Feed technology and ruminant nutrition
国际畜牧动物医学水产类核心期刊中英文对照表
序号
刊名
中文译名
中图刊号
出版国
1
Journal of animal science
畜牧学杂志
690B0003
美国
2
Poultry science
家禽科学
690B0005
美国
3
The Journal of nutrition
营养学杂志
612B0007
美国
4
Journal of dairy science
兽医诊断研究杂志
693B0086
美国
25
Canadian journal of veterinary research
加拿大兽医研究杂志
693NA051
加拿大
26
The Canadian veterinary journal
加拿大兽医杂志
693NA052
加拿大
27
Medical and veterinary entomology
1124-5352
意大利
Feed Compounder
831C0055
0950－771X
英国
Feed International
831B0070
0274-5771
美国
Feed Management
831B0060
0014-956X
美国
Grassland Science
690D0103
日本
Journal of Animal Science and Technology
世界家禽科学杂志
690B0128
美国
20
Journal of animal breeding and genetics
动物营养与饲料专业中英文对照表
动物营养与饲料专业中英文对照表Animal Nutrition and Feed Professional English-Chinese Glossary1. Amino acids —氨基酸2. Carbohydrates —碳水化合物3. Proteins —蛋白质4. Lipids —脂类5. Minerals —矿物质6. Vitamins —维生素7. Enzymes —酶8. Fiber —纤维9. Nutrient —营养素10. Feed —饲料11. Fodder —饲料12. Roughage —粗饲料13. Concentrate —浓缩饲料14. Silage —青贮料15. Feed additive —饲料添加剂16. Feed efficiency —饲料效率17. Feed conversion ratio —饲料转化率18. Ruminants —反刍动物19. Monogastric animals —单胃动物20. Digestibility —可消化性21. Gut microbiota —肠道微生物群22. Essential nutrients —必需营养素23. Non-essential nutrients —非必需营养素24. Energy —能量25. Digestive system —消化系统26. Feed formulation —饲料配方27. Feed analysis —饲料分析28. Metabolism —代谢29. Nutritional requirements —营养需求30. Antinutritional factors —营养因子31. Feed processing —饲料加工32. Sweet feed —甜饲料33. Complete feed —全价饲料34. Supplement —补剂35. Prebiotics —益生元36. Probiotics —益生菌37. Direct-fed microbials —直接饲喂微生物38. Feed quality —饲料质量39. Feed safety —饲料安全40. Feed storage —饲料储存This glossary provides a list of key terms in the field of animal nutrition and feed, with English terms accompanied by their corresponding Chinese translations. The knowledge of these terms is essential for professionals working in the animal nutrition industry to effectively communicate and understand concepts related to feed formulation, nutrient requirements, feed processing, and feed analysis. Understanding these terms can enhance the quality and safety of animal feed, leading to improved animal health and performance.。
发酵玉米蛋白粉饲料及其在动物生产中的应用
酵母世界Yeast World亠五洲科峰C ofine浙江科蜂生杨技术有限公司电话：************* 传真：*************网址：发酵玉采蛋自粉饲料及其在动杨生产中的应用■:匚..、：.y(黑龙江八一农垦大学动物科技学院/黑龙江省寒区饲料资源高效利用与营养调控重点实验室.黑龙江大庆163319)摘 要：玉米蛋白粉是一种优质的植物性蛋白质饲料，但其含有较多的不可溶性蛋白和抗营养因子，且氨基酸含量不平衡，动物不易吸收、微生物发酵可以改善玉米蛋白粉的营养价值，经过发酵可以降解玉米蛋白粉内的 抗营养因子，提高氨基酸和可溶性蛋白的含量。
文章综述了玉米蛋白粉发酵过程中的菌种选择、发酵工艺、发酵后的营养价值及其在动物生产中的应用。
以期为发酵玉米蛋白粉在动物生产中的应用提供参考。
关键词：发酵玉米蛋白粉；菌种选择；发酵工艺；营养价值；动物生产应用中图分类号：S816.6 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1001-0084(2021)02-0028-04Fermented Corn Gluten Meal Feed and Its Application in Animal ProductionXU Chao, ZHANG Xinyu, ZHENG Xiqun, JIANG Ning, LI Muyang, ZHANG Aizhong **收稿日期：2021-01-10基金项目：黑龙江省“百千万”T.程科技重大专项(2020ZX06B01)作者简介：徐超(1994—),男.贵州绥阳人，硕士研究生，研究方向为反刍动物营养。
*通讯作者：张爱忠(1964-),男，河北故城人，教授.博上，博士生导师，研究方向为反刍动物营养、饲料资源开发与利用.aizh-**************.cn(Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization and Nutrition Control of Feed Resources in Heilonjgiang Province.College of Animal Science and Technology. Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University. Daqing 163319. Heilongjiang China)Abstract ： Corn gluten meal is a high-quality plant-based protein feed, but it contains more insoluble protein and anti-nutritional factors, and the amino acid content is unbalanced, which makes difficult for animals to absorb.Microbial fermentation can in 1 p rove the nutritional value of corn gluten powder. After fermentation, it can degrade the anti-nutritional factors in corn gluten powder and increase the content of amino acids and soluble protein. Theselection of strains, fermentation technology, nutritional value after fermentation and its application in animalproduction during the fermentation of corn gluten meal were reviewed in this article. It will provide a reference forthe application of fermented com gluten meal in animal production.Key words ： fermented corn gluten meal: strains selection; fermentation process; nutritional value; animal pro duction applications玉米是我国的主要粮食作物之一，具有适应 环境能力强、产量高、营养价值高等特点，是食品加工、饲料生产的主要原料来源。
不同水平豌豆对肉用杂交公牛消化代谢的影响
不同水平豌豆对肉用杂交公牛消化代谢的影响杨旭东;孙晓玉;刘力成;丛树发;王洪亮【摘要】[目的]为了筛选饲用豌豆在肉牛饲养中的最适添加量.[方法]试验以4头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的杂交公牛为研究对象,采用4×4拉丁方设计,试验日粮共分4组,分别为对照组:基础日粮;试验组一:精料中添加15%豌豆;试验组二:精料中添加25%豌豆;试验组三:精料中添加35%豌豆.[结果]表明试验组二和试验组三的干物质表观消化率显著高于其他两组(P<0.05),试验组二和试验组三的酸性洗涤纤维消化率(P<0.05)显著高于对照组;第24 h的干物质消失率对照组显著高于其他组(P<0.05),试验组二在48 h和72 h的粗蛋白消失率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);对照组和试验组三日粮中干物质的b值和有效降解率显著低于其他组(P<0.05),对照组和试验组三日粮中粗蛋白的 b值显著低于试验组一(P<0.05),对照组的c值显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),NDF和ADF的降解参数和有效降解率各组之间差异不显著.[结论]豌豆在中混合精料中的最适添加量为25%.【期刊名称】《中国牛业科学》【年(卷),期】2010(036)005【总页数】4页(P10-13)【关键词】豌豆;表观消化率;降解率;降解参数【作者】杨旭东;孙晓玉;刘力成;丛树发;王洪亮【作者单位】黑龙江八一农垦大学动物科技学院,黑龙江,大庆,163319;黑龙江省农垦科学院畜牧兽医研究所,黑龙江,哈尔滨,150038;黑龙江省农垦科学院畜牧兽医研究所,黑龙江,哈尔滨,150038;黑龙江省农垦科学院畜牧兽医研究所,黑龙江,哈尔滨,150038;黑龙江省农垦科学院畜牧兽医研究所,黑龙江,哈尔滨,150038【正文语种】中文【中图分类】S816.4黑龙江垦区最新引进了加拿大饲用豌豆,并已试种成功。
豌豆以18.96%～26.01%的粗蛋白水平和丰富的赖氨酸含量使其能与各种谷物饲料搭配出高蛋白且氨基酸互补平衡的日粮[1],豌豆和其他豆科植物一样含有抗营养因子,值得注意的是抗胰蛋白酶,但其浓度只有大豆的5%到13%[2],还未达到影响家畜健康和生产性能的程度。
益生菌的添加对母猪和仔猪的影响
营养与饲料NUTRITION AND FEED河南大台农饲料有限公司协办对照组（P<0.01），其他疾病发生率为零，试验期间无死亡发生。
3 讨论低聚糖是一种独特的双岐因子，进入肠道后可被肠道内的有益菌（双歧杆菌、乳酸菌）利用，促进肠道有益菌的定植，抑制肠道有害菌的生长，从而维持肠道内环境的稳定，促进动物生长。
林渝宁等[6]在仔猪日粮中添加一定水平的低聚糖，研究其对仔猪生长性能和血清生化指标的影响，结果发现，低聚糖能够提高仔猪平均日增重、平均日采食量、降低料重比、降低腹泻率。
刘雪兰等[7]研究发现，日粮中添加异麦芽低聚糖能显著改善仔猪饲料利用效率、降低腹泻指数。
本试验所用的低聚糖—迈吉糖是以优质大米为原料，采用膜分离技术，通过定向限制性酶解和喷雾干燥工艺打造的一款滋养肠道的复合低聚糖产品。
膜分离技术可以根据需要截留一部分分子量的糖，控制葡萄糖的含量。
定向限制性酶解工艺可以控制大分子糖的含量，控制DE值，使功能性低聚糖的含量大于60%。
迈吉糖富含多种碳链长度的低聚糖，且其各糖段的含量分布均匀。
其中所含的普通低聚糖直接被各类消化酶水解，为宿主提供能量，由于碳链的长度不同，水解成单糖的时间也不同，使得消化过程平缓，供能时间延长，为动物生长发育提供能量；所含的功能性低聚糖可选择性被肠道有益菌如乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌等发酵利用而促进其增殖，调节肠道菌群结构，促进动物体内物质消化吸收，提高机体对疾病的抵抗能力。
因此，日粮中添加低聚糖（迈吉糖）仔猪皮毛肤色和体型得到改善，仔猪的日采食量和日增重与饲喂普通基础日粮相比得到很大的提高，料重比以及腹泻率也明显下降。
参考文献[1] 杨丽杰,李大军,霍贵成.低聚糖对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响[J].吉林农业大学学报,2004,26(2):197-200. [2] 刘秀玲,张代.大枣低聚糖对断奶仔猪生产性能和肠道内环境的影响[J].粮食与饲料工业,2013(5):54-56. [3] 张宏福,徐秀容,卢庆萍,等.异麦芽低聚糖对早期断奶仔猪肠道主要菌群的影响[J].动物营养学报,2001,13(3):47-51. [4] 邵良平,周伦江，李国平，等.甘露寡糖和粪链球菌对鸡细胞免疫和肠道微生态的调节作用[J].中国兽医学报,2000,20(1):58-61. [5] 徐海岩.低聚糖对鸡肠道细菌作用及在肉鸡生产中应用研究[D].南京：南京农业大学,2006.[6] 林渝宁,冯静,伍淳操,等.低聚糖对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清生化指标的影响[J].四川农业大学学报,2011,29(1):94-97. [7] 刘雪兰,谢幼梅,韩绍忠,等.异麦芽低聚糖对断奶仔猪肠道菌群及腹泻的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2003,39(5):24-26.（收稿日期：2017-04-05）益生菌的添加对母猪和仔猪的影响古其燕（广东温氏食品集团股份有限公司安徽分公司，国家生猪种业工程技术研究中心，安徽 肥西 231241）抗生素的大量使用造成有害菌的耐药性增强,治疗效果下降而且随着畜产品中药物残留量的增加,也严重影响着人们的身体健康。
学位,专业名称英语翻译
学位名称、专业名称及主要课程中英文对照各学院（原系）中英文对照生物技术学院College of Biotechnology生命科学学院College of Life Science资源环境学院College of Environment and Natural Resources资源环境学院College of Resources and Environment林学院College of Forestry经济贸易学院College of Economics and Trade经济管理学院College of Economics Management工程技术学院College of Polytechnics工程学院College of Engineering农业工程系Department of Agricultural Engineering理学院College of Sciences信息学院 College of Information人文学院College of Humanities公管管理学院 College of Public Management农学系Department of Agronomy园艺系Department of Horticulture蚕桑系Department of Sericulture艺术设计学院 College of Art Design动物科学系Department of Animal Science动物科学学院 College of Animal Science兽医学院 College of Veterinary Science食品科学系Department of Food Science食品学院 College of Food艺术学院 College of Arts水利与土木工程学院 College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering各学位名称对照农学士 Agriculture工学士 Engineering理学士 Sciences哲学士 Philosophy经济学士 Economics管理学士 Management文学士 Arts各专业中英文名称对照工商管理 Business Administration金融学 Finance and Banking经济学 Economics会计学 Accounting农林经济管理 Agricultural/forest Economy Management社会工作 Social Work英语 English生物技术 Biotechnology机械设计及其自动化 Machine Design & Manufacturing and Their Automation 信息管理与信息系统 Information Management & Information Systems电子信息工程 Electronic and Information Engineering农业机械化及其自动化 Agricultural Mechanization And Its Automation农业电气化与自动化 Agricultural Electrification and Automation土木工程 Civil Engineering交通运输 Traffic and Transportation应用化学 Applied chemistry计算机科学与技术 Computer Science and Technology植物保护 Plant Protection土地资源管理 Land Resources Management农业资源与环境 Agricultural Resources and Environment土地资源管理 Land Resources Management农学 Agronomy茶学 Tea Science食品科学与工程 Food Science and Engineering园艺 Horticulture木材科学与工程 Wood Science and Engineering森林资源保护与游憩 Forest Resources Conservation and Recreation林学 Forestry园林 Landscape Gardening动物科学 Animal Science动物医学 Veterinary Medicine蚕学 Sericulture法学 Law食品科学与工程 Food Science and Engineering服装设计与工程 Apparel Design and Engineering管理信息系统 Management Information Systems土壤与农业化学 Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry土地规划与利用 Land Planning and Utilization农业环境保护 Agricultural Environment Protection木材加工 Wood Processing经济林 Economic Forest农业经济与管理 Agricultural Economics and Management贸易经济 Trade Economics企业管理 Industrial Management国际金融 International Trade农业机械化 Agricultural Mechanization机械设计 Design and Manufacturing汽车运用工程 Mobile Application中国社会主义建设 Chinese Socialist Construction作物遗传育种 Plant Genetics and Breeding果树 Pomology动物营养与饲料加工 Animal Nutrition and Feed Processing畜牧 Animal Husbandry农业工程 Agricultural Engineering家具设计与室内装饰 Furniture Design and Room Decoration市场策划与营销 Market Planning and Marketing土地经济与房地产管理 Land Economics and Real Estate Management 精细化工 Fine Chemistry财务管理与计算机 Financial Management and Computer经贸英语 Business English公共关系与秘书 Public Relation茶叶加工与贸易 Tea Processing And Trade花卉与庭园工程 Floriculture And Gardening丝绸与贸易 Silk And Trade养禽与禽病防治 Poultry Raising And Disease Control微生物发酵技术与贸易 Microorganism Fermentation And Trade各学院（原系）主要课程中英文对照生物技术学院(College of Biotechnology)生命科学学院(College of Life Science)化学除草原理与技术 Principles and application of weed chemistry control 种子生理 Seed physiology组织培养技术 Technology of tissue culture果蔬保鲜原理与技术 Techniques in preservation of fruit & vegetable植物学 Botany酶工程 Enzyme engineering植物显微技术 Botanical microtechnique细胞生物学 Cell biology农田杂草 Farmland weed普通生态学 General ecology药用植物资源利用 Resources and utilization of medicinal plant生物化学研究技术 Techniques in biochemistry researches分析与检测技术 Technology of test and analysis动物生物化学 Animal biochemistry基因工程 Genetic engineering文献查阅与综述方法 Document searching and reviewing植物生物化学 Plant biochemistry蛋白质工程 Protein engineering分子生物学 Molecular biology植物生物化学实验 Plant biochemistry experiment遗传（基因）工程导论 Introduction to genetic engineering辐照基础与应用 Basis and application of irradiation technology辐射生物学 Irradiational biology免疫学 Immunology同位素示踪原理及其应用技术 Isotopic tracer technique reason and appliance 同位素应用技术 Application of isotopes生物电子显微技术 Electron microscope and preparation of biological specimen 仪器分析 Instrumental analysis现代仪器分析与食品检测 Modern instrumental analysis and food inspection农业与温室气体（排放） Agriculture greenhouse effect gases电镜技术 Electron microscope technique植物生理学 Plant physiology生物物理学 Biophysics生态学 Ecology核素应用技术 The application of nuclide农业电子技术 The electronic technology of agriculture食品科学系Department of Food Science食品学院College of Food