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香港电影(1897-1945)笔记：影业的建立与初期发展

一、电影的诞生以及传入香港。

爱迪生发明了留声机之后，便专注于电影拍摄的技术上，他想制造一种“如留声机那样用耳朵来听，却是用眼睛来看的设备”。

1889年，伊士曼发明了电影胶片（菲林）。

1890年，爱迪生的助手狄克逊做出了第一部电影摄影机（Kinetograph），于是向伊士曼的柯达公司订制了35米厘菲林，在菲林两边打洞，再扣在摄影机齿轮上，利用摩打带动成功进行了拍摄。

1895年，爱迪生又成功制造出“电影视镜”（Kinetoscope），或曰“活动电影放映机”，这种仪器基本上是一个木柜，透过上面的小窗口看菲林里面的影像，只有一个人观看的规模（我小时候好像也玩过一种类似的玩意）。

随后，法国的卢米埃兄弟在爱迪生的“电影视镜”基础上，又制造出一种活动电影机（Cinematography），这个仪器可以将映像投射到布幕上，并于1895年12月28日在巴黎放映了专门为这部机器拍摄的短片，这是真正意义上适合集体观看的“电影”的发端，电影也由此得到瞩目与扩展。

于是这1895年12月28日便被公认是电影诞生的日子。

卢米埃兄弟在巴黎放映了《卢米埃尔工厂的大门》、《火车到站》、《水浇园丁》等世界上最早的电影，取得成功之后，立刻继续他们的商业大计。

他们雇佣了二十多个摄影师（或曰活动电影机的掌控师）进行培训，1896年，这批摄影师被派往到世界各地做推销（活动电影机（Cinematography））、放映、拍摄等工作。

那么1896年卢米埃兄弟有没有派人到香港呢？该问题正代表着电影是不是在这时候传入香港的，而答案是没有的。

余慕云先生曾通过《华字日报》的广告和香港电影理论家林年同先生的口述，认为电影是从1896年1月传入香港的。

他在《香港电影史话（卷一）》中记载到：“一八九六年一月十八日，香港出版的《华宇日报》有如下的记载：「兹由西国带来」、「西国奇巧故事数百套，无不俱备，每日摆到六十套，日夜更换」、「本班在中环大道『旧域多利酒店』开演」、「准本月初七开演」、「总理人爹士威利谨启」。

英语专业四级考试听写评分标准

英语专业四级考试听写评分标准英美者英语专业网站来源:David 的听力课堂作者:David[编辑]导言:该英语专四听写评分标准较为权威。

英语专业四级考试听写评分标准1. 听写共分15小节，每节1分，扣分一律写在试卷右边的空白处。

大错误下面画线。

小错误用圆圈表示，重复错误用三角记号表示。

2. 每节最多扣1分。

3. 重复错误，仅扣一次分。

4. 错误共分两类：小错误（minor mistakes）和大错误（major mistakes），分别扣0.25分和0.5分。

A. 小错误：1）单词拼写错一到两个字母。

例：steadily →staedily；harbor →habor两个字母以下的词、次序颠倒算小错。

2）标点符号错误（含大小写）。

例：World War I →world war one, and then adopted →. And then adopeted3) 冠词、单复数错误。

例：until the beginning →until beginning; parent →parents4）小错误扣分标准：小错误在一节中出现一次，留作总计；出现两次：扣0.5分；出现三次：扣0.5分后留作总计；出现四次：扣1分。

5）未扣分小错误的扣分标准：累计2 ~ 4 个：扣0.5分累计5 ~ 8 个：扣1分B. 大错误：漏写、加词、造词、换词（冠词作小错计）、大移位、时态错误，每个错误扣0.5分。

例：loved →love；task —test；trip —trap；flee —flea；have finished —finsh（ed）5. 一些特例的扣分标准：下列情况不扣分：World War I →World War Onerace car →racecarwell-balanced →well balanced90 percent →90%6. 总分只有0.5分时，以1分计算；其余总分中如含小数点的，小数舍去，保留整数，如12.5 →12；7.5 →77. 空白卷一律打0分。

