Items not needed but make your life more enjoyable. Households on low incomes spend a small proportion of their income on luxuries. As a household’s income rises they spend a greater proportion of their income on luxuries.H OUSEHOLD---- A person or group of individuals (families, flat mates) living together under one roof.A GGREGATE H OUSEHOLD E XPENDITURE---- The spending of all households taken as a single group.Average weekly Expenditure for all households 2001 Expenditure Group $ Spend % Degree Food 59Home ownership and rent 86 Clothing and footwear 12 Household operation 46Car ownership and running 57Other goods 40Other services 60Total[19th Mar 2021]S PENDING P ATTERNS---- As a person’s income increases they may spend more money but they generally will save moree.g. If a person earns $1000 and saves $100, he spends 90% and saves 10%. If his income increases to $1200, he spends $1020 (85%) and save 180 (15%).---- The amount he spend has increased but as a percentage of his income has fallen. The percentage of the savings has increased.C ONSUMPTION---- The spending on goods and services.Group1- Basic Necessities-For household with low levels of income spend most of their money on this group with a little basic services and even smaller luxuries. They have no savings.Group2- Basic Services-All levels of income mainly in low-level incomes use this. Group3- Luxury goods and services-This is for households with higher level of income as they are able to afford more and better quality products/services. Group4- Savings- Savings is what households with high income levels do as theyhave money left after buying necessities and normal goods. Graph-This graph shows what households expenditure is used on relative to levels of income[27th Mar 2021]Application questionBen Wilson’s family income has doubled since 1996. The pie Graphs below show how the family used their income in 1996 and how they use it now.。

economics in one lesson 双语 pdf

economics in one lesson 双语《经济学一堂课》（Economics in One Lesson）是由美国经济学家亨利·黑兹利特（Henry Hazlitt）所著的一本经济学入门书籍。

本书以简洁易懂的方式，介绍了经济学的基本原理和概念，帮助读者更好地理解和把握经济现象。

以下是本书的部分双语内容：英文原文：1. The lesson of economics is that men should be free to produce and exchange goods and services as they see fit, subject only to the necessary restrictions of the law against fraud and violence.经济学的研究成果告诉我们，人们应该在遵守法律禁止欺诈和暴力必要限制的前提下，自由地生产和交换商品和服务。

2. The essence of economic science is the study of the way in which men use scarce resources to satisfy their wants.经济学的本质在于研究人类如何利用稀缺资源来满足自己的需求。

3. The function of prices is to guide men's actions and to coordinate thescattered knowledge of millions of individuals.价格的功能是引导人的行为，并协调数百万人分散的知识。

4. The government should interfere with business only when necessary to protect consumers against fraud or to prevent monopolistic practices.政府在必要时应该干预商业，以保护消费者免受欺诈，或防止垄断行为。

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