Science普通微生物学 General microbiology农业微生物学 Agricultural microbiology食品微生物学 Food microbiology环境微生物学 Environmental microbiology微生物学实验技术 Experimental technique in microbiology食品微生物学实验 Microbiological test of food发酵工艺学原理 Principles of fermentation technology微生物遗传育种 Microbial genetics and strain improvement食品生物化学 Biochemistry of food products食品添加济 Additives of food products食物酶学 Enzyme engineering of food食品分析 Food analysis食品营养学 Food nutriology食品工艺学 Food technology果蔬加工学 Processing of fruit and vegetable食品工厂设计 The design of food factory乳品学 Dairy science &technology蛋品学 Egg science & technology肉品学 Meat science & technology食品工程原理 Principles of food engineering农产品加工学 Agricultural products processing technology食品机械与设备 Food machinery and equipment食品包装学 Food packaging动物科学系Department of Animal Science动物科学学院College of Animal Science动物生理学 Animal physiology家畜行为学 Ethnology of domestic animals饲料卫生学 Feed hygienic配合饲料工艺学 Technology of formula feed单胃动物营养学 Nutrition of unistomach animals反刍动物营养学 Ruminant nutrition饲料检测技术 The technique of feed checking and analysis饲料生产学 Feed production饲料添加剂学 Feed addition家畜饲料学附饲料分析 Livestock feeding and feeds analysis饲料原料及加工贮藏 Feed ingredients and processing and storage动物饲养学 Animal feeding动物营养学基本原理 The basal principle of animal nutrition配合饲料技术 The technique of formular feed普通畜牧学 Animal husbandry淡水养鱼学 Culture of fresh-water fish动物学 Zoology家禽学 Poultry science珍禽学 Science of rare birds家畜育种学 Poultry breeding家禽孵化学 Poultry hatching家畜环境卫生学 Livestock environment hygiene牛生产学 Cattle production家兔生产学 Rabbit production猪生产学 Swine production畜牧家畜育种学 Animal breeding数量遗传学 Quantitative genetics动物遗传学 Animal genetics生物统计附试验设计 Biological statistics养犬与养猫 Canine and feline production家畜繁殖学 Animal reproduction动物遗传育种 Animal Genetics & Breeding动物生产学 Animal production动物医学系(Department of Veterinary Medicine )兽医学院(College of Veterinary Medicine)家畜解剖学 The anatomy of the domestic animals禽病学 Diseases of poultry家畜病理学 The pathology of the domestic animals动物组织学与胚胎学 Histology and embryology of the domestic animals 家畜解剖学及组织胚胎学家禽普通病学 General diseases of poultry中兽医学 Traditional Chinese veterinary medicine兽医临床诊断学 Clinical diagnosis of veterinarian家禽传染病学 Avian infectious diseases家禽内科学 Internal medicine of domestic animals家禽药理学 Poultry pharmacology兽医药理学 Veterinary pharmacology家畜寄生虫学 Parasitology of domestic animals家禽病理学 Pathology of poultry兽医产科学 Veterinary breeding家畜外科学 Veterinary surgery兽医应用免疫学 Veterinary applied immunology动物性食品卫生学 Animal food hygiene家畜传染病学 Infections disease of domestic animals兽医学 Veterinary medicine兽医药理学的毒理学 Veterinary pharmacy toxicology理学院(College of Science)计算机关系数据库 Relationship database计算机应用基础 Fundamentals of computer application 计算机应用基础 Computer applicationC语言程序设计 Programming in C物理化学 Physical chemistry有机化学 Organic chemistry分析化学 Analytical chemistry普通化学 General chemistry化工仪表 Chemical engineering and meter化学实验 Experiment in general chemistry大学物理 College physics应用电子技术 The application of electronic technology概率论 Probability theory线性代数 Linear algebra高等数学 Advanced mathematics必修课 The required courses选修课 Optional courses限选课 Limited optional courses实践课 Practical courses军训 Military training专业劳动 Work in specialty and for production教学实践 Practice in the course生产实习 Training for working毕业论文（设计） The thesis or designing for graduation 物化胶化 Physical colloid chemistry人文科学学院(College of Humanities)法律基础 Fundamentals of law社会主义人生实践 The socialist practice in one’s life形势政策教育 The education of situation and policy马克思主义原理 The course on Marxist theories中国革命史 The history of Chinese revolution中国革命的理论与实践 The theory and practice of the Chinese revolution社会调查研究理论与方法 Theory and method on social investigation and research 中国社会主义建设 China’s socialist construction国际贸易 International trade经济法学 Economic law中国社会主义市场经济概论 An introduction to china’s socialist market economy政治经济学 Political economics西方经济学 Western economics行政管理学 Administration management应用写作 Practical writing思想教育 Ideological education自然科学方法论 The methodology of natural science逻辑学 Logic农业文献检索 Agricultural literature indexing专业英语 Special English体育 Physical training毛泽东思想概论 An introduction to Mao zedong thought邓小平理论概论 An introduction to Deng xiaoping theory教育学 Pedagogy思想道德修养 Thought & moral training教学法 Teaching method应用写作 Practical writing农业史 Agricultural history经济贸易学院(College of Economics and Trade)乡镇企业管理学院(College of Rural Enterprise Management)宏观经济学 Macroeconomics微观经济学 Microeconomics政治经济学 Political economics发展经济学 Development economics农业经济学 Agricultural economics外国农业经济 Foreign agricultural economics中国经济地理 Economy geography in China经济法学 The law of economics国际商法 International commercial law管理信息系统 Management information system农业会计学 Agricultural accounting消费经济学 Consumption economics电算化会计原理 Computer accounting成本会计 Cost accounting统计学原理 Principle of statistics商品流通统计 Accounting in commodity circulation金融统计 Financial statistics会计学原理 Principle of accounting商品流通企业会计 Business accounting in commodity circulation 财务会计学 Financial accounting审计学 Auditing银行会计 Bank accounting农业政策学 Agricultural policy管理学原理 Principle management企业学原理 Business management房地产经营管理 Administration and management of real estate银行经营管理 Administration and management of bank商业企业经营管理 Business administration and management涉外企业管理 Foreign business management资源经济学 Resource economics农产品贸易学 Agricultural products trade国际贸易 International trade进出口贸易实务 Practice in import-Export trade市场营销学 Marketing国际市场营销学 International marketing财政学 Public finance国际金融 International finance证券投资 Investment on securities公共关系学 Public relations货币银行学 Economics of money and banking投资经济学 Economics of investment国际结算 International settlement银行信贷学 Bank credit财政金融 Public finance and monetary economics期货交易理论与实务 Theory and practices of futures土地经济学 Land economics乡镇企业经济管理 The economic management of tow’s enterprise 经济计量学 Economical estimate审计学 audit农学系(Department of Agronomy)农学院(College of Agriculture)制茶学 Manufacture of tea作物育种学（各论） Crop breeding作物育种学（总论） Crop breeding (general discourse)种子学原理 Principles of seed science农业管理学 Agricultural management农产品综合利用 Comprehensive utilization of crop products耕作学 Cultivation science经济作物学 Industry crop science农业气象基础 Agrometeorology遗传学 Genetics茶树栽培学 Tea cultivation茶叶审评与检验 Tea tasting and inspection试验设计与统计分析 Experimental designs and statistical analyses农业生态学 Agroecology农业自然资源利用及农业区划 Utilization of agricultural resources and agricultural regionalization 茶树能种学 Tea plant breeding粮食作物学 Food crop science茶叶生物化学 Biochemistry of tea农业推广学 Agricultural popularization农业环境保护 Agricultural environmental protection作物栽培学与耕作学 Crop cultivation & geoponics蚕桑系(Department of Sericulture)艺术设计学院(College of Art Design)蚕桑综合利用 Silkworm-mulberry multipurpose utilization茧丝学 Cocoon silk science养蚕学 Seri cultural science蚕体解剖生理 Anatomy and physiology of silkworm桑树栽培及育种学 Mulberry cultivation & breeding桑树病虫害防治学蚕种学 Silkworm egg production家蚕遗传育种 Silkworm genetic of thremmatology遗传学 Genetics蚕病学 Silkworm pathology蚕桑学 Sericulture园艺系(Department of Horticulture)园艺学院(College of Horticulture)插花艺术 Art of floweral arrangement蔬菜育种学 Vegetable breeding花卉园艺学 Floriculture园艺商品学 Marketing of horticultural product园艺设施栽培 Horticultural facilities culture植物显微技术 Plant microtechnology园艺通论 General horticulture园艺昆虫学 Horticultural entomology园艺植物育种学 Plant breeding in horticulture果树生理学 Fruit tree physiology园艺研究法 Horticulture studies果树栽培学总论 Pomology园艺产品贮藏保鲜学 Techniques in preservation of horticultural products园艺植物病理学 The pest control of horticulture plant花卉保鲜学 Techniques in preservation of flowers & plants园艺植物生理学 Horticulture plant pathology蔬菜栽培学 Vegetable culture盆景艺术 Pruning采后生理 Post harvest physiology果树抗性育种专题 Special topic on fruit tree resistance园艺植物的生物技术 The biotechnique of horticultural plant园艺概论 An outline of horticulture蔬菜学 Olericulture果树学 Pomology工程技术学院(College of polytechnics)工程学院(College of Engineering)建筑电工 Architectural electrotechnics电工学 Electrotechnics工业电子学 Industrial electronics材料力学 Strength of materials建筑力学（结构力学部分） Mechanics of structure理论力学 Theoretical mechanics机械设计 Machinery design机械原理 Theory of machine and mechanism画法几何学 Drawing geometry机械制图 Engineering drawing工程制图 Engineering drawing园林工程制图 Landscape drawing建筑制图 Building drawing液压技术2 Hydraulic technique 2机械工程材料 Materials of mechanical engineering机床夹具设计原理 Theory of jig design for machine tool冷冲工艺及冷冲模设计 Punching technology and punch die design金属切削原理与刀具 Principle of l cutting and cutting tool金属工艺学 l technology机械制造工艺学 Manufactural technology of machinery金属工艺学 l technology液压技术1 Hydraulic technique 1汽车维修理论 Theory of automobile service汽车运输学 Transportation of automobile互换性与测量技术 Interchangeability and technical measurement汽车构造 Construction of automobile汽车运用工程 Automobile application engineering热工基础 Fundamental of thermo-technology食品干燥工艺与设备 Food drying technology and equipment食品包装机械 Food packaging machinery农业机械学 Agricultural machinery食品工程原理 Theory of food process engineering食品加工机械与设备 Foot processing machinery and equipments砼与砌体结构 Reinforce concrete建筑构造 Structure of building建筑材料 Constructional material建筑施工技术与施工组织 Technology and planning of building operation单层工业厂房排架结构设计 The design of single-factory building with d structure 高层建筑结构设计 Design of high rise building民用建筑设计原理 Design of civil architecture农业系统工程及管理工程 Systems engineering and management engineering资源环境学院(College of Resources and Environment)环境监测 Environmental monitoring土壤农业化学 Agrochemistry analysis生产布局学原理 Principle of productive distribution城镇建设用地管理 Management of land urban construction城市规划原理 Principle of urban planning资源经济学 Resources economics经济地理 Economic geography土地资源调查 Land resources survey地图绘编 Map establishment遥感技术基础 Fundamental of remote sensing technology土地信息系统 Land information system地籍管理 Land management土地规划学 Land planning science土地管理学 Land management土地经济学 Land economic房地产管理 Management of real estate房地产估价 Appraisement of real estate固体废物的处理与处置 Treatment & disposal wastes城市污泥的农业再循环与生态环境 The agricultural recycling of municipal sludge and the ecological environment 大气污染控制工程 Air pollution controlling engineering环境质量评价 Environmental quality assessment环境化学 Environmental chemistry水体污染控制工程 Water pollution controlling engineering环境生态 Environmental ecology土壤污染与防治 Soil pollution环境保护概论 Introduction of environmental protection农业环境保护概论 Introduction of agricultural environmental protection无土栽培原理与技术 Theories and techniques of soilless culture农业化学总论 Introduction of agrochemistry作物施肥原理 Principles of crop fertilization作物营养研究法 Methodology of plant nutrition土壤物理学 Soil physics土壤学 Pedology环境土壤学 Environmental pedology土壤化学 Soil chemistry土壤粘粒矿物 Mineral of soil clay fration土质学基础 Basis of geology土壤地理学 Soil geography区域土壤学 Regional pedology土壤资源调查 Soil resources survey茶树病虫害(病害部分) Tea disease and pest (disease section)植物检疫学 Quarantine for pests植物病毒学 Plant virology果树病理学 Fruit tree pathology果蔬病害 Fruit and vegetable diseases植物免疫学 Plant immunology普通昆虫学 General entomology真菌资源及利用 Fungal resources and their utilization除草剂毒理学 Toxicology of herbicides植物病害生物防治学 Biological prevention and control of plant diseases害虫生物防治 Biological control杀菌剂毒理学 Toxicology of fungicides植物病害流行学 Epidemiology of plant diseases农业螨类学 Agricultural acarology害虫综合防治 Integrated pest management生物统计学 Biometrics城市昆虫学 Civil entomology作物抗虫育种原理及应用 