十种德性相反相成义

十种德性相反相成义(1901年6月16日、7月6日)中庸曰。

万物并育而不相害。

道并行而不相悖。

大哉言乎。

野蛮时代所谓道德者。

其旨趣甚简单而常不相容。

文明时代所谓道德者。

其性质甚繁杂而各呈其用。

而吾人所最当研究而受用者。

则凡百之道德。

皆有一种妙相。

即自形质上观之。

划然立於反对之两端。

自精神上观之。

纯然出於同体之一贯者。

譬之数学。

有正必有负。

譬之电学。

有阴必有阳。

譬之冷热两暗潮。

互冲而互调。

譬之轻重两空气。

相薄而相剂。

善学道者。

能备其繁杂之性质而利用之。

如佛说华严宗所谓相是无碍相入无碍。

苟有得於是。

则以之独善其身而一身善。

以之兼善天下而天下善。

朱子曰。

教学者如扶醉人。

扶得东来西又倒。

凡我辈有志於自治。

有志於觉天下者。

不可不重念此言也。

天下固有绝好之义理。

绝好之名目。

而提倡之者不得其法。

遂以成绝大之流弊者。

流弊犹可言也。

而因此流弊之故。

遂使流俗人口实之。

以此义理此名目为诟病。

即热诚达识之士。

亦或疑其害多利少而不敢复道。

则其於公理之流行。

反生阻力。

而文明进化之机。

为之大窒。

庄子曰。

其作始也简。

其将毕也巨。

可不惧乎。

可不慎乎。

故我辈讨论公理。

必当平其心。

公其量。

不可徇俗以自画。

不可惊世以自喜。

徇俗以自画。

是谓奴性。

惊世以自喜。

是谓客气。

吾今者以读书思索之所得。

觉有十种德性。

其形质相反。

其精神相成。

而为凡人类所当具有。

缺一不可者。

今试分别论之。

其一独立与合群独立者何。

不倚赖他力。

而常昂然独往独来於世界者也。

中庸所谓中立而不倚。

是其义也。

人之所以异於禽兽者以此。

文明人所以异於野蛮者以此。

吾中国所以不成为独立国者。

以国民乏独立之德而已。

言学问则倚赖古人。

言政术则倚赖外国。

官吏倚赖君主。

君主倚赖官吏。

百姓倚赖政府。

政府倚赖百姓。

乃至一国之人。

各各放弃其责任。

而惟倚赖之是务。

究其极也。

实则无一人之可倚赖者。

譬犹群盲偕行。

甲扶乙肩。

乙牵丙袂。

究其极也。

实不过盲者依赖盲者。

一国腐败。

皆根於是。

故今日救治之策。

惟有提倡独立。

历年英语专四听力听写原文1997-2010

历年英语专四听力听写原文1993-2009英美者英语专业网站Legal Age for Marriage (1997)Throughout the United States, the legal age for marriage shows some difference./ The most common age without parents’ consent is 18 for both females and males./ However, persons who are under age in their home state can get married in another state, and then return to the home state legally married./ Each state issues its own marriage license./ Both residents and non-residents are qualified for such a license./ The fees and ceremonies vary greatly from state to state./ Most states, for instance, have a blood test requirement, but a few do not./ Most states permit either a civil or religious ceremony,but a few require the ceremony to be religious./ In most states a waiting perio d is required before the license is issued. /This period is from one to five days depending on the state. / A three-day-wait is the most common. In some states there is no required waiting period.The Railways in Britain (1998)The success of early railways, such as the lines between big cities,/ led to a great increase in railway building in Victorian times. / Between 1835 and 1865 about 25000kilometers of track were built,/ and over 100 railway companies were created. /Railway travel transformed people's lives. / Trains were first designed to carry goods. / However, a law in the 19th century forced railway companies to run one cheap train a day / which stopped at every station and cost only a penny a mile. / Soon working class passengers found they could afford to travel by rail. / Cheap day excursion trains became popular and seaside resorts grew rapidly. / The railways also provided thousands of new jobs:/ building carriages,running the railways and repairing the tracks. / Railways even changed the time. / The need to run the railways on time meant that local time was abolished/ and clocks showed the same time all over the country. /United Nations Day (1999)The 24th of October is celebrated as United Nations Day. /it is a day that belongs to everyone./ And it is celebrated in most countries of the world./ Some countries celebrate for a week instead of a day. /In many parts of the world, schools have special programs for the day. /Boys and girls in some communities decorate a UN tree./ In other communities, young people put on plays about the UN./ Some libraries exhibit children’s art works from around the world. /Schools celebrate with the songs and dances of other countries/ or give parties where foods of other countries areserved./ No matter how the day is celebrated,/ the purpose of these celebrations is to help everyone understand the UN,/ and the important roles it plays in world affairs. /The UN encourages people to learn about other lands and their customs./ In this way, people can gain a better understanding and appreciation of peoples all over the world./What We Know About Language (2000)Many things about language are a mystery and will remain so. /However, we now do know something about it./ First, we know that all human beings have a language of some sort./ No human race anywhere on earth is so backward/ that it has no language of its own at all./Second, there is no such thing as a primitive language./ There are many peoples whose cultures are undeveloped/ but the languages they speak are by no means primitive./ In all the languages existing in the world today, /there are complexities that must have been developed for years. /Third, we know that all languages are perfectly adequate. / Each is a perfect means of expressing its culture. / And finally, we know that language changes over time, / which is natural and normal if a language is to survive. /The language which remains unchanged is nothing but dead. / Characteristics of a Good Reader (2001)To improve your reading habits, /you must understand the characteristics of a good reader. /First, the good reader usually reads rapidly. / Of course, he does not read every piece of material at the same rate. / But whether he is reading a newspaper/ or a chapter in a physics text, / his reading rate is relatively fast. /He has learned to read for ideas/ rather than words one at a time. /Next, the good reader can recognize/ and understand general ideas and specific details./ Thus he is able to comprehend the material /with a minimum of effort and a maximum of interest./ Finally, the good reader has in his command/several special skills, /which he can apply to reading problems/ as they occur./ For the college student,/ the most helpful of these skills/ include making use of the various aids to understanding/that most text books provide/ and skim-reading for a general survey./Disappearing Forests (2002)The world’s forests are disappearing. / As much as 1/3 of the total tree cover/ has been lost since agriculture began some 10,000years ago. / The remaining forests are home to half/ of the world’s species,/ thus becoming the chief resource for their survival. /Tropical rain forests once covered 12% of the land of the planet,/ as well as supporting at least half of the world’s species of plants and animals./These rain forests are home to millions of people. /But there are other demands on them./ For example, much has been cut for timber./An increasing amount of forest land /has been used for industrial purposes/or for agricultural development /such as crop-growing. /By the 1990’s less than half of the earth’s original rain forests remained,/ and theycontinued to disappear at an alarming rate every year./ As a result the world’s forests are now facing gradual extinction.Salmon (2003)Every year,millions of salmon swim from the ocean into the mouths of rivers and then steadily up the rivers./ Passing through waters, around rocks and waterfalls,/ the fish finally reach their original streams or lakes./ They dig out nests in the riverbed and lay their eggs./ Then, exhausted by their journey,/ the parent salmon die./ They have finished the task that nature has given them. /Months, or years later, /the young fish start their trip to the ocean. /They live in the salt water from 2-7 years,/ until they, too are ready to swim back to reproduce. /Their life cycle helps man provide himself with a basic food-fish./ When the adult salmon gather at the river mouths for the a nnual trip up the rivers,/ they are in the best possible condition,/ and nearly every harbor has its salmon fishing fleet ready to catch thousands for markets.Money (2004)Money is accepted across the world as payment for goods or services. / People use money to buy food, clothes and hundreds of other things. / In the past, many different things were used as money. / People on Pacific islands once exchanged shells for goods. / The Chinese used cloth and knives. / In Africa, elephant tusks or salt were used. / Even today, some people in Africa are still paid in salt. /Coins were first invented by the Chinese. /originally, they were round pieces of metal with a hole in the center, / so that a piece of string could keep them together. / This made doing business much easier, / but people still found coins inconvenient to carry/ when they wanted to buy something expensive. /To solve this problem, the Chinese again came up with the solution. /They began to use paper money for coins. / Now paper notes are used throughout the world.The Wrist Watch （2005）It is generally believed that wrist watches are an exception/ to the normal sequence in the evolution of man's jewelry. / Reversing the usual order, they were first worn by women, / and then adopted by men. / In the old days, queens included wrist watches among their crown jewelry. / Later, they were worn by Swiss workers and farmers. / Until World War I, Americans associated the watch with fortune hunters. / Then army officers discovered that the wrist watch was most practical for active combat. / Race car drivers also loved to wear wrist watches, / and pilots found them most useful while flying. / Soon men dared to wear wrist watches without feeling self-conscious. / By 1924, some 30 percent of man's watches were worn on the wrist. / Today, the figure is 90 percent. / And they are now worn by both men and women / for practical purposesrather than for decoration.The Internet (2006)The Internet is the most significant progress in the field of communications. / Imagine a book that never ends, a library with a million floors, / or imagine a research project with thousands of scientists / working around the clock forever. / This is the magic of the Internet. / Y et the Internet has the potential for good and bad. / One can find well-organized, information-rich websites. / At the same time, one can also find wastefu l websites. / Most websites are known as different Internet applications. / These include online games, chat rooms (chatrooms) and so on. / These applications have great power, too. / Sometimes the power can be so great / that young people may easily become victims to their attraction. / So we need to recognize the serio usness of the problem. / We must work together to use its power for better ends.2007 AdvertisingAdvertising has already become a very specialized activity in modern times. / In today's business world, supply is usually greater than demand./ There is great competition between manufacturers of the same kind of product,/ because they want to persuade customers to buy their particular brand./ They always have to remind their customers/ of the name and the qualities of their products by advertising./ The manufacturer advertises in newspapers and on the radio;/ he sometimes employs sales girls to distribute samples of his products; /he sometimes advertises on the internet as well./ In addition, he always has advertisements put into television programs that will accept them./ Manufacturers often spend huge sums of money on advertisements./ We buy a particular product because we think that's the best./ We usually think so because the advertisements say so,/ people often don’t ask themselves if the advertisements are telling the truth, /when they buy advertised products from the shops.2008 Choosing a CareerWhen students graduate from college,/ many of them do not know how they want to spend their working lives /and they sometimes move from job to job,/ until they find something that suits them/ and of equally importance to which they are suited./ Others never find a job in which they are really happy. /They remain all their lives square pegs in round holes. /When we choose our careers,we need to ask ourselves two questions./ First, what do we think we would like to be?/Second, what kind of people are we? /The idea, for example of being a painter or a musician may seem very attractive,/ but unless we have great talent, and are willing to work very hard. /We are certain to fail in these occupations /and failure will lead to unhappiness in life. /So it is important to assess our suitability for a certain career in job search./2009 New Y ear’s EveFor many people in the west, New Y ear’s Eve is the biggest party of the year./ It’s time to get together with friends or family /and welcome in the coming year./ New Y ear’s parties can take place in different places. /Some people hold a house party; others attend street parties, /while some just go for a few drinks with their friends. /Big cities have large and spectacular fireworks displays. /There is one thing that all New Y ear’s Eve parties have in common,/ the countdown to midnight./ When the clock strikes 12, people give a loud cheer and sing songs./ It’s also popular to make a promise in the New Y ear./ This is called a New Y ear’s resolution./ Typical resolutions include giving up smoking and keeping fit./ However the promise is often broken quite quickly /and people are back into their bad habits within weeks or days./2010Freshmen’s' WeekBritain has a well-respected higher education system/ and some of the top universities and research institutions in the world. / But to those who are new to this system, it can sometimes be confusing. /October is usually the busiest month in the academic calendar./ Universities have something called Freshmen's Week for their newcomers./ It's a great opportunity to make new friends, /join lots of clubs and settle into university life./However, having just left the comfort of home and all your friends behind, /the prospect of meeting strangers in classrooms and dormitories can be worrying./ Where do you start? And who should you make friends with? / Which clubs and society should you join?/Luckily, there will be thousands of others in the same boat as you./ They worry about starting their university social life on the right foot./ So just take it all in slowly./ Don't rush into anything that you'l l regret for the next three years/英语专业四级考试听写评分标准1. 听写共分15小节；每节1分。

关于美女的成语idiomsaboutbeauty

关于美女的成语idioms about beautybeautychineseidiomThere's a lot of Chinese idioms made for describing beauties, such as "倾国倾城, "沉鱼落雁, "闭月羞花等。

沉鱼形容西施落雁形容昭君闭月形容貂蝉羞花形容杨贵妃这是所谓的中国古代四大美女"倾国倾城"means a beauty who can ruin a country, that's understandable, because even a king would be a man, sometimes he's just a hormone（激素）with feet."沉鱼落雁" means a beauty who makes fish dive into the deep water for the feeling of their unworthy, and birds fall down for her sad music! Sounds weird 怪诞right? Anyway, love has no boundaries :)"闭月羞花" means the flowers be ashamed for a girl's beauty, and even the moon would also feel ashamed to hide her face using cloud!Incredible!In English world, I only know the expression "She turns me on", is there anyothers?中文有很多成语是用来形容美女的, 比如"倾国倾城","沉鱼落雁","闭月羞花"... "倾国倾城" 的意思是一个美女可以毁掉一个国家, 这是可以理解的, 因为即使国王也是男人, 有时候, 他不过是长着脚的荷尔蒙罢了."沉鱼落雁" 的意思是一个美女令鱼儿感到自惭形秽而潜入水底, 她悲伤的音乐令大雁坠落下来! 听起来很诡异对吗? 不管怎样, 爱情是没有国界的:)"闭月羞花" 的意思是花朵因为女孩的美丽而感到羞愧, 甚至连月亮也都自愧不如地用云彩遮住了脸蛋儿.And what's the difference among these synonyms? How to use them correctly? such as: prettey, beautiful,classy时髦的, charming媚人的,,,Is there any other words?Seductive诱人的, Charming媚人的, tempting诱人的,interesting, pleasing, pretty, fair, beautiful,inviting吸引人的, engaging美丽动人的,likable可爱的or likeable, lovely,winning吸引人的, sexy (informal), pleasant可爱的,handsome, fetching动人的迷人的, good-looking,glamorous迷人的, gorgeous非常漂亮的, magnetic有吸引力的,cute娇小可爱的, irresistible诱惑人的,enticing迷人的, provocative引诱的,captivating迷人的，有诱惑力的, beguiling诱人的,alluring诱人的, bonny漂亮的,winsome迷人的, comely好看的,prepossessing讨人喜欢的、有魅力的描写人的容貌之女性描写范文1）英文女性外貌Physical Appearance 描写作文范文一Alice is 20 years old. She is a little overweight. But she is tall and fairskinned, so she looks healthy. Her hair is jet-blacked and straight. She has a very pleasant smile and she always has a twinkle in her eye. When smiling, Alice';s dimples will appear who receive them feel very special. When she works, shealways put on her glasses. She always dress very elegant and tidy. Because of her fair skin and kindness, we all like her very much.译文：艾丽丝20岁了，她有一点胖，但是由于她很高而且皮肤白皙，所以看上去很健康。

