Upper bound on the supersymmetry breaking scale in supersymmetric SU(5) model.
卡夫卡罗生门英语原文
卡夫卡罗生门英语原文"The Door to Kafka's Parables" is a collection of short stories written by Franz Kafka. Kafka, a renowned Czech writer, is known for his unique and thought-provoking narratives. Unfortunately, there is no specific storytitled "The Door to Kafka's Parables" in Kafka's works. However, I can provide you with the original English text for one of his famous stories, "The Metamorphosis."Here is the English original text for "The Metamorphosis" by Franz Kafka:One morning, as Gregor Samsa was waking up from anxious dreams, he discovered that in bed he had been changed into a monstrous verminous bug. He lay on his armour-hard back and saw, as he lifted his head up a little, his brown, arched abdomen divided up into rigid bow-like sections. From this height, the blanket, just about ready to slideoff completely, could hardly stay in place. His numerous legs, pitifully thin in comparison to the rest of hiscircumference, flickered helplessly before his eyes."What's happened to me?" he thought. It was no dream. His room, a regular human room, only a little on the small side, lay quiet between the four familiar walls. Above the table, on which an unpacked collection of sample cloth goods was spread out (Samsa was a traveling salesman), hung the picture which he had recently cut out of an illustrated magazine and lodged in a pretty gilt frame. It showed a lady fitted out with a fur hat and fur boa who sat upright, raising a heavy fur muff that covered the whole of her lower arm towards the viewer.Gregor's gaze then turned to the window. The dreary weather (the raindrops were falling audibly down on the metal window ledge) made him quite melancholy. "Why don't I keep sleeping for a little while longer and forget all this foolishness," he thought. But this was entirely impracticable, for he was used to sleeping on his right side, and in his present condition he couldn't get himself into this position. However hard he threw himself onto his right, he always rolled back to where he was. He must havetried it a hundred times, closing his eyes so that he wouldn't have to see the wriggling legs, and gave up only when he began to feel a light, dull pain in his side which he had never felt before.I hope this excerpt from "The Metamorphosis" by Franz Kafka meets your request. If you have any further questions or need assistance with anything else, please let me know.。
了不起的盖茨比第七章英语单词知乎
了不起的盖茨比第七章英语单词知乎以下是《了不起的盖茨比》第七章中出现的一些单词及其用法解释：1. Debauch: (verb) to corrupt morally or by intemperance or sensuality.Example: The wild party in Gatsby's mansion was filled with debauchery and excess.2. Sotto voce: (adverb) in a low voice, or in an undertone.Example: Jordan spoke to Nick sotto voce, revealing a secret that nobody else could hear.3. Affront: (verb) to insult intentionally.Example: Tom felt affronted when Gatsby openly declared his love for Daisy.4. Elude: (verb) to evade or escape from, as by daring, cleverness, or skill.Example: Despite all efforts, the truth about Gatsby's past eluded everyone.5. Nebulous: (adjective) hazy, vague, indistinct, or confused.Example: Gatsby's actual identity remained nebulous to many of his party guests.6. Meretricious: (adjective) alluring by a show of flashy or vulgar attractions, but often without real value.Example: Daisy was not impressed by the meretricious displays of wealth at Gatsby's parties.7. Contemptuous: (adjective) showing or expressing contempt or disdain; scornful.Example: Tom looked at Gatsby with a contemptuous expression, as he considered him a social climber.8. Ineffable: (adjective) incapable of being expressed or described in words; inexpressible.Example: Daisy experienced an ineffable sense of longing when Gatsby took her for a drive in his fancy car.9. Ramification: (noun) a consequence or implication; a branching out.Example: The ramification of Gatsby's obsession with Daisy was the destruction of his own life.10. Libertine: (noun) a person who is morally or sexually unrestrained, especially a dissolute man.Example: Gatsby was often seen as a libertine, indulging in extravagant parties and relationships.11. Sluggish: (adjective) displaying slow or lazy movements or responses.Example: The sluggish summer heat made everyone at the party feel lethargic and unmotivated.12. Pander: (verb) to cater to the lower tastes or base desires of others.Example: Gatsby's extravagant parties were seen by some as an attempt to pander to the desires of the wealthy elite.13. Incarnation: (noun) a particular physical form or state; a concrete or actual form of a quality or concept.Example: Gatsby believed that he could recreate himself into an incarnation of the man Daisy truly desired.14. Inexplicable: (adjective) unable to be explained or accounted for.Example: Daisy's sudden attraction towards Gatsby seemed inexplicable to many, considering their past.15. Insidious: (adjective) proceeding in a gradual, subtle way, but with harmful effects.Example: Tom warned Daisy about Gatsby's insidious intentions, accusing him of trying to steal her away.16. Supercilious: (adjective) behaving or looking as though one thinks they are superior to others; arrogant.Example: Tom's supercilious attitude towards Gatsby was evident in his condescending mannerisms.17. Saunter: (verb) to walk in a slow, relaxed, and confident manner.Example: Gatsby sauntered across the lawn towards Daisy, trying to appear nonchalant.18. Harrowed: (adjective) distressed or disturbed.Example: Gatsby's harrowed expression revealed the emotional turmoil he was experiencing.19. Truculent: (adjective) eager or quick to argue or fight; aggressively defiant.Example: Tom showed his truculent nature when he confronted Gatsby about his relationship with Daisy.20. Portentous: (adjective) of or like a portent; foreboding; full of unspecified meaning.Example: The dark clouds and thunderous sky seemed portentous, as if something significant was about to happen.21. Gaudiness: (noun) the quality of being tastelessly showy or overly ornate.Example: Despite the gaudiness of Gatsby's mansion, the guests were drawn to its opulence.22. Indiscernible: (adjective) impossible to see or clearly distinguish.Example: In the chaos of the party, individual voices became indiscernible and blended into a cacophony.23. Intermittent: (adjective) occurring at irregular intervals; not continuous or steady.Example: The intermittent rain throughout the night dampened the enthusiasm of the party guests.24. Stratum: (noun) a layer or a series of layers of rock in the ground.Example: Gatsby tried to climb the social stratum, hoping to be accepted by the upper class.25. Harlequin: (noun) a character in traditional pantomime; a buffoon.Example: Gatsby's harlequin smile hid the sadness and longing he felt for Daisy.26. Disconcerting: (adjective) causing one to feel unsettled or disturbed.Example: Daisy's disconcerting confession about her true feelings left Gatsby feeling disoriented and hurt.请注意，以上的双语例句是根据所给的单词和上下文进行编写的，但并非《了不起的盖茨比》中的原文。
（完整word版）教父英文影评
（完整word版）教父英文影评1教父 The Godfather review by ROGER EBERTWe know from Gay Talese's book Honor Thy Father that being a professional mobster isn't all sunshine and roses.More often, it's the boredom of stuffy rooms and a bad diet of carry-out food, punctuated by brief, terrible bursts of violence. This is exactly the feel of "The Godfather," which brushes aside the flashy glamour of the traditional gangster picture and gives us what's left: fierce tribal loyalties, deadly little neighborhood quarrels in Brooklyn, and a form of vengeance to match every affront.The remarkable thing about Mario Puzo's novel was the way it seemed to be told from the inside out; he didn't give us a world of international intrigue, but a private club as constricted as the seventh grade. Everybody knew everybody else and had a pretty shrewd hunch what they were up to.The movie (based on a script labored over for some time by Puzo and then finally given form, I suspect, by director Francis Ford Coppola) gets the same feel. We tend to identify with Don Corleone's family not because we dig gang wars, but because we have been with them from the beginning, watching them wait for battle while sitting at the kitchen table and eating chow mein out of paper cartons."The Godfather" himself is not even the central character in the drama. That position goes to the youngest, brightest son, Michael, who understands the nature of his father's position while revising hisold-fashioned ways. The Godfather's role in the familyenterprise is described by his name; he stands outside the next generation which will carry on and, hopefully, angle the family into legitimate enterprises.Those who have read the novel may be surprised to find Michael at the center of the movie, instead of Don Corleone. In fact, this is simply an economical way for Coppola to get at the heart of the Puzo story, which dealt with the transfer of power within the family. Marlon Brando, who plays the Godfather as a shrewd, unbreakable old man, actually has the character lead in the movie; Al Pacino, with a brilliantly developed performance as Michael, is the lead.But Brando's performance is a skillful throwaway, even though it earned him an Academy Award for best actor. His voice is wheezy and whispery, and his physical movements deliberately lack precision; the effect is ofa man so accustomed to power that he no longer needs to remind others. Brando does look the part of old Don Corleone, mostly because of acting and partly because of the makeup, although he seems to have stuffed a little too much cotton into his jowls, making his lower face immobile.The rest of the actors supply one example after another of inspired casting. Although "The Godfather" is a long, minutely detailed movie of some three hours, there naturally isn't time to go into the backgrounds and identities of such characters as Clemenza, the family lieutenant; Jack Woltz, the movie czar; Luca Brasi, the loyal professional killer; McCluskey, the crooked cop; and the rest. Coppola and producer Al Ruddy skirt this problem with understated typecasting. As the Irish cop, for example, they simply slide in Sterling Hayden and let the character go about his business. Richard Castellano is an unshakable Clemenza. JohnMarley makes a perfectly hateful Hollywood mogul (and, yes, he still wakes up to find he'll have to cancel his day at the races).The success of "The Godfather" as a novel was largely due to a series of unforgettable scenes. Puzo is a good storyteller, but no great shakes as a writer. The movie gives almost everything in the novel except the gynecological repair job. It doesn't miss a single killing; it opens with the wedding of Don Corleone's daughter (and attendant upstairs activity); and there are the right number of auto bombs, double crosses, and garrotings.Coppola has found a style and a visual look for all this material so "The Godfather" becomes something of a rarity: a really good movie squeezed from a bestseller. The decision to shoot everything in period decor (the middle and late 1940s) was crucial; if they'd tried to save money as they originally planned, by bringing everything up-to-date, the movie simply wouldn't have worked. But it's uncannily successful as a period piece, filled with sleek, bulging limousines and postwar fedoras. Coppola and his cinematographer, Gordon Willis, also do some interesting things with the color photography. The earlier scenes have a reddish-brown tint, slightly overexposed and feeling like nothing so much as a 1946 newspaper rotogravure supplement.Although the movie is three hours long, it absorbs us so effectively it never has to hurry. There is something in the measured passage of time as Don Corleone hands over his reins of power that would have made a shorter, faster moving film unseemly. Even at this length, there are characters in relationships you can't quite understand unless you've read the novel. Or perhaps you can, just by the way the characters look at each other.2教父 The GodfatherTwenty-five years' hindsight wasn't necessary to prove the brilliance and authority of ``The Godfather,'' Francis Ford Coppola's classic epic of a Mafia family in America.It was clear, even when the movie opened in 1972, that Coppola had created a landmark in American cinema. It remains the high point of his career. What we couldn't see then was how wide the film's influence would spread. There's barely a gangster movie, a family epic or a movie about Italian Americans that doesn't inevitably use ``The Godfather'' as a frame of reference. It's more than a standard-bearer for critics and filmmakers -- it's a monument.Today, as the Castro Theatre launches a two-week revival of ``The Godfather'' in a new 35mm print with a digitally enhanced stereo soundtrack, it's fascinating to consider the directions that Coppola and his actors have taken in the quarter- century since they made the movie, which was based on Mario Puzo's best-seller.TOUGH TO MATCHFor Coppola, the struggle to match ``The Godfather's'' achievement has rendered mixed results. He was only 31 when he was signed to direct ``The Godfather,'' and had only a handful of features to his credit: the coming-of-age comedy ``You're a Big Boy Now,'' the musical ``Finian's Rainbow,'' the bleak character study ``The Rain People.''Based on that work, no one could have anticipated the confidence and depth he would bring to ``The Godfather,'' or to its first sequel two years later, ``Godfather II.'' (Does anyone remember that Coppola invented the use of Roman numerals in movie sequels?)Trying to equal that success and find new projects as large as his imagination and ego would bring Coppola repeatedly to near-disaster. ``Apocalypse Now'' became a 16-month location shoot from hell and nearly killed him, ``One From the Heart'' wiped him out financially and ``The Cotton Club'' was as empty as it was flashy.To recover, Coppola became a hired gun and delivered ``The Outsiders,'' ``Rumble Fish'' and ``Peggy Sue Got Married.'' He made the conventional ``Tucker: The Man and His Dream,'' the overblown ``Bram Stoker's Dracula'' and most recently the embarrassing ``Jack.'' But even as he lost hismomentum and self-assurance, it was impossible to dismiss him -- or to stop hoping he would recapture ``The Godfather'' magic.For his actors ``The Godfather'' was also a benchmark. Marlon Brando revived a slumbering career with his masterful, Oscar-winning icon Don Vito Corleone -- but thereafter become lazy and disdainful of his profession.CHALLENGE FOR PACINOAl Pacino, who played the more challenging role of reluctant heir Michael Corleone, has won an Oscar, eight nominations and never lost his spark on screen. Diane Keaton, nearly unrecognizable today as his naive wife, Kay, is probably the biggest surprise: There's nothing in ``The Godfather'' to indicate the brilliant comic instincts of ``Annie Hall'' or ``The First Wives Club'' or the emotional transparency of ``Marvin's Room.'' Twenty-five years may have reordered our perceptions of Coppola and his cast, but the basic fact of his film's greatness is undiminished. In scene after scene -- the long wedding sequence, John Marley's bloody discovery in his bed, Pacino nervouslysmoothing down his hair before a restaurant massacre, the godfather's collapse in a garden -- Coppola crafted an enduring, undisputed masterpiece.。
美好的早上好作文英语
A beautiful morning is a gift that nature bestows upon us,a time when the world is at its most serene and fresh.Heres how you can capture the essence of a splendid morning in an English composition:1.Setting the Scene:Begin by describing the early morning light.Mention how the first rays of the sun gently break through the darkness,casting a warm glow on everything they touch.The morning sun,like a shy artist,began to paint the sky with hues of pink and orange, gradually revealing the beauty of a new day.2.Natures Symphony:Talk about the sounds of the morning.The chirping of birds,the rustling of leaves,and the gentle hum of nature waking up.A symphony of birdsong filled the air,each melody more enchanting than the last,as if nature itself was celebrating the dawn.3.The Scent of Morning:Describe the fresh and crisp air that is unique to mornings. Mention how it invigorates the senses and brings a sense of clarity.The air was crisp and fresh,carrying the scent of dewsoaked grass and blooming flowers,a fragrance that only the morning could offer.4.The Tranquility:Emphasize the peacefulness of the morning.Its a time when the world is still,and the hustle and bustle of the day has yet to begin.The tranquility of the morning was palpable,a serene calm that enveloped the landscape,offering a moment of respite from the worlds chaos.5.The Awakening of Life:Discuss how life begins its day.From the first stirrings of animals to the early risers beginning their day,its a time of renewal and new beginnings. As the morning light grew stronger,the world awoke with it.Creatures great and small emerged from their slumber,ready to embrace the day ahead.6.Reflection and Inspiration:Talk about how the morning can inspire and motivate.Its a time for reflection,setting intentions for the day,and feeling a sense of hope and possibility.The morning,with its promise of a fresh start,inspired a sense of optimism.It was atime to set goals,to dream,and to believe in the potential of the day.7.The Morning Ritual:Describe any personal morning rituals that you or others might have,such as a morning walk,meditation,or a quiet cup of coffee,which enhance the morning experience.My morning ritual involves a quiet walk in the garden,where I breathe in the fresh air and watch the world come to life,a moment of solitude before the days demands begin.8.Conclusion:End your composition by summarizing the beauty and significance of a beautiful morning,and how it sets the tone for the rest of the day.A beautiful morning is not just the start of another day its a reminder of lifes simple pleasures,a canvas of natures art,and a chance to start anew with a grateful heart.Remember,the key to a compelling composition is to use vivid and descriptive language that allows the reader to visualize and experience the morning as you have described it.。
假如尼尔斯来到我们的中间英语作文500字