Principle and application of resistant plant breeding 植物病原细菌学 Plant bacteriology植物病理学 Plant pathology真菌分类学 Taxonomy of fungi植物线虫学 Plant nematology农业植物病理学 Agricultural phytopathology普通植物病理学 General phytopathology果蔬昆虫学 Fruit plant & vegetable entomology果蔬贮运病害 Fruit and vegetable diseases during storage食用真菌学 Edible fung林学院College of Forestry数理统计 Mathematical statistics遗传学 Genetics树木育种学 Forest tree breeding树木育苗学 Tree seeds and nursery stock science自然保护区学 Science of nature reserve造林学 Silviculture林业技术经济学 Forestry technology economics森林经营学 Forest management林业经济管理学 Management of forestry economics林业政策与法规 Policies and laws of forestry会计学原理 Fundamentals of accounting树木病理学 Forest pathology测树学 Forest measuration测量学 Surveying森林生态学 Forest ecology森林土壤学 Forest soil science森林经理学 Forest management森林昆虫学 Forest entomology树木学 Dendrology机械设计基础 Fundamentals of mechanical design厂内运输 Equipment of transit in factory胶合板制造学 The manufacturing of plywood木材加工企业管理 Forest products management胶粘剂与涂料 Adhesive and paint木材学 Wood science木材干燥 Timber drying木制品生产工艺学 Tec manufacturing of wood products纤维板制造学 Fiberboard manufacturing technology刨花板制造学 The manufacturing of particleboard木材切削原理与刀具 The principles of wood cutting and tools木工机械 Wood machinery土壤学 Soil science经济林育种学 Economic forest breeding经济林昆虫学 Economic forest entomology经济林病理学 Economic forest pathology经济林栽培学 Economic forest culture园林设计 Parks and gardens design造型艺术 Plastic art城市绿地规划 City open spaces planning园林树木栽培养护学 Garden tree cultivation园林树木学 Ornamental dendrology园林专业绘画课 Painting of landscape architecture城市规划基础 Fundamentals of city planning城市园林绿化经济管理 Economic management of urban landscape gardening 风景园林设计初步 Elementary landscape architecture design园林植物病理学 Ornamental plant pathology园林昆虫学 Ornamental plant entomology园林史 History of landscape architecture园林工程 Landscape architectural engineering土壤学 Soil science城市生态学 Urban ecology森林保护学 Forest protection。
《动物营养学》理论教学主要参考文献
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学位,专业名称英语翻译
学位名称、专业名称及主要课程中英文对照各学院（原系）中英文对照生物技术学院College of Biotechnology生命科学学院College of Life Science资源环境学院College of Environment and Natural Resources资源环境学院College of Resources and Environment林学院College of Forestry经济贸易学院College of Economics and Trade经济管理学院College of Economics Management工程技术学院College of Polytechnics工程学院College of Engineering农业工程系Department of Agricultural Engineering理学院College of Sciences信息学院College of Information人文学院College of Humanities公管管理学院College of Public Management农学系Department of Agronomy园艺系Department of Horticulture蚕桑系Department of Sericulture艺术设计学院College of Art Design动物科学系Department of Animal Science动物科学学院College of Animal Science兽医学院College of Veterinary Science食品科学系Department of Food Science食品学院College of Food艺术学院College of Arts水利与土木工程学院College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering各学位名称对照农学士Agriculture工学士Engineering理学士Sciences哲学士Philosophy经济学士Economics管理学士Management文学士Arts各专业中英文名称对照工商管理Business Administration金融学Finance and Banking经济学Economics会计学Accounting农林经济管理Agricultural/forest Economy Management社会工作Social Work英语English生物技术Biotechnology机械设计及其自动化Machine Design & Manufacturing and Their Automation 信息管理与信息系统Information Management & Information Systems电子信息工程Electronic and Information Engineering农业机械化及其自动化Agricultural Mechanization And Its Automation农业电气化与自动化Agricultural Electrification and Automation土木工程Civil Engineering交通运输Traffic and Transportation应用化学Applied chemistry计算机科学与技术Computer Science and Technology植物保护Plant Protection土地资源管理Land Resources Management农业资源与环境Agricultural Resources and Environment土地资源管理Land Resources Management农学Agronomy茶学Tea Science食品科学与工程Food Science and Engineering园艺Horticulture木材科学与工程Wood Science and Engineering森林资源保护与游憩Forest Resources Conservation and Recreation林学Forestry园林Landscape Gardening动物科学Animal Science动物医学Veterinary Medicine蚕学Sericulture法学Law食品科学与工程Food Science and Engineering服装设计与工程Apparel Design and Engineering管理信息系统Management Information Systems土壤与农业化学Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry土地规划与利用Land Planning and Utilization农业环境保护Agricultural Environment Protection木材加工Wood Processing经济林Economic Forest农业经济与管理Agricultural Economics and Management贸易经济Trade Economics企业管理Industrial Management国际金融International Trade农业机械化Agricultural Mechanization机械设计Design and Manufacturing汽车运用工程Mobile Application中国社会主义建设Chinese Socialist Construction作物遗传育种Plant Genetics and Breeding果树Pomology动物营养与饲料加工Animal Nutrition and Feed Processing畜牧Animal Husbandry农业工程Agricultural Engineering家具设计与室内装饰Furniture Design and Room Decoration市场策划与营销Market Planning and Marketing土地经济与房地产管理Land Economics and Real Estate Management 精细化工Fine Chemistry财务管理与计算机Financial Management and Computer经贸英语Business English公共关系与秘书Public Relation茶叶加工与贸易Tea Processing And Trade花卉与庭园工程Floriculture And Gardening丝绸与贸易Silk And Trade养禽与禽病防治Poultry Raising And Disease Control微生物发酵技术与贸易Microorganism Fermentation And Trade各学院（原系）主要课程中英文对照生物技术学院(College of Biotechnology)生命科学学院(College of Life Science)化学除草原理与技术Principles and application of weed chemistry control 种子生理Seed physiology组织培养技术Technology of tissue culture果蔬保鲜原理与技术Techniques in preservation of fruit & vegetable植物学Botany酶工程Enzyme engineering植物显微技术Botanical microtechnique细胞生物学Cell biology农田杂草Farmland weed普通生态学General ecology药用植物资源利用Resources and utilization of medicinal plant生物化学研究技术Techniques in biochemistry researches分析与检测技术Technology of test and analysis动物生物化学Animal biochemistry基因工程Genetic engineering文献查阅与综述方法Document searching and reviewing植物生物化学Plant biochemistry蛋白质工程Protein engineering分子生物学Molecular biology植物生物化学实验Plant biochemistry experiment遗传（基因）工程导论Introduction to genetic engineering辐照基础与应用Basis and application of irradiation technology辐射生物学Irradiational biology免疫学Immunology同位素示踪原理及其应用技术Isotopic tracer technique reason and appliance 同位素应用技术Application of isotopes生物电子显微技术Electron microscope and preparation of biological specimen 仪器分析Instrumental analysis现代仪器分析与食品检测Modern instrumental analysis and food inspection农业与温室气体（排放）Agriculture greenhouse effect gases电镜技术Electron microscope technique植物生理学Plant physiology生物物理学Biophysics生态学Ecology核素应用技术The application of nuclide农业电子技术The electronic technology of agriculture食品科学系Department of Food Science食品学院College of Food Science普通微生物学General microbiology农业微生物学Agricultural microbiology食品微生物学Food microbiology环境微生物学Environmental microbiology微生物学实验技术Experimental technique in microbiology食品微生物学实验Microbiological test of food发酵工艺学原理Principles of fermentation technology微生物遗传育种Microbial genetics and strain improvement食品生物化学Biochemistry of food products食品添加济Additives of food products食物酶学Enzyme engineering of food食品分析Food analysis食品营养学Food nutriology食品工艺学Food technology果蔬加工学Processing of fruit and vegetable食品工厂设计The design of food factory乳品学Dairy science &technology蛋品学Egg science & technology肉品学Meat science & technology食品工程原理Principles of food engineering农产品加工学Agricultural products processing technology食品机械与设备Food machinery and equipment食品包装学Food packaging动物科学系Department of Animal Science动物科学学院College of Animal Science动物生理学Animal physiology家畜行为学Ethnology of domestic animals饲料卫生学Feed hygienic配合饲料工艺学Technology of formula feed单胃动物营养学Nutrition of unistomach animals反刍动物营养学Ruminant nutrition饲料检测技术The technique of feed checking and analysis饲料生产学Feed production饲料添加剂学Feed addition家畜饲料学附饲料分析Livestock feeding and feeds analysis饲料原料及加工贮藏Feed ingredients and processing and storage动物饲养学Animal feeding动物营养学基本原理The basal principle of animal nutrition配合饲料技术The technique of formular feed普通畜牧学Animal husbandry淡水养鱼学Culture of fresh-water fish动物学Zoology家禽学Poultry science珍禽学Science of rare birds家畜育种学Poultry breeding家禽孵化学Poultry hatching家畜环境卫生学Livestock environment hygiene牛生产学Cattle production家兔生产学Rabbit production猪生产学Swine production畜牧家畜育种学Animal breeding数量遗传学Quantitative genetics动物遗传学Animal genetics生物统计附试验设计Biological statistics养犬与养猫Canine and feline production家畜繁殖学Animal reproduction动物遗传育种Animal Genetics & Breeding动物生产学Animal production动物医学系(Department of Veterinary Medicine )兽医学院(College of Veterinary Medicine)家畜解剖学The anatomy of the domestic animals禽病学Diseases of poultry家畜病理学The pathology of the domestic animals动物组织学与胚胎学Histology and embryology of the domestic animals 家畜解剖学及组织胚胎学家禽普通病学General diseases of poultry中兽医学Traditional Chinese veterinary medicine兽医临床诊断学Clinical diagnosis of veterinarian家禽传染病学Avian infectious diseases家禽内科学Internal medicine of domestic animals家禽药理学Poultry pharmacology兽医药理学Veterinary pharmacology家畜寄生虫学Parasitology of domestic animals家禽病理学Pathology of poultry兽医产科学Veterinary breeding家畜外科学Veterinary surgery兽医应用免疫学Veterinary applied immunology动物性食品卫生学Animal food hygiene家畜传染病学Infections disease of domestic animals兽医学Veterinary medicine兽医药理学的毒理学Veterinary pharmacy toxicology理学院(College of Science)计算机关系数据库Relationship database计算机应用基础Fundamentals of computer application 计算机应用基础Computer applicationC语言程序设计Programming in C物理化学Physical chemistry有机化学Organic chemistry分析化学Analytical chemistry普通化学General chemistry化工仪表Chemical engineering and meter化学实验Experiment in general chemistry大学物理College physics应用电子技术The application of electronic technology概率论Probability theory线性代数Linear algebra高等数学Advanced mathematics必修课The required courses选修课Optional courses限选课Limited optional courses实践课Practical courses军训Military training专业劳动Work in specialty and for production教学实践Practice in the course生产实习Training for working毕业论文（设计）The thesis or designing for graduation 物化胶化Physical colloid chemistry人文科学学院(College of Humanities)法律基础Fundamentals of law社会主义人生实践The socialist practice in one’s life形势政策教育The education of situation and policy马克思主义原理The course on Marxist theories中国革命史The history of Chinese revolution中国革命的理论与实践The theory and practice of the Chinese revolution社会调查研究理论与方法Theory and method on social investigation and research 中国社会主义建设China’s socialist construction国际贸易International trade经济法学Economic law中国社会主义市场经济概论An introduction to china’s socialist market eco nomy政治经济学Political economics西方经济学Western economics行政管理学Administration management应用写作Practical writing思想教育Ideological education自然科学方法论The methodology of natural science逻辑学Logic农业文献检索Agricultural literature indexing专业英语Special English体育Physical training毛泽东思想概论An introduction to Mao zedong thought邓小平理论概论An introduction to Deng xiaoping theory教育学Pedagogy思想道德修养Thought & moral training教学法Teaching method应用写作Practical writing农业史Agricultural history经济贸易学院(College of Economics and Trade)乡镇企业管理学院(College of Rural Enterprise Management)宏观经济学Macroeconomics微观经济学Microeconomics政治经济学Political economics发展经济学Development economics农业经济学Agricultural economics外国农业经济Foreign agricultural economics中国经济地理Economy geography in China经济法学The law of economics国际商法International commercial law管理信息系统Management information system农业会计学Agricultural accounting消费经济学Consumption economics电算化会计原理Computer accounting成本会计Cost accounting统计学原理Principle of statistics商品流通统计Accounting in commodity circulation金融统计Financial statistics会计学原理Principle of accounting商品流通企业会计Business accounting in commodity circulation财务会计学Financial accounting审计学Auditing银行会计Bank accounting农业政策学Agricultural policy管理学原理Principle management企业学原理Business