英汉新闻标题中语用预设论文

英汉新闻标题中的语用预设分析摘要：目前对于预设的研究主要集中在对其理论方面的研究，对其在现实的文本上的研究不多，所以本文对较为常见的新闻标题中出现的语用预设进行分析，虽然新闻界对其有过研究，但都局限于汉语标题。

本文增添了一些英文标题实例，使语用预设研究更加深入，本文从语用推理的角度，借助中英文新闻标题的实例，进而归纳了语用预设在新闻标题中的传播作用。

关键词：语用预设；新闻标题；传播作用中图分类号：g21 文献标识码：a文章编号：1009-0118（2012）07-0300-02一、语用预设语用预设也叫语用前提、语用先设。

如何去定义语用预设，至今语言学家对此还未达成一致的观点。

基南把语用预设定义为“说出一句话就语用预设其语境是合适的。

fillmore认为语用预设是指通过一句话来有效实施某个言外行为所必须满足的条件。

我国语言学家何自然认为语用预设是“那些对语境敏感的，与说话人（有时还包括说话对象）的信念、态度、意图有关的前提关系”。

而新闻标题中的预设可以理解为“交际双方所共有的知识或背景知识。

”如：（1）巴塞罗那送北京一本“奥运指南”（《新京报》标题，2005年2月24日）（2）巴塞罗那有过举办奥运的经验，北京奥运会需要听取他国举办奥运的经验。

要想讲清（1）句，就需要读者知道（2）句的事实，所以（2）句是交际双方的共有知识，即是（1）句的前提。

（3）peacemaking in the mideast:obama s year of missteps.（4）there is peacefulness factors existing in the mideast.显然，双方都了解中东作为一个“火药桶”这一现状，才能理解奥巴马总统为何采取军事措施（不管它们是否奏效）。

（2）句作为共有知识，即为（1）句的前提。

由此可见，语用预设信息往往不是指语句的字面意义，而是在特定的语境下根据某些准则推导出来的说话人意图表达的意义。

11种表示“太棒了”的英语口语说法 - 英美者

例如刚才拿 “A“ 的美眉不只拿了一个 A, 而且是整个学期每门课都拿 A, (straight A's) 那你可能就要说 “That's
incredible.”又比方说你刚从一家很棒的餐厅用完餐出来, 你可能也会叹道, “The food was incredible!” 不过注意一下,
别人跟你问好是不能答说 “I am incredible.” 的喔!
5. That’s great. 太好了.
Great 在这里就是说很棒的意思. 大家也可以想象成这个是 good 的比较级, 如果刚才那个得到一个 A 的人换作是女生的话, 我可能就会说
“That's great!”这样别人听来可能就会更舒服一点. 同样的, 遇到别人跟你问好, 要是你今天觉得很不错的话, 你就可以说“I am great!”
口语中十一种表达“太棒了”说法。
1. It's cool! 很好, 很棒!
Cool 这个字在英文里算是应用最广的字之一了, 几乎随时随地都可以听到人家在说这个字. 通常有二种场合人家会说 cool! 首先第一个场合是,
当有人说了一件不错的事情, 例如, “I am going to college this year.” 你就可以说 “Cool!” 或是人家说, “I
那就表示你今天真的是很不错了!
曾经在广播上听到一段对话, 主持人问, “How are you today?” 听众答, “I am just good.”主持人不太满意, “Just
good?” 于是那人就改口答, “I am great.” 没想到主持人还是不满意, “Just great?” 那人才说, “I am
�
8. She is pretty. 她好漂亮.

各种价格英语如何表达表达

价格英语表达之一：形容词(名词)+名词reasonable price（合理的价格）moderate/fair price（公平价格）a good price（好价格）attractive price（诱人的价格）favorable price（优惠价）competitive price（竞争价格）high price（高价）list price（价目单定价）low price（低价）highest price（最高价）lowest price（最低价）rock-bottom price（最低价）retail/tag price（零售价）fixed price（固定价格）a nominal price（名义价、虚价）a reduced price（折扣价）wholesale price（批发价）import price（进口价）export price（出口价）market price（市场价）home market price（国内市场价）international market price（国际市场价）价格英文表达之二：动词+名词bring down/lower/reduce prices（降价）cut/ slash prices（削价）charge a high price（索高价）raise prices（提价）offer a price（出价）readjust prices（重新调价）stabilize prices（稳定物价）set/fix a price（定出价格）英文价格的说法之三：名词+动词Prices drop/fall/decline/go down.（物价下跌）Prices jump up/rise/shoot up/go up.（物价上涨）Prices remain stable.（物价稳定）Prices fluctuate.（物价波动）另外，在具体生活中, 价格的表达方式很多，需灵活使用。