全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：假如尼尔斯来到我们的中间英语作文500字全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1If Niels Bohr Came Among UsOh my gosh, can you imagine if the great Niels Bohr just randomly showed up at our school one day? That would be absolutely crazy! Niels Bohr was this brilliant physicist fromDenmark who revolutionized our understanding of atomic structure and quantum theory back in the early 20th century. He's definitely one of the most important scientists who ever lived.I've been learning all about Bohr's atomic model in physics class. It was a huge breakthrough at the time. Before Bohr, scientists kind of just accepted the plum pudding model that J.J. Thomson proposed. Basically, Thomson thought the atom was a big blob of positive charge with negative electrons scattered throughout it, kind of like raisins in a plum pudding dessert. But that didn't really fit with experimental evidence.Then Niels Bohr came along and said, "Hold up, I have a better idea!" He proposed that the atom has a positive nucleus in the center, with negative electrons orbiting around it in specific shells or energy levels. It was kind of like a tiny solar system. This atomic structure model made so much more sense and could actually explain the spectrum of light emitted by hydrogen atoms.Another huge contribution from Bohr was founding the basis for understanding quantum theory. He figured out that electrons can only exist in those discrete energy levels or shells, not just anywhere. And when they jump between those levels,that's what causes atoms to absorb or emit light of specific wavelengths. Wild, right?Bohr was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922 for his revolutionary atomic model and work on quantum mechanics. He deserved it 100%. His insights transformed physics forever. Can you imagine if he just randomly popped into our classroom during physics period? I would be starstruck for sure!I bet Niels Bohr would blow all of our minds with his genius intellect and passionate lectures. He was totally obsessed with physics and finding the fundamental laws of the universe. I could picture him at the front of our class, messily scribbling equations on the chalkboard with chalk dust flying everywhere as he tried to explain these mind-bending quantum phenomena.Of course, he would probably get frustrated that we're still beginners struggling to understand basic concepts like atomic orbitals and blackbody radiation. "You must be joking!" he might exclaim in his thick Danish accent as we stared blankly at yet another equation he derived from first principles. I'm sure the pace of a Bohr lecture would be absolutely dizzying.At the same time, I'll bet Bohr would be an incredibly patient and caring teacher. From what I've read, he cultivated this famous "Bohr spirit" of free expression and open debate in hisresearch team. He embraced different perspectives and encouraged creative thinking. So in our classroom, Bohr would probably be very nurturing and want each of us to feel comfortable asking questions or proposing ideas, even if they seemed a bit half-baked.I could totally see him putting on a fun little demonstration to illustrate quantum principles too. Maybe he would set up a light source and use prisms or diffraction slits to show us the wave-particle duality and quantization of light. Or he might do an experiment involving atomic spectroscopy to drive home the point about discrete energy levels. Knowing Bohr, it would likely involve pipes, cables, and vacuum tubes sprawled across the lab bench in a chaotic mess that only a genius could understand. But it sure would make atomic physics feel real and alive!Just interacting with someone of Bohr's intellectual caliber and pioneering spirit would be so valuable and inspiring, even if he talked way over our heads at times. This was a man who shaped humanity's understanding of the fundamental nature of matter and energy. He wasn't afraid to challenge the status quo and think in completely new ways. That courage and creativity in the face of the unknown is what drives scientific revolutions.Part of me wonders if we mere high school students could even begin to comprehend the insights and discoveries of a mind like Niels Bohr's. His contributions to quantum theory and models of atomic structure were so profound and consequential that they're still mind-boggling a century later. Having the chance to learn from and engage with him directly would be a tremendous opportunity that could change our perspective forever.At the same time, maybe Bohr's genius wouldn't seem so alienating up close and in person. From the photos and recordings I've seen, he came across as down-to-earth, approachable, and full of playful humor despite his brilliance. Sure, he would be operating on another level intellectually. But at his core, Bohr was simply a man fascinated by the deepest mysteries of the universe, just like we kids are fascinated by even the basics of how atoms and matter work.So if Niels Bohr suddenly appeared in our classroom, I think the overall vibe would be charged with awe and excitement. This giant of 20th century science walking among us? His very presence would lend immense weight and importance to our studies of quantum phenomena. At the same time, I'm sure Bohr's warmth, passion and unwavering scientific ideals wouldinspire us to approach physics with renewed vigor and confidence in our ability to one day understand the deepest truths of nature, just like he did. It would be an unforgettable experience that could spark a lifelong love of science and discovery in all of us. I really hope it happens someday!篇2If Niles Came to Our MidstWhoa, you guys will never believe what just happened! You know that super old book we had to read for English class, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court by Mark Twain? Well, something crazy like that totally went down at school today!It all started during Mr. Henderson's history class. We were learning about the medieval period and going over all the crazy stuff people believed back then. You know, like how they thought the world was flat and that diseases were caused by bad smells? Dumb, right?Anyway, right in the middle of Mr. H's lecture, there was this huge boom of thunder that shook the whole classroom even though it was sunny outside. Then this blinding flash of light exploded right in the center of the room. When the spots clearedfrom my eyes, there was this dude standing there dressed in the weirdest getup I've ever seen.He had on these tight leggings with a puffy shirt and this long jacket thing that went down to his knees. And get this - he was wearing tights! On his head was this funny hat with a feather sticking out the side. I thought it was bad when my little brother went through that Shakespeare phase and wouldn't stop talking in ye olde English. This guy looked like he had gone all out at one of those medieval fairs.Of course, everyone started cracking up at his ridiculous outfit. A few of the football players started chanting "Shakespeare in the park! Shakespeare in the park!" I guess they thought he was promoting some school play or something.The guy just looked around at all of us like we were the crazy ones, which made everyone laugh even harder. Finally, Mr. Henderson got the class settled down and asked the guy who he was and what he was doing here.In this super deep voice that definitely didn't match his goofy costume, he announced, "I am Niles Kalcheim, a most learned engineer from the 24th century. An unforeseen dysfunction has materialized in my chrono-displacement moduleduring its trial run, projecting me backward through thespace-time continuum."I'm not gonna lie, half of what he said went completely over my head. All I caught was "24th century" and I thought maybe this was some sort of stupid prank where one of the AV club nerds was trying to play dress up as a time traveler or something.But then the dude - Niles, I guess - went and proved he really wasn't from around here. He pulled out this shiny rectangular thing from his pocket - which actually looked kinda like one of the smartphones we're finally allowed to have at school next year. Only this one didn't have a screen or buttons or anything. It was completely smooth on both sides.Niles must have done something to activate it though because all of a sudden it projected this hologram image that hung in the air in front of him! It looked just like one of those 3D projectors they use for video games and stuff, except whatever tech he was using was a million times better. The colors were brighter and more realistic than anything I've ever seen before.The hologram was of the most bizarre contraption I've ever laid eyes on. It looked like a jungle gym designed by an insane person, with all these twisting metal tubes and giant spheres interconnected in some nutso pattern. As the hologram slowlyrotated, more and more crazy details became visible and my mind was completely blown."This is a prototype for a molecular disassembler," Niles proclaimed, like that was supposed to mean something to those of us living in the modern age rather than the 24th century.He started rambling on about how this "disassembler" could break down any object on an atomic level and convert it into elemental components or just pure energy. He claimed with enough of these crazy machines, his century had unlimited recycling and could rearrange matter itself however they wanted!Even Mr. Henderson looked dumbfounded by all this super advanced science Niles was spewing out. I figured either this guy was legitimately insane or he really was some kind of visitor from the future.That's when Niles said the words that convinced me this wasn't just an elaborate prank: "Perhaps a demonstration would render my displacement more fathomable."Before anyone could stop him, he aimed that little shiny rectangle at Mr. Henderson's desk and some kind of energy beam shot out of it. The heavy wooden desk just...disappeared!Vanished into thin air like it had never existed! All that was left behind were little sparkling particles slowly wafting through the space the desk used to occupy before they faded away completely.You can imagine the chaos that erupted after that. The girls started screaming, a few guys nearly fainted, and pretty much everyone dove for cover like Niles was about to disintegrate us all next. Even Mr. Henderson looked terrified out of his mind, sprawled there on the floor clutching his teacher's edition like it could protect him from whatever power this madman possessed.For his part, Niles just watched everyone's freaked-out reactions with an expression that seemed more confused than threatening. He tried to tell us not to be afraid, that he meant no harm, but no one was listening at that point. A few seconds later, the room was swarmed by campus security rushing in to subdue the supposed lunatic.I'm not sure what happened to Niles after that. They might have hauled him off to jail - or maybe an insane asylum is more likely considering his crazy claims of being a time traveler. Either way, I'm just glad no one else got disintegrated or anything!Can you even imagine how mind blowing it would be if Niles was telling the truth? Like, think about all the insane things wecould have in our time if his future inventions were real! Unlimited energy, the ability to just rearrange atoms however we wanted...I don't think the world today is ready for that level of technological advancement. We'd probably just use it for stupid stuff like binge watching shows without worrying about electricity bills or creating endless amounts of junk food!Still, I can't stop thinking about what might be possible in the 24th century. Just the fact that Niles could travel hundreds of years through time is crazy enough. But being able to disassemble matter into its basic components with the push of a button? If that's for real, it makes you wonder what other miraculous technologies might exist in the future. Maybe they'll have figured out how to teleport between planets or have mastered human cloning or something. Heck, maybe they'll even have figured out how to go into suspended animation so you can just sleep for 300 years and wake up in the future!Whether Niles was an actual visitor from the 24th century or just a highly convincing loon, the whole experience has me looking at the world through a different lens. For so long, our history classes have been stuck looking backward - studying the primitive civilizations, the wars and power struggles of the past. But the truth is that the most important history hasn't happenedyet. The future is where the real game-changers are going to take place that'll make everything we know today look as outdated as those eurth-cultures we learned about carving wheels out of stone.Who knows what unbelievable wonders the 24th century might hold? Flying personal vehicles, artificial intelligence assistants, maybe even some kind of master computer network safeguarding the limitless knowledge of the future! What I wouldn't give for a peek at a history book from that era. I'll bet Niles' crazy desk-dematerializer barely even registers as a significant invention compared to whatever world-altering technologies are commonplace in his time.I just hope that whoever is in charge in the 24th century uses their insane science knowledge for good and not evil. Can you imagine someone like that Thanos guy from the Avengers movies getting his hands on Niles' molecular rearranging tech? He'd be able to disassemble entire planets with the push of a button! Not that we should be worrying about hypothetical supervillains from the future, I guess. We've got enough issues to deal with in the present without borrowing troubles from another millennium.Whew, okay, that's enough of me rambling about the metaphysics of technologies yet to be invented. Whether it was real or an illusion, having a so-called time traveler materialize out of nowhere in the middle of my history class was an experience I'll never forget. It's got me thinking bigger about what might be possible and has honestly made me a lot more excited to see what the future holds - even if it's just our current century rather than the reality-bending architectures of the 24th. We're living in a pivotal time where our wildest science fictions are slowly morphing into patentable realities.Who knows? Maybe a hundred years from now, people will look back and say the real game-changing invention was whatever allowed this written record to be preserved for their eyes to read - the first relic of a primitive篇3If Niels Came Among UsBy A StudentCan you imagine what it would be like if the great Danish physicist Niels Bohr just showed up at our school one day? I've thought about this a lot, and I think it would be totallymind-blowing!First of all, I'm sure nobody would even recognize him at first. He'd probably just look like some old dude with wild Einstein hair and a funny accent. But then once the science teachers figured out who he was, it would be pure pandemonium! They'd be freaking out trying to roll out the red carpet for one of the most important scientists of the 20th century.I can just picture Niels strolling down the hallway, looking totally confused at all the commotion surrounding him. He'd probably be like "What is this peculiar place? Why are all these young people carrying those strange flat objects?" And someone would have to explain to him that we're all students at a school in the 21st century, and those "flat objects" are laptop computers that we use to access vast repositories of human knowledge and dank memes.Once he got past the initial culture shock, I bet Niels would be lowkey blown away by how much science and technology has advanced since his day. A big part of his work was on quantum theory and atomic structure, which laid the foundations for all the crazy quantum computing, nanotechnology, and other cutting-edge fields we're just starting to explore now. He'd probably get a huge kick out of seeing kids coding quantumalgorithms or running atomic force microscope simulations on their laptops.At the same time, I think he'd also be lowkey disturbed by how we sometimes take science for granted or misuse it in problematic ways. Fromatingout of more fossil fuels to industrialized warfare to social media misinformation, I can imagine Niels shaking his head and lamenting how human folly always finds new ways to run amok despite our growing scientific knowledge. He seemed like a pretty philosophical and ethical guy from what I've read, so I bet he'd want to sit us all down for some real talk about using our smarts responsibly.But more than anything, I think having Niels here would totally reinvigorate how we think about and approach science. Too often, we treat it as this dead collection of facts and formulas that we just have to regurgitate onto tests and assignments. Having one of the OG scientific revolutionaries in our midst could breathe new life into it as this radical, living endeavor to constantly question, explore, and reshape our understanding of the universe. Niels literally helped overturn centuries of classical physics doctrine, so he could show us firsthand that science isn't about memorizing - it's about creative thinking, challenging orthodoxies, and pushing the boundaries of human knowledge.I'll never forget reading about Niels's famous quote that "An expert is a person who has found out by her own painful experience all the latest mistakes." To me, that just encapsulates the mindset of a true scientist. It's all about humbly admitting the limitations of our current knowledge, while boldly venturing into new intellectual frontiers and inevitably making new mistakes that eventually lead to new discoveries. That fearless, unorthodox spirit of curiosity is what Niels embodied, and what he could hopefully instill in all of us if he walked among us.Just having a real, flesh-and-blood scientific titan like that in the classroom, wowing us with his brilliance while also showing he was still just a humble, curious human being in search of truth - it would be incredibly inspiring. We're all so used to science being this abstract collection of dusty old books and online resources. But having Niels physically present would make it more visceral and real in a whole new way. We could ask him anything we wanted about his work, his life, his mindset, his experiences - and get answers straight from the source instead of through some detached, sterilized secondhand account.Maybe Niels could even take over and lead some classes for a while, either lecturing on the latest developments in physics while he was alive or even learning about and weighing in onbrand new 21st century concepts. Just being taught by one of the most innovative scientific minds in history instead of a normal teacher would be utterly fascinating. We could get his unique perspective on not just physics, but anything from global politics to the nature of human consciousness. With Niels at the helm, our science classes would become this free-flowing Socratic dialogue where the greatest questions of the cosmos are pondered and no knowledge is too sacred to scrutinize or update as we make new empirical discoveries.Ultimately, having Niels Bohr visit our school wouldn't just be a cool celebrity cameo - it could fundamentally reshape how we experience and think about science itself. No longer would it be this dead, academic pursuit where we just absorb information. It would become an ethos - a living, evolving way of seeing and questioning the world around us with wonder, humility, and fearless curiosity. We'd go from being passive receptacles for established theories to active participants in the never-ending process of exploring, revising, and adding to human knowledge through scientific inquiry.Just picturing Niels Bohr hanging out and sharing his perspectives and life experiences with us has me brimming with excitement. Listening to that pioneering voice - the voice thathelped spark a revolutionary leap in our understanding of the universe - could imbue us with a passion for constantly questioning, challenging, and advancing our scientific narratives. We'd be connected to that grand tradition of intellectual fearlessness that shows no law or dogma is too sacrosanct once the empirical evidence points a new way. The abstract would become flesh. The dead words on a page would breathe with the vitality of the living mind that gave birth to them.Having Niels Bohr walk among us would inject a jolt of life, meaning, and inspiration into how we experience science. We'd glimpse the soul behind the formulas. We'd make a personal connection with one of the great intellectual pioneers who showed us that the universe is an ever-evolving, ever-mysterious place that constantly demands we shed our blinders and seek new truths. Just sharing the same hallways with such a luminary presence could elevate all of our scientific pursuits from rote and tedious textbook repetition to a vibrant, radical mission to boldly meet the unknown and use our minds to unravel its deepest secrets. That's what science is really about - and having Niels Bohr here could finally make us feel that in our bones.。