management房地产经营管理Administration and management of real estate银行经营管理Administration and management of bank商业企业经营管理Business administration and management涉外企业管理Foreign business management资源经济学Resource economics农产品贸易学Agricultural products trade国际贸易International trade进出口贸易实务Practice in import-Export trade市场营销学Marketing国际市场营销学International marketing财政学Public finance国际金融International finance证券投资Investment on securities公共关系学Public relations货币银行学Economics of money and banking投资经济学Economics of investment国际结算International settlement银行信贷学Bank credit财政金融Public finance and monetary economics期货交易理论与实务Theory and practices of futures土地经济学Land economics乡镇企业经济管理The economic management of tow’s enterprise 经济计量学Economical estimate审计学audit农学系(Department of Agronomy)农学院(College of Agriculture)制茶学Manufacture of tea作物育种学（各论）Crop breeding作物育种学（总论）Crop breeding (general discourse)种子学原理Principles of seed science农业管理学Agricultural management农产品综合利用Comprehensive utilization of crop products耕作学Cultivation science经济作物学Industry crop science农业气象基础Agrometeorology遗传学Genetics茶树栽培学Tea cultivation茶叶审评与检验Tea tasting and inspection试验设计与统计分析Experimental designs and statistical analyses农业生态学Agroecology农业自然资源利用及农业区划Utilization of agricultural resources and agricultural regionalization 茶树能种学Tea plant breeding粮食作物学Food crop science茶叶生物化学Biochemistry of tea农业推广学Agricultural popularization农业环境保护Agricultural environmental protection作物栽培学与耕作学Crop cultivation & geoponics蚕桑系(Department of Sericulture)艺术设计学院(College of Art Design)蚕桑综合利用Silkworm-mulberry multipurpose utilization茧丝学Cocoon silk science养蚕学Seri cultural science蚕体解剖生理Anatomy and physiology of silkworm桑树栽培及育种学Mulberry cultivation & breeding桑树病虫害防治学蚕种学Silkworm egg production家蚕遗传育种Silkworm genetic of thremmatology遗传学Genetics蚕病学Silkworm pathology蚕桑学Sericulture园艺系(Department of Horticulture)园艺学院(College of Horticulture)插花艺术Art of floweral arrangement蔬菜育种学Vegetable breeding花卉园艺学Floriculture园艺商品学Marketing of horticultural product园艺设施栽培Horticultural facilities culture植物显微技术Plant microtechnology园艺通论General horticulture园艺昆虫学Horticultural entomology园艺植物育种学Plant breeding in horticulture果树生理学Fruit tree physiology园艺研究法Horticulture studies果树栽培学总论Pomology园艺产品贮藏保鲜学Techniques in preservation of horticultural products园艺植物病理学The pest control of horticulture plant花卉保鲜学Techniques in preservation of flowers & plants园艺植物生理学Horticulture plant pathology蔬菜栽培学Vegetable culture盆景艺术Pruning采后生理Post harvest physiology果树抗性育种专题Special topic on fruit tree resistance园艺植物的生物技术The biotechnique of horticultural plant园艺概论An outline of horticulture蔬菜学Olericulture果树学Pomology工程技术学院(College of polytechnics)工程学院(College of Engineering)建筑电工Architectural electrotechnics电工学Electrotechnics工业电子学Industrial electronics材料力学Strength of materials建筑力学（结构力学部分）Mechanics of structure理论力学Theoretical mechanics机械设计Machinery design机械原理Theory of machine and mechanism画法几何学Drawing geometry机械制图Engineering drawing工程制图Engineering drawing园林工程制图Landscape drawing建筑制图Building drawing液压技术2 Hydraulic technique 2机械工程材料Materials of mechanical engineering机床夹具设计原理Theory of jig design for machine tool冷冲工艺及冷冲模设计Punching technology and punch die design金属切削原理与刀具Principle of l cutting and cutting tool金属工艺学l technology机械制造工艺学Manufactural technology of machinery金属工艺学l technology液压技术1 Hydraulic technique 1汽车维修理论Theory of automobile service汽车运输学Transportation of automobile互换性与测量技术Interchangeability and technical measurement汽车构造Construction of automobile汽车运用工程Automobile application engineering热工基础Fundamental of thermo-technology食品干燥工艺与设备Food drying technology and equipment食品包装机械Food packaging machinery农业机械学Agricultural machinery食品工程原理Theory of food process engineering食品加工机械与设备Foot processing machinery and equipments砼与砌体结构Reinforce concrete建筑构造Structure of building建筑材料Constructional material建筑施工技术与施工组织Technology and planning of building operation单层工业厂房排架结构设计The design of single-factory building with d structure 高层建筑结构设计Design of high rise building民用建筑设计原理Design of civil architecture农业系统工程及管理工程Systems engineering and management engineering资源环境学院(College of Resources and Environment)环境监测Environmental monitoring土壤农业化学Agrochemistry analysis生产布局学原理Principle of productive distribution城镇建设用地管理Management of land urban construction城市规划原理Principle of urban planning资源经济学Resources economics经济地理Economic geography土地资源调查Land resources survey地图绘编Map establishment遥感技术基础Fundamental of remote sensing technology土地信息系统Land information system地籍管理Land management土地规划学Land planning science土地管理学Land management土地经济学Land economic房地产管理Management of real estate房地产估价Appraisement of real estate固体废物的处理与处置Treatment & disposal wastes城市污泥的农业再循环与生态环境The agricultural recycling of municipal sludge and the ecological environment 大气污染控制工程Air pollution controlling engineering环境质量评价Environmental quality assessment环境化学Environmental chemistry水体污染控制工程Water pollution controlling engineering环境生态Environmental ecology土壤污染与防治Soil pollution环境保护概论Introduction of environmental protection农业环境保护概论Introduction of agricultural environmental protection无土栽培原理与技术Theories and techniques of soilless culture农业化学总论Introduction of agrochemistry作物施肥原理Principles of crop fertilization作物营养研究法Methodology of plant nutrition土壤物理学Soil physics土壤学Pedology环境土壤学Environmental pedology土壤化学Soil chemistry土壤粘粒矿物Mineral of soil clay fration土质学基础Basis of geology土壤地理学Soil geography区域土壤学Regional pedology土壤资源调查Soil resources survey茶树病虫害(病害部分) Tea disease and pest (disease section)植物检疫学Quarantine for pests植物病毒学Plant virology果树病理学Fruit tree pathology果蔬病害Fruit and vegetable diseases植物免疫学Plant immunology普通昆虫学General entomology真菌资源及利用Fungal resources and their utilization除草剂毒理学Toxicology of herbicides植物病害生物防治学Biological prevention and control of plant diseases害虫生物防治Biological control杀菌剂毒理学Toxicology of fungicides植物病害流行学Epidemiology of plant diseases农业螨类学Agricultural acarology害虫综合防治Integrated pest management生物统计学Biometrics城市昆虫学Civil entomology作物抗虫育种原理及应用Principle and application of resistant plant breeding 植物病原细菌学Plant bacteriology植物病理学Plant pathology真菌分类学Taxonomy of fungi植物线虫学Plant nematology农业植物病理学Agricultural phytopathology普通植物病理学General phytopathology果蔬昆虫学Fruit plant & vegetable entomology果蔬贮运病害Fruit and vegetable diseases during storage食用真菌学Edible fung林学院College of Forestry数理统计Mathematical statistics遗传学Genetics树木育种学Forest tree breeding树木育苗学Tree seeds and nursery stock science自然保护区学Science of nature reserve造林学Silviculture林业技术经济学Forestry technology economics森林经营学Forest management林业经济管理学Management of forestry economics林业政策与法规Policies and laws of forestry会计学原理Fundamentals of accounting树木病理学Forest pathology测树学Forest measuration测量学Surveying森林生态学Forest ecology森林土壤学Forest soil science森林经理学Forest management森林昆虫学Forest entomology树木学Dendrology机械设计基础Fundamentals of mechanical design厂内运输Equipment of transit in factory胶合板制造学The manufacturing of plywood木材加工企业管理Forest products management胶粘剂与涂料Adhesive and paint木材学Wood science木材干燥Timber drying木制品生产工艺学Tec manufacturing of wood products纤维板制造学Fiberboard manufacturing technology刨花板制造学The manufacturing of particleboard木材切削原理与刀具The principles of wood cutting and tools木工机械Wood machinery土壤学Soil science经济林育种学Economic forest breeding经济林昆虫学Economic forest entomology经济林病理学Economic forest pathology经济林栽培学Economic forest culture园林设计Parks and gardens design造型艺术Plastic art城市绿地规划City open spaces planning园林树木栽培养护学Garden tree cultivation园林树木学Ornamental dendrology园林专业绘画课Painting of landscape architecture城市规划基础Fundamentals of city planning城市园林绿化经济管理Economic management of urban landscape gardening 风景园林设计初步Elementary landscape architecture design园林植物病理学Ornamental plant pathology园林昆虫学Ornamental plant entomology园林史History of landscape architecture园林工程Landscape architectural engineering土壤学Soil science城市生态学Urban ecology森林保护学Forest protection。
现代养猪营养规划的创新与发展, 佩卓·尤罗拉,美国明尼苏达大学
• Match nutrients in feed ingredients with requirements • 饲料原料中的营养素精确地满足动物实际需要
Nutrients in ingredients原料中的营养素 Nutrient requirements营养需要
Rising feed ingredient prices requires focusing on nutritional efficiency 随着饲料原料价格上涨，提高原料营养价值越来越 受到关注
ME or NE content代谢能或净能 Digestible amino acid content可消化氨基酸 Available or digestible P content有效或可消化磷
Are we asking too much? 我们要求的太多了吗？ • We want目标:
If feeding adding a feed ingredient to the diet results in suboptimal performance… 如果日粮中添加某种原料导致生长性能下降 …it generally means that inaccurate energy and digestible nutrient estimates were used in feed formulation 这往往意味着该原料的有效能值和可消化养分估计 不准确 …or an antinutritional factor was not identified 或者存在未知抗营养因子
色氨酸
The “cost” of uncertainty for nutritional value of feed ingredients 饲料原料营养价值的不确定性将会增加成本投入
Effect of Total Mixed Ration with Fermented Feed on发酵饲料 瘤胃体外发酵
213INTRODUCTIONThe cost of feed production is rising in the livestock husbandry industry, owing largely to dietary dependency on raw material. New feeding habits and strategies employing different roughages are clearly necessary to overcome the problem. The total mixed ration (TMR) has been the subject of great interest from farmers because of its expected benefits in the nutrition, management and production of ruminant animals (Owen, 1984; Howard et al., 1986; Sirohi et al., 2001). Farmers raising homebred fattening cattle are showing increased interest in fibroid material assorted feed, such as the TMR allowance, over concentrates (Kim et al., 2003), because homebred fattening cattle (rapid growing) require more feed intake for rapid body weight gain. It has already been experimentally confirmed that fibroid materials assorted feed is advantageous in maintaining the homeostasis of ruminant stomach pH, reducing the incidence of metabolic disease, and improving milk production (Nock et al., 1986; Harrison et al., 1989;Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci.Vol. 25, No. 2 : 213 - 223February 2012/10.5713/ajas.2011.11186Effect of Total Mixed Ration with Fermented Feed on Ruminal In vitroFermentation, Growth Performance andBlood Characteristics of Hanwoo SteersS. H. Kim1, M. J. Alam1,2, M. J. Gu1, K. W. Park1, C. O. Jeon3, Jong K. Ha4, K. K. Cho5 and S. S. Lee1,*1 Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology,Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-742, KoreaABSTRACT : In this study, two experiments were conducted to evaluate the total mixed ration with fermented feed (TMRF) and total mixed ration (TMR) by rumen in vitro fermentation and their effects on the growth performance and blood characteristics of Hanwoo steers. In experiment 1, three Hanwoo steers (600±47 kg), each permanently fitted with a ruminal cannula were used. In this experiment, three diets designated as T1, TMRF (18.4% fermented feed, tall fescue, mammoth wild rye forage and whole crop barley); T2, TMRF (17.7% fermented feed, rice straw and whole crop barley); and T3, TMR (rice straw, whole crop barley and probiotics, but no fermented feed), which were subjected to rumen in vitro fermentation for 48 h. The results demonstrated that DM disappearance rate gradually increased with advancing fermentation time, but T1 and T2 were higher than the T3 (p<0.05) from 3 h to 12 h, but insignificant (p>0.05) at 24 and 48 h. None of the specific VFAs were affected except for acetic and non volatile lactic acids, which were produced more in T2 than in T1 and T3 at 24 h and 48 h of incubation. A/P was lower in T1 and T2 than inT3 at 24 h (p<0.05) and 48 h (p>0.05) of incubation. These results confirmed that TMRF-related treatment shows a superior performance to that of TMR during the ruminal fermentation period. In experiment 2, the three diets in experiment 1 plus 1 more control diet (concentrates, probiotics and 2% rice straw of body weight) were fed to the 48 Hanwoo steers (160±10 kg) for a period of 168 d. The results demonstrated that the daily and total live weight gain and feed efficiency were higher (p<0.05) in the TMRF and TMR groups than in the control group. SGOT, SGPT and BUN (p<0.05) were reduced in TMRF relative to the control and TMR groups by 168 d which confirmed that TMRF shows better blood profiles than the TMR and control groups. Overall, these results appear to show that TMRF has better in vitro ruminal characteristics than those of TMR; growth performance and blood profiles were also found to be superior in TMRF than in the TMR and control groups. Thus, our findings suggest that TMRF-based feed supplies are favorable for Hanwoo cattle.