公司部门与职位的英语说法

公司部门与职位的英语说法1.Personnel Department 人事部2.3.Resource Department 人力资源部4.5.Department 营销部6.7.Development Department 产品开发部8.9. 5. Public Relations Department 公关部10.11.Department 市场部12.13.Department 财会部14.15.(Procurement) Department采购部16.17.Service Department 售后服务部18.19.Control Department 品管部20.21.职位名称22.23.1. Chairman of the Board 董事长24.25.2. President (Am E.) 总裁26.27.3. Executive Vice-President 执行副总裁28.29.4. Managing Director 行政董事30.31.5. Executive Manager,General Manager 总经理32.33.6. Deputy General Manager 副总经理34.35.7. Section Manager 部门经理，科长36.37.8. Sales Manager 销售部经理38.39.9. Assistant Manager 助理经理(副经理)40.41.10. Manager 主任42.43.11. Sales Representative 销售代表44.45.12. Supervisor 总管46.47.13. executive 高中级管理人员48.49.14. clerk 职员Accounting Assistant 会计助理Accounting Clerk 记帐员Accounting Manager 会计部经理Accounting Stall 会计部职员Accounting Supervisor 会计主管Administration Manager 行政经理Administration Staff 行政人员Administrative Assistant 行政助理Administrative Clerk 行政办事员Advertising Staff 广告工作人员Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座员Airlines Staff 航空公司职员Application Engineer 应用工程师Assistant Manager 副经理Bond Analyst 证券分析员Bond Trader 证券交易员Business Controller 业务主任Business Manager 业务经理Buyer 采购员Cashier 出纳员Chemical Engineer 化学工程师Civil Engineer 土木工程师Clerk/Receptionist 职员／接待员Clerk Typist & Secretary 文书打字兼秘书Computer Data Input Operator 计算机资料输入员Computer Engineer 计算机工程师Computer Processing Operator 计算机处理操作员Computer System Manager 计算机系统部经理Copywriter 广告文字撰稿人Deputy General Manager 副总经理Economic Research Assistant 经济研究助理Electrical Engineer 电气工程师Engineering Technician 工程技术员English Instructor/Teacher 英语教师Export Sales Manager 外销部经理Export Sales Staff 外销部职员Financial Controller 财务主任Financial Reporter 财务报告人. (Foreign Exchange) Clerk 外汇部职员. Settlement Clerk 外汇部核算员Fund Manager 财务经理General Auditor 审计长General Manager/President 总经理General Manager Assistant 总经理助理General Manager's Secretary 总经理秘书Hardware Engineer （计算机）硬件工程师Import Liaison Staff 进口联络员Import Manager 进口部经理Insurance Actuary 保险公司理赔员International Sales Staff 国际销售员Interpreter 口语翻译Legal Adviser 法律顾问Line Supervisor 生产线主管Maintenance Engineer 维修工程师Management Consultant 管理顾问Manager 经理Manager for Public Relations 公关部经理Manufacturing Engineer 制造工程师Manufacturing Worker 生产员工Market Analyst 市场分析员Market Development Manager 市场开发部经理Marketing Manager 市场销售部经理Marketing Staff 市场销售员Marketing Assistant 销售助理Marketing Executive 销售主管Marketing Representative 销售代表Marketing Representative Manager 市场调研部经理Mechanical Engineer 机械工程师Mining Engineer 采矿工程师Music Teacher 音乐教师Naval Architect 造船工程师Office Assistant 办公室助理Office Clerk 职员Operational Manager 业务经理Package Designer 包装设计师Passenger Reservation Staff 乘客票位预订员Personnel Clerk 人事部职员Personnel Manager 人事部经理Plant/Factory Manager 厂长Postal Clerk 邮政人员Private Secretary 私人秘书Product Manager 生产部经理Production Engineer 产品工程师Professional Staff 专业人员Programmer 电脑程序设计师Project Staff （项目）策划人员Promotional Manager 推销部经理Proof-reader 校对员Purchasing Agent 采购（进货）员Quality Control Engineer 质量管理工程师Real Estate Staff 房地产职员Recruitment Coordinator 招聘协调人Regional Manger 地区经理Research & Development Engineer 研究开发工程师Restaurant Manager 饭店经理Sales and Planning Staff 销售计划员Sales Assistant 销售助理Sales Clerk 店员、售货员Sales Coordinator 销售协调人Sales Engineer 销售工程师Sales Executive 销售主管Sales Manager 销售部经理Salesperson 销售员Seller Representative 销售代表Sales Supervisor 销售监管School Registrar 学校注册主任Secretarial Assistant 秘书助理Secretary 秘书Securities Custody Clerk 保安人员Security Officer 安全人员Senior Accountant 高级会计Senior Consultant/Adviser 高级顾问Senior Employee 高级雇员Senior Secretary 高级秘书Service Manager 服务部经理Simultaneous Interpreter 同声传译员Software Engineer （计算机）软件工程师Supervisor 监管员Systems Adviser 系统顾问Systems Engineer 系统工程师Systems Operator 系统操作员Technical Editor 技术编辑Technical Translator 技术翻译Technical Worker 技术工人Telecommunication Executive 电讯（电信）员Telephonist/Operator 电话接线员、话务员Tourist Guide 导游Trade Finance Executive 贸易财务主管Trainee Manager 培训部经理Translation Checker 翻译核对员Translator 翻译员Trust Banking Executive 银行高级职员Typist 打字员Word Processing Operator 文字处理操作员该文转载自英美者-英语专业网：高级管理 Senior Management 首席执行官/总经理 CEO/GM/President副总经理 Deputy GM/VP/Management Trainee总监 Director合伙人 Partner总裁/总经理助理 CEO/GM/President Assistant其他 Others计算机/互联网/通讯 Technology/Internet首席技术执行官 CTO/VP Engineering技术总监/经理 Technical Director/Manager信息技术经理 IT Manager信息技术主管 IT Supervisor信息技术专员 IT Specialist项目经理/主管 Project Manager/Supervisor项目执行/协调人员 Project Specialist / Coordinator系统分析员 System Analyst高级软件工程师 Senior Software Engineer软件工程师 Software Engineer系统工程师 System Engineer高级硬件工程师 Senior Hardware Engineer硬件工程师 Hardware Engineer通信技术工程师 Communications EngineerERP技术/应用顾问 ERP Technical/Application Consultant 数据库工程师 Database Engineer技术支持经理 Technical Support Manager技术支持工程师 Technical Support Engineer品质经理 QA Manager信息安全工程师 Information Security Engineer软件测试工程师 Software QA Engineer硬件测试工程师 Hardware QA Engineer测试员 Test Engineer网站营运经理/主管 Web Operations Manager/Supervisor 网络工程师 Network Engineer系统管理员/网管 System Manager/Webmaster网页设计/制作 Web Designer/Production技术文员/助理 Technical Clerk/Assistant其他 Other销售 Sales销售总监 Sales Director销售经理 Sales Manager区域销售经理 Regional Sales Manager客户经理 Sales Account Manager渠道/分销经理 Channel/Distribution Manager渠道主管 Channel Supervisor销售主管 Sales Supervisor销售代表 Sales Representative / Executive销售工程师 Sales Engineer医药代表 Pharmaceutical Sales Representative保险代理 Insurance Agent销售助理 Sales Assistant / Trainee商务经理 Business Manager商务专员/助理 Business Executive/Assistant销售行政经理 Sales Admin. Manager销售行政主管 Sales Admin. Supervisor售前/售后技术服务经理 Technical Service Manager售前/售后技术服务主管 Technical Service Supervisor售前/售后技术服务工程师 Technical Service Engineer售后/客户服务（非技术）经理 Customer Service Manager 售后/客户服务（非技术）主管 Customer Service Supervisor 售后/客户服务（非技术）专员 Customer Service Executive 经销商 Distributor其他 Others市场/公关/广告 Marketing/PR/Advertising市场/广告总监 Marketing/Advertising Director/VP市场/营销经理 Marketing Manager市场/营销主管 Marketing Supervisor市场/营销专员 Marketing Executive/Communication市场助理 Marketing Assistant / Trainee产品/品牌经理 Product/Brand Manager产品/品牌主管 Product/Brand Supervisor市场通路经理 Trade Marketing Manager市场通路主管 Trade Marketing Supervisor促销经理 Promotions Manager促销主管 Promotions Supervisor促销员 Promotions Specialist市场分析/调研人员 Market Analyst/ Research Analyst公关/会务经理 Public Relations Manager公关/会务主管 Public Relations Supervisor公关/会务专员 Public Relations Executive媒介经理 Media Manager媒介人员 Media Specialist企业/业务发展经理 Business Development Manager企业策划人员 Corporate Planning广告策划/设计/文案 Advertising Creative/Design/Copy writer 其他 Others财务/审计/统计/金融 Finance/Accounting/Banking财务总监 CFO/Finance Director/VP财务经理 Finance Manager财务主管/总帐主管 Finance Supervisor会计经理/会计主管 Accounting Manager/Supervisor会计 Accountant / Accounting Trainee出纳员 Cashier财务/会计助理 Finance/Accounting Assistant财务分析经理/主管 Financial Analysis Manager/Supervisor 财务分析员 Financial Analyst成本经理/成本主管 Cost Accounting Manager/Supervisor成本管理员 Cost Accounting Specialist审计经理/主管 Audit Manager/Supervisor审计专员/助理 Audit Executive/Assistant税务经理/税务主管 Tax Manager/Supervisor税务专员 Tax Executive证券经纪人 Stock Broker投资顾问 Investment Advisor注册分析师 Certified Investment/Financial Analyst投资/基金项目经理 Investment Manager融资经理/融资主管 Treasury Manager/Supervisor融资专员 Treasury Specialist行长/副行长 President/Vice-President/Branch Manager风险控制 Risk Management进出口/信用证结算 Trading / LC Officer清算人员 Settlement Officer外汇主管 Foreign Exchange Supervisor高级客户经理/客户经理 Senior Relationship Manager客户主管/专员 Relationship?Supervisor/Executive信贷/信用调查/分析人员 Loan/Credit Officer银行柜台出纳 Bank Teller统计员 Statistician其他 Others生产/营运/工程 Manufacturing/Operations/Engineering工厂经理/厂长 Plant/Factory Manager总工程师/副总工程师 Chief Engineer项目经理/主管 Project Manager/Supervisor项目工程师 Project Engineer营运经理 Operations Manager营运主管 Operations Supervisor生产经理/车间主任 Production Manager/Workshop Supervisor 生产计划协调员 Production Planning Executive/Officer生产主管/督导/领班 Production Supervisor/Team Leader技术/工艺设计经理/主管 Technical/Industrial Design Mgr./Spvr. 技术/工艺设计工程师 Technical/Industrial Design Engineer实验室负责人/工程师 Lab Manager/Engineer工程/设备经理 Engineering/Facility Manager工程/设备主管 Engineering/Facility Supervisor工程/设备工程师 Engineering/Facility Engineer电气/电子工程师 Electrical/Electronics Engineer机械工程师 Mechanical Engineer机电工程师 Electrical & Mechanical Engineer维修工程师 Maintenance Engineer质量经理 QA Manager质量主管 QA Supervisor质量工程师 QA Engineer质量检验员/测试员 QA Inspector认证工程师 Certification Engineer安全/健康/环境经理/主管 Safety/Health/Environment Manager/Supervisor 安全/健康/环境工程师 Safety/Health/Environment Engineer工程绘图员 Project Drafting Specialist机械制图员 Drafting Specialist化验员 Laboratory Technician技工 Technician / Engineer Trainee电工 Electrician服装打样/制版 Clothing/Apparel Sample Production其他 Others行政/人事/后勤 Admin./HR/Support Services行政/人事总监 Admin/Human Resources Director人事经理 Human Resources Manager人事主管 Human Resources Supervisor人事专员 Human Resources Specialist人事助理 Human Resources Assistant招聘经理/主管 Recruiting Manager/Supervisor薪资福利经理/主管 Compensation & Benefits Mgr./Supervisor薪资福利专员/助理 Compensation & Benefits Specialist/Assistant培训经理/主管 Training Manager/Supervisor培训专员/助理 Training Specialist/Assistant行政经理/主管/办公室主任 Admin Manager/Supervisor/Office Manager行政专员/助理 Admin Staff/Assistant经理助理/秘书 Executive Assistant/Secretary前台接待/总机 Receptionist后勤 Office Support资料管理员 Information / Data Management Specialist 电脑操作员/打字员 Computer Operator/Typist其他 Others物流/贸易/采购 Logis./Trading/Merchand./Purch.物流经理 Logistics Manager物流主管 Logistics Supervisor物流专员/助理 Logistics Specialist/Assistant物料经理 Materials Manager物料主管 Materials Supervisor采购经理 Purchasing Manager采购主管 Purchasing Supervisor采购员 Purchasing Specialist/Staff外贸/贸易经理/主管 Trading Manager/Supervisor外贸/贸易专员/助理 Trading Specialist/Assistant业务跟单经理 Merchandiser Manager高级业务跟单 Senior Merchandiser业务跟单 Merchandiser助理业务跟单 Assistant Merchandiser仓库经理/主管 Warehouse Manager仓库管理员 Warehouse Specialist运输经理/主管 Distribution Manager/Supervisor报关员 Customs Specialist单证员 Documentation Specialist船务人员 Shipping Specialist快递员 Courier理货员 Warehouse Stock Management其他 Others文字/艺术/设计 Writer/Editor/Creative Artist/Designer 编辑/作家/撰稿人 Editor/Writer记者 Journalist / Reporter校对/录入 Proofreader/Data Entry Staff排版设计 Layout Designer艺术/设计总监 Creative/Design Director影视策划/制作人员 Entertainment Planning / Production 导演 Director摄影师 Photographer音效师 Recording / Sounds Specialist演员/模特/主持人 Actor/Actress/Model/MC平面设计/美术设计 Graphic Artist/Designer纺织/服装设计 Clothing / Apparel Designer工业/产品设计 Industrial Designer工艺品/珠宝设计 Artwork/Jewelry Designer其他 Others科研人员 Research Specialist Staff科研管理人员 Research Management科研人员 Research Specialist Staff律师/法务 Legal律师 Lawyer法务人员 Legal Personnel律师助理 Paralegal/Legal Assistant书记员 Court Clerk其他 Others医疗/护理 Medicine / Nursing医生（中、西医） Medical Doctor医学管理人员 Healthcare / Medical Management 医药技术人员 Medical Technician药库主任/药剂师 Pharmacist护士/护理人员 Nurse / Nursing Personnel临床协调员 Clinical Coodinator临床研究员 Clinical Researcher麻醉师 Anesthesiologist心理医生 Psychologist/Psychiatrist医药学检验 Clinical Laboratory其他 Others咨询/顾问 Consultant专业顾问 Senior Consultant咨询总监 Consulting Director / Partner咨询经理 Consulting Manager咨询员 Consultant其他 Others服务 Service美容/健身顾问 Exercise Coach/Fitness Trainer 餐饮/娱乐经理 Banquet Services Manager宾馆/酒店经理 Reception Manager领班 Supervisor服务员 Service Staff营业员/收银员/理货员 Shop Clerk/Salesperson 厨师 Chief/Cook导游 Tour Guide司机 Chauffeur/Driver保安 Security寻呼员/话务员 Paging Operator其他 Others建筑/房地产 Construction/Real Estate建筑工程师 Architect结构/土建工程师 Structural Engineer电气工程师 Electrical Engineer给排水/暖通工程师 Drainage/HVAC Engineer工程造价师/预结算 Budgeting Specialist建筑工程管理 Construction Management工程监理 Engineering Project Supervisor室内外装潢设计 Decorator城市规划与设计 Urban Design/Planning建筑制图 CAD Drafter施工员 Construction Crew房地产开发/策划 Real Estate Development/Planning 房地产评估 Real Estate Appraisal房地产中介/交易 Real Estate Agent/Broker物业管理 Property Management其他 Others教师 Professor/Teacher教师 ProfessorTeacher教学/教务管理人员 Education/School Administrator 助教 Teaching Assistant讲师 Lecturer家教 Tutor其他 Others。