冰球比赛规则英文介绍作文
冰球比赛规则英文介绍作文Title: Unleashing the Thrills of Ice Hockey: A Quick Guide。
1. Ice Hockey's Heartbeat: 。
Ice hockey, a sport that sizzles with adrenaline, isnot just a game, it's a symphony of speed and skill. It's played on a frozen canvas, where players in skates, "skaters" to friends, battle for control of a round disc, the "puck". The game begins with a face-off, a fierce交接, setting the stage for a thrilling chase.2. The Rink's Rivalry:Each team consists of six players, "skaters" on offense, " forwards" and "defenders", and a goaltender, "goalie".The objective? To score by shooting the puck into the opposing team's net, "net". The game is divided into three periods, "stages", each lasting 20 minutes, punctuated bybrief breaks.3. The Art of Slashing and Passing:The game is a dance of passes, "passes" and "hits", where players use their sticks to move the puck, "stickhandling". The "check" is a strategic move to disrupt an opponent's possession. The "goalie" stands tall, a fortress, protecting the net with his reflexes andreflexive "save".4. The Penalty Box and the Penalty Kill:When a rule violation occurs, players go to the "penalty box", a timeout for the transgression. The "power play" for the team without a penalty is a chance to catch up, a strategic play that tests both skill and patience.5. The Final Call: The Goalie's Decisive Moment:The "goal" is the ultimate goal, a moment of pure joy and agony. A "goalie" saving a shot, "save", can mean thedifference between victory and defeat. And when the final buzzer sounds, the team that scores more "goals" wins.6. Off the Ice, Hockey's Culture:Beyond the rink, ice hockey is a culture of teamwork, sportsmanship, and fierce competition. It's not just about the game, it's about the camaraderie that forms between players and fans.In conclusion, ice hockey, with its dynamic rules and unscripted moments, is a captivating spectacle that captivates audiences worldwide. So, next time you're at a game, let the冰与火的碰撞 ignite your sports spirit!。
自由之心飞扬的英语作文
The heart of freedom soars high in the sky,embodying the essence of human spirit that yearns for liberty and autonomy.It is a feeling that transcends physical boundaries and resonates with the core of our being.In the vast expanse of human history,the quest for freedom has been a relentless pursuit. It is the driving force behind countless revolutions and the inspiration for many a poets verse.The heart of freedom is not confined to any one nation or culture it is a universal desire that unites people from all walks of life.The essence of a free heart lies in its ability to dream,to aspire,and to seek out new horizons.It is the courage to stand up against oppression,to question the status quo,and to fight for ones beliefs.It is the unwavering conviction that every individual has the right to live life on their own terms,free from the shackles of tyranny and injustice.In the realm of the arts,the heart of freedom finds expression through the brush strokes of a painter,the notes of a composer,and the words of a writer.It is the passion that fuels the creative process,allowing artists to explore the depths of their imagination and to share their visions with the world.In the political sphere,the heart of freedom is the foundation of democracy and human rights.It is the belief that every person has a voice and that their opinions should be heard and respected.It is the commitment to upholding the principles of justice,equality,and fairness in the governance of a nation.In the personal realm,the heart of freedom is the inner strength that enables us to break free from the constraints of our past and to embrace the possibilities of our future.It is the resilience that allows us to overcome adversity and to grow from our experiences.As we navigate the complexities of life,let us not forget the importance of nurturing the heart of freedom within us.It is a precious gift that enriches our lives and fuels our journey towards a brighter tomorrow.By embracing the spirit of freedom,we can rise above the challenges that confront us and soar to new heights of personal and collective achievement.。
了不起的盖茨比第七章英语单词知乎
了不起的盖茨比第七章英语单词知乎全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Vocabulary of Chapter 7 in The Great Gatsby: A Student's In-Depth AnalysisWhat's up, fellow literature lovers and word nerds? Today, we're diving deep into the rich and symbolic vocabulary found in Chapter 7 of F. Scott Fitzgerald's masterpiece, The Great Gatsby. As a student who adores dissecting literary works, I'm thrilled to share my insights and personal interpretations of the language used in this pivotal chapter.First things first, let's set the stage. Chapter 7 is the climax of the novel, where tensions reach a boiling point, and the illusions surrounding Gatsby's persona and his pursuit of Daisy begin to unravel. The atmosphere is thick with dramatic irony, and Fitzgerald masterfully employs evocative diction to convey the underlying emotions and thematic elements.One word that immediately caught my attention is "inexplicable." Fitzgerald describes the "inexplicable certified confusion" surrounding Gatsby's background and wealth. Thisword not only highlights the mystery and ambiguity surrounding Gatsby but also foreshadows the eventual revelation of his shady past and the disillusionment that follows.Moving on, we encounter the phrase "fantastic conceits." This phrase perfectly encapsulates the grandiose delusions and unrealistic expectations that have driven the characters' actions throughout the novel. It's a poignant reminder of the theme of disillusionment and the harsh reality that often shatters our idealized dreams.Another standout word is "appalling." Used to describe Gatsby's reaction to Tom's revelations about his past, it conveys the profound sense of shock and dismay that overwhelms him as his carefully crafted persona crumbles. The intensity of this word mirrors the devastating impact of the truth on Gatsby's psyche.Let's not forget the word "colossal." Fitzgerald employs this adjective to depict the sheer magnitude of Gatsby's illusions and the scale of his dreams. It's a testament to the grandiose nature of his aspirations, which ultimately prove to be his undoing.Shifting gears, the phrase "grotesque, circumstantial" caught my eye. Fitzgerald uses it to describe the evidence Tom presents against Gatsby, hinting at the sordid and unsavory details of his past. This phrase adds a sense of ugliness and distortion to therevelations, further emphasizing the stark contrast between Gatsby's idealized persona and the harsh realities of his life.One word that struck me as particularly powerful is "holocaust." Fitzgerald employs this term to describe the intense emotional turmoil and devastation that Gatsby experiences as his dreams are shattered. The word's connotations of complete destruction and sacrifice resonate deeply with the theme of disillusionment and the sacrifices Gatsby made in pursuit of his dreams.Finally, let's explore the phrase "obscurity borne once more in line of sight." This poetic line refers to the resurfacing of Gatsby's obscure past, which had been carefully concealed until this point. It's a haunting reminder that no matter how hard we try to reinvent ourselves, our pasts have a way of catching up with us, and the truth ultimately prevails.In conclusion, the vocabulary employed by Fitzgerald in Chapter 7 of The Great Gatsby is a masterclass in literary craftsmanship. Each word and phrase is meticulously chosen to convey deeper meanings, symbolism, and thematic elements. From the sense of mystery and ambiguity to the harsh realities of disillusionment, the diction in this chapter is a powerful tool thatenhances the emotional impact of the narrative and leaves a lasting impression on the reader.So, there you have it, my fellow word enthusiasts – a deep dive into the vocabulary of Chapter 7 of The Great Gatsby. I hope this analysis has piqued your interest and inspired you to delve deeper into the rich tapestry of language woven by Fitzgerald in this literary masterpiece.篇2Vocabulary Gems from Chapter 7 of The Great GatsbyHey fellow bookworms! As an avid reader and lover of literature, I always look forward to diving deep into the linguistic riches found in classic novels. Today, I want to share some of the juiciest vocabulary morsels from Chapter 7 of F. Scott Fitzgerald's masterpiece, The Great Gatsby.Let's kick things off with a word that perfectly encapsulates the lavish lifestyle portrayed in the novel: "sumptuous." When Gatsby's house is described as "a solemn, haunting house, broodingly immense among its fringed and sumptuous gardens," the word "sumptuous" conjures up images of extravagant opulence and luxurious splendor. It's a word that screams "over-the-top" and "no expense spared."Speaking of lavish parties, the word "revelers" caught my eye. It refers to the raucous, carefree merrymakers who attended Gatsby's legendary bashes. Can't you just picture a horde of revelers, decked out in their finest threads, dancing the night away with reckless abandon?Now, let's delve into a word that carries a more ominous undertone: "sinister." When Nick describes Gatsby's smile as having "a quality of eternal reassurance in that conclusive smile, the vigorous promise that the rock of the world was founded securely on a fairy's wing," the word "sinister" is used to describe the smile's "sinister resilience." This word choice hints at something darker lurking beneath the surface, foreshadowing the tragic events to come.Moving on, we have the delightfully whimsical word "oblivious." When the narrative states that Gatsby was "oblivious of the sunshine," it paints a vivid picture of someone so lost in their own thoughts and preoccupations that they fail to notice the world around them. It's a relatable feeling we've all experienced at one point or another.Next up is a word that evokes a sense of mystique and intrigue: "inscrutable." When Nick observes Gatsby's "inscrutable vision," it suggests a depth and complexity to Gatsby's characterthat defies easy comprehension. It's a tantalizing hint at the layers of mystery surrounding this enigmatic figure.Let's not forget the deliciously descriptive word "grotesque." When Nick describes the "grotesque, fascinating brightness" of Gatsby's wealth and possessions, it simultaneously conveys a sense of awe and repulsion. It's a word that perfectly captures the allure and excess of the Gatsby lifestyle while hinting at its inherent ugliness.Moving on, we have the evocative word "haunt." When Nick mentions Gatsby's "haunting loneliness," it conjures up images of a specter-like figure, forever trapped in a state of melancholic solitude. It's a word that adds a haunting, ethereal quality to Gatsby's character.Finally, let's explore the word "permeate." When Nick describes the "permeating scent" of Gatsby's house, it creates a vivid sensory experience, as if the reader can smell the rich, lingering aromas wafting through the air. It's a word that adds depth and texture to the descriptive passages.Well, there you have it, fellow word nerds! A tantalizing glimpse into the rich vocabulary that permeates Chapter 7 of The Great Gatsby. Whether you're a seasoned literary connoisseur or a budding bibliophile, these words are sure to add somelinguistic sparkle to your reading experience. Happy reading, and may the words dance off the page and into your heart!篇3The Dazzling Vocabulary of Gatsby's ReunionChapter 7 of The Great Gatsby is a pivotal moment in the novel, where the long-awaited reunion between Gatsby and Daisy finally occurs. As a student of literature, I was struck by the masterful way Fitzgerald uses language to convey the intense emotions and tensions at play during this climactic scene. The vocabulary he employs is rich, evocative, and at times, dazzlingly complex, adding layers of depth and nuance to the narrative. Let's delve into some of the most captivating words and phrases from this chapter.One word that immediately caught my attention was "colossal," used to describe Gatsby's dreams and aspirations. This adjective conjures up images of something vast, monumental, and awe-inspiring, perfectly capturing the grandiose nature of Gatsby's pursuit of Daisy. The word's etymological roots in Greek further emphasize its magnitude, lending a sense of timelessness and universality to Gatsby's desires.Another striking word is "feign," which Fitzgerald employs when describing Gatsby's attempts to appear casual and nonchalant in Daisy's presence. The term "feign" suggests a deliberate act of deception or pretense, hinting at the complex web of emotions and facades that Gatsby has woven around himself. This word choice skillfully underscores the deep vulnerability and insecurity that lie beneath Gatsby's carefully constructed persona.Fitzgerald's use of the word "ineffable" is particularly noteworthy, as he applies it to describe the quality of Gatsby's smile when he finally reunites with Daisy. "Ineffable" suggests something that is too profound or too sublime to be adequately expressed in words, perfectly capturing the depth of Gatsby's emotional state in that moment. This word choice elevates the scene to a level of almost spiritual transcendence, reflecting the intensity of Gatsby's long-held dreams and desires.The phrase "furnace of vitriol" is another evocative turn of phrase that caught my eye. Fitzgerald uses this vivid metaphor to describe Tom Buchanan's simmering anger and hostility towards Gatsby. The word "vitriol" conjures up images of a highly corrosive and toxic substance, while "furnace" implies an intense and uncontrollable heat, together painting a powerful picture ofTom's barely contained rage. This metaphor foreshadows the explosive confrontation that ultimately erupts between the two men, heightening the sense of tension and impending conflict.Fitzgerald's use of the word "appalling" is particularly interesting, as it carries a dual meaning. On one level, it suggests something that is shocking or horrifying, reflecting the profound emotional turmoil and disillusionment that Gatsby experiences as his dreams begin to unravel. However, the word "appalling" can also mean "causing dismay or disappointment," which aptly describes the sense of disenchantment that Gatsby must feel as he realizes the true nature of Daisy's character and the insurmountable challenges standing in the way of their reunion.The phrase "grotesque and fantastic conceits" is another standout example of Fitzgerald's rich vocabulary. "Conceits" refers to fanciful or imaginative notions, while "grotesque" and "fantastic" suggest something that is both distorted and whimsical. This phrase is used to describe the extravagant and over-the-top decorations adorning Gatsby's mansion, reflecting the grandiose and almost absurd lengths to which he has gone in his pursuit of wealth and status – all in an effort to win over Daisy. This vivid description not only paints a striking visualpicture but also serves as a metaphor for the distorted and fantastical nature of Gatsby's dreams and aspirations.Throughout Chapter 7, Fitzgerald employs a multitude of evocative and richly descriptive words and phrases, such as "riotous," "curtains of azaleas," "vanished trees," and "ecstatic caress." These word choices not only create a vivid and immersive reading experience but also serve to reinforce the overarching themes of the novel, such as the futility of pursuing the past, the corrupting influence of wealth and materialism, and the disillusionment that often accompanies the pursuit of idealized dreams.As a student of literature, I am in awe of Fitzgerald's masterful command of language and his ability to weave together words in a way that not only tells a compelling story but also resonates on a deeper, emotional level. The vocabulary he employs in Chapter 7, with its rich tapestry of evocative and nuanced terms, is a testament to his literary genius and his profound understanding of the human condition.In conclusion, the dazzling vocabulary and artful use of language in Chapter 7 of The Great Gatsby are a true hallmark of Fitzgerald's literary prowess. From the grandiose "colossal" to the sublime "ineffable," and the vivid "furnace of vitriol," eachword is carefully chosen and expertly woven into the narrative, adding depth, nuance, and emotional resonance to this pivotal moment in the novel. As a student, exploring and unpacking the meanings and connotations of these words has not only enriched my understanding of the text but has also deepened my appreciation for the power of language and the craft of great literary works.。
房间里一片杂乱英语作文