(Key Words :Blood Profiles, Fermented Feed, Growth Performance, Hanwoo, Rumen Fermentation, TMR)* Corresponding Author : Sang-Suk Lee. Tel: +82-61-750-3237,E-mail: rumen@scnu.kr2 Dept. of Animal Science, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University,Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh.3Dept. of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756,Korea.4 Depart. of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute forAgriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and LifeSciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.5Dept. of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongnam NationalUniversity of Science and Technology, Chinju 660-758, Korea.Received June 20, 2011; Accepted September 1, 2011Kim et al. (2012) Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 25(2):213-223 214Kellems et al., 991). In recent years, the expediency of feeding cattle a TMR has become widely accepted. The benefits of a TMR include increased feed intake, enhanced use of low-cost alternative feed ingredients, ability to control the forage concentrate ratio, lower incidence of metabolic and digestive disorders, and reduced labor input for feeding (Owen, 1984). TMR is a proper type of feed especially when agricultural by-products with high moisture are to be included (Li et al., 2003). Silage, forage, and hay are the conventional roughages contained in TMR (Chumpawadee and Pimpa, 2009). Including fermented feed in TMR may change its digestibility as well as feed efficiency. However, there is no available information about TMR prepared with fermented feed. Moreover, tall fescue is an imported feed ingredient usually used to prepare TMR, but the use of domestic straw and whole barley, available in Korea, to replace the tall fescue may reduce the feeding cost.There is currently insufficient information regarding TMR prepared by replacing tall fescue with domestic rice straw and whole barley with fermented feed (TMRF) and its effects on cattle. The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different TMR with fermented feed over simple TMR on Hanwoo steers.MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental feeds and treatmentsThe total mixed feed was formulated on the basis of standard tables of feed composition in the Korean NIAS (2007). Treatment 1 (TMRF) contained 18.4% fermented feed with TMR (tall fescue, mammoth wild rye forage (Leymus racemosus), whole barley etc.). Treatment 2 (TMRF) contained 17.9% fermented feed with TMR (rice straw, whole barley etc.). Treatment 3 (TMR) contained rice straw, whole barley and probiotics, but no fermented feed added. Control contained available concentrates and probiotics. Probiotics used in the diets were prepared using Lactobacillus acidophilus (KCTC3140) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae(KACC30068), which were sourced from the Korean collection for type culture, Daejeon, Korea. The details of ingredients and composition of the different treatments are provided in Table 1. The chemical compositions were analyzed according to the guidelines of the AOAC (1995). NDF and ADF were analyzed with an Ankom fiber analyzer (ANKOM Tech. Corp, Fairport, NY) based on Van Soest’s method (Van Soest et al., 1991).Fermented feed was prepared for T1 and T2 with rice bran and wheat bran (50/50 w/w) supplemented with 0.1% Lactobacillus acidophilus KCTC3140 (1.2×107CFU/ml) and 0.1% Saccharomyces cerevisiae KACC30068 (2.1×106 CFU/ml);it was then appropriately mixed and maintained at the optimal temperature of 37°C for 48 h to achieve proper fermentation in the confined condition. Finally, these Table 1. Ingredient and chemical composition of the experimental diets for Exp. 2TreatmentsCon1T12T23T34 Diet ingredients (%)Beet pulp - - 9.5 8.5 Brewer grain 19.0 - - - Calcium sulfate 0.26 - - - Wheat 6.5 - - - Tapioca 5.5 - - - Corn (M)5 6.9 0.8 - - Corn (F)626.47 5.1 4.0 4.3 Fermented mixture7- 18.4 17.7 - Mammoth wild rye forage - 7.2 - - Lime stone 1.52 0.65 0.8 0.9 Malt hulls 1.5 - - 8.5 Mineral mixture80.25 - - - Vitamin premix90.35 0.35 0.35 0.1 Molasses 0.65 5.1 5.5 6.0 Probiotics 0.2 - - 0.1 Rice bran - 24.5 19.0 20.5 Rice straw -- 7.9 8.5 Salt 0.6 - - - Tall fescue - 7.2 - - Concentrate mixture 1030.3 - - - Whole crop barley - 25.6 35.6 42.7 Water - 5.1 - - Chemical composition of mixed feedsDM (%) at 105°C 87.0 64.0 64.0 65.0 TDN1169.0 69.0 69.0 69.0 Crude protein 14.0 13.0 12.0 12.0 Crude fiber 18.0 17.0 17.0 16.0 ADF12- 24.0 24.0 22.0 NDF13- 44.0 45.0 45.0 Calcium 0.8 1.12 0.98 0.95 Phosphorus 0.12 0.39 0.34 0.42 As usual mixed diet.2 Tall fescue, 184 g/kg fermented feed, mammoth wild rye forage, whole barley forage etc.3 Rice straw, 177 g/kg fermented feed, whole barley forage etc.4 Rice straw, probiotics, whole barley forage etc.5 Corn meal.6 Corn Flake.7 Rice bran 50% and wheat bran 50% (w/w) with 0.1% Lactobacillus acidophilus KCTC3140 (1.2×107CFU/ml) and 0.1% Saccharomyces cerevisiae KACC30068 (2.1×106 CFU/ml) were mixed and maintained at the optimal temperature for fermentation.8 Guaranteed analysis: 360 g/kg Na, 600 g/kg Cl, 1,600 mg/kg Fe, 5,000 mg/kg Mn, 7,500 mg/kg Zn, 2,500 mg/kg Cu, 70 mg/kg I, and 40 mg/kg Co (Shur-Gain Feeds Inc., Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada).9Guaranteed analysis: 10,000,000 IU/kg vitamin A, 1,500,000 IU/kg vitamin D and 15,000 IU/kg vitamin E (Shur-Gain Feeds Inc., Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada).10 Mixture of 23.64% wheat meal, 28% corn meal, l9% oil seed meal, 7% coconut meal and 22.36% palm meal from Hanwoo TMR feed factory, Ziri-mountain, Sunhan, Jeonnam, Korea.11 total digestible nutrient. 12 Acid detergent fiber.13 Neutral detergent fiber.Kim et al. (2012) Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 25(2):213-223215fermented feeds were stored outside for 24 h to achieve normal conditions. The chemical composition of the fermented feed contained DM, CP, CF, ADF and NDF were 59.0%, 8.8%, 8.4%, 13.2% and 22.4%, respectively. Animals, management and experimental procedure Experiment 1 -For in vitro model :Exp. 1 used only T1, T2 and T3. Rumen fluids were pooled from 3 ruminally-cannulated Hanwoo steers of 24 months of age and body weights of 600±47 kg. The collected fluids were filtered through 4-folded cheese cloth and contained in glass bottles that were placed in a water bath for 1 h at a temperature of 39°C. A vacuum pump was used to remove the upper residue and the middle rumen fluids were collected for experimental use. Constant CO2 gas flow was used to mix the rumen fluid with media and to fill the serum bottles under anaerobic conditions. Particle-free rumen fluid as an inoculums was anaerobically transferred (20% v/v) to a medium (pH 6.7) containing different minerals, in accordance with the method described by Russell and Vansoest (1984); Russell and Strobel (1988). Subsequently, 100 ml of the buffered rumen fluid was anaerobically transferred to 160 ml serum bottles containing either TMR or TMRF, or containing neither (control). Two g (1 g in DM basis) of the different treatment mixed feeds (2 mm screen DM particle) were then added, prior to filling with buffered rumen fluid. The buffer maintained a pH of 6.7 and was autoclaved prior to its addition to the rumen fluid. The filled serum bottles were then sealed with rubber stoppers and aluminum caps and incubated at 39°C in a shaking incubator at 90 rpm for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 48 h with 3 replications for each of the treatments. Samples from in vitro fermentation were taken for analysis after incubation was completed.Experiment 2 - For growth performance and blood profiles : A total of 48 Hanwoo steers were used for experimentation over 168 d. The experimental cattle were 6 months old, with live weights of 160±10 kg. The pens were constructed of steel frames, and each pen was 5 m×10 m in size. Each pen contained 6 cattle with 12 cattle for each treatment group, and thus 2 pens were required for each treatment. The cattle house faced toward the south to ensure proper light exposure.Feed was supplied on the basis of the live weight of the cattle. Total mixed feed was allowed to a level of 1.7% of the total live weight of the cattle. The total feed was supplied equally to the cattle twice (9.00 am and 17.00 pm) daily. Cattle were freely given access to fresh, clean drinking water. Trace mineral salts were made freely available for the experimental cattle, except control animals. The experimental cattle were permitted to consume diets for 2 wk to adapt to the feed prior to beginning the experiment. Initially, the live weights of all cattle were measured. Body weights were then measured at intervals of 4 wk, and blood was collected at 8-wk intervals during the experimental period.Measurements and analytical methodsExperiment 1 - Rumen fermentation parameters : Total gas production was measured at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 48 h using a press and sensor machine of EA-6 from Sun Bee Instruments, Inc., Korea. After 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 48 h of incubation, pH values were measured immediately after uncapping each bottle, and fermentation was halted by swirling the bottles on ice. The pH meter used to determine the pH value was an M530P (Schott Instruments D-55122 Mainz, Germany). The in vitro DM disappearance was measured via the two-stage method of Tilley and Terry (1963). Ammonia nitrogen concentration was measured according to the method of Chaney and Marbach (1962) using OD (extinction) at 630 nm by a UV-spectrophotometer (Biochrom Ltd., CB40FJ, England).VFA concentration was measured with HPLC (Agilent Technolgies 1200 series, Germany). The HPLC apparatus contained a UV detector, the column used was a Meta Carb 87H (Varian), and quantitative analysis was conducted using an Integrator. It evidenced signals of 210 nm and 220 nm. The samples were centrifuged at 16,609×g for 5 min at 4°C prior to use and filtered through 0.2 µm Millipore filters. A standard was developed at 0.999 for VFAs prior to sample analysis.Experiment 2 -Feed intake and weight gain calculations: Experimental cattle were weighed using a weighing machine every 4th wk of the total 24 wk experimental period. Weight gain per day was calculated by the initial body weight of the cattle deducted from the final body weight, which was divided by the experimental period (d). Feed efficiency was calculated by the weight gain per day divided by the feed intake per day of the cattle. Feed intake was also calculated by the residual feed deducted from the total supplied feed.Blood collection and analysisBlood was collected once at 8 wk, and after 3 h of feed supply. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein. Five ml of blood was collected in a sterilized vacuum tube (Green Cross MS, Korea) containing K3-EDTA, and the tube was gently inverted a couple of times, kept in an ice box, and later centrifuged for 15 min at 890×g at 4°C and maintained for 8 h in a refrigerator at 4°C prior to analysis and separation of serum. The plasma was also transferred to a storage tube and labeled with the date and animal identification and analyzed fresh or stored at -20°C until analysis. Total protein, albumin, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and glucose concentrations were analyzed using an automatic blood analyzer (Express Plus, Ciba-Corning, CA,Kim et al. (2012) Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 25(2):213-223 216USA) according to the biuret method of Flack and Woollen (1984), the bromocresol green method of Doumas et al. (1971), the picric acid method of Husdan and Rapoport (1968), the urease method of Rocch-Ramel (1967), and the hexokinase method of Farrance (1987), respectively. Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), total cholesterol, high density lipo protein (HDL), low density lipo protein (LDL) and triglyceride concentrations of the blood samples were analyzed by Green Cross MS in Korea.Statistical analysisResults obtained from the experiment were analyzed by one-way ANOVA for variance using the GLM (General Linear Model) procedure of the SAS (2004) 9.1 Soft Ware Package and authorized synonymy between averages were determined by Duncan's multiple range test method. Significant differences were accepted if p<0.05.RESULTSRumen fermentation characteristics (Experiment 1) Total gas production and pH value: In vitro gas production at different stages, concentrations of NH3-N and pH value in rumen fluid were employed to monitor the ruminal fermentation pattern (Table 2). Total gas production increased gradually from 3 to 48 h in all of the treatment groups. Gas production increased with incubation and fermentation period. Total gas production differed prominently from 12 to 24 h of incubation among theTable 2. Total gas production, pH values, ammonia-nitrogen concentration and disappearance rate of DM in in vitro ruminal fermentation of experimental diets at different stages for Exp. 1Incubation time (h)Treatments Level ofsignificance T1T2T3SEMGas production (ml/g DM)3 27.00a 21.34c 24.17b0.89 *6 36.00 33.84 33.84 1.50 NS9 38.00 39.50 40.17 1.72 NS 12 40.50b 47.00ab 51.17a 3.05 * 24 53.84b 50.17b 61.50a 2.82 * 48 56.00 60.00 64.67 6.32 NS pH values3 5.59b 5.78a 5.83a0.03 *6 5.23b 5.43a 5.45a0.04 *9 5.12 5.33 5.29 0.06 NS 12 5.15 5.16 5.09 0.02 NS 24 4.98 4.97 4.95 0.02 NS 48 4.92 4.86 4.82 0.03 NS NH3-N concentration (mg/L)3 227.00 226.00 243.33 28.56 NS6 243.00 231.33 246.33 16.37 NS9 245.67 239.44 262.67 32.94 NS 12 261.67 254.00 330.67 43.83 NS 24 291.44 261.44 344.22 25.69 NS 48 356.44 328.67 345.78 29.38 NS Disappearance rate of DM (g/kg)3 644.80a628.00a535.80b0.02 *6 641.80a637.20a547.90b0.02 *9 661.20ab679.90a586.60b0.03 * 12 677.60ab699.80a615.00b0.02 * 24 713.50 729.90 667.30 0.02 NS 48 718.10 744.30 703.60 0.01 NS Values are given as means (n = 3). Different letters (a, b, c) within each row indicate significant differences within the values (p<0.05).1 Tall fescue, 184 g/kg fermented feed, mammoth wild rye forage, whole barley forage etc.2 Rice straw, 177 g/kg fermented feed, whole barley forage etc.3 Rice straw, probiotics, whole barley forage etc.4 The total gas was produced from 1 g (DM basis) of feed substrates, which were used in each of the serum bottles during in vitro fermentation.Kim et al. (2012) Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 25(2):213-223 217treatment groups. At the beginning of the experiment the pH value was 6.01, and by the end of the experiment it was changed to 4.86±0.06. The pH value at 6 h of incubation was higher in the T2 and T3 treatment groups than in the others (Table 2). pH values measured at 9 to 48 h did not differ significantly (p>0.05).NH 3-N concentration and DM disappearance : Though NH 3-N concentration gradually increased with the advancement of incubation, but did not differ between the treatments (p>0.05) (Table 2). DM disappearance was highest in T2 (69.98) followed by T1 (67.76) and T3 (61.50) at 12 h of incubation (p<0.05). DM disappearance rate gradually increased with advancing fermentation time in all of the groups, but the disappearance rate in T1 and T2 was higher than the T3 and achieved significance (p<0.05) from 3 to 12 h, but was insignificant (p>0.05) at 24 and 48 h (Table 2).Volatile fatty acid, lactate and A/P ratio : The VFAs and lactate concentrations of the different treatments are provided in Table 3. All types of VFA increased gradually from 0 to 48 h and lactic acid was reduced after 9 h of incubation. None of the specific VFAs were affected by the treatments except for acetate and non-VFA lactate which were produced comparatively more in T2 than T1 and T3 at 24 and 48 h of incubation (Table 3). A/P gradually decreased with advancing rumen fermentation period anddiffered significantly (p<0.05) at 3, 12 and 24 h ofincubation (Table 3).Growth performance and blood profiles (Experiment 2)Feed intake and weight gain : The initial and final body weights of the experimental Hanwoo steers were on an average 159.6 and 301.3 kg, respectively. At the end of the experiment, the T1 (308.0 kg) weights were the highest and the control weights (284.0 kg) were lowest (p<0.05). The highest live weight gain (LWG) was detected in the T3 group and the lowest was detected in the controls (Table 4). However, the LWG of the T1, T2, and T3 groups were quite similar, and daily live weight gain values were the same in all treatment groups except the controls, which evidenced the lowest weights. TMR and TMRF feed related treatmentsyielded higher body weight gains than were seen in the control group (p<0.05). Feed intake was higher in the control group than in the other treatment groups (Table 4). Feed efficiency was identical (0.16) in the T1, T2, and T3 groups, but the control group evidenced the lowest values (0.12).Changes of blood profiles : Changes of blood profile according to different treatment groups are shown in Table 5. Total blood protein content was unchanged from 56 to 168 d (p<0.05) in T1 and T2, but was slightly increased in the T3 group and decreased in the control group. The albumin concentrations were increased prior to the final test in all treatment groups (Table 5). Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT) concentrations were unchanged in the T1 and T2 groups from prior to final, but increased only slightly in the T3 and control groups. Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT) concentrationlevels were reduced in all treatment groups from 56 to 168 d (p<0.05). Creatinine concentrations decreased in the T1 and T2 groups from before the test to the final test, but increased in the T3 and control groups (Table 5). Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were reduced for all of the treatment groups, but T1 and T2 were reduced more and T3 and control decreased less profoundly from 56 d to 168 d. Total cholesterol levels increased from initial to the final test for all of the treatment groups. However, these levels increased more in the TMR and TMRF feed groups relative to the controls (Table 5). High density lipo protein (HDL)increased for all of the treatments including the controls (p>0.05). Low density lipo protein (LDL) also increased for all of the treatments, including the controls. Triglyceride concentrations reduced from the 56 to the 168-d blood test in all the treatment groups, but the controls were nearly identical, and did not change. Glucose levels increased from 56 to 112 d (p<0.05), and then declined at 168 d (p>0.05) in the case of all of the treatment groups, including the controls.DISCUSSIONS Experiment 1 for in vitro fermentation characteristics The results of the experiment confirmed that fermental gas production increased with the advancing incubation period. Mao et al. (2007) noted that the total gas production would increase with advancing rumen fermentation period of the substrate. This consistency illustrates the similarity between present and previous research results. The pH values of the present experiment did not differ according to the effects of different TMR and TMRF, but all gradually decreased with the time period. It is assumed that the decrease in pH was due to the increased level of VFA and lactate.NH 3-N is regarded as the most important nitrogen source for microbial protein synthesis in the rumen (Bryant, 1974) and the level in the rumen is generally high when the feeds are more digestible. The differences in NH 3-N concentrations among treatments may be directly related to urea and protein degradability in the TMRs. Highammonium nitrogen levels indicates that the soluble fraction of protein is also high. Erdman et al. (1986) reported previously that ammonia nitrogen contents are increased with the increased digestion period in the ruminant stomach. Slyter et al. (1979) and Li et al. (2003b) reported that cattle on TMR related feed content evidence higher ruminal NH 3-N levels with the fermentation periods;Kim et al. (2012) Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 25(2):213-223218Table 3. Changes of VFA, lactate concentrations and A/P in in vitro fermentation of experimental diets at different incubation periods for Exp. 1Fermentation period (h)TreatmentsLevel of significance T11T22T33SEMAcetic acid (mM/L)0 21.17a19.08a14.20b 1.35 *3 20.97 29.44 23.83 4.24 NS6 33.60a22.43b22.42b 2.24 *9 22.84b22.73b30.48a 1.91 * 12 30.72 36.45 31.95 2.49 NS 24 44.23b54.65a46.13ab 2.99 * 48 53.78 60.15 52.01 7.28 NS Propionic acid0 5.02 5.01 2.86 1.33 NS3 6.15 6.09 6.53 0.78 NS6 11.25 9.25 9.96 1.24 NS9 10.32 11.60 11.71 1.81 NS 12 17.93 27.04 25.30 2.79 NS 24 38.70 43.60 36.03 2.79 NS 48 46.90 49.91 38.93 4.75 NS Butyric acid0 3.49 2.50 2.78 0.63 NS3 4.57 3.20 4.32 0.87 NS6 5.62 4.12 5.44 0.63 NS9 3.67 3.35 5.04 0.64 NS 12 5.41 