用英文表达对妈妈的爱的句子

⽤英⽂表达对妈妈的爱的句⼦1. 关于母爱的句⼦英语句⼦千⾥试问平安否？且把思念遥相寄.绵绵爱意与关怀，浓浓情意与祝福，母亲节快乐.To the world's number one mom!给世界上最好的妈妈！You are the best mom that a son ever had.您是⼉⼦⼼中最好的妈妈.Here's a little token of my appreciation for all that you have done for me over the years.这是我⼀点⼩⼩的⼼意，感谢您这么多年来所付出的⼀切.Sometimes it may not seem like it, but I really do love you.有时候好像不是这样，但是我真的爱您.There may be moms all over the world, but you're the only one that matters to me.全世界也许到处都有妈妈，但您是我惟⼀最在意的.I want to wish you a happy Mother's Day.祝福您母亲节快乐.Thank you for everything over the years, mom.妈妈，谢谢您这些年来所做的⼀切.Moms should get more than a special day, they should get a medal of honor.妈妈们应该得到的不只是⼀个节⽇，她们该获得荣誉勋章.Mother's Day is a time when mothers discover how well their children can prepar e breakfast.母亲节是妈妈们发现她们的⼩孩会把早餐做得很好的时刻.Considering the quality of food that children make their mothers on Mother's Day, it becomes apparent that without moms, their kids would starve to death.想想母亲节时，孩⼦们为妈妈所做的早餐；很明显的，如果没有妈妈，孩⼦们将会饿死.We would love to fix breakfast for you mom, but we think it would be safer for us all if we took you out.2. 形容对妈妈的爱的语句** You're never too heavy for your mother to bear. But try, as you get older, to swap roles once in a while. 母亲从不觉得孩⼦是负累。

英文人物描写

身高矮short高tall体型皮包骨skinny中等身材medium-buit超重overweight苗条slender,slim身材适中average weitht丰满plump壮stocky头发头发多thick-hair头发少thin-hair秃头bald直发straight卷发curly波浪的头发wavy马尾tie one's hair in a pony tail 金发blond hair刘海bangs脸型方脸square face圆脸round face椭圆形脸oval face鼻子扁鼻子flat nose鹰钩鼻hooked nose有伤疤的with scars有皱纹的with wrinkles有雀斑的with freckles宽额头a high forehead窄额头a narrow forehead方颚square-jawed浓密的眉毛bushy eyebrows 高颧骨 high cheek-boned外貌Physical Appearance对人物外表描写。

同时，肖像的描写并不是一次性的，注意人物经过时间的推移、环境的变迁，或与人接触后，其外貌可能发生的转变。

例文1Robert is 21 years old. He is about 5 feet ,9 inches tall . His face is long and narrow . His eyes are green. His hair is light brown. He doesn't look very Italian. He smiles a little and usually has a friendly look on his face . He isn't fat and he isn't thin. His build is average.译文罗伯特21岁了，他身高大约5.9英尺，脸瘦瘦长长的，绿眼睛。

英语专业八级测试真题

英语专业八级测试真题2011年英语专业八级考试真题(附答案详细解析) 转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：/cn/Html/TEM/TEM8/1204098.htm l转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：/cn/Html/TEM/TEM8/1204098.htm l转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：/cn/Html/TEM/TEM8/1204098.htm lTEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2011)GRADE EIGHT TIME LIMIT: 195 MINPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling taskon ANSWER SHEET ONE. Some of the gaps may require a maximum of THREE words. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may refer to your notes while completing the task. Use the blank sheet fornote-taking.Now, listen to the mini-lecture.听力录音下载：/cn/Html/TEM/TEM8/204727072.h tmlClassifications of CulturesAccording to Edward Hall, different cultures result in different ideas about the world. Hall is an anthropologist. He is interested in relations between cultures.I. High-context cultureA. feature- context: more important than the message- meaning:(1)__________i.e. more attention paid to (2)___________ than to the message itselfB. examples- personal space- preference for (3)__________- less respect for privacy / personal space- attention to(4)___________- concept of time- belief in(5)____________ interpretation of time- no concern for punctuality- no control over timeII. Low-contextcultureA. feature- message: separate from context- meaning: (6)___________B. examples- personal space- desire / respect for individuality / privacy- less attention to body language- more concern for(7)___________- attitude toward time- concept of time:(8)____________- dislike of (9)_____________- time seen as commodityIII. ConclusionAwareness of different cultural assumptions- relevance in work and lifee.g. business, negotiation, etc.- (10)_____________ in successful communication参考答案：(1) context of message(2) what’s happening / the context(3) closeness to people(4) body language(5) poly-chronic(6) message itself(7) the message(8) mono-chronic(9) lateness(10) great influence / significanceTIPS：(1) 根据原文中一句“A high-contextculture is a culture in which the context of the message, or the action, or an event carries a large part of its meaning and significance.”可知答案。