In the room,chaos reigns supreme.The floor is littered with clothes,books,and various items that have been carelessly discarded.Its as if a whirlwind has swept through the space,leaving a trail of disarray in its wake.The bed is unmade,with the sheets and blankets tangled in a heap.Pillows have been tossed aside,their cases halfon,halfoff,revealing the stuffing that has begun to spill out. The mattress itself is askew,pushed to one side of the bed frame,creating an uneven surface.On the desk,papers are strewn about haphazardly.Some are crumpled,as if theyve been hastily scribbled on and then discarded.Others are stacked in precarious piles, threatening to topple over at the slightest provocation.A laptop sits in the midst of this mess,its screen speckled with dust and fingerprints.The wardrobe is ajar,its contents spilling out onto the floor.Hangers are strewn about, some with clothes still clinging to them,others empty and twisted out of shape.A few articles of clothing have managed to find their way onto the back of a nearby chair, draped haphazardly over the top.The walls are adorned with a mishmash of posters and photographs,some crooked and others hanging askew.A few have fallen to the floor,their corners curled and edges frayed.The curtains are drawn,blocking out the sunlight and casting the room in a dim, gloomy light.In the corner,a pile of shoes has accumulated,a hodgepodge of sneakers,sandals,and boots.Some are paired up,while others are orphaned,left to fend for themselves in the sea of footwear.A stray sock here and there adds to the clutter.The air in the room is heavy with the scent of staleness,a testament to the lack of fresh air and cleanliness.Dust motes dance in the sparse rays of sunlight that manage to filter through the curtains,adding to the overall sense of disarray.Despite the chaos,theres an odd sense of comfort in the room.Its a space thats lived in, with the clutter reflecting the personality and habits of its occupant.Its a room that tells a story,one of late nights,forgotten chores,and the constant battle between order and chaos.。
Space bound
Eminem - Space Bound《深陷苍穹》We touch I feel a rush 我们互相触摸使我感觉就像一次冲击We clutch it isn't much 我们企图控制，但远远不能But it's enough to make me wonder what's in store for us 我只够去憧憬我们的未来会是什么It's lust it's torture us 如此肉欲如此令人折磨You must be a sorceress cause you just 你一定是一个女巫因为你Did the impossible gained my trust 确实做到了得到了我的信任Don't play games it'll be dangerous 不要耍我这会很危险If you fuck me over 如果你骗我Cause if I get burnt I'm show you what it's like to hurt 因为如果我被灼伤，我会让你明白被伤害的滋味Cause I been treated like dirt before you 因为我在遇到你之前曾经被人当做不值一提的尘埃一样对待And love is evil 爱是罪恶的Spell it backwards I'll show you 倒着拼写就会发现我将跟你明说Nobody knows me I'm cold 没人懂我我很冷漠Walk down this road all alone 漫漫长路我孑然走过It's no one's fault but my own 这是我自己的错误It's the path I've chosen to go 是我选择走的路Frozen as snow I show no emotion what's soever so 冷酷似冰我面无表情那又有何不可Don't ask me why I have no love for these motherfucking whores 不要问我为何我不爱那些臭婊子Blood-sucking succubuses what the fuck is up with this 嗜血的女妖来他妈的吞噬我I've tried in this department but I ain't had no luck with this 我也曾试图融入可是我却没这个福It`s sucks but it's exactly what I thought it would be 这很糟糕但也许却能如我所料Like trying to start over 能重新来过I've got a hole in my heart for some kind of emotional rollercoaster 我的心上有一个深深的洞就像情绪过山车的隧道（我心中有痛种种感情在脑中积蓄翻滚）Something I won't go on untill you toy with my emotion so it's over 但不会汹涌直到你将我玩弄到感情决堤It's like an explosion everytime I hold you wasn't joking when I told you 爱会爆发每当我抱紧你真的我要告诉你[01:15.17]Ya take my breathe away 你带走了我的呼吸[01:17.33]You're a supernova.. And I'm a 你是一颗璀璨的星...我仅是[01:18.87][01:19.87]I'm a space-bound rocketship and your heart's the moon 我是深陷苍穹的火箭而你的心是我围绕着飞的月亮[01:23.51]And I aiming it right at you 而我飞往的目标即是你[01:27.82]Right at you 即是你[01:31.69]250, 000 miles on a clear night in June在六月的静澈的夜晚，25000英尺的高空[01:36.97]And I'm aiming it right at you而我飞往的目标即是你[01:42.46]Right at you 即是你[01:46.11]Right at you 即是你[01:50.43][01:52.43]I'll do whatever it takes 为你我愿付出我的所有[01:54.75]When I'm with you I get the shakes 与你同处我会紧张得发抖[01:56.25]My body aches when I ain't 离开你后我无所适从[01:57.89]With you I have zero strength 和你相处我却如此力不从心[01:59.56]There's no limit on how far I would go 没人告诉我爱你的限度[02:01.39]No boundaries no lengths 该多深该多久[02:03.20]Why do we say that until we get that person that we think it's 为何不早说这些却等到去寻找那些我们自认为[02:06.16]Gonna be that one and then once we get 'em it's never the same 合适的人一旦拥有却又感到不合心意[02:09.86]You want them when they don't want you 你想要的人未必也想要你[02:11.44]Soon as they do feelings change 很快感觉变了他们走了[02:13.18]It's not a contest and I ain't on no conquest for no mate 这不是比赛我不找谁陪也没抱什么征服心态[02:16.71]I wasn't looking when I stumbled onto you must have been fate 意外地和你相遇这定是命运安排[02:19.62]But so much is at stake what the fuck does it take 而今感情一击就败这是我他妈付出的爱[02:21.45]Let's cut to the chase 让我们直奔主题吧[02:23.56]Fore a door shuts in your face 在这扇门在你的脸前关上之前[02:24.48]Promise me if I cave in and break and leave myself open 去祈祷我能够卡住然后停止运转就让我这么坦诚的面对你[02:27.77]That I won't be making a mistake 我不会再犯错[02:28.66]cause I'm a 因为我[02:29.45][02:30.24]I'm a space-bound rocketship and your heart's the moon 我是深陷苍穹的火箭而你的心是我围绕着飞的月亮[02:34.89]And I aiming it right at you 而我飞往的目标即是你[02:40.05]Right at you 即是你[02:43.29]250, 000 miles on a clear night in June 在六月的静澈的夜晚，25000英尺的高空[02:48.65]And I aiming it right at you 而我飞往的目标即是你[02:53.23]Right at you 即是你[02:56.93]Right at you 即是你[03:00.63][03:03.63]So after a year and 6 months 一年零六月已过[03:05.45]it's no longer me that you want 我不再是你爱的那个[03:06.82]But I love you so much it hurts 但我很爱你很伤[03:08.80]Never mistreated you once 对你我从未苛刻[03:10.49]I'll poured my heart out to you 对你我推心置腹[03:12.20]Let down my guard swear to God 我放弃对上帝的誓言[03:13.82]I'll blow my brains in your lap 我想在你面前崩了自己[03:15.55]Lay here and die in your arms 就这样倒下死在你的怀里[03:17.26]Drop to my knees and I'm pleading 我屈膝祈求[03:19.00]I'm trying to stop you from leaving 试着去求你不要离开我[03:20.68]You won't even listen so fuck it 而你听都不听去你妈的[03:21.93]I'm tryin to stop you from breathing 我想现在就不让你呼吸[03:24.08]I put both hands on your throat 双手掐住你喉咙[03:25.80]I sit on top of you squeezing 坐在身上压住你[03:27.42]Till I snap your neck like a Popsicle stick 直到折断你的脖子就像折断棒冰棍[03:29.54]ain't a possible reason I could think of 我想不出什么合适的理由[03:31.66]To let you walk up out this house 能让你走出这个房子[03:32.95]And let you live 还能让你活下来[03:34.33]Tears streamed down both of my cheeks 泪水划过我双颊[03:36.14]Then I let you just go and just give 我还是放你走了走吧[03:37.74]And before I put that gun to my temple 在我最后把枪对准我的太阳穴的时候[03:39.47]I told you this 我告诉了你[03:40.62][03:41.62]And I would do anything for you 我愿意为你做任何事[03:44.85]To show you how much I adored you 告诉你我有多么的爱你[03:48.72]But it's over now 但现在曲终人散[03:50.03]It's too late to save our love 太晚了挽留不了爱[03:53.62]Just promise me you'll think of me 只要答应我你会想起我[03:55.66]everytime you look up in the sky and see a star cause I'm a 每当你仰望星空因为我是[03:57.80][03:59.30]I'm a space-bound rocketship and your heart's the moon 我是深陷苍穹的火箭而你的心是我围绕着飞的月亮[04:02.72]And I aiming it right at you 而我飞往的目标即是你[04:07.61]Right at you 即是你[04:10.95]250, 000 miles on a clear night in June在六月的静澈的夜晚，25000英尺的高空[04:16.49]And I'm so lost without you 没有你我会迷失方向[04:21.02]Without you 没有你我会迷失方向[04:24.38]Without you 没有你我会迷失方向。
那书是格林童话中的卖火柴的小女孩英语作文
那书是格林童话中的卖火柴的小女孩英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Little Match Girl: A Tragic Tale of Poverty and LonelinessIt was the most bitterly cold night of the year. Snow fell thick and fast, swirling in icy flurries through the deserted streets. The wind howled mercilessly, rattling the windows of houses that glowed with warmth and cheer. But huddled in a frozen doorway, a small figure in tattered rags shivered violently, her bare feet stinging with cold. This was the Little Match Girl.Homeless and alone, she had been sent out by her cruel parents to sell matches, even on this most freezing of nights. Her tiny hands were numb, her fingers defying her pitiful attempts to strike the matches and keep them lit. No one wished to purchase her meager wares on such a night, leaving her empty-handed and facing her father's wrath if she returned home defeated.As darkness fell, the little girl grew afraid to return to the miserable attic she called home. What new punishments awaited her failure? So she huddled closer in the alcove, pulling her shabby shawl tighter as icy winds knifed through her raggedclothes. With trembling hands, she finally managed to strike a match against the bricks.For a few glorious moments, the small flame blazed with startling brilliance, bringing warmth to her frozen fingers. But more than that temporary comfort, the light cast flickering visions before the awestruck child's eyes. In the flame, she saw a great iron stove, perfectly carved, radiating blessed heat into the darkened room. She stretched out her soft blue hands toward its inviting warmth, only to have the match sputter and die, leaving her in darkness once more.The little girl frantically struck another match against the wall, desperate to revive the wondrous visions of comfort and safety. This time, the flame danced and shimmered, forming a magnificent vision. She found herself staring at a sumptuous Christmas feast, steam rising in ghostly tendrils from the roasted goose and other succulent dishes arrayed before her hungry eyes. The light shone on bright holly, red ribbons and sparkling ornaments, bringing a fleeting sense of joy and belonging. But as quickly as it had come, the glorious scene vanished in a wisp of smoke.Undaunted, the little girl struck match after match, each new flame painting pictures more brilliant and enthralling than thelast. She saw a grand fir tree strung with hundreds of glittering candles. Presents nestled beneath its boughs, beckoning to her with promises of treasures and delights beyond her wildest imaginings. With each wave of her hand, the flickering candles danced, transforming into millions of twinkling stars filling the night sky with their celestial lights.The visions blurred and whirled, until suddenly the little girl's grandmother appeared before her. The old woman's warm eyes twinkled with kindness, and her arms opened wide in loving embrace. The smell of gingerbread wafted from her bright kitchen, banishing the damp, chilling air of the alleyway. Here at last was a place of refuge and belonging. Here was home."Grandmother!" cried the little girl in delight, scrambling to her feet. But her cherished vision flickered and dissolved in the gloom. A desolate sense of loss overcame her as the final match sputtered its last, plunging her into blackness more complete than before. She felt her grandmother's comforting presence fade like a wisp of smoke on the night air.The child slumped back against the cold brick, sobbing bitter tears. Tear after icy tear froze on her ruddy cheeks as she surrendered to despair and loneliness. She no longer had the strength to strike another match. No more visions would come.Only the chill darkness and haunting memories of her sweet reveries remained to torment her weary soul.As the night deepened and New Year's festivities erupted around the city, a radiant light appeared in the corner of the alcove where the little girl lay. At first, she thought it a new vision, sparkling and shimmering, materializing from her final match. But the light grew ever brighter and warmer, until the gentle form of her grandmother emerged, smiling down tenderly."Come with me, little one," spoke the beloved matriarch, reaching out her hand. "You have suffered such hardships, but now your trials are ended."The glowing figure enfolded the shivering child in her embrace, and all grew still and serene. The old laughter lines crinkled beside the grandmother's loving eyes as she gazed down at her charge. The light intensified, bathing them in a heavenly glow as brilliant as any star.On that bitterly cold morning, the New Year dawned over the city to find a smallChildAylen frozen in a doorway, her pale face peaceful despite her suffering. She had at last found lasting warmth and belonging in realms beyond this world's cruelties. Though her tragic loneliness had ended, none could ignore thebitter injustice that stole the life of one so innocent and pure of heart.This profoundly moving tale, penned by the masterful storytellers the Brothers Grimm, exposes the harsh deprivations and social injustices that plagued the poor and destitute of 19th century Europe. While on its surface, a simple story of a penniless young girl's deprivation and tragic demise, "The Little Match Girl" transcends its humble origins. It burns as a searing indictment of the oppression, cruelty and calloused indifference that bred such abject poverty amidst Industrialization's supposed "progress."Through the match girl's tormented visions and eventual deliverance, the fable cuts to the heart. It stirs our deepest humanitarian impulses, compelling us to empathize with the plight of society's most vulnerable members. The intense sensory imagery of warmth, light and comfort serves as a searing rebuke to the conditions that exposed the impoverished child to the lethal consequences of exposure and want. It cries out for protection of the innocent and dispensation of charity in a climate of rampant self-interest.The story's fantasy elements add metaphorical potency to its harsh truths about the human condition. With each match flame,the girl's saintly perseverance, optimism and imagination transports her briefly to higher realms of solace and belonging that are so cruelly denied her impoverished reality. Yet even this small grace is stripped away, leaving her bereft in the biting darkness.Only in death is her gentle spirit finally granted merciful sanctuary, soaring beyond her oppressive earthly bonds to the nurturing arms of eternity. This apotheosis from the throes of mortality to the brilliance of the preternatural rekindles humanity's most profound and uplifting beliefs about the immortal soul's triumph over suffering.Indeed, for all its uncompromising depictions of privation and injustice, "The Little Match Girl" resonates as a transcendent celebration of the human capacity for resilience, empathy and enlightenment. Its universal messages burn as relevant today as in Dickensian times. So long as inhumanities like poverty, hunger and exploitation plague society, stories like this will continue to ignite hearts, minds and social conscience toward compassion and rectitude.For this student, the fable cuts to the soul, stirring both heartache and inspiration. The little girl's plight forces a reckoning with some of life's harshest realities and existentialquestions. Why do the innocent suffer such senseless deprivation? What is our obligation to uplift the downtrodden? And whither the human spirit amidst seemingly unconquerable cruelties?Through its singularly poignant narrative and motifs, "The Little Match Girl" proffers ponderous yet ultimately transcendent answers about human resiliency, the quest for belonging, and faith's role in illuminating a higher path. Its lingering resonance is a tribute to the perseverance of hope, even amidst the most harrowing trials. It is a tale that will continue igniting remorse, empathy and determination to confront injustice wherever its icy clutches take hold, one flickering match flame at a time.篇2The Tragic Tale of The Little Match GirlOne of the most poignant and heartbreaking stories from the treasured collection of the Brothers Grimm fairy tales is undoubtedly that of "The Little Match Girl." This narrative, though brief, carries within it a profound message about the harsh realities of poverty, the cruelty that can exist in the world, and the resilience of the human spirit in the face of unimaginable suffering.The story follows the plight of a young, impoverished girl, forced by her family's circumstances to wander the frozen streets on New Year's Eve, trying to sell matches to anyone who might spare a few coins. Her clothes are little more than rags, her feet bare against the biting cold. Yet, despite her dire situation, the little match girl presses on, driven by the fear of her father's wrath should she return home empty-handed.As the night grows longer and the chill seeps deeper into her bones, the little girl takes refuge in an alley, huddling against the walls in a futile attempt to escape the bitter wind. It is here that she strikes her first match, and in the fleeting warmth of its flame, she is transported to a vision of a grand iron stove, warm and inviting. But as quickly as the match flares to life, it extinguishes, leaving her once more in the depths of her misery.Undeterred, she lights another match, and this time, her mind's eye conjures the image of a sumptuous feast laid out on a table, the likes of which she has never known. Themouth-watering aromas tease her senses, only to vanish as the match burns out. Match after match is struck, each revealing a new, tantalizing glimpse of the comforts and luxuries so far removed from her own existence – a beautifully adorned Christmas tree, a warm, cozy room, and finally, the image of herbeloved grandmother, the only source of love and kindness the child has ever known.As the night wears on and her matches dwindle, the line between reality and fantasy blurs. The little girl's visions become more vivid, more tangible, until at last, her grandmother's spectral form beckons her towards the light, promising an end to her suffering. And in that moment, as the final match flickers and dies, the child's spirit slips away, her tiny body found huddled in the alley, a peaceful smile upon her frozen lips.The tragedy of "The Little Match Girl" lies not only in the heartbreaking circumstances of her death but also in the brutal indictment of a society that could allow such suffering to befall an innocent child. Her plight serves as a stark reminder of the harsh realities of poverty and the callous disregard with which the less fortunate are often treated.Yet, amidst the bleakness of her situation, there is a glimmer of hope, a testament to the resilience of the human spirit. Even in the face of unimaginable hardship, the little girl finds solace and escape in the simple warmth of a match flame and the power of her imagination. Her mind becomes a sanctuary, a place where she can conjure visions of comfort and plenty, if only for a fleeting moment.It is this capacity for hope, for finding joy in the smallest of pleasures, that elevates "The Little Match Girl" from a mere cautionary tale to a poignant exploration of the human condition. In the face of adversity, the child's spirit remains unbroken, her innocence and wonder intact until the very end.As we reflect on this haunting story, we are reminded of the harsh truths that still exist in our world – the stark inequalities, the suffering of the innocent, and the often-indifferent attitudes of those more fortunate. Yet, we are also reminded of the power of hope, of the indomitable human spirit that can find light and warmth even in the darkest of circumstances.Perhaps, in reading "The Little Match Girl," we can be inspired to be more compassionate, more mindful of those in need, and to work towards a world where no child must endure such hardship. For in the flickering flame of a match, we catch a glimpse not only of the cruelties of the world but also of the boundless potential for kindness, empathy, and the triumph of the human spirit.