4.71 5.52 0.74 NS 24 9.98 5.82 6.23 1.58 NS 48 9.00 7.47 6.16 1.15 NS Total VFA0 29.68a26.59ab19.84b 2.39 *3 31.69 38.73 34.69 4.83 NS6 50.48a35.80b37.81b 2.97 *9 36.83 37.68 47.23 3.30 NS 12 54.07 68.20 62.77 4.91 NS 24 92.91 104.07 88.40 6.41 NS 48 109.69 117.53 97.10 11.19 NS Lactic acid0 6.28 5.18 4.61 0.62 NS3 19.76a12.39b11.33b 1.38 *6 24.34a17.28b15.92b 1.36 *9 26.06ab19.32b30.29a 3.03 * 12 21.06a 4.78b11.62b 2.28 * 24 4.27 7.60 6.86 1.17 NS 48 4.42 6.78 5.15 1.32 NS A/P ratio3 3.40 5.47 3.81 0.74 NS6 3.83 2.44 2.45 0.60 NS9 2.35 2.16 3.08 0.36 NS 12 2.23a 1.36b 1.32b0.23 * 24 1.15 1.27 1.34 0.09 NS 48 1.15 1.29 1.29 0.12 NS Values are given as means (n = 3). a, b Different letters within each row indicate significant differences within the values (p<0.05).1 Tall fescue, 184 g/kg fermented feed, mammoth wild rye forage, whole barley forage etc.2 Rice straw, 177 g/kg fermented feed, whole barley forage etc.3 Rice straw, probiotics, whole barley forage etc.Kim et al. (2012) Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 25(2):213-223219the results of the present study agrees with the findings of previous studies. TMR increases the concentration of soluble sugars and lactic acid from feed; thus, the higher ruminal degradability of DM and fermented feed reduced pH and sugar concentrations, enhancing lactic acid production, which facilitates DM disappearance (Hristovand McAllister, 2002). DM disappearance is frequentlymarginal and depends heavily on the microbial fermentationof feed (Patterson et al., 1997; Mandebvu et al., 1999). Thefindings of the present experiment also revealed the samerelationship between fermentation period and DMdisappearance, which is consistent with the findings ofprevious research.VFA is the first source of energy for ruminant animals,and is influenced by the feed quality, quantity, allowancemethod etc. (McCarthy et al., 1989; Casper et al., 1990).Acetate and butyrate may be used for energy supply toanimals, but propionate can be employed as a primarysource of glucose. However, all VFAs constitute anexcellent source of energy for fattening cattle. In the presentstudy, VFA increased gradually with increased incubationperiods. VFA production has been reported to dependlargely on the level of hay in the ration and the quantity ofhay consumed (Sasaki et al., 2001). Although the presentexperiment did not directly use hay, it did use the TMRFand TMR, which induced a comparatively higher level ofVFA production with advancing incubation period.However, these alterations were less profound, which isconsistent with the findings of Li et al. (2003b). Overton etal. (1995) previously reported that ruminal VFA productiondepends on feed composition, feed intake and the feedingsystem used. The TMR and TMR with fermented feed partially affect VFA production which is partially consistent with the aforementioned reports. There is also some evidence to suggest that the rate and extent of carbohydrate degradation are affected by the condition of rumenfermentation and the rate and extent of VFA production(Cheng et al., 1991). Keady and Mayne (2001) alsodemonstrated that VFA concentrations were similar whenthe animals consumed diets containing similar carbohydratecompositions. In this study, different sources of fiber inTMR and TMRF were employed; thus, VFA concentrationsand VFA profiles also differed in some specific incubationperiods. Also, the different sources of fiber in TMR andTMRF caused the concentration of acetate to differ at 24 hof incubation. Lactate concentrations differed at 3, 6, 9 and12 h of incubation which gradually decreased with the timeperiods. McGilliard et al. (1983) and Nock et al. (1985)reported that the TMR and TMRF systems helped tomaintain the rumen A/P ratio, because TMR and TMRFcould provide a more balanced ration with a uniform rate ofroughage and concentrate and increased DM intake. Li et al.(2003a) reported previously that TMR feeding resulted inlower A/P ratios, which is good for ruminants. The presentfindings showed better A/P in the TMRF group (T1 and T2)than in the TMR (T3) group at 12 h of fermentation, whichis consistent with the above previous research findingsshowing a beneficial effect on ruminants.Experiment 2 for growth performances and bloodprofile characteristicsGrowth performances : Lin et al. (2001; 2004) reportedpreviously that body weight gain and feed conversion ratesTable 4. Growth performance and feed efficiency of growing Hanwoo steers by feeding different diets for Exp. 2 Periods/itemTreatmentsLevel of significanceCon 1T12T23T34SEMDays UnitIBW Weight (kg)160.33 160.42 158.92 158.58 4.47 NS 28 187.92 190.83 182.75 184.67 5.48 NS 56 201.17 206.83 191.67 199.00 5.57 NS 84 210.08 221.50 202.83 212.92 6.08 NS 112 237.00 252.92 247.33 256.08 6.30 NS 140 258.83 275.42 267.58 278.42 6.92 NS FBW 6 284.00 308.00 306.08 307.00 7.83 NS TLWG 7 123.67b 147.58a 147.17a 148.42a 5.69 * DLWG 8 0.74b 0.88a 0.88a 0.88a 0.04 * DFI 9 6.43 5.63 5.63 5.63 0.35 NS FE 10Ratio 0.12b0.16a 0.16a 0.16a 0.01 *Values are given as means (n = 3). a, b Different letters within each row indicate significant differences within the values (p<0.05). 1As usual mixed diet. 2 Tall fescue, 184 g/kg fermented feed, mammoth wild rye forage, whole barley forage etc. 3Rice straw, 177 g/kg fermented feed, whole barley forage etc. 4 Rice straw, probiotics, whole barley forage etc. 5 Initial body weight (starting). 6Final body weight (168 d). 7 Total live weight gain. 8 Daily live weight gain. 9 Daily feed intake. 10 Feed efficiency = DLWG/DFI.。
饲料添加剂(全)PPT课件
第二节 营养性添加剂（氨基酸添加剂）
• 二、饲料用氨基酸添 加剂
•
赖氨酸添加剂
• L—赖氨酸化学性质不稳 定，商品用赖氨酸多为L赖氨酸盐酸盐。产品规格 含C6H14： N202·HCl≥98．5％。L— 赖氨酸盐酸盐含L—赖氨 酸78.8％。
• 35
第二节 营养性添加剂（氨基酸添加剂）
• 蛋氨酸添加剂 • 是必需氨基酸中惟一含硫的氨
12000 1200 150
10 5 10 25 10 15 0.05 0.5 0.5 1500 150 －
40000 2000 400
20 15 10 100 50 15 0.05 1.0 0.3 1500 150 200
10000 1000
40 － 2 6 50 20 2 0.01 － 0.20 1300 － －
三、添加剂预混料 • 添加剂预混料——是指由一种或多种添加剂与
载体和(或)稀释剂均匀混合后的混合物。人们 习惯于将添加剂预混料简称预混料或添加剂， 在配合饲料中的用量通常是1％一4％。
9
• 第一节 绪 论
四、饲料添加剂的作用 • 1、改善饲料的营养价值，提高饲料利用率； • 2、提高动物生产性能，促进动物生产； • 3、改善饲料的物理特性，增加饲料耐贮性； • 4、增进动物健康； • 5、改善动物产品品质； • 6、降低生产成本。
精选ppt课件202130第二节营养性添加剂维生素添加剂雏鸡维生素需要量与推荐量维生素nrc巴斯夫andrew英国需要量推荐量aiudiuemgkmg12mg泛酸mg尼克酸mg叶酸mg生物素mg胆碱mg1500200100518360009102705501513001500015000150001200030001500300030001030404500100300300310201220255040500515101501015010175001500600150精选ppt课件202131第二节营养性添加剂维生素添加剂宠物及鱼日粮中维生素的推荐量干物质瑞士罗氏维生素鳝鱼aiubiueiukmgmg烟酸mg泛酸mg12mg叶酸mg生物素mg胆碱mgmg肌醇mg12000400001000010000800015000120012002000100010001800300020001504004080408016010201530101025306025100503070180801050201560506015151520005005001003001005015051006105005030200250302508150015001300100080018008001501501001505003001501000150精选ppt课件202132精选ppt课件202133第二节营养性添加剂维生素添加剂各种维生素产品的保险系数德国basf公司维生素名称维生素名称保险系数保险系数维生素名称维生素名称保险系数保险系数维生素维生素a233维生素维生素bb66551010维生素维生素dd33551010维生素维生素bb1212551010维生素维生素e122叶酸叶酸10101515维生素维生素kk551010烟酸烟酸1133维生素维生素bb551010泛酸钙泛酸钙2255维生素维生素bb22225维生素维生素c51010精选ppt课件202134第二节第二节营养性添加剂营养性添加剂氨基酸添加剂氨基酸添加剂一一氨基酸的生产方法氨基酸的生产方法11发酵法发酵法22化学合成法化学合成法33化学合成化学合成酶法44蛋白质水解法蛋白质水解法精选ppt课件202135二二饲料用氨基酸添饲料用氨基酸添赖氨酸添加剂赖氨酸添加剂ll赖氨酸化学性质不稳赖氨酸化学性质不稳定商品用赖氨酸多为定商品用赖氨酸多为ll赖氨酸盐酸盐赖氨酸盐酸盐
赖氨酸对泌乳奶牛生产性能的影响
综述Review赖氨酸对於乳奶牛生产性能的影响毛家真「，杨金勇H王俊红'，王艳明4,俞佳妃'，崔艳军「，王肿”(1.浙江农林大学集贤学院动物科技学院动物医学院/浙江省畜禽绿色生态健康养殖应用技术研究重点实验室/动物健康互联网检测技术浙江省工程实验室，杭州311300； 2.浙江省畜牧技术推广与种畜禽监测总站.杭州310021：3.浙江大学动物科学学院，杭州31005&4.建明(中国)科技有限公司，广东珠海519040)摘要：赖氨酸是最主要的限制性氨基酸之一’奶牛小肠吸收的氨基酸对于维持生长发育、繁殖和泌乳等生命活动而言极为重要.通常反刍动物自身不能合成赖氨酸，需要通过外源补充以满足动物的需要反刍动物小肠内的氨基酸来自瘤胃微生物蛋白和瘤胃未降解蛋白。
目前常采用添加过瘤胃保护赖氨酸的方式来提高小肠代谢赖氨酸的含量，从而提高生产性能和经济效益文章就赖氨酸对奶牛生产性能的影响和过瘤胃保护蛋白的研究进行了综述.关键词：赖氨酸；泌乳奶牛；生产性能；过瘤胃保护蛋白中图分类号：S816.4文献标志码：A文章编号：1001-0084(2021)02-0014-03Effects of Lysine on Performance of Lactating Dairy Cows MAO Jiazhen1,YANG Jinyong2**,WANG Junhong3,WANG Yanming4,YU Jiafei1,CUI Yanjun1,WANG Chong1*(1.College of Jixian,College of Animal Science and Technology,College of Veterinary Medicine,Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University.Key Laboratory of Application Technology of Green Ecological and Healthy Breeding of Livestock and Poultry in Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratoiy of Animal Health Internet Detection Technology.Hangzhou311300,China;2.Zhejiang Province Animal Husbandry Technology Promotion and Breeding Livestock and Poultry Monitoring Station.Hangzhou310021,China:3.College of Animal Science,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou310058,China;4.Jianming(China)Technology Co.,Ltd.,Zhuhai519040,Guangdong China)Abstract：Lysine is one of the most important limiting amino acids.Ami no acids of dairy cow small intestinal absorption to maintain growth reproduction and lactation has extremely important life ually ruminants cannot synthesis lysine by themselves,and need to be supplemented by exogenous sources to meet the needs of the animals,amino acids in ruminant animal intestine of were from rumen microbial protein and rumen undegraded protein.At present,the method of adding rumen-protected lysine is often used to increase the content of metabolized lysine in the small intestine,thereby improving production performance and economic benefits.In this paper,the effect of lysine on dairy cow production performance and research of bypass rumen protected protein were summarized.Key words：lysine;lactation dairy cows;production performance;rumen protective protein蛋白质是反刍动物日粮中重要的限制性营养成蛋白质的生物学价值I1'o氨基酸作为合成蛋白质的分之一，而小肠可以吸收的氨基酸数量种类决定了基本单位，在反刍动物正常生长发育、繁殖和泌乳收稿日期：2021-01-18基金项目：浙江省畜牧产业技术项冃；浙江省农业重大技术协同推广计划项目(2019XTT(；XM02-3);浙江省“三农六方”科技协作项冃(20I9SNLF019；2020SNLF019)；浙江省畜禽绿色生态健康养殖应用技术研究重点实验室项目(KLGEH003);浙江省团队科技特派员结对服务计划项目作者简介：毛家真(2000—),男，浙江宁波人，研究方向为畜禽养殖技术与推广，*****************c*通讯作者：杨金勇(1981—),男,浙江温州人,高级畜牧师,研究方向为畜禽养殖技术与推广,*******************;王羽中(1980—),男，浙江湖州人.博士，教授，研究方向为反刍动物养殖技术，wangcong992@ c14饲料博览2021年第2期Review综述等生命活动中起重要作用。
猪精液常温保存抗氧化剂研究进展
Abstract: Rumen microorganisms play an important role in digestion and absorption of ruminant diets. Deeply exploring the structure, metabolic activity and function of rumen microbial community is of great significance for ruminant health and feed utilization efficiency. Compared with the traditional pure culture method of rumen microorganisms, the high-throughput sequencing-based omics technology can explain the species, metabolic pathways and functions of rumen microorganisms more comprehensively. The combination of meta-omics provides a new way for the systematic understanding of the molecular mechanism of rumen microbial fibre degradation, and more attention has been paid to it by researcher. This paper summarizes the application of metagenomics, metatranscriptome, metaproteomics and metabonomics in the study of rumen microorganisms, and summarizes the combined application of meta-omics technology to provide theoretical support for the research of rumen microorganisms in ruminants. Keywords: Ruminants; Rumen microbes; Meta-omics
肠道微生物在反刍动物健康生产中的作用研究进展