汉译英的名字

A开头的汉字:艾可音译为Ai安可音译为Ann/An敖可音译为AoB开头的汉字:巴可音译为Pa白可音译为Pai包/鲍可音译为Paul/Pao班可音译为Pan贝可音译为Pei毕可音译为Pih卞可音译为Bein卜/薄可音译为Po/Pu步可音译为Poo百里可音译为Pai-liC开头的汉字:蔡/柴可音译为Tsia/Choi/Tsai曹/晁/巢可音译为Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑可音译为Cheng崔可音译为Tsui查可音译为Cha常可音译为Chiong车可音译为Che陈可音译为Chen/Chan/Tan成/程可音译为Cheng池可音译为Chi褚/楚可音译为Chu淳于可音译为Chwen-yuD开头的汉字:戴/代可音译为Day/Tai邓可音译为Teng/Tang/Tung狄可音译为Ti刁可音译为Tiao丁可音译为Ting/T董/东可音译为Tung/Tong窦可音译为Tou杜可音译为To/Du/Too段可音译为Tuan端木可音译为Duan-mu东郭可音译为Tung-kuo东方可音译为Tung-fangF开头的汉字:范/樊可音译为Fan/V an房/方可音译为Fang费可音译为Fei冯/凤/封可音译为Fung/Fong符/傅可音译为Fu/FooG开头的汉字:盖可音译为Kai甘可音译为Kan高/郜可音译为Gao/Kao葛可音译为Keh耿可音译为Keng弓/宫/龚/恭可音译为Kung勾可音译为Kou古/谷/顾可音译为Ku/Koo桂可音译为Kwei管/关可音译为Kuan/Kwan郭/国可音译为Kwok/Kuo公孙可音译为Kung-sun公羊可音译为Kung-yang公冶可音译为Kung-yeh谷梁可音译为Ku-liangH开头的汉字:海可音译为Hay韩可音译为Hon/Han杭可音译为Hang郝可音译为Hoa/Howe何/贺可音译为Ho桓可音译为Won侯可音译为Hou洪可音译为Hung胡/扈可音译为Hu/Hoo花/华可音译为Hua宦可音译为Huan黄可音译为Wong/Hwang霍可音译为Huo皇甫可音译为Hwang-fu呼延可音译为Hu-yenJ开头的汉字:纪/翼/季/吉/嵇/汲/籍/姬可音译为Chi居可音译为Chu贾可音译为Chia翦/简可音译为Jen/Jane/Chieh蒋/姜/江/ 可音译为Chiang/Kwong焦可音译为Chiao金/靳可音译为Jin/King景/荆可音译为King/Ching讦可音译为GanK开头的汉字:阚可音译为Kan康可音译为Kang柯可音译为Kor/Ko孔可音译为Kong/Kung寇可音译为Ker蒯可音译为Kuai匡可音译为KuangL开头的汉字:赖可音译为Lai蓝可音译为Lan郎可音译为Long劳可音译为Lao乐可音译为Loh雷可音译为Rae/Ray/Lei冷可音译为Leng黎/郦/利/李可音译为Lee/Li/Lai/Li连可音译为Lien廖可音译为Liu/Liao梁可音译为Leung/Liang林/蔺可音译为Lim/Lin凌可音译为Lin柳/刘可音译为Liu/Lau龙可音译为Long楼/娄可音译为Lou卢/路/陆鲁可音译为Lu/Loo伦可音译为Lun罗/骆可音译为Loh/Lo/Law/Lam/Rowe 吕可音译为Lui/Lu令狐可音译为Lin-hooM开头的汉字:马/麻可音译为Ma麦可音译为Mai/Mak满可音译为Man/Mai毛可音译为Mao梅可音译为Mei孟/蒙可音译为Mong/Meng米/宓可音译为Mi苗/缪可音译为Miau/Miao闵可音译为Min穆/慕可音译为Moo/Mo莫可音译为Mok/Mo万俟可音译为Moh-chi慕容可音译为Mo-yungN开头的汉字:倪可音译为Nee甯可音译为Ning聂可音译为Nieh牛可音译为New/Niu农可音译为Long南宫可音译为Nan-kungO开头的汉字:欧/区可音译为Au/Ou欧阳可音译为Ou-yangP开头的汉字:潘可音译为Pang/Pan庞可音译为Pang裴可音译为Pei/Bae彭可音译为Phang/Pong皮可音译为Pee平可音译为Ping浦/蒲/卜可音译为Poo/Pu濮阳可音译为Poo-yangQ开头的汉字:祁/戚/齐可音译为Chi/Chyi/Chi/Chih 钱可音译为Chien乔可音译为Chiao/Joe秦可音译为Ching裘/仇/邱可音译为Chiu屈/曲/瞿可音译为Chiu/ChuR开头的汉字:冉可音译为Y ien饶可音译为Y au任可音译为Jen/Y um容/荣可音译为Y ung阮可音译为Y uen芮可音译为NeiS开头的汉字:司可音译为Sze桑可音译为Sang沙可音译为Sa邵可音译为Shao单/山可音译为San尚/商可音译为Sang/Shang沈/申可音译为Shen盛可音译为Shen史/施/师/石可音译为Shih/Shi苏/宿/舒可音译为Sue/Se/Soo/Hsu 孙可音译为Sun/Suen宋可音译为Song/Soung司空可音译为Sze-kung司马可音译为Sze-ma司徒可音译为Sze-to单于可音译为San-yu上官可音译为Sang-kuan申屠可音译为Shen-tuT开头的汉字:谈可音译为Tan汤/唐可音译为Town/Towne/Tang 邰可音译为Tai谭可音译为Tan/Tam陶可音译为Tao藤可音译为Teng田可音译为Tien童可音译为Tung屠可音译为Tu澹台可音译为Tan-tai拓拔可音译为Toh-bahW开头的汉字:万可音译为Wan王/汪可音译为Wong魏/卫/韦可音译为Wei温/文/闻可音译为Wen/Chin/V ane/Man 翁可音译为Ong吴/伍/巫/武/邬/乌可音译为Wu/NG/WooX开头的汉字:奚/席可音译为Hsi/Chi夏可音译为Har/Hsia/(Summer)肖/萧可音译为Shaw/Siu/Hsiao项/向可音译为Hsiang解/谢可音译为Tse/Shieh辛可音译为Hsing刑可音译为Hsing熊可音译为Hsiung/Hsiun许/徐/荀可音译为Shun/Hui/Hsu宣可音译为Hsuan薛可音译为Hsueh西门可音译为See-men夏侯可音译为Hsia-hou轩辕可音译为Hsuan-yuenY开头的汉字:燕/晏/阎/严/颜可音译为Y im/Yen杨/羊/养可音译为Y oung/Y ang姚可音译为Y ao/Y au叶可音译为Y ip/Y eh/Yih伊/易/羿可音译为Y ih/E殷/阴/尹可音译为Y i/Yin/Ying应可音译为Y ing尤/游可音译为Y u/Y ou俞/庾/于/余/虞/郁/余/禹可音译为Y ue/Y u 袁/元可音译为Y uan/Y uen岳可音译为Y ue云可音译为Wing尉迟可音译为Y u-chi宇文可音译为Y u-wenZ开头的汉字:藏可音译为Chang曾/郑可音译为Tsang/Cheng/Tseng訾可音译为Zi宗可音译为Chung左/卓可音译为Cho/Tso翟可音译为Chia詹可音译为Chan甄可音译为Chen湛可音译为Tsan张/章可音译为Cheung/Chang赵/肇/招可音译为Chao/Chiu/Chiao/Chioa周/邹可音译为Chau/Chou/Chow钟可音译为Chung祖/竺/朱/诸/祝可音译为Chu/Chuh庄可音译为Chong钟离可音译为Chung-li诸葛可音译为Chu-keh转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：/cn/Html/Go_abroad/Culture/59457110292.html。