篇3The Tragic Tale of the Little Match GirlAs I sat reading the famous fairy tale "The Little Match Girl" by Hans Christian Andersen, I couldn't help but feel a profound sadness weighing heavily upon my heart. This poignant story, buried within the whimsical pages of a children's book, carries a somber message that resonates far beyond the realm ofmake-believe.The narrative follows the plight of a young, impoverished girl, tasked with the daunting challenge of selling matches on the frozen streets to earn a meager living. Her tiny frame, clothed in tattered rags, offers little protection against the biting cold that pierces her very soul. Yet, despite her dire circumstances, she presses on, fueled by a glimmer of hope that each match she sells will bring her one step closer to a warm respite.As the tale unfolds, we bear witness to the harsh realities that this child must endure. Hunger gnaws at her relentlessly, her stomach aching for even the smallest morsel of sustenance. The icy winds whip mercilessly against her frail body, numbing her fingers and toes until they ache with a searing pain. And all the while, the cruel world around her turns a blind eye, content to let this innocent soul suffer in silence.It is in these moments of despair that the little match girl finds solace in the simple act of striking a match. With eachflicker of flame, her imagination takes flight, transporting her to a world of warmth and comfort – a stark contrast to the harsh reality that surrounds her. The glowing embers dance before her eyes, casting their radiant light upon visions of a cozy hearth, a bountiful feast, and the loving embrace of a doting grandmother.Yet, these fleeting moments of respite are brutally shattered by the unforgiving wind, extinguishing the flames and plunging the child back into the depths of her misery. It is a cycle that repeats itself time and again, each flicker of hope cruelly snuffed out, leaving her to face the bitter cold once more.As the night draws to a close, and the last match has been struck, the little girl's weary soul finds solace in a final, ethereal vision – the radiant figure of her beloved grandmother, beckoning her towards the warmth and love that has eluded her in this life. It is a bittersweet moment, for in her embrace, the child's suffering finally comes to an end, but at a cost too great for any innocent to bear.In the wake of this heartrending tale, I find myself grappling with a myriad of emotions. Anger at the callous indifference of those who turned a blind eye to her plight. Sorrow for the cruelty that robbed her of the joys of childhood. And a profound senseof injustice that such suffering could befall one so innocent and pure.Yet, amid the darkness, a glimmer of hope emerges. For in the pages of this tale lies a powerful reminder of the resilience of the human spirit, and the unwavering determination that can burn within even the smallest of flames. The little match girl's unwavering courage in the face of adversity is a testament to the strength that resides within us all, waiting to be ignited in the darkest of hours.As I close the book, I am left with a renewed sense of purpose – a determination to be a beacon of compassion in a world that so often turns its back on those in need. For it is in moments of empathy and kindness that we can truly light the way, guiding those lost in the shadows towards the warmth and love that every soul deserves.The tale of the little match girl is a poignant reminder that even in the bleakest of circumstances, hope can flicker like a solitary flame, illuminating the path towards a better tomorrow. It is a call to action, imploring us to be the change we wish to see in the world, and to never allow the fires of compassion to be extinguished by the harsh winds of indifference.For in a world where innocence can be so cruelly shattered, it is our collective responsibility to tend to the embers of hope, nurturing them into a blaze that can banish the darkness and warm the hearts of those who have for too long been left in the cold.。
《蝴蝶梦》文中悬念手法赏析
【摘要】悬念是一种独特的文学结构形式,其重要特征,用英国戏剧理论家威廉·阿契尔的话说,就是“预示出一种十分吸引人的事态,却不把它预叙出来.”对于悬念的形成,英国当代小说批评家戴维·洛奇曾作过精辟的概括,即“提出问题，延缓提供答案”.具体而言,就是突出不同寻常的情境并延缓批露底细,使其呈明显的悬而未决的状态.达夫妮·杜穆里埃在《蝴蝶梦》(原名《吕蓓卡》)中充分发挥悬念这一独特的文学结构形式的优势,设置了一系列悬念,这些悬念不仅成为推动故事情节发展的内在动力,而且极大地刺激读者的阅读兴趣,给读者带来了独特的审美感觉.本文从结构上探讨作品别具匠心的悬念艺术,以助于更好的欣赏作品中的悬念。
此外，从创作手法的角度剖析了文中一系列悬念手法产生的非同一般的艺术效果，指出这种手法在全文篇章结构中的重要作用。
【关键词】《吕蓓卡》;悬念；曼陀丽；暗示[Abstract] Suspense is an important element of writing. Its special feature, as the English dramatist, William Archill said, “to predict a very attractive state of affairs without telling it out.” On suspense‟s forming, the English critic, David Lodge has incisive recapitulation,” To set forth a question and postpo ne the answer.” To be exactly, that is, to stress a main, unusual situation. And there is enough time and space left for readers to imagine.Daphne du Maurier brings skill of suspense into full play in her most famous novel Rebecca .In it; she sets forth a series of suspense, including both full-text suspense and partial suspense. Moreover, smaller suspense have mutual relations in or among each level. This kind of arrangement not only because the motive force which helps the plots develop but also draw readers to read and guess what is in the next step.This article expounds the special skill using a series of suspense in Rebecca and its artistic effects. And then，the novel’s design..[Key Words] Rebecca; suspense; Manderley; implications.1. IntroductionThe English female writer, Daphne du Marrie had been a member of the Royal Society of Literature. She had written 17 novels and tried more than 20 kinds of styles in literatures writing, Daphne lived in Cornwall, a country on the Atlantic coast, North England, for a long time. Most of her works set background in the local conditions and customs. As a result, “Cornwall Novel” is given as a name for her works.Being deeply influenced by Gothic Novel, which is famous for its mystery, curiousness and terror, Daphne wrote her works with plots full of twists and turning.Any one who has read Rebecca, the most famous novel written by Daphne, will never forget those dismal and constrained scenes and horrible imaginations. However, the specific feature of this novel is its using lots of suspense carried through the whole story. This has made its plots intricate but well-knit and soul stirring.Add to this, Alfred Hitchcock filmed Rebecca in 20th century, considered as one of the well-known suspense films.Suspense is an important skill of writing. It is also an singular design of literature writing. Its special feature, as the English dramatist, William Archill said,“ …to predict a very attractive state of affairs without telling it out.” [6]Usually, it sets forth a question and postpones the answer. To be more exactly, that is, to stress a main, unusual situation. And there is enough time and space left. The reason of causing thesituation doesn‟t appear at once.In this novel, Rebecca, there are 3 levels of suspense.In the opening sentences of the book, Manderley is noticed. The lines of describing the heroine‟s dream are full of misgivings and mystic.“As I stood there, hushed and still, I could swear that the house was not an empty shell but lived and breathed as it had lived before.”[4](P7)“A cloud, hitherto unseen, came upon the moon, and hovered an instant like a dark hand before a face.”[4](P7)“The house was a sepulcher, our fear and suffering lay buried in the ruins. There would be no resurrection. When I t hought of Manderley in my waking hours. I would not be bitter.”[4](P7) Then “I” come to the reality from dream. “I” am thinking about Manderley and all happened in it that cannot hurt. These words have put forward the first suspense, that is, what a story happened in such a ruined, barren garden? Who is “I”? It catches readers‟ eyes at once. Therefore, they are hastened to go further into the story, into the story about my life experience in Manderley.2.The first level of suspense: Rebecca is a good wife with brains, beauty, and breeding?!2.1PhoneyThis is the main suspense, which goes through the whole story. In the story, the heroine and readers are mentioned time to time that Rebecca is a good wife who is beloved by Maxim. “Mrs. V an Hopper said‟, He looks ill, doesn‟t he? They say he can‟t get over his wife‟s death…”[4](P15)“…The Manderley parties were famous when she was alive, …”[2](P64)“The bishop‟s wife said,……(Rebecca)she was a very lovely creature, so full of life. ‟‘She was certainly very gifted. I can see her now, standing at the foot of the stairs on the night of the ball, shaking hands with every-body, that cloud of dark hair against the very white skin, and her costume suited her too, Yes, she was very beautiful.”[4](P131)And in Mrs. D anvers eyes, Maxim could not live without Rebecca. After her death, he can‟t go to sleep; he moves away from the bedroom and travels out for a long time in order to get over it. Even for Maxim‟s grandmother, Rebecca has made a great fuss of her. The old l ady has never forgotten her and asks for Rebecca all the time.All these seems that Rebecca is a kind, generous, elegant woman, a perfect wife. People around the town know her well and all praise her even when she is dead. Rebecca has a gift of smartness; she masters her power, finances and resources to run Manderley into the most famous show place in all the country. “ She is damnably clever. No one would guess meeting her that she was not the kindest; most generous, most generous, most gifted person in the world. She knew exactly what to say to different people, how to match her mood to theirs. Had she met you, she would have walked off into the garden with you, arm in arm, calling to Jasper, chatting about flowers, music, painting, whatever she knew to be your particular hobby. And you would have been taken in, like the rest. You would have sat at her feet and worshipped her.” [4](P283-P284) This is Maxim‟s description of his wife, Rebecca.2.2TruthAnd Rebecca does succeed, or we would rather say, Daphne does succeed. Daphne used people‟s actions and words to set up suspense .In fact, Rebecca is just completely opposed the impression being felt. Things are that Rebecca is a debauchee. “She was vicious, damnable, rotten throughand through.”[4](P283) She knows Maxim‟s disadvantage and has made good use of it. She knows that Maxim will never stand in a divorce court and give her away, have fingers pointing at, mug flung…Rebecca would curse people, using every filthy word in her particular vocabulary. Rebecca does what she likes, she lives, as she likes. She sticks a big brute of horse, slashing at him, drawing blood, and digging the spurs into the horse. She sits on the hills above Monte Carlo, laughing, and tear flowers into fragments. She is like the devil. She seduces all kinds of man, even his husband‟s brother in-law. Even when she has got a cancer, she inveigles her husband into a murderer!2.3HintsThough we haven‟t known the truth till Chapter21, the writer has set hints. When we finish reading we will become aware of it and look back the whole story.2.3.1Maxim’s attitudeYes, firstly, we find that Maxim doesn‟t welcome topics either about Manderley or his dead wife when he first appears in Monte Carlo. When Mrs. Van Hopper praises Manderley as a fairyland, “…(Maxim) he went on smoking his cigarette, and I noticed faint as gossamer, the line between his brows. [4](P19) …His silence now was painful. His own words must have jolted a memory for his face clouded again and he frowned very slightly.” [4](P20)All this indicates that he has something unhappy happened in his home, Manderley, there must be some bitter memory.On his wife, Rebecca, Maxim says as below: “All memories are bitter, and I prefer to ignore them. Something happened a year ago that altered my whole life, and I want to forget every phase in my existence up that time. Those days are finished. They are blotted out. I must begin living all over again.”[4](P43)“I was there some years ago, with my wife. You asked me if it was still the same, if it had changed at all. It was just the same, but I was thankful to realize oddly impersonal. There was no question of the other time. She and I had left no record.” [4](P43)Such sentences show Maxim‟s unhappy life with his first wife—Rebecca.2.3.2 O thers’ odd mannerSecondly, Frank‟s odd manner when “I” talk about Rebecca; and Beatrice‟s rather different negative attitude. The silence is a silence born of shame and embarrassment. Frank says, “…We none of us want to bring back the past. Maxim least of all. And it‟s up to you, you know, to lead us away from it. Not to take us back again.” [4](P141)Readers may a little hesitate when they came to this. Why does Frank say so? Well, isn‟t the past good enough for them? After all, their hostess is almost perfect. Therefore, the curiosity drives us go on reading. There seems a mist. We have an egger to look through it to the core. That is what suspense skill used perfectly by Daphne. She gives us a dream, and all of us get drown in it. The great writer handles our inquisitiveness skillfully.2.3.3 Rebecca’s handwritingRebecca‟s handwriting has given us a lot of implications. It gives us an inkling that what a person Rebecca is. She is strong, proud, independent, debauched, like a demon.“‘Maxim from Rebecca 17may,‟ written in a curious slanting hand. A little blob of ink marred the white page opposite, as though the writer, in impatience, had shaken her pen to make the ink flow freely. And then as it bubbled through the nib, it came a little thick, so that the name Rebecca stood out black and strong, the tall and sloping R dwarfing the other letters.”[4](P37)“They slept in peace, the grass blew over their graves. How alive was her writing though, howfull of force. Those curious, sloping letters. The blob of ink.”[4](P62.)2.3.4The unusual rhododendronThe rhododendron, which Daphne describes in this novel, is not just a kind of flower. In some sense, it is the character of Rebecca, bloody, cruel. It has created an atmosphere of constrained and terror that sh ades Maxim‟s second marriage.“The nameless shrubs had disappeared, and neither side of us was a wall of color, blood-red, reaching far above our heads. We were amongst the rhododendrons. There was something bewildering, even shocking, about the suddenness of their discovery. The words had not prepared me for them. They startled me with their crimson faces, massed one upon the other in incredible profusion, showing no leaf, no turning, nothing but the slaughterhouse red, luscious and fantastic, unlike any rhododendron plant I had seen before. [4](P70)Rebecca considers rhododendron as her favor. Bloody-red flowers are like something flowing in Rebecca‟s bone. She is dying for wiping out something, especially man. She wants to conquer everything. It seems that she gets a lot of pleasure from dallying with all kinds of man; no matter he is in the upper class or a gardener! She tries all her best to satisfy her lust for sexual. But she laughs at everybody and fears nothing.“…For to me, a rhododendron was a homely, domestic thing, strictly conventional, mauve or pink in color, standing one beside the other in a neat round bed. And these were monsters, rearing to the sky massed like a battalion, too beautiful I thought, too powerful; they were not plants at all.”[4](P70)Yes, those rhododendrons in Manderley are not plants at all, as Rebecca seems to be no human at all. Just as Maxim describes, she is not even normal. And Mrs. Danvers said, “she were born into the world to take what she could out of it. Rebecca had all the courage and spirit of a boy. She ought to have been a boy instead of a girl. She did what she liked; she lived as she liked. She had the strength of a little lion too. I remember her at sixteen getting up on one of her father‟s horses, a big brute of an animal too, that the groom said it was too hot for her to ride. She stuck to him, all right. I can see her now, with her hair flying out behind her, slashing at him, drawing blood, digging the spurs into his side, and when she got off his back, he was trembling all over, full of froth and blood.” [4](P254)This description suggests Rebecca well: wanton; cruel and sly.2.3.5 Ben’s wordsBesides, the idiot Ben‟s action also shows Rebecca‟s hoof. Ben has been frightened badly by Rebecca just because he sees her wanton in the cottage.“(Ben) He held the fishing cline clutched to his heart like a treasure. …You (“I”) won‟t put me to the asylum, will you?‟ he said.‘You are not like the other one,‟ he said.‘What do you mean? ‟I said,…what other one?‟He shook his head. His eyes were sly again. He laid his finger against his nose. …Tall and dark she was,‟ he said, …she gave you the feeling of a snake. I had seen her here with my own eyes. Be night she‟d come. I seen her.‟ He paused, watching me intently. I didn‟t say anything.‟ I looked in on her once.‟ He said, …and she turn on me, she did. …You don‟t know me, do you?‟ she said. …You have never seen me here, and you won‟t again. If I catch you looking at me through the windows here, I‟ll have you put to the asylum.‟ She said. …You wouldn‟t like that, would you? They are cruel to people in the asylum.