中国畜牧兽医 2024,51(4):1466-1479C h i n aA n i m a lH u s b a n d r y &V e t e r i n a r y Me d i c i n e 肠道微生物在反刍动物健康生产中的作用研究进展唐 俊1,3,贺 荔2,王彭辉1,3,何小龙1,3,易唤明1,3,程箫1,3,任春环1,3,陈家宏2,王强军1,3,张子军2(1.安徽农业大学动物科技学院,合肥230036;2.安徽农业大学新农村发展研究院,合肥230036;3.安徽地方畜禽遗传资源保护与生物育种省级实验室,合肥230036)摘 要:近年来,随着各界对微生物功能的关注,人们对肠道微生物的研究也日益增多㊂在反刍动物的肠道中存在着大量的微生物,它们对宿主的营养代谢㊁免疫功能等起到了十分重要的作用,是影响机体健康的关键因素之一㊂肠道微生物受反刍动物的饲粮组成㊁年龄㊁基因型等因素的影响,而饲粮组成是影响肠道微生物最主要的因素,若饲粮改变,其中的粗纤维㊁蛋白质㊁碳水化合物等营养素均发生改变,肠道微生物也随之发生改变㊂反刍动物体内存在的有益微生物(如瘤胃球菌㊁藤黄微球菌㊁牛肠球菌等)对动物机体有积极的作用,而一些有害菌(如梭菌㊁苏黎世杆菌等)会破坏反刍动物体内环境的稳态,使机体免疫力㊁抗病力下降,容易产生疾病,严重影响反刍动物的健康㊂此外,除了肠道微生物会影响反刍动物机体健康外,益生菌和营养素也对反刍动物机体健康起到调控作用,而一般的措施都是在反刍动物饲粮中添加有益益生菌或营养素饲粮,这样既能补充日常的营养水平,也能防止有害微生物的增生,从而保障反刍动物机体的健康㊂作者综述了影响反刍动物肠道微生物的因素,以及益生菌和营养素对反刍动物健康生产的作用,旨在为合理调控反刍动物肠道微生物区系及为其健康发展提供理论参考,进而促进畜牧业的发展㊂关键词:肠道微生物;反刍动物;益生菌;营养素中图分类号:S 852.6文献标识码:AD o i :10.16431/j .c n k i .1671-7236.2024.04.015 开放科学(资源服务)标识码(O S I D ):收稿日期:2023-10-08基金项目:国家自然科学基金青年项目(32302802);安徽省高校自然科学研究重点项目(2023A H 051037);国家重点研发计划 山羊湖羊新品种新品系培育及良种扩繁殖 (2022Y F D 1300202)联系方式:唐俊,E -m a i l :2223936796@q q .c o m ㊂通信作者张子军,E -m a i l :z h a n g z i ju n @a h a u .e d u .c n R e s e a r c hP r o gr e s s o n t h eR o l e o f I n t e s t i n a lM i c r o b e s i n H e a l t h y Pr o d u c t i o no fR u m i n a n t s T A N GJ u n 1,3,H EL i 2,WA N GP e n g h u i 1,3,H EX i a o l o n g 1,3,Y IH u a n m i n g 1,3,C H E N G X i a o 1,3,R E N C h u n h u a n 1,3,C H E NJ i a h o n g 2,WA N G Q i a n g j u n 1,3,Z H A N GZ i ju n 2(1.C o l l e g e o f A n i m a lS c i e n c e a n dT e c h n o l o g y ,A n h u i A g r i c u l t u r a lU n i v e r s i t y ,H e f e i 230036,C h i n a ;2.N e wR u r a lD e v e l o p m e n tR e s e a r c hI n s t i t u t e ,A n h u i A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y ,H e f e i 230036,C h i n a ;3.A n h u i P r o v i n c i a lL a b o r a t o r y o f An i m a l a n d P o u l t r y G e n e t i cR e s o u r c e sP r o t e c t i o na n dB i o l o g i c a lB r e e d i n g ,H e fe i 230036,C h i n a )A b s t r a c t :I nr e c e n t y e a r s ,w i t ht h ea t t e n t i o n p a i dt ot h ef u n c t i o no f m i c r o o rg a n i s m s ,p e o pl e s r e s e a r c h o n i n t e s t i n a lm i c r o b e s i s a l s o i n c r e a s i n g .I n t h e g u t o f r u m i n a n t s ,t h e r e a r e a l a r ge n u m b e r o fm i c r o o r g a n i s m s ,w h i c h p l a y a v e r y i m po r t a n t r o l e i n t h e h o s t s n u t r i t i o n a lm e t a b o l i s m ,i m m u n e f u n c t i o n ,e t c .,a n d a r e o n e o f t h ek e y f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g b o d y he a l t h .I n t e s t i n a lm i c r o b e s i s af f e c t e d4期唐俊等:肠道微生物在反刍动物健康生产中的作用研究进展b y d i e tc o m p o s i t i o n,a g e,g e n o t y p e a n do t h e r f a c t o r so f r u m i n a n t s,a n dd ie t a r y c o m p o s i t i o n i s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n tf a c t o ra f f e c t i ng i n t e s t i n a lm i c r o b e s.I f th edi e t c h a n g e s,t h ec r u d e f i b e r,p r o t e i n, c a r b o h y d r a t e a n do t h e rn u t r i e n t sw i l l c h a n g e,a n d t h e i n t e s t i n a lm i c r o b e sw i l l a l s o c h a n g e.T h e r ea r eb e n e f ic i a lm i c r o o r g a n i s m s i n t h e b od y o f r u m i n a n t s,w h i c hh a ve a p o s i t i v e ef f e c t o n t h e a n i m a lb o d y,s uc ha s R u m i n o c o c c u s,M i c r o c o c c u s l u t e u s,E n t e r o c o c c u sb o v i s,e t c.,w h i l es o m eh a r m f u l b a c t e r i a(s u c ha s C l o s t r id i u m,Z u r i c h b a c te r i u m,e t c.)d e s t r o y t h eh o m e o s t a s i so ft h ei n t e r n a l e n v i r o n m e n t of r u m i n a n t s,r e d u c e t h e i m m u n i t y a n dd i s e a s e r e s i s t a n c eo f t h eb o d y,a n da r e p r o n e t od i s e a s e s,w h i c hs e r i o u s l y a f f e c tt h eh e a l t h o fr u m i n a n t s.I na d d i t i o nt oi n t e s t i n a l m i c r o b e sa f f e c t i n g t h eb o d y h e a l t ho f r u m i n a n t s,p r o b i o t ic s a n dn u t r i e n t s a l s o p l a y a r e g u l a t o r y r o l e i n t h eb o d y h e a l t ho f r u m i n a n t s,a n dt h e g e n e r a lm e a s u r e sa r et oa d db e n e f ic i a l p r o b i o t i c so rn u t r i e n td ie t s t o t h e d i e t s of r u m i n a n t s,w h i c hc a nn o t o n l y s u p p l e m e n t t h ed a i l y n u t r i t i o n l e v e l,b u t a l s o p r e v e n t t h e p r o l i f e r a t i o no f h a r m f u lm i c r o o rg a n i s m s,s o a s t o e n s u r e th e h e a l t ho f r u mi n a n t s.T h e a u t h o r sr e v i e w t h ef a c t o r sa f f e c t i n g t h ei n t e s t i n a l m i c r o b e so fr u m i n a n t sa n dt h ee f f e c t so f p r o b i o t i c s a n dn u t r i e n t so nt h eh e a l t h yp r o d u c t i o no f r u m i n a n t s,a i m i n g t o p r o v i d ea t h e o r e t i c a l r e f e r e n c ef o rt h er e a s o n a b l er e g u l a t i o no f t h e i n t e s t i n a lm i c r o b e so fr u m i n a n t sa n di t sh e a l t h y d e v e l o p m e n t,s o a s t o p r o m o t e t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a n i m a l h u s b a n d r y.K e y w o r d s:i n t e s t i n a lm i c r o b e s;r u m i n a n t s;p r o b i o t i c s;n u t r i e n t随着中国居民生活水平的不断提高,对反刍动物的肉制品及奶制品的需求量也不断增加,因此,在畜牧业发展中保护反刍动物的机体健康也是间接保护了人类的身心健康㊂在实际生产过程中,反刍动物的健康受诸多因素影响,如养殖方式㊁抗生素㊁高精饲粮等㊂虽然抗生素类添加剂在畜牧业发展中能起到积极的作用,使养殖成本持续下降,动物产品数量也成倍增长,但是由于使用了抗生素,导致了抗药性细菌的数量和比例有所上升,且抗生素还会有一些残留在动物产品及周边环境中,从而导致更广泛的危害[1],严重影响了畜禽的机体健康㊂现代的集约化养殖不断扩大规模,养殖密度过大导致反刍动物动物免疫力发生了改变,进而导致容易患发炎症㊁腹泻等疾病,严重影响了反刍动物的健康[2]㊂饲料是反刍动物的主要能量来源,适宜的精粗饲料比可以提高反刍动物的采食量㊁日增重及产奶量等生产性能,过高或过低的能量摄入都将影响反刍动物的生长发育㊂饲粮㊁基因型㊁年龄均可使反刍动物的肠道微生物发生改变,而肠道微生物㊁益生菌和营养素可共同促进动物机体健康,提升动物的生产性能(采食量㊁日增重㊁产奶量㊁免疫力及抗病力),从而促进畜牧业的发展(图1)㊂然而,目前鲜有系统性综述肠道微生物在反刍动物健康生产中的作用及研究进展㊂鉴于此,作者对影响反刍动物肠道微生物的因素及如何通过调控措施来保证反刍动物机体的健康进行综述,旨在为今后对反刍动物动物肠道微生物展开深入研究提供重要的指导,并为制定相应的措施来提升反刍动物的健康水平和生产性能奠定一定的理论基础㊂1肠道微生物的概述肠道的微生物数量庞大,种类丰富[3-4],肠道微生物的结构与功能是维持机体内环境稳定的关键,但不同种类的微生物结构与功能差异较大[5],动物是由宿主机体和各种共栖微生物组成的 共生总体 ,影响动物健康的不仅仅是宿主机体的调控作用,还有体内各种微生物,这些微生物可以通过相互作用或者影响宿主机体来影响动物健康㊂有研究发现,肠道内的微生物对机体的代谢和免疫功能及营养吸收等密切相关[6],在维护反刍动物健康以及适应进化中都扮演着重要角色[7-8]㊂肠道微生物通过与宿主的交互作用,形成了一个复杂的微生态系统㊂肠道是反刍动物的后消化道,它是对养分进行消化和吸收的最主要的地方,而在它的内部,定植的微生物发挥着参与蛋白质消化吸收㊁多糖㊁脂多糖㊁氨基酸㊁维生素合成等代谢通路的重要作用[9-11],同时,还对短链脂肪酸㊁胆汁酸㊁多酚代谢等多种代谢途径进行调控,通过信号传导,调控多个器官组织的活动,进而对反刍动物的健康和生产性能产生影响[12]㊂7641中 国 畜 牧 兽 医51卷图1 肠道微生物在反刍动物健康生产中的作用F i g.1 T h e r o l e o f i n t e s t i n a lm i c r o b e s i n r u m i n a n t h e a l t h p r o d u c t i o n 2 影响反刍动物肠道微生物的因素反刍动物胃肠道中生存着大量微生物,在正常情况下这些微生物已适应宿主的生存环境,构成了微生物㊁宿主和环境之间的生态平衡,对正常肠道微生物的运行起着重要作用[13]㊂无论是反刍动物自身还是外部环境,都会对肠道微生物的多样性造成影响㊂目前人们普遍认为,反刍动物的饲粮组成㊁年龄和基因型等是影响反刍动物肠道微生物多样性的主要因素㊂2.1 饲粮组成由于其生存环境或饲粮底物的改变,肠道微生物的菌种组成也会发生变化,如饲粮类型及饲粮中粗纤维㊁碳水化合物㊁蛋白质等含量都会对肠道微生物菌群产生影响;反之,肠道微生物群可为宿主合成丰富的酶㊁维生素和蛋白质[14]㊂对于反刍动物来说,瘤胃微生物受许多因素的影响,全球瘤胃普查项目(G R C )研究表明,瘤胃中的菌群结构与宿主㊁饲料等因素有很大关系,饲粮在众多因子中起主导作用[15]㊂T a o 等[16]以关中地区山羊为对象,就不同饲料添加量(35%~65%)对其瘤胃微生物菌群结构产生的影响进行分析发现,在高精料量的山羊瘤胃中,有害菌(如梭菌㊁苏黎世杆菌等)的数量明显增加,有益菌(如瘤胃球菌㊁藤黄微球菌㊁牛肠球菌等)的数量明显下降㊂L i a n g 等[17]利用宏基因组测序对6组不同饲粮结构的成年健康肉牛粪便样品进行分析发现,每组中拟杆菌门㊁厚壁菌门㊁变形菌门为优势菌群,且不同的饲粮结构影响着肉牛肠道微生物群落的多样性及组成㊂M a o 等[18]研究表明,饲喂高淀粉饲粮会损伤奶牛肠道功能并提高肠道p H ,降低微生物丰富度和多样性,破坏宿主微生物群落稳态,影响奶牛健康,减少产奶量和产品质量,给牧场造成很大的经济损失㊂韩笑瑛[19]利用16Sr R N A 测序和实时荧光定量P C R 分析高谷物饲粮对山羊盲肠微生物群落的影响,结果表明,与干草饲粮相比,高谷物饲粮增加了山羊盲肠的长度㊁重量及盲肠中可发酵碳水化合物含量(淀粉比例及总短链脂肪酸(S C F A s )㊁氨态氮浓度),提高了盲肠微生物的丰富度,降低了厚壁菌门(F i r m i c u t e s )和拟杆菌门86414期唐俊等:肠道微生物在反刍动物健康生产中的作用研究进展(B a c t e r o i d e t e s)丰度,增加了淀粉分解或其他淀粉消化细菌(如双歧杆菌属(B i f i d o b a c t e r i u m)㊁普氏菌属(P r e v o t e l l a)和密螺旋体属(T r e p o n e m a))的增殖㊂W e l c h等[20]通过变更饲粮成分分析肉牛直肠内容物样品微生物群落,结果显示直肠内容物中微生物群落会发生改变,同样在贺兰山羊中也发现,肠道微生物群落结构随着食物的季节性变化而发生改变[21]㊂可见,饲粮一旦变化,反刍动物肠道微生物获取的能量也会发生改变,其丰富度也会发生变化,当机体内肠道微生物的动态平衡一旦打破,最终将影响反刍动物的健康㊂2.2年龄反刍动物的饲粮组成㊁生活习惯㊁胃肠功能等会随着年龄的增加而发生变化㊂因此,年龄也是对动物肠道微生物种群和结构多样性产生影响的一个重要因素,肠道微生物会随着动物年龄的增长而出现一系列的动态变化㊂与成年动物相比,新生动物的胃肠道几乎没有定植微生物,但随着年龄的增长,其胃肠道中的微生物多样性会有所增加㊂周颖等[22]对12个不同日龄组的山羊瘤胃微生物进行分析表明,在7日龄到3月龄,山羊瘤胃中拟杆菌门丰度会逐渐增加,之后会逐渐减少,在6月龄之后趋于稳定,而变形菌门的丰度则呈现出与之相反的变化趋势㊂张科[23]研究发现,刚出生的山羊瘤胃细菌以芽孢杆菌属(B a c i l l u s)和乳杆菌属(L a c t o c o c c u s)为主要优势菌属,约占65%以上;出生后第3天,芽孢杆菌和乳球菌的相对丰度逐渐降低,而主要属则变为异养丙酸杆菌和拟杆菌㊂郭文杰等[24]在早期测定了0.5㊁1.5㊁2.5㊁3.5岁牦牛直肠微生物区系,结果表明,不同年龄牦牛中的优势菌门都为厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门,这2个门类的相对丰度之和都在97%以上,但随着年龄的增长,厚壁菌门相对丰度在1.5~2.5岁增加,至3.5岁时又降低到与0.5岁相同的水平,相对丰度最高的菌属为拟杆菌属(B a c t e r o i d e s),且在不同年龄之间无显著差异㊂P a u l i n等[25]研究了从出生到断奶牛瘤胃微生物的发育规律,结果表明,第1天奶牛瘤胃内菌群结构发生了3次显著变化;第2天瘤胃菌落主要以变形菌门(P r o t e o b a c t e r i a)和拟杆菌门(B a c t e r o i d e t e s)为主,巴氏菌科(P a s t e u r i a c e a e)在科水平上占主导地位;第2~3天奶牛瘤胃菌群结构发生急剧变化,直到第12天才稳定,其中优势菌群变成了以拟杆菌属(B a c t e r o i d e t e s)㊁普氏菌属(P r e v o t e l l a)㊁链球菌属(S t r e p t o c o c c u s)和梭菌属(F u s o b a c t e r i u m)为主;第15~83天由于摄入饲粮的影响,普氏菌属(P r e v o t e l l a)成为唯一的优势菌属,其他种类的含量明显下降或完全消失㊂随着年龄的增长,反刍动物从出生时肠道无微生物定植到越来越多的微生物滋生,在机体内占据优势的微生物群会随着年龄的增长而发生变化,后续随着饲粮的增加肠道微生物的变化会更加频繁㊂2.3动物基因型运用分子生物学技术研究发现,反刍动物的基因与其体内的肠道微生物结构有着密切的关系,不同动物的肠道微生物具有个体特异性[26]㊂S u n 等[27]使用G2系统芯片比较了野生山羊和家养山羊的粪便微生物结构,结果表明,相较于家养山羊,野生山羊中梭状芽孢杆菌科㊁杆菌科㊁拉克诺斯科和肠杆菌科是变异最大的科系㊂兰阿峰等[28]研究发现,山羊和晋南牛瘤胃中产甲烷菌的数量有很大的不同㊂Q i n等[29]研究表明,与晋南牛相比,牦牛瘤胃微生物的演化关系较差,但其中未经培养的种类比例较高,且与纤维溶解相关的菌株序列也较高,除此之外,在瘤胃中还存在着许多特有的纤维溶解菌㊂此外,疾病㊁海拔[30]㊁性别[31]等因素均对肠道微生物有影响㊂当动物机体内有害菌滋生后,动物免疫力下降,导致动物容易发生疾病㊂随着宿主分布地域间距离增加,其共有菌群的比例逐渐递减,菌群差异逐渐会增大㊂性激素与肠道微生物群一般是相互作用的,而雌激素和睾酮与肠道微生物群的结构和组成密切相关㊂反刍动物品种不同,其基因型的差异就决定了体内肠道微生物的不同,不同个体肠道内环境均存在一定差异,而基因型的差异加剧了机体内肠道微生物的差异㊂3反刍动物健康生产的调控措施3.1益生菌益生菌(p r o b i o t i c)又称为益生素㊁微生态制剂或活菌制剂等,是一种可通过改善动物的胃肠道微生物菌群的平衡从而对宿主产生有利影响的活的微生物[32]㊂乳酸杆菌㊁芽孢杆菌㊁双歧杆菌㊁酵母菌等都是比较常见的益生菌㊂在反刍动物中,酵母培养物(Y C)和酿酒酵母(S a c c h a r o m y c e s c e r e v i s i a e)是目前最具应用前景的微生物菌种培养物㊂酿酒酵母是一种能在瘤胃或类似于无菌条件下增殖的菌株,同时还能促进纤维素的水解和酶解㊂益生菌属于一种具有优势的细菌,它能够增加肠道中有益菌群的数量,维持肠道菌群的平衡,在提升反刍动物的健康9641中国畜牧兽医51卷和生产性能方面有着重要的影响,所以益生菌经常被用作饲料添加剂,并被广泛用于畜牧业中㊂3.1.1益生菌对反刍动物采食量的影响采食量对反刍动物的生产力有直接的影响,也是评价益生菌对反刍动物生产力作用效果的最直观反应㊂有研究显示,饲喂纳豆枯草芽胞杆菌可以促进犊牛的采食量增加,从而缩短断奶日龄,促使犊牛提早断奶[33]㊂在奶牛的饲喂过程中,加入有活力的酵母菌可增加奶牛的采食量,并显著缩短奶牛的采食时间,这可能是因为在反刍动物的瘤胃壁上存在着密集的接触受体,它们可以通过对食糜部分物理信息的感知来反馈性地调节动物的采食量[34]㊂研究发现,在梅花鹿饲料中加入乳酸菌,不仅可以提高鹿的采食量,而且还能促进其生长发育[35-36]㊂3.1.2益生菌对反刍动物日增重的影响日增重是一个反映反刍动物生产性能的重要指标,酵母菌培养物不仅可以改善动物的采食量,而且还可以提高肉牛的日增重㊁宰前活重和胴体重[37-38]㊂J i a 等[39]报道,在喂食芽胞杆菌后,荷斯坦奶牛的瘤胃p H维持在6.3~7.2,由于芽胞杆菌的存在,荷斯坦奶牛的瘤胃p H维持在一个较好的范围,可明显增加犊牛的日增重㊂许斌斌[40]用体外瘤胃发酵技术研究发现,用酿酒酵母饲喂肉牛,在不影响其采食的前提下,可使其日增重明显增加㊂此外,还有研究显示,对小母牛饲喂酿酒酵母,各组之间干物质和采食量没有任何差别,日增重得到了明显改善[41]㊂吴占月等[42]在欧拉羊饲粮中添加双歧杆菌的试验结果显示,该饲料具有较好的抗氧化性能,其中小剂量的双歧杆菌可显著改善欧拉绵羊的生长发育,并增加欧拉绵羊的体重及肠道微生物数量㊂3.1.3益生菌对反刍动物产奶量及乳品质的影响益生菌也会影响反刍动物的产奶量及乳品质,在奶牛饲粮中加入益生菌可促进奶牛生产,改善乳品质㊂在荷斯坦奶牛饲粮中加入乳酸杆菌后,可以提高奶牛肠道中瘤胃球菌属等有益菌的丰度,同时还能明显降低蜡样芽胞杆菌等条件致病菌的丰度,从而提高奶牛的产奶量,改善乳品质[43]㊂Q u等[44]研究发现,用米曲霉培养物饲喂奶牛可使奶牛平均产奶量增加0.8%,乳蛋白由2.94%上升至2.96%,且乳脂含量明显增加㊂在热应激的情况下,给奶牛饲喂酿酒酵母并不会对其干物质采食量造成影响,且还可以提高其产奶量和产奶量/干物质摄入量的比值,与对照组相比,饲喂酿酒酵母组奶牛体重明显上升,这对减轻奶牛的热应激很有帮助[45]㊂S i n g h[46]研究发现,用益生酵母1026饲喂奶牛可使其产奶量增加2%~30%,而平均产奶量可提高7.3%;此外,益生酵母1026在全生育期和热应激期均能明显增加奶牛的干物质采食量及泌乳能力,并能显著增加牛奶中的脂肪及蛋白含量,对奶牛的生产性能具有积极作用㊂3.1.4益生菌对反刍动物免疫力及抗病力的影响如果动物肠道生理功能失调或肠道微生物平衡被打破,就会造成兼性厌氧型的条件致病菌和需氧的病原菌大量繁殖,对动物机体的健康造成威胁,如肠杆菌属(E n t e r o b a c t e r i u m)㊁肠球菌属(E n t e r o c o c c u s)㊁致病性大肠杆菌属(E s c h e r i c h i a c o l i)㊁变形杆菌属(P r o t e u s b a c i l l u s v u l g a r i s)㊁假单胞菌属(P s e u d o m o n a s)等,但机体摄入了有益微生物制剂后,它会消耗消化道内的大量氧气,并快速生长和繁殖,在消化道内形成一种厌氧环境,导致需氧和兼氧性致病菌数量减少,有益微生物菌群成为优势菌群,从而提升动物的免疫力及抗病力[47]㊂经调查,在幼龄反刍动物饲粮中加入益生菌菌剂,能够降低断奶应激对幼龄反刍动物所造成的不良影响,进而促进胃肠道微生物达到动态平衡,提高机体对疾病的抵抗力,最终促进犊牛的健康成长[