汉字译英语

A开头的汉字:艾可音译为Ai安可音译为Ann/An敖可音译为AoB开头的汉字:巴可音译为Pa白可音译为Pai包/鲍可音译为Paul/Pao班可音译为Pan贝可音译为Pei毕可音译为Pih卞可音译为Bein卜/薄可音译为Po/Pu步可音译为Poo百里可音译为Pai-liC开头的汉字:蔡/柴可音译为Tsia/Choi/Tsai曹/晁/巢可音译为Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑可音译为Cheng崔可音译为Tsui查可音译为Cha常可音译为Chiong车可音译为Che陈可音译为Chen/Chan/Tan成/程可音译为Cheng池可音译为Chi褚/楚可音译为Chu淳于可音译为Chwen-yuD开头的汉字:戴/代可音译为Day/Tai邓可音译为Teng/Tang/Tung狄可音译为Ti刁可音译为Tiao丁可音译为Ting/T董/东可音译为Tung/Tong窦可音译为Tou杜可音译为To/Du/Too段可音译为Tuan端木可音译为Duan-mu东郭可音译为Tung-kuo东方可音译为Tung-fangF开头的汉字:范/樊可音译为Fan/Van房/方可音译为Fang费可音译为Fei冯/凤/封可音译为Fung/Fong符/傅可音译为Fu/FooG开头的汉字:盖可音译为Kai甘可音译为Kan高/郜可音译为Gao/Kao葛可音译为Keh耿可音译为Keng弓/宫/龚/恭可音译为Kung勾可音译为Kou古/谷/顾可音译为Ku/Koo桂可音译为Kwei管/关可音译为Kuan/Kwan郭/国可音译为Kwok/Kuo公孙可音译为Kung-sun公羊可音译为Kung-yang公冶可音译为Kung-yeh谷梁可音译为Ku-liangH开头的汉字:海可音译为Hay韩可音译为Hon/Han杭可音译为Hang郝可音译为Hoa/Howe何/贺可音译为Ho桓可音译为Won侯可音译为Hou洪可音译为Hung胡/扈可音译为Hu/Hoo花/华可音译为Hua宦可音译为Huan黄可音译为Wong/Hwang霍可音译为Huo皇甫可音译为Hwang-fu呼延可音译为Hu-yenJ开头的汉字:纪/翼/季/吉/嵇/汲/籍/姬可音译为Chi居可音译为Chu贾可音译为Chia翦/简可音译为Jen/Jane/Chieh蒋/姜/江/ 可音译为Chiang/Kwong焦可音译为Chiao金/靳可音译为Jin/King景/荆可音译为King/Ching讦可音译为GanK开头的汉字:阚可音译为Kan康可音译为Kang柯可音译为Kor/Ko孔可音译为Kong/Kung寇可音译为Ker蒯可音译为Kuai匡可音译为KuangL开头的汉字:赖可音译为Lai蓝可音译为Lan郎可音译为Long劳可音译为Lao乐可音译为Loh雷可音译为Rae/Ray/Lei冷可音译为Leng黎/郦/利/李可音译为Lee/Li/Lai/Li连可音译为Lien廖可音译为Liu/Liao梁可音译为Leung/Liang林/蔺可音译为Lim/Lin凌可音译为Lin柳/刘可音译为Liu/Lau龙可音译为Long楼/娄可音译为Lou卢/路/陆鲁可音译为Lu/Loo伦可音译为Lun罗/骆可音译为Loh/Lo/Law/Lam/Rowe 吕可音译为Lui/Lu令狐可音译为Lin-hooM开头的汉字:马/麻可音译为Ma麦可音译为Mai/Mak满可音译为Man/Mai毛可音译为Mao梅可音译为Mei孟/蒙可音译为Mong/Meng米/宓可音译为Mi苗/缪可音译为Miau/Miao闵可音译为Min穆/慕可音译为Moo/Mo莫可音译为Mok/Mo万俟可音译为Moh-chi慕容可音译为Mo-yungN开头的汉字:倪可音译为Nee甯可音译为Ning聂可音译为Nieh牛可音译为New/Niu农可音译为Long南宫可音译为Nan-kungO开头的汉字:欧/区可音译为Au/Ou欧阳可音译为Ou-yangP开头的汉字:潘可音译为Pang/Pan庞可音译为Pang裴可音译为Pei/Bae彭可音译为Phang/Pong皮可音译为Pee平可音译为Ping浦/蒲/卜可音译为Poo/Pu濮阳可音译为Poo-yangQ开头的汉字:祁/戚/齐可音译为Chi/Chyi/Chi/Chih 钱可音译为Chien乔可音译为Chiao/Joe秦可音译为Ching裘/仇/邱可音译为Chiu屈/曲/瞿可音译为Chiu/ChuR开头的汉字:冉可音译为Yien饶可音译为Yau任可音译为Jen/Yum容/荣可音译为Yung阮可音译为Yuen芮可音译为NeiS开头的汉字:司可音译为Sze桑可音译为Sang沙可音译为Sa邵可音译为Shao单/山可音译为San尚/商可音译为Sang/Shang沈/申可音译为Shen盛可音译为Shen史/施/师/石可音译为Shih/Shi苏/宿/舒可音译为Sue/Se/Soo/Hsu 孙可音译为Sun/Suen宋可音译为Song/Soung司空可音译为Sze-kung司马可音译为Sze-ma司徒可音译为Sze-to单于可音译为San-yu上官可音译为Sang-kuan申屠可音译为Shen-tuT开头的汉字:谈可音译为Tan汤/唐可音译为Town/Towne/Tang 邰可音译为Tai谭可音译为Tan/Tam陶可音译为Tao藤可音译为Teng田可音译为Tien童可音译为Tung屠可音译为Tu澹台可音译为Tan-tai拓拔可音译为Toh-bahW开头的汉字:万可音译为Wan王/汪可音译为Wong魏/卫/韦可音译为Wei温/文/闻可音译为Wen/Chin/Vane/Man 翁可音译为Ong吴/伍/巫/武/邬/乌可音译为Wu/NG/WooX开头的汉字:奚/席可音译为Hsi/Chi夏可音译为Har/Hsia/(Summer)肖/萧可音译为Shaw/Siu/Hsiao项/向可音译为Hsiang解/谢可音译为Tse/Shieh辛可音译为Hsing刑可音译为Hsing熊可音译为Hsiung/Hsiun许/徐/荀可音译为Shun/Hui/Hsu宣可音译为Hsuan薛可音译为Hsueh西门可音译为See-men夏侯可音译为Hsia-hou轩辕可音译为Hsuan-yuenY开头的汉字:燕/晏/阎/严/颜可音译为Yim/Yen杨/羊/养可音译为Young/Yang姚可音译为Yao/Yau叶可音译为Yip/Yeh/Yih伊/易/羿可音译为Yih/E殷/阴/尹可音译为Yi/Yin/Ying应可音译为Ying尤/游可音译为Yu/You俞/庾/于/余/虞/郁/余/禹可音译为Yue/Yu 袁/元可音译为Yuan/Yuen岳可音译为Yue云可音译为Wing尉迟可音译为Yu-chi宇文可音译为Yu-wenZ开头的汉字:藏可音译为Chang曾/郑可音译为Tsang/Cheng/Tseng訾可音译为Zi宗可音译为Chung左/卓可音译为Cho/Tso翟可音译为Chia詹可音译为Chan甄可音译为Chen湛可音译为Tsan张/章可音译为Cheung/Chang赵/肇/招可音译为Chao/Chiu/Chiao/Chioa周/邹可音译为Chau/Chou/Chow钟可音译为Chung祖/竺/朱/诸/祝可音译为Chu/Chuh庄可音译为Chong钟离可音译为Chung-li诸葛可音译为Chu-keh-转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：/cn/Html/Go_abroad/Culture/59457110292.html。

英美关系的演变

英美关系的演变随着时间的推移，英美两国之间的关系经历了多次变化和演变。

从殖民地时代的亲密合作到独立战争的敌对关系，再到两次世界大战中的盟友，英美关系一直在不断变化和发展。

本文将从历史的角度出发，探讨英美关系的演变，并分析其中的原因和影响。

殖民地时代的合作英美关系可以追溯到17世纪的殖民地时代。

当时，英国殖民者开始在北美建立自己的殖民地，并与当地的印第安人进行贸易。

英国政府鼓励这种殖民地经济活动，并提供支持和保护。

因此，英国和北美殖民地之间建立了一种亲密的合作关系。

然而，这种合作关系并不是完全平等的。

英国对殖民地实行严格的经济控制，通过一系列法案限制殖民地的贸易和产业发展。

这导致了殖民地的不满和抗议，为后来的独立战争埋下了伏笔。

独立战争的敌对关系18世纪末，北美殖民地爆发了独立战争，试图摆脱英国的控制，争取独立。

这场战争激起了美国人民的民族自豪感和对自由的渴望，最终导致了美国的独立。

独立战争使英美关系从合作转变为敌对。

英国军队试图镇压美国殖民地的独立运动，而美国则坚决抵抗英国的统治。

经过长达近十年的战斗，美国最终成功赢得了独立。

两次世界大战中的盟友关系20世纪初，英美关系逐渐缓和并开始恢复合作。

在第一次世界大战期间，英国和美国都是协约国，共同对抗德国和其盟友。

这场战争使两国之间的联系更加紧密，为后来的盟友关系奠定了基础。

然而，第一次世界大战后，英美关系又出现了一些摩擦和问题。

英国对美国在国际事务中的不作为感到失望，而美国则对英国的殖民主义和经济压力感到不满。

这些不满情绪导致了两国之间的一些紧张和分歧。

然而，第二次世界大战成为重塑英美关系的转折点。

纳粹德国的崛起和对世界的威胁使得英国和美国再次联手对抗共同的敌人。

美国提供了大量的援助和支持，帮助英国抵抗纳粹的侵略。

这种盟友关系不仅在军事上得到了体现，还在政治、经济和文化方面得到了加强。

冷战时期的合作与竞争第二次世界大战结束后，英美关系进一步加强，成为西方世界的领导力量。

历年英语专四听力听写原文1993-2006

历年英语专四听力听写原文1993-2006英美者英语专业网站来源:David 的听力课堂作者:David[编辑]导言:TEM4历年听写原文（1993年—2006年）.英语专业四级考试历年听写原文（1993年——2006年）Package Holidays (1993)Package holidays, covering a two weeks' stay in an attractive place, are increasingly popular. Once you get to the airport, it is up to the tour operator to see that you get safely to your destination．Everything is laid on for you．There is, in fact, no reason for you to bother to arrange anything yourselves．You make friends and have a good time. But there is very little chance that you will really get to know the local people．This is even less likely on a coach tour, when you spend almost your entire time traveling．Of course, there are carefully planned stops foryou to visit historic buildings and monuments. You may visit the beautiful, the historic, the ancient. But time is always short．There is also the added disadvantage of being obliged to spend you holiday with a group of people you have never met before．The American Family (1994)The American family unit is changing. There used to be mainly two types of families, the extended and the nuclear. The former included mother, father, children, and some other relatives such as grandparents, living in the same house or nearby. Then as the economy progressed from agricultural to industrial, people began moving to different parts of the country in order to search for job opportunities. These moves split up the extended family. The nuclear family consisting of only parents and children has therefore become far more wide spread. Today’s family, however, can be composed of diverse combinations. With the divorce rate nearly one in two, there's an increase in single-parent homes—a father or mother living with one ormore children. Blended families occur when divorced men and women remarry and combine the children from former marriages into a new family. On the other hand, there is an increase in childless couples while one in rive Americans lives alone.Unidentified Flying Objects (1995)There are many explanations for why UFOs visit the Earth. / The most popular one is that they maybe visitors from other planets./ To fly such aircraft, their builders must develop different forms of aviation,/because they seem to fly much faster than normal aircraft./ The UFOs, it is believed, must contain scientists/ from other planets who are studying life on earth./ It is even believed that several such aircraft may have landed on earth/ and the space visitors may be living amongst us./ But there are also less fantastic explanations available./ Although some sightings of UFOs are difficult to explain, most can be explained quite easily./ In many cases the observers might have made a mistake./ They might have seen a weather balloon or anaircraft./ Or the light they saw in the sky might have been light from the ground,/ reflected on to the clouds./ However, the exact cause of many sightings still remained a mystery.The Indian Medicine Man (1996)Among the Indians of North America, the medicine man was a very important person. He could cure illness and he could speak to the spirits. The spirits were the supernatural forces that controlled the world. The Indians believed that bad spirits made people ill. So when people were ill, the medicine man tried to help them by using magic. He spoke to the good spirits and asked for their help. Many people were cured, because they thought the spirits were helping them, but really these people cured themselves. Sometimes your own mind is the best doctor for you. The medicine men were often successful for another reason, too. They knew about plants that really can cure illness. A lot of medicines are made from the plants that were used by medicine men hundred of years ago.Legal Age for Marriage (1997)Throughout the United States, the legal age for marriage shows some difference. The most common age without parents’ consent is 18 for both females and males. However, persons who are under age in their home state can get married in another state, and then return to the home state legally married. Each state issues its own marriage license. Both residents and non-residents are qualified for such a license. The fees and ceremonies vary greatly from state to state. Most states, for instance, have a blood test requirement, but a few do not. Most states permit either a civil or religious ceremony, but a few require the ceremony to be religious. In most states a waiting period is required before the license is issued. This period is from one to five days depending on the state. A three-day-wait is the most common. In some states there is no required waiting period.The Railways in Britain (1998)转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：/cn/Html/TEM/Test4/95504.htm lThe success of early railways, such as the lines between big cities,/ led to a great increase in railway building in Victorian times. / Between 1835 and 1865 about 25000 kilometers of track were built,/ and over 100 railway companies were created. /Railway travel transformed people's lives. / Trains were first designed to carry goods. / However, a law in the 19th century forced railway companies to run one cheap train a day / which stopped at every station and cost only a penny a mile. / Soon working class passengers found they could afford to travel by rail. / Cheap day excursion trains became popular and seaside resorts grew rapidly. / The railways also provided thousands of new jobs:/ building carriages, running the railways and repairing the tracks. / Railways even changed the time. / The need to run the railways on time meant that local time was abolished/ and clocks showed the same time all over the country. /United Nations Day (1999)The 24th of October is celebrated as United Nations Day.h is a day that belongs to everyone. And it is celebrated in most countries of the world. Some countries celebrate for a week instead of a day. In many parts of the world, schools have special programs for the day. Boys and girls in some communities decorate a UN tree. In other communities, young people put on plays about the UN. Some libraries exhibit children’s art works from around the world. Schools celebrate with the songs and dances of other countries or give parties where foods of other countries are served. No matter how the day is celebrated, the purpose of these celebrations is to help everyone understand the UN, and the important roles it plays in world affairs. The UN encourages people to learn about other lands and their customs. In this way, people can gain a better understanding and appreciation of peoples all over the world.What We Know About Language (2000)Many things about language are a mystery and will remain so. However, we now do know something about it. First, we know that all human beings have a language of some sort. No human race anywhere on earth is so backward that it has no language of its own at all. Second, there is no such thing as a primitive language. There are many peoples whose cultures are undeveloped but the languages they speak are by no means primitive. In all the languages existing in the world today, there are complexities that must have been developed for years. Third, we know that all languages are perfectly adequate. Each is a perfect means of expressing its culture. And finally, we know that language changes over time, which is natural and normal if a language is to survive. The language which remains unchanged is nothing but dead.Characteristics of A Good Reader (2001)To improve your reading habits, you must understand the characteristics of a good reader. First, the good readerusually reads rapidly. Of course, he does not read every piece of material at the same rate. But whether he is reading a newspaper or a chapter in a physics text, his reading rate is relatively fast. He has learned to read for ideas rather than words one at a time. Next, the good reader can recognize and understand general ideas and specific details. Thus he is able to comprehend the material with a minimum of effort and a maximum of interest. Finally, the good reader has in his command several special skills, which he can apply to reading problems as they occur. For the college student, the most helpful of these skills include making use of the various aids to understanding that most text books provide and skim-reading for a general survey.Disappearing Forests (2002)The world’s forests are disappearing. As much as 1/3 of the total tree cover has been lost since agriculture began some 10,000 years ago. The remaining forests are home to half of the world’s species, thus becoming the chief resource for their survival. Tropical rain forests oncecovered 12% of the land of the planet, as well as supporting at least half of the world’s species of plants and animals. These rain forests are home to millions of people. But there are other demands on them. For example, much has been cut for timber. An increasing amount of forest land has been used for industrial purposes or for agricultural development such as crop-growing. By the 1990’s less than half of the earth’s original rain forests remained, and they continued to disappear at an alarming rate every year. As a result the world’s forests are now facing gra dual extinction.Salmon (2003)Every year, millions of salmon swim from the ocean into the mouths of rivers and then steadily up the rivers. Passing through waters, around rocks and waterfalls, the fish finally reach their original streams or lakes. They dig out nests in the riverbed and lay their eggs. Then, exhausted by their journey, the parent salmon die. They have finished the task that nature has given them. Months, or years later, theyoung fish start their trip to the ocean. They live in the salt water from 2-7 years, until they, too are ready to swim back to reproduce. Their life cycle helps man provide himself with a basic food-fish. When the adult salmon gather at the river mouths for the annual trip up the rivers, they are in the best possible condition, and nearly every harbor has its salmon fishing fleet ready to catch thousands for markets.Money (2004)Money is accepted across the world as payment for goods or services. People use money to buy food, clothes and hundreds of other things. In the past, many different things were used as money. People on Pacific islands once exchanged shells for goods. The Chinese used cloth and knives. In Africa, elephant tusks or salt were used. Even today, some people in Africa are still paid in salt. Coins were first invented by the Chinese. Originally, they were round pieces of metal with a hole in the center, so that a piece of string could keep them together. This made doing businessmuch easier, but people still found coins inconvenient to carry when they wanted to buy something expensive. To solve this problem, the Chinese again came up with the solution. They began to use paper money for coins. Now paper notes are used throughout the world.The Wrist Watch （2005）It is generally believed that wrist watches are an exception / to the normal sequence in the evolution of man's jewelry. / Reversing the usual order, they were first worn by women, / and then adopted by men. / In the old days, queens included wrist watches among their crown jewelry. / Later, they were worn by Swiss workers and farmers. / Until World War I, Americans associated the watch with fortune hunters. / Then army officers discovered that the wrist watch was most practical for active combat. / Race car drivers also loved to wear wrist watches, / and pilots found them most useful while flying. / Soon men dared to wear wrist watches without feeling self-conscious. / By 1924,some 30 percent of man's watches were worn on the wrist. / Today, the figure is 90 percent. / And they are now worn by both men and women / for practical purposes rather than for decoration.The Internet (2006)The Internet is the most significant progress in the field of communications. / Imagine a book that never ends, a library with a million floors, / or imagine a research project with thousands of scientists / working around the clock forever. / This is the magic of the Internet. / Yet the Internet has the potential for good and bad. / One can find well-organized, information-rich websites. / At the same time, one can also find wasteful websites. / Most websites are known as different Internet applications. / These include online games, chat rooms (chatrooms) and so on. / These applications have great power, too. / Sometimes the power can be so great / that young people may easily become victims to their attraction. / So we need to recognize the seriousness of the problem. / We must worktogether to use its power for better ends.相关：历年英语专业四级听力音频下载转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：/cn/Html/TEM/Test4/95504_2.h t ml。

专四英译汉需注意问题

专四英译汉需注意问题第一篇：专四英译汉需注意问题一、不合习惯的说法不同的民族有不同的习惯和表达方法。

一句话，一个词，在一个国家表达的是好意，引起人们好的联想和情感，在另一个国家转达的可能是坏意，引起人们不好的联想和情感。

如果翻译不注意，就有可能引起误解或不快。

而如果我们注意这些差异，在译文中加以运用，就可以收到较好的效果。

在翻译不涉及政治、经济等重要问题，只涉及生活习惯、日常用语时，可以更灵活些，按照译入语的习惯说法表达意思。

1、见面问候中国人见面时喜欢问：吃过了吗? Have you had breakfast(lunch, supper)?到哪去?Whereareyougoing?这都不是外国人在见面问候时会问的问题。

如果见面就问外国人“到哪里”，人家会以为你要了解人家的私事，对你会产生反感。

外国人喜欢问：“你好吗?”这句话可以有不少表达方法，如How are you? How do you do ?How have you been doing?Hello!Hey!等。

用哪一句来表达你的问候，取决于你与被问候人的关系密切程度。

总之，这一类的问候语，直译可能会让人感到莫名其妙，还是按外国人的习惯翻译较好。

2、对病人的问候中国人喜欢对病人深表同情。

但外国人则轻易不愿表现出其弱的一面，对他们表达过分同情的话未必会收到好的效果。

例如：中国人在听说一个人生病后可能会说：得知贵体欠佳，深感不安和关切。

直译：I was rather disturbed by and concerned about yourillness.但这样翻译会使感到病情很重，只能加重病人的顾虑，达不到安慰病人的目的。

按照英文的表达习惯，可译为：I am sorrytohear about your illness and wish you a speedyrecovery.这样翻译既表达了讲话者的难过心情，又表达了希望病人尽快康复的愿望。