‟ She said….” [4](P263)3.The second level of suspense: Rebecca’s death-- accident? Suicide? Or murder?In the front of the novel, we get message from Mrs. Van Hopper‟s mouth that Rebecca is drowned nearby the bay of Manderley. So, it is an accident? Maybe not. If only she and Maxim were an affectionate couple. And as we have analyzed the first level of suspense, the truth of Rebecca‟s death is the second level. According to the position of the suspense in the whole writing, suspense can be classified to partial suspense and full-text suspense.As in the first level of suspense, Rebecca and Maxim's relation doesn't expose unless Chapter 19. It‟s a full-text suspense. Now, a second level of suspense forms. Readers may guess and look back again. We all wonder if there is something that shows. Yes, when Maxim tells "I" that he shoots Rebecca, readers may stop again to think over.The poem appears in the front of the novel is a significant indication."The volume was well worn, well thumbed, falling open automatically at what must be a much-frequented page." [4](P36) Why does Maxim always read this page of the poetry? What is its importance? Daphne is a careful and smart designer. She wouldn't write words wastefully. Every word leads to suspense."I fled Him, down the nights and down the days;I fled Him, down the arches of the years;I fled Him, down the labyrinthine waysof my own mind; and in the midst of tearsI hid from Him; and under running laughter.Up vistaed slopes I spedAnd shot, precipitedAdown Titanic glooms of chasmed fears,From those strong feet that followed, followed after." [4](P36)Maxim takes along this poetry and reads this page time to time. Is he fleeing something? What is he hiding from on earth? In the latter chapters, Mrs. Danvers mentions about Rebecca's laughs. Say, when Rebecca fights with her cousin and wins. She cracks her whip over his head and down he comes, head-over heels, cursing and laughing."So was everybody who knew her. She didn't care. She only laughed. I shall live as I please, Danny" [4](P256)Rebecca makes men love her but she just laughs and doesn't care them at all. She won't love anything, except herself.Rebecca's laughs shade Maxim always, they are curse to Maxim. After shooting Rebecca, he is living with fear to be found out.Rebecca sits on the hills above Monte Carlo, laughing, tearing a flower to bits in her hands, after a bargain with her husband. She laughs at her husband's care about his Manderley. She laughs at his sacrifice on pride, honor, personal feelings, every quality about fame. After her bargain with Maxim, she laughs like the devil."She threw back her head and laughed."[4](P291) Because she knows that Maxim can‟t prove anything against her, she has got a big triumph."She waited a minute, rocking on her heels, and then she lit a cigarette and went and stood by the window. She began to laugh. She went on laughing, I thought she would never stop." [4](P292) Even when she is shot by Maxim, she is still smiling. "I fired at her heart. The bullet passed right through. She did not fall at once. She stood there, looking at me, that slow smile on her face, hereyes wide open..." Maxim hasn't realized this meaning of the smile until (in the end of the novel) they get files from the doctor that Rebecca has got a cancer before she dies. She foresees the whole thing. So she lies to Maxim on purpose. It is the last supreme bluff. She wants to be killed by Maxim that means to destroy him, also. That is why she laughs. That is why she stands there laughing when she dies. What a wicked and cunning laugh it is!As in the poem, Maxim lives under Rebecca's damn laughs. All this strained shapes answers the second suspense: Maxim can‟t bear any longer and kills Rebecca. It is neither an accident nor a suicide."...And in the daytime, Frith would hear him (Maxim) in the library pacing up and down. Up and down, up and down."[4](P180) In addition, Maxim doesn't want to go to the beach where the white cottage stands. He says impatiently," I never go near the bloody place, or that Goddamned cottage. And if you had my memories you would not want to go there either, or talk about it, or even think about it." [4](P122) Maxim kills Rebecca in that cottage one night. It is no wonder that he says such words in chapter 19. Another clue for the second level of suspense.4. The third level of suspense: whether Maxim can escape from Rebecca's conspiracy?The first two levels of suspense have given readers large space to image. We rely on our experiences and imagination to what is happening. The art of the suspense lies in this. People like unexpected answers and intricate plots. Daphne attracts not only reader's attention but also their abilities to investigate. There are two possibilities: Maxim will be sentenced because of murder if it is Rebecca who wins the game. Will she? Or can Maxim escape? At this point, suspense pushes the story to a new high tide.4.1The first turningBecause a ship strands near the bay of Manderley, Rebecca's little boat is discovered, so is her dead body. Maxim told "me" everything about his murder of Rebecca. But to our surprise, they are lucky enough. Because the magistrate judges Rebecca is trapped there, in the cabin. The jury will believe. Every one is relaxed to read this phrase. Though in the inquest, holes made by Maxim are referred, the jury considers it as a suicide, without sufficient evidence to show the state of mind of the decease. Anyhow, Maxim and "I" are away from danger, no matter the judgement is an accident or a suicide.4.2 The second turningHowever, Favell appears with a note in Manderley. With this note which Rebecca writes to Favell, Favell can overturn the jury's judgement, Maxim will be sentenced. This time, can Maxim be lucky enough? There is suspense again.Daphne emphasizes that tension step by step."There was no sound but the steady falling rain. It fell without a break, steady, straight, and monotonous."[4](P343) This is the situation while they are waiting for Colonel Julyan, the magistrate of Kerrith, to investigate. Then Ben is brought as a witness. But Favell fails. Being frightened by Rebecca, Ben insists on seeing nothing.4.3The third turningAnd all of them have to go to London to search for a doctor who Rebecca has met the day she dies. They drive to London to the doctor's. "I" am upset. "We did not know what we should find at the end of our journey. The future was unknown."[4](P373)To everyone's surprise, the doctor's files show that Rebecca gets a cancer! So it's naturally to accept her death as a suicide. Favell can't frighten Maxim any more. How unexpected the result is!5. ConclusionIn this novel, suspense skill has been used in a specific way and arranged well. Moreover, smaller suspense has mutual relations in or among each level. This kind of arrangement not only becomes the motive force which helps the plots develop but also draws readers to read and guess what is in the next step.In conclusion, skill of suspense is used as an art in Rebecca, which makes it to be one of most famous suspense novels in the 20th Century.References[ 1](英)D.杜穆里埃原著；林记明，郝杰译.《蝴蝶梦》. 北京：语文出版社，1997.1 [M] [2](英)达夫妮·杜穆里埃(Daphne du Maurier)著；林智玲，程德译. 《蝴蝶梦》南京：译林出版社，1997 [M][3]（英）Daphne du Maurier原著；莫里哀著; 毁君懿译.《蝴蝶梦》. 济南：山东人民出版社，1980.12 [M][4] Daphne du Maurier 原著；王家湘评注.《蝴蝶梦》.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1992.8 [M][5]达夫妮·杜穆里埃著周亮编译（中英对照）《蝴蝶梦》北京：中国书籍出版社，2005年01月第1版[M][6]黄晓红.《远大前程》的悬念艺术.湖南:湖南冶金职业技术学院学报.2005.3[J][7]王蓓. 《″隐身见形″:一种塑造人物的独特手法—世界名著〈吕蓓卡〉创作艺术浅析》.河南：中华女子学院学报.2001.12 [J][ 8]许绮. 《试析〈蝴蝶梦〉中石南花的意象》.广东:韶关学院学报.2004.11[J][ 9] CD光盘厦门音像出版社[制作] .《蝴蝶梦》厦门：厦门音像出版社，1997[10] /rwdlzz/ytx/2005/2005-04/2005-04-13/1113356088_5/[11] /html/renwu/wtstar/2005-10/27/19928.html[12] /bbsjh/18833/3/6210.html。
冲玻前途的壁垒词谱
冲玻前途的壁垒词谱The journey towards success is often hindered byvarious barriers and obstacles that can impede our progress. These barriers can manifest in different forms, such as societal expectations, personal limitations, and external circumstances. In this article, we will explore some of the common barriers that individuals face in their pursuit of a bright future.One of the most significant barriers to success is the societal pressure to conform to societal norms and expectations. Society often dictates what is considered acceptable and desirable, which can limit individuals'ability to explore their true passions and talents. This pressure to conform can lead to a lack of authenticity anda stifling of creativity. Many individuals find themselves trapped in careers or lifestyles that they are not passionate about, simply because it is what is expected of them. Breaking free from societal expectations can be a daunting task, requiring immense courage and self-belief.Another barrier to success is self-doubt and fear of failure. Many individuals struggle with a lack of confidence in their abilities and are afraid to take risks or step out of their comfort zones. This fear of failure can paralyze individuals and prevent them from pursuing their dreams and aspirations. Overcoming self-doubt requires a mindset shift and a willingness to embrace failure as a learning opportunity. It is essential to remember that failure is not a reflection of one's worth or capabilities but rather a stepping stone towards growth and success.External circumstances can also pose significant barriers to success. Factors such as financial constraints, limited access to resources, and a lack of opportunities can hinder individuals from achieving their goals. For example, individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds may face systemic barriers that make it more challenging for them to access quality education or secure stable employment. Overcoming these external barriers often requires resilience, resourcefulness, and a support systemthat can provide guidance and assistance.Another barrier that individuals may encounter on their path to success is a lack of support from family and friends. Having a strong support system is crucial for motivation, encouragement, and guidance. However, not everyone is fortunate enough to have a supportive network. Some individuals may face skepticism, criticism, or even outright discouragement from their loved ones, which can be disheartening and demotivating. In such cases, it becomes essential to seek support from other sources, such as mentors, coaches, or like-minded individuals who share similar goals and aspirations.Moreover, a lack of opportunities and a competitive job market can also act as barriers to success. In today'sfast-paced and ever-evolving world, the job market is highly competitive, making it challenging for individuals to secure desirable employment or career advancements. This can be particularly discouraging for recent graduates or individuals looking to switch careers. Overcoming this barrier may require individuals to continuously upgradetheir skills, network effectively, and remain persistent in their job search.Lastly, personal limitations, such as a lack of skills or knowledge, can hinder individuals from reaching their full potential. It is essential to recognize one's weaknesses and actively work towards improving them. This may involve seeking additional education or training, developing new skills, or seeking guidance from mentors or experts in the field. Overcoming personal limitations requires a growth mindset and a commitment to continuous self-improvement.In conclusion, the journey towards a successful future is often fraught with various barriers that can impede our progress. These barriers can be both internal and external, ranging from societal expectations to personal limitations. Overcoming these barriers requires resilience, self-belief, and a willingness to take risks. It is crucial to surround oneself with a supportive network and to continuously work on personal growth and development. While the path may bechallenging, the rewards of overcoming these barriers and achieving success are immeasurable.。
穿破英语短语
穿破英语短语Diving into the world of English idioms, one can't helpbut be captivated by the colorful expressions that paint avivid picture with just a few words. "Bite the bullet"doesn't mean you should literally chomp on a piece of lead;it's about facing a difficult situation with courage. Or consider "break the ice," which isn't about smashing frozen water but rather initiating a conversation to ease social tension. English is rife with such phrases that, when mastered, can elevate your communication to a whole new level. Take "hit the nail on the head," which perfectly captures the moment when someone perfectly addresses a point. And who wouldn't want to "let the cat out of the bag" to share ajuicy secret? These idioms are the linguistic spices that add flavor to our conversations, making them more engaging and expressive. So, the next time you find yourself in a "tight spot," remember to "think outside the box" and you might just "turn the tables" on the situation. The beauty of English idioms lies in their ability to convey complex ideassuccinctly and with a touch of wit.。
rays of hope in rising rudeness课文译文
rays of hope in rising rudeness课文译文粗鲁现象虽增，希望之光初显粗鲁是现代生活中常见的现象。
“你不喜欢，也得忍着”，或者“管好你自己的事”，或者“闪开”。
这种粗鲁的语言和态度在公共场合越来越常见——在公路上、在电影院排队的队伍中、在公共交通工具上。
不管是有人在公共场所吸烟，还是有人插队，这样的例子几乎数不胜数。
世界范围内，人们普遍认为大城市的居民比较小城镇和农村的居民更为粗鲁。
如果你走在世界上任何一座大都市的街上，你都会遇到那种出租车司机，他们把人行通道上的“行人通行”信号当作他们去撞行人膝盖的自动邀请。
最近，一位愤怒的行人用踢出租车的方式回应了这样的粗鲁行为，结果却招致该出租车司机下车追赶他。
还有，几乎每天都会发生这样的事：办公室职员不得不和一个用手机大声打电话的人同乘一部电梯，而这个人完全不顾自己已经明显干扰到了电梯里的其他乘客。
最近，有个在电梯里打手机的人告诉电梯里反对他大声打电话的乘客说：“如果你不喜欢，出去换乘另一部电梯。
”在纽约和其他城市里，安安静静地步行己成为过去的事了。
这是谁的错？是那些打手机声音太大的人的错，也是那些令人讨厌的按喇叭的司机的错。
在一些大城市里，地铁站里挤满了通勤的上班族。
大家互相推搡，争抢座位，吓坏了老人、小孩、残疾人和孕妇。
经常听到有人在公共汽车或地铁上非常大声地打电话，着实令周围的人厌烦。
原文：Rays of hope in rising rudenessRudeness is a common element of modern life. "If you don’t like it, lump it." Or "Mind your own business." Or “Get out of the way." This kind of talk and attitude is cropping up more often in public experiences - on the highways, in theater lines, on public transport. Whether it is people smoking in public, or people cutting in line, the examples are almost endless.It is generally thought around the world that the inhabitants of large cities are ruder than their fellow citizens from smaller towns or the countryside. Walk down streets of any major capital around the world and you will encounter taxi drivers who believe a "Walk" sign at a walkway is an automatic invitation to bump their cars against pedestrians’ knees. Recently, an angry pedestrian reacted by kicking a cab, prompting the driver to get out and give chase. And hardly a day goes by without a reluctant office worker riding an elevator with someone talking loudly on the cell phone, despite the obvious disturbance to fellow passengers. "If you don’t like it, get out and switch to another elevator," one ce ll phone user recently told another passenger who objected to his loud voice. In New York and other cities, quiet walks are a thing of the past. Who is to blame? The cell phone users talking loudly as well as the annoying drivers behind beeping car horns. In some big cities, subway terminals are bulging with herds of commuters, elbowing their way to grab seats,intimidating the old, the young, the disabled and the pregnant. It’s common to hear people on the bus or subway talking on their cell phones very loudly, being a nuisance to those around them.。
突破极限的英语
Pushing the Boundaries of Language: ThePower of EnglishIn the vast and ever-evolving landscape of human communication, the English language stands as a monumental force, constantly pushing the boundaries of expression and understanding. Its rich history, diverse cultural influence, and limitless potential have made it the global language of choice, connecting people across the globe in ways never before imaginable.The beauty of English lies in its adaptability and inclusivity. It is a language that has grown and evolved over centuries, borrowing words and phrases from various languages and cultures, incorporating them into its own vocabulary and grammar. This melting pot of linguistic influences has given English a unique ability to expressthe complexities of human thought and emotion withprecision and clarity.But the power of English does not lie solely in its vocabulary or grammar. It is also found in the way it canbe manipulated and transformed to create poetry, music, and stories that resonate with people across the world. Therhythm and melody of English words can captivate listeners, while the narratives they convey can inspire and motivate generations.Moreover, English is a language of innovation and progress. It has been a driving force in scientific discovery, technological advancement, and social change. It has allowed ideas and inventions to spread quickly and efficiently, accelerating the pace of human progress in ways that are truly astonishing.However, the true strength of English lies in itsability to break down barriers and connect people. In a world that is increasingly diverse and interconnected, English acts as a bridge between cultures, a common ground where people can meet, communicate, and understand each other. It is a language that transcends borders and languages, bringing people together in a shared understanding and experience.As we continue to push the boundaries of human achievement, the role of English becomes ever more important. It is the language of global business, science, technology, and culture, and it will continue to be acritical tool for communication and understanding in the21st century and beyond.In conclusion, the English language is not just a tool for communication; it is a force for connection, understanding, and progress. Its ability to break down barriers and bring people together is what makes it truly exceptional. As we move forward in an increasingly interconnected world, let us remember the power of English and continue to push the boundaries of what is possible.**突破极限的语言力量：英语之美**在人类交流这一广阔且不断演进的领域中，英语作为一种语言力量，始终站在前沿，不断突破表达与理解的极限。
撞出大洞的英语
撞出大洞的英语The sound of a collision echoed through the classroom,but it wasn't a car crash or a falling book. It was the moment when my English skills, once a barrier, shattered the walls of my understanding.For years, I struggled with English, my words stumbling over each other like a clumsy dancer. But then, a single conversation with a native speaker opened a portal to fluency. It was like a car hitting a wall, not to destroy, but tobreak through.The impact was immediate. My vocabulary expanded, my grammar became more nuanced, and my confidence soared. It was as if the collision had not only broken down the barrier but also built a bridge to a new world of expression.Each day, I practiced, each night, I reflected. The moreI engaged with the language, the more it seemed to embrace me. It was a dance of words, a rhythm that I was finally able to keep.Now, when I speak English, it's no longer a struggle buta joy. I've learned that sometimes, to truly master something, you need to let it hit you, to let it change you, to let it open up new possibilities.Looking back, I realize that the collision wasn't anaccident. It was the necessary force that propelled me forward, that made me see English not as a subject to be studied, but as a language to be lived.。
与热情逐梦勇敢前行者有关的英语作文
Pursuing ones dreams with passion and courage is a journey that many aspire to embark upon.This path is not only about the destination but also about the growth and transformation that occurs along the way.Here is an essay that encapsulates the essence of being a passionate and brave dream chaser.The Journey of a Passionate and Brave Dream ChaserIn the vast expanse of human experience,few endeavors are as noble and transformative as the pursuit of ones dreams.It is a journey that requires not just a clear vision but also an unwavering commitment to face the challenges that inevitably arise.This essay delves into the characteristics of those who dare to chase their dreams with passion and courage. The Spark of PassionAt the heart of every dream chaser is a spark of passion.This is the driving force that fuels the desire to achieve something meaningful and significant.Passion is the fire that keeps one going even when the path is steep and treacherous.It is the love for what one does,the excitement for the possibilities,and the belief in the impact one can make.The Armor of CourageCourage is the armor that protects the dream chaser from the slings and arrows of doubt and fear.It is the ability to take the first step into the unknown,to face rejection,and to persist in the face of failure.Courage is not the absence of fear but the determination to move forward despite it.It is the resilience to learn from setbacks and the strength to keep pushing boundaries.The Map of PerseverancePerseverance is the map that guides the dream chaser through the labyrinth of challenges. It is the understanding that success is not a straight path but a winding road filled with obstacles.Perseverance is the patience to keep working towards a goal,the tenacity to overcome hurdles,and the wisdom to adapt when necessary.The Compass of IntegrityIntegrity is the compass that ensures the dream chaser stays true to their vision and values. It is the moral compass that guides decisionmaking,the commitment to honesty,and thecourage to stand up for what is right.Integrity is the foundation upon which a dream is built,ensuring that the pursuit of a dream does not compromise ones character.The Fuel of CreativityCreativity is the fuel that propels the dream chaser to think outside the box,to innovate, and to find new solutions to old problems.It is the ability to see the world from different perspectives,to imagine new possibilities,and to create something that has never existed before.Creativity is the lifeblood of progress and the key to unlocking new horizons.The Support of CommunityNo dream chaser journeys alone.The support of a community is essential for providing encouragement,sharing knowledge,and offering a safety net when things go wrong.A community can be a source of inspiration,a platform for collaboration,and a place to celebrate successes and learn from failures.The Reflection of SelfAwarenessSelfawareness is the mirror that allows the dream chaser to reflect on their journey,to understand their strengths and weaknesses,and to grow as a person.It is the ability to be honest with oneself,to learn from experiences,and to continuously strive for selfimprovement.The Celebration of SuccessFinally,the celebration of success,whether big or small,is a crucial part of the journey.It is the acknowledgment of hard work,the validation of effort,and the motivation to keep going.Success is not just about reaching the summit but also about the climb itself and the lessons learned along the way.In conclusion,being a passionate and brave dream chaser is a multifaceted endeavor that requires a combination of passion,courage,perseverance,integrity,creativity, community support,selfawareness,and the ability to celebrate success.It is a journey that is as much about personal growth as it is about achieving a goal.Those who embark on this path are the true pioneers of progress,the ones who shape the world with their dreams and their actions.。
Answer Set Programming and Bounded Model Checking￡
Answer Set Programming and Bounded Model CheckingKeijo Heljanko and Ilkka Niemel¨aHelsinki University of TechnologyDept.of Computer Science and EngineeringLaboratory for Theoretical Computer ScienceP.O.Box5400,FIN-02015HUT,FinlandKeijo.Heljanko,Ilkka.Niemela@hut.fiAbstractIn this paper bounded model checking of asynchronous con-current systems is introduced as a promising application areafor answer set programming.This is an extension of ear-lier work where bounded model checking has been used forverification of sequential digital circuits.As the model ofasynchronous systems a generalization of communicating au-tomata,1-safe Petri nets,are used.A mapping from boundedreachability and deadlock detection problems of1-safe Petrinets to stable model computation is devised.Some experi-mental results on solving deadlock detection problems usingthe mapping and the Smodels system are presented.Theyindicate that the approach is quite competitive when search-ing for short executions of the system leading to deadlock.IntroductionIn this paper we put forward verification and,in particular,symbolic model checking(Burch et al.1992;Clarke,Grum-berg,&Peled1999)as a promising application area for an-swer set programming systems.In particular,we demon-strate how bounded model checking problems of asyn-chronous concurrent systems can be reduced to computingstable models of logic programs.Verification of asynchronous systems is typically done byenumerating the set of reachable states of the system forall possible interleavings of atomic actions.Tools based onthis approach(with various enhancements)include,e.g.,theS PIN system(Holzmann1997),which supports extendedstate machines communicating through FIFO queues,andthe PROD tool(Varpaaniemi,Heljanko,&Lilius1997)based on high-level Petri nets.The main problem with enu-merative model checkers is the amount of memory neededto store the set of reachable states.Symbolic model checking is widely applied especially inhardware verification.The main analysis technique is basedon(ordered)binary decision diagrams(BDDs).In manycases the set of reachable states can be represented verycompactly using a BDD encoding.Although the approachFigure1:Running Example:A1-safe P/T-netthe stable model semantics which we employ in the follow-ing section to achieve a compact encoding of bounded model checking using logic programs.We discuss mappings to al-ternative ASP formalism,present some experimental results, and end with some concluding remarks.Petri nets and bounded model checkingWe will now introduce P/T-nets.They are one of the sim-plest forms of Petri nets.We will use as a running example the P/T-net represented in Figure1.A triple is a net if and.The elements of are called places,and the elements of transitions.Places and transitions are also called nodes.The places are represented in graphical nota-tion by circles,transitions by squares,and theflow relation with arcs.We identify with its characteristic function on the set.The preset of a node,denoted by ,is the set.In our running example,e.g.,.The postset of a node, denoted by,is the set.Again in our running example.A marking of a net is a mapping.A marking is identified with the multi-set which con-tains copies of for every.A4-tupleis a net system(also called a P/T-net) if is a net and is a marking of.A marking is graphically denoted by a distribution of tokens on the places of the net.In our running example in Figure1 the net has the initial marking.A marking enables a transition if.If is enabled,it can occur leading to a new marking(denoted),where is defined by.In the running example the transition is enabled in the initial marking,and thus,where.A marking is reachable in if there is an execution, i.e.a(possibly empty)sequence of transitionsand markings such that:.A marking is reachable within a bound,if there is an execution with transitions,with which is reachable from the initial state.A marking is1-safe if.A P/T-net is1-safe if all its reachable markings are1-safe.Notice that1-safeness is a semantic property.However,it can be guaranteed by construction,as is usually done in modeling. In this work we will restrict ourselves to P/T-nets which are 1-safe,have afinite number of places and transitions,and in which each transition has both nonempty pre-and postsets. Given a1-safe P/T-net,we say that a set of transi-tions is concurrently enabled in the marking, if(i)all transitions are enabled in,and(ii)for all pairs of transitions,such that,it holds that .If a set is concurrently enabled in the mark-ing,we canfire it in a step(denoted),where is the marking reached afterfiring all of the transitions in the step in arbitrary order.(It is easy to prove by us-ing the1-safeness of the P/T-net that all possible orders of transitions in a step are enabled in,and that they all lead to the samefinal marking.)In our running example in the marking the step is enabled, and will lead back to the initial marking.This is de-noted by.Notice also that for any enabled transition,the singleton set containing only that transition is always(trivially)a step.We say that a marking is reachable in step semantics in a1-safe P/T-net if there is an step execution,i.e.a(possibly empty)sequence of stepsand markings such that:.A marking is reachable within a bound in the step semantics,if there is a step execution with at most steps,with whichis reachable from the initial state.We will often refer to the“normal semantics”as interleav-ing semantics to more clearly distinguish it from the step semantics.Note that if a marking is reachable in transi-tions in the interleaving semantics,it is also reachable in steps in the step semantics.However,the converse does not necessarily hold.We have,however,the following theorem: Theorem1For1-safe P/T-nets the set of reachable mark-ings in the interleaving semantics and the set of reachable markings in the step semantics coincide.Reachability and deadlock detection are among the most important problems in the analysis of Petri net models.Definition1(Reachability)Given a1-safe P/T-net and a1-safe marking,is a reachable marking of?Definition2(Deadlock)Given a1-safe P/T-net,is there a reachable marking which does not enable any transi-tion of?The reachability and deadlock problems for1-safe Petri nets are PSPACE-complete(Jones,Landweber,&Lien1977; Esparza1998).In the bounded case there are now two problems and two different semantics to consider.We will define only one of them,the others are defined in a similar fashion.Definition3(Bounded deadlock,step semantics)Given a 1-safe P/T-net and an integer bound,is there amarking reachable within the bound in the step seman-tics such that does not enable any transition of?It is straightforward to prove that the bounded versions ofthe problems are NP-complete when the bound is given inunary encoding.We can think about the bounded versions of the problems as approximations of the original problemwhich become increasingly better as the bound increases.The main motivation for using the bounded version is that if wefind a solution,then the original problem has also thatsame solution.If not,we can increase the bound,and our ap-proximation becomes better.Notice that if we set the bound to be,the bounded and non-bounded ver-sions are guaranteed to be equivalent for both problems and semantics.This is easy to see,as is the upper boundon the number of1-safe ing such a bound is,however,not practical for most systems having hundreds or thousands of places.For most net systems a smaller bound suffices for completeness.The concurrency between transitions in the step semanticsoften makes it possible to reach states using a smaller bound than for the interleaving semantics.The choice of semantics can have quite significant effects on the performance of the bounded model checking in practice(see Experiments). We will now define the notion of a reachability diame-ter for both semantics,which is the semantic version of the “sufficient bound”:Definition4(Reachability diameter)Given a1-safe P/T-net,the reachability diameter for the step(interleaving)semantics is the smallest integer such that the set ofreachable markings and the set of reachable markings in the step(interleaving)semantics within bound coincide. See(Biere et al.1999)for discussion on how to obtain a reachability diameter using a QBF formula(using a slightly different definition of the diameter,however,the discussion still applies here).In practice the currently used tools do not support the calculation of the diameter for examples of inter-esting size.Therefore the bounded model checking results are usually not conclusive if a solution is not found.There-fore,bounded model checking is at its best in“bug hunting”, and not as easily applicable in verifying systems to be cor-rect.Stable model semanticsIn this section we introduce logic programs and the stablemodel semantics originally presented in(Gelfond&Lifs-chitz1988)for normal logic programs of the formnot not(1) Recently,this approach has been extended to handle new kinds of constructs such as cardinality and weight con-straints(Niemel¨a,Simons,&Soininen1999;Niemel¨a&Si-mons2000).In this work we employ rules with cardinality constraints in order to obtain a succinct and simple encoding of model checking problems.The rest of the section reviews the stable model semantics for such rules.A cardinality constraint is an expression of the formnot not(2)where and are two integers giving the lower and upper bound of the constraint,respectively.For a cardinality con-straint(2),we denote by the corresponding set of literals not not.The idea is that such a constraint is satisfied by a model for which the car-dinality of the subset of the literals satisfied by the model is between the integers and inclusive.Either of the bounds can be omitted in which case a missing lower bound is be taken as and upper bound as.Cardinality constraint rules are of the formwhere each is a cardinality constraint.They are a generalization of normal rules,i.e.,a literal can be seen as a shorthand for a cardinality constraint.For instance,a rulenot notsays that if at least one of is missing from a stable model,at least1but at most2from are included, and is included,then some subset of is con-tained the model.Note that the empty set is also a possible choice for the subset.The semantics for cardinality constraint rules is a gener-alization of the stable model semantics for normal logic pro-grams and is given in terms of models that are sets of atoms. Given a model(a set of atoms)we use the notationiff and not iff.Definition5A set of atoms satisfies a cardinality con-straint of the form(2)()iffwhereis the number of literals in satisfied by.A rule is satisfied by()iff satisfies whenever it satisfies each of.We also allow integrity constraints,i.e.,rules without thehead constraint,which are satisfied if at least one of the body constraints is not.The idea is to define a stable model of a set of rules as a set of atoms that satisfies the rules and is justified by them.Jus-tifiability is captured by generalizing the concept of a reduct used for normal rules(Gelfond&Lifschitz1988).The reduct of a constraint of the form(2)w.r.t.a set of atoms is the constraint(3) where not not.Hence, in the reduct all negative literals and the upper bound are removed and the lower bound is decreased by the number of negative literals satisfied by to account for the contribution of the negative literals towards satisfying the lower bound. For example,for a set and a constraintnot notthe reduct is.The reduct for a program w.r.t.a set of atoms is a set of rules which contains a rule with an atom as thehead if and there is a rule such that appears in the head and the upper bounds of the constraints in the body of are satisfied by.The body of is obtained by taking the reduct of the constraints in the body of.Formally the reduct is defined as follows.Definition6Let be a ground program and a set of ground atoms.The reduct of w.r.t.is defined byand for allfor the constraint of the formnotThe role of the reduct is to provide the possible justifi-cations for the atoms in.Each atom in a stable model is justified by the program in the sense that it is in the closure of the reduct.The reduct is a set of rules of the form(4) where is a ground atom and each constraint contains only positive literals and has only a lower bound condition. The closure of a reduct is defined as the unique smallest set of atoms satisfying.The uniqueness is im-plied by the monotonicity of reduct rules,i.e.,if the body of a rule is satisfied by a model,then it is satisfied by any superset of.Definition7A set of ground atoms is a stable model of a program iff and.Example1Consider a programObserve that a stable model of a program must be a subset of the atoms appearing in the heads of the rules in because other atoms cannot appear in the closure of a reduct.The empty set is not a stable model becauseand similarly for every subset having more than one of the atoms.However,is a stable model of because it satisfies the rule and the reducthas as its closure.In fact,has three stable models ,,and as one would expect.A program(5) has two stable models and demonstrating that stable models are not necessarily subset minimal.For the model checking applications in this paper two features of cardinality constraints are important.One is their ability to encode choices over subsets with rules of the type(5).These kinds of choices can be encoded using nor-mal rules only by introducing new extra atoms.The second feature involves a conflict with two atoms out of a large set of atoms,i.e.,a rule of the formwhich disallows any stable model contain at least two atoms from.There seems to be no sim-ple compact encoding of such a condition using normal rules.The Smodels system(http://www.tcs.hut. fi/Software/smodels/),which provides an imple-mentation for cardinality constraint rules,includes primi-tives supporting directly such constraints.From bounded model checking to answer setprogrammingIn this section we develop a method for translating bounded model checking problems of1-safe P/T-nets to tasks offind-ing stable models of cardinality constraint rules.We end the section by discussing how a similar mapping could be done using normal programs or propositional logic.Consider a net and a step bound.We construct a logic program,which captures the possible executions of up to steps,as follows.For each place,include a choice rule(6) For each transition,and for all, include a rule(7) where is the preset of.Hence,a stable model can contain a transition instance in step only if its preset holds at step.For each place and for all, include a rule(8) where is the preset of.This says that holds in the next step if at least one of its preset transitions is in the current step.For each place,and for all, include a rule(9) where is the set of transitions having each in their preset and.This rule states that at most one of the transitions that are in conflict w.r.t.can occur. For each place,and for all,not not(10) where is the set of transitions having in their preset.This is the frame axiom for stating that holds if no transition using it occurs.Consider the net in Figure1.The program is given in Figure2.In the program the initial mark-ing is not constrained but additional conditions on markings can be stated using rules.For example,stable models not satisfying a marking at step can be eliminate with rulesnotExample2For the initial marking of our running ex-ample,the set isnotnotNow the stable models of the programcapture the markings reachable in steps fromnotnotnot notnotnotwhereFigure2:Program.For the bound,the program has four stable models corresponding to the four possible steps:For example,thefirst one corresponds to the empty step and the second to a step where transition occurs.Any Boolean combination of marking conditions can be captured using a similar set of rules.For exam-ple,for eliminating stable models not satisfying a condition at step requiring that and(or ),it is sufficient to use rules:not notNow given a condition capturing initial markings for which a net is1-safe,the stable models ofcorrespond to all executions of up to steps from any initial marking satisfying.Hence,our approach can solve a reachability problem for a set of initial markings given by a condition where the markings to be reached are specified by another condition.Theorem2Let be a1-safe P/T-net for all initial markings satisfying a has an initial marking satisfying such that a marking satisfying a condition is reachable in at most steps iffhas a stable model.This approach can be adapted easily to handle deadlock checking by adding rules eliminating stable mod-els where some transition is enabled.Programincludes for each transition,a rule(11) where is the preset of.For our running example,the rules are Theorem3Let be a1-safe P/T-net for all initial markings satisfying a has an ini-tial marking satisfying such that a deadlock is reachable in at most steps iffhas a stable model.So far in this section we have considered only the transla-tions of the step semantics versions of the problems.We can create the interleaving semantics versions of all the prob-lems by adding a set of rules to the step version of the problem.The set includes for each time stepa rule(12) where is the set of all transitions.These rules eliminate all stable models having more than one transition firing in a step.Corollary1Let be a translation solving a bounded model checking problem in the step semantics us-ing a translation given above.Then the programsolves the same problem in the interleaving se-mantics.In(Biere et al.1999)it is shown how bounded model checking can be done also for linear time temporal logic LTL.An interesting area of further work is to extend bounded model checking of LTL formulae to the asyn-chronous case.One of the main challenges is to allow as much concurrency as possible,to obtain as small as possi-ble diameter for the LTL model checking translation.Also the safety property subset of LTL is interesting in this con-text(Kupferman&Vardi1999),as a simpler translation for that LTL subset is possible.Mappings to other ASP formalismsNormal programs The mappings described above could be done to normal logic programs.In fact,only rules(6), (7),(8),(9),and(12)are not normal ones.Thefirst three are simple to handle.For example,(7)can be replaced by two normal rulesnotnot(13) where a new atom is introduced and(8)with rulesHowever,the case of(9)and(12)is more challenging and there seems to be no simple way of encoding such condi-tions using only a linear number of normal rules.Hence, the mappings can be done using normal rules but because of conditions such as(9),the number of rules for each step in the resulting program is not linear in the size of the net as is the case for the mapping to cardinality constraint rules.Propositional satisfiability The mapping from P/T-nets to propositional satisfiability is also fairly straightforward to construct.For example,one can use the mapping to normal programs discussed above as the basis.The pro-gram is acyclic except for rules(13).Hence,one can em-ploy Clark’s completion and an extension of Fages’theo-rem(Fages1994)discussed in(Babovich,Erdem,&Lifs-chitz2000).However,the size of the set of the resulting propositional formulae for each step is not linear w.r.t.the size of the-net because of the difficulties in encoding cardi-nality conditions of the form(9)compactly using proposi-tional formulae.A further complication is caused by the fact that most ef-ficient satisfiability checkers require that the input formu-lae are transformed to conjunctive normal form(CNF).It is non-trivial to tune the CNF transformation such that the checkers have a reasonable performance.The basic prob-lem is that an equivalent CNF formula can be exponentially bigger than the original formula.This explosion is typically avoided by introducing new atoms corresponding to subfor-mulae but the new atoms can increase the search space of the checker exponentially.ExperimentsWe have implemented the translation of Theorem2from the bounded model checking problem to the problem offinding a stable model.Also the deadlock checking partand the interleaving semantics part can be option-ally added.The translation was implemented in C++in quite a straightforward manner with only two simple optimiza-tions included:Place and transition atoms are added only from the time step they canfirst appear on.Only atoms for placesin the initial marking are created for time.Then for each:(i)Add transition atoms for all transi-tions such that all the place atoms in the preset of exist.(ii)Add place atoms for all places such that either the place atom exists or some transition atom in the preset of exists.Duplicate rules are removed.(Duplicates can appear in the conflict(9)and liveness(11)rules.)As benchmarks we use a set of deadlock checking bench-marks collected by Corbett(1995),where more detailed in-formation about them can be found.They have been con-verted from communicating state machines to1-safe P/T-nets by Melzer and R¨o mer(1997).The models were picked from those which have a deadlock.For each model and both semantics we incremented the used bound until a deadlock was found.We report the time for smodels tofind thefirst stable model using this bound.In some cases a model could not be found within a reasonable time in which case we re-port the time used to prove that there is no deadlock within the reported bound.The experimental results can be found in Fig.3.The columns of the table are the following:Problem:The problem name with the size of the instance in parenthesis.Problem St.Int.DARTES(1)2570.50.5DP(6)240.00.148186554 DP(10)400.0 3.3721123500006349137 ELEV(2)2990.5 3.93278157120 ELEV(4)1939157.21215.2HART(25)770.0 1.025215102 HART(75)2270.015.5502152029425265361227107702 MMGT(4)232687.31874.1Q(1)1940.12733.7SENT(25)550.00.017923281 SENT(75)1050.00.03292338133148689Figure3:Experiments:Number of places in the original net.:Number of transitions in the original net.St.:The smallest integer such that a deadlock could be found using the step semantics/in case of the largest integer for which we could prove that there is no deadlock within that bound using the step semantics. St.:The time in seconds tofind thefirst stable model/ to prove that there is no stable model.(See St.above.) Int.and Int.:defined as St.and St.but for the interleaving semantics.States:Number of reachable states of the P/T-net(if known).The times reported are the average of5runs of the time for smodels 2.26as reported by the/usr/bin/time command on a450Mhz Pentium III PC running Linux.(The time needed for creating the smodels input was quite small, and therefore omitted.)In many of the experiments the step semantics version had a much smaller bound than the interleaving one.Also,when the bound needed tofind the deadlock was fairly small,the bounded model checker was performing well.The DP(x)problems are dining philosophers problems, where in the step semantics the counterexample could al-ways be found with a bound of1,while in the interleaving semantics the bound grew at the same speed as the number of philosophers.In the examples ELEV(4),HART(x)and Q(1)we were able tofind the counterexample only when using step semantics.In the KEY(2)example we were no able tofind a coun-terexample with either semantics,even though the problem is known to have only a small number of reachable states.Incontrast,the DARTES(1)problem has a large state-space, and despite of it a counterexample of length32was ob-tained.Thus it seems that the size of the state space is not always decisive in the bounded model checker running time. This is thefirst set of experiments we have tried with asyn-chronous system benchmarks,and no major work has gone into obtaining the best possible performance.Overall,the results are promising,in particular,for small bounds and the step semantics.However,we need to get a better understand-ing of the behavior of the bounded model checking approach by doing more experiments.ConclusionsWe introduce bounded model checking of asynchronous concurrent systems modeled by1-safe P/T-nets as an in-teresting application area for answer set programming.We present a mapping from bounded reachability and deadlock detection problems of1-safe P/T-nets to stable model com-putation.Thefirst experimental results indicate that sta-ble model computation is a quite competitive approach to searching for short executions of the system leading to dead-lock and worth further study.In our approach it is possible to do model checking for a set of initial markings at once.This is usually difficult to achieve in current enumerative model checkers and often leads to state space explosion.All our benchmark exper-iments used only a single initial state,as they were origi-nally designed for a tool which does not support this fea-ture.Thus more experimental work is needed on this aspect of the translation.The bounded model checking translation can also be seen more goal directed than the explicit state version,as the constraints based on thefinal state of the sys-tem can guide the search.The net unfolding method(see(Heljanko1999;Melzer& R¨o mer1997)and further references there)is another sym-bolic model checking approach for asynchronous systems, where answer set programming has been employed.Re-lating this approach to bounded model checking would be interesting.As further work the LTL model checking and the safety LTL model checking problems look interesting. There are also alternative semantics to the two presented in this work.Experiments are needed to determine whether they are useful for bounded model checking.ReferencesBabovich,Y.;Erdem,E.;and Lifschitz,V.2000.Fages’theorem and answer set programming.In Proceedings of the8th International Workshop on Non-Monotonic Rea-soning.cs.AI/0003042.Biere,A.;Cimatti,A.;Clarke,E.;and Zhu,Y.1999. Symbolic model checking without BDDs.In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems (TACAS’99),193–207.Springer.Burch,J.;Clarke, E.;McMillan,K.;Dill, D.;and L.Hwang.1992.Symbolic model checking:states and rmation and Computation98(2):142–170. Clarke,E.;Grumberg,O.;and Peled,D.1999.Model Checking.The MIT Press.Corbett,J.C.1995.Evaluating deadlock detection meth-ods for concurrent software.Technical report,Depart-ment of Information and Computer Science,University of Hawaii at Manoa.Desel,J.,and Reisig,W.1998.Place/Transition Petri nets. In Lectures on Petri Nets I:Basic Models.Springer-Verlag. 122–173.Esparza,J.1998.Decidability and complexity of Petri net problems–An introduction.In Lectures on Petri Nets I: Basic Models.Springer-Verlag.374–428.Fages,F.1994.Consistency of Clark’s completion and existence of stable models.Journal of Methods of Logic in Computer Science1:51–60.Gelfond,M.,and Lifschitz,V.1988.The stable model semantics for logic programming.In Proceedings of the5th International Conference on Logic Programming,1070–1080.Seattle,USA:The MIT Press.Heljanko,ing logic programs with sta-ble model semantics to solve deadlock and reachability problems for1-safe Petri nets.Fundamenta Informaticae 37(3):247–268.Holzmann,G.1997.The model checker SPIN.IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering23(5):279–295. Jones,N.D.;Landweber,L.H.;and Lien,Y.E.1977. Complexity of some problems in Petri nets.Theoretical Computer Science4:277–299.Kupferman,O.,and Vardi,M.Y.1999.Model checking of safety properties.In Proceeding of11th International Con-ference on Computer Aided Verification(CAV’99),172–183.Springer-Verlag.Melzer,S.,and R¨o mer,S.1997.Deadlock checking using net unfoldings.In Proceeding of9th International Confer-ence on Computer Aided Verification(CAV’97),352–363. Haifa,Israel:Springer-Verlag.Niemel¨a,I.,and Simons,P.2000.Extending the Smodels system with cardinality and weight constraints.In Minker, J.,ed.,Logic-Based Artificial Intelligence.Kluwer Aca-demic Publishers.491–521.Niemel¨a,I.;Simons,P.;and Soininen,T.1999.Stable model semantics of weight constraint rules.In Proceedings of the5th International Conference on Logic Programming and Nonmonotonic Reasoning,317–331.El Paso,Texas, USA:Springer-Verlag.Niemel¨a,I.1999.Logic programming with stable model semantics as a constraint programming paradigm.Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence25(3,4):241–273.Varpaaniemi,K.;Heljanko,K.;and Lilius,J.1997.PROD 3.2-An advanced tool for efficient reachability analysis.In Proceedings of the9th International Conference on Com-puter Aided Verification(CAV’97),472–475.Haifa,Israel: Springer-Verlag.。
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a rXiv:h ep-ph/951205v13Jan1995Upper bound on the supersymmetry breaking scale in supersymmetric SU (5)model N.V.Krasnikov ∗Institute for Nuclear Research 60-th October Anniversary Prospect 7a,Moscow 117312,Russia December,1994Abstract The status of coupling constant unification in standard supersymmetric SU (5)model and its extensions is discussed.Taking into account uncertainties related with the initial coupling constants and threshold corrections at the low and high scales we find that in standard supersymmetric SU (5)model the scale of the supersymmetry breaking could be up to 108Gev.In the extensions of standard SU (5)model it ispossible to increase the supersymmetry breaking scale up to 1011Gev.There has recently been renewed interest[1]-[12]in grand unification business related with the recent LEP data which allow to measure sin2(θw)with unprecendented accuracy. Namely,the world averages with the LEP data mean that the standard nonsupersymmet-ric SU(5)model[13]is ruled outfinally and forever(the fact that the standard SU(5) model is in conflict with experiment was well known[14,15]before the LEP data)but maybe the most striking and impressive lesson from LEP is that the supersymmetric extension of the standard SU(5)model[16]-[18]predicts the Weinberg angleθw in very good agreement with experiment.The remarkable success of the supersymmetric SU(5) model is considered by many physicists as thefirst hint in favour of the existence of low energy broken supersymmetry in nature.A natural question arises:is it possible to in-vent nonsupersymmetric generalizations of the standard SU(5)model nonconfronting the experimental data or to increase the supersymmetry breaking scale significantly.In the SO(10)model the introduction of the intermediate scale M I∼1011Gev allows to obtain the Weinberg angleθw in agreement with experiment[19].In refs.[20,21]it has been proposed to cure the problems of the standard SU(5)model by the introduction of the additional split multiplets5⊕10in the minimal3(3,2,5(embeded in a24supermultiplet of SU(5))and a(3,1,−13)complex Higgs supermultiplet with a mass M3embeded in5⊕α1(m t)−1α1(m t)−1α1(m t)−1α1(m t)−12π)(δ1A+δ2A+δ3A),(3)∆B=(1m t )−4ln(M vm˜w),(5)δ2A=−12(ln(M vm3)),(6)δ3A=6ln(m(˜u,˜d)L )−3ln(m˜u cL)−3ln(m˜e cL),(7)δ1B=0.4ln(M3m H)+1.6ln(M3 m˜w)+6ln(m8of SU(5)model,the mass of the vector supermultiplet M v and the mass of the chiral su-pertriplet M3.Both the vector supermultiplet and the chiral supertriplet are responsible for the proton decay in supersymmetric SU(5)model[18].In standard nonsupersymmet-ric SU(5)model the proton lifetime due to the massive vector exchange is determined by the formula[23]Γ(p→e+πo)−1=4·1029±0.7(M v25compared toαGUT≈141)2.From the current experimental limit[24]Γ(p→e+πo)−1≥9·1032yr we conclude that M v≥1.2·1015Gev.The corresponding experimental bound on the mass of the superhiggs triplet M3depends on the masses of gaugino and squarks[25,26].In our calculations we use the following values for the initial coupling constants[24,27]:α3(M z)=0.120±0.07,(12)sin2MS(M z))−1=127.79±0.13(14) For the top quark mass m t=174Gev after the solution of the corresponding renormal-ization group equations in the region M z≤E≤m t wefind thatA=184.45±0.68±0.92,(15)B=13.31±0.24±0.92(16) Here thefirst error is the”electroweak”error and the second error is the”strong coupling”error.An account of two loop corrections leads to the appearance of the additional factorsδ4A,4B=2(θ1−θ3)±3(θ1−θ3),(17)θi=1αj(m t)](18)Here b ij are the two loopβfunction coefficients.Let us start from the expression(1) and assume that the masses of the octet supermultiplet and the masses of the tripletsupermultiplet coincide with the mass of the vector supermutiplet M v.We shall neglect the variation of the low energy spectrum(we assume that all the squarks and the sleptons have the same mass).Numerically wefind thatM v=2.0·1016±0.05±0.07Gev(19)for the M SUSY≡(m˜g m˜w)1)1M2vm˜w[18]inα2(m t)the assumption that all squark and slepton masses coincide,the masses of the coloured octet m8and electroweak triplet m3are equal to the mass of the vector supermultiplet M v and the masses of superhiggses and Higgs isodoublets are equal to M t wefind thatM3=6.6·1014±0.27±1.05Gev(20)It should be noted that from the nonobservation of the proton decay the bound on the mass of the Higgs triplet for M SUSY=m t is[18]M3≥O(1016)Gev.When we increase the value of M SUSY two scenario are possible.According to thefirst scenario only the single Higgs isodoublet is light with a mass O(M z)and the masses of the second Higgs isodoublet and superhiggses are of the order of M SUSY.In the second scenario thefirst Higgs isodoublet and superhiggses are relatively light with the masses O(M z)(or super-higgses are slightly heavier with the mass O(1T ev))and only the second Higgs isodoublet is relatively heavy with the mass O(M SUSY).We have investigated two scenario.In our investigation we have used an upper bound M3≤3M v[5]which comes from therequirement of the applicapability of the perturbation theory.Taking into account uncer-tainties in the determination of the parameter B we have found that in thefirst scenario M SUSY≤105Gev and in the second scenario M SUSY≤108Gev.If we assume that the difference between the masses of coloured octets and coloured triplets could be up to fac-tor3then for m8the vector supermultiplet by factor100.In conclusion let us formulate our main results.We have found that in standard super-symmetric SU(5)model with coloured octet and triplet masses O(M v)the nonobservation of the proton decay leads to the upper bound M SUSY≤2·108Gev on the supersymmetry breaking scale.This bound does not contradict to the equation for the superhiggs triplet mass in the second scenario.In thefirst scenario it is possible to have the supersymmetry breaking scale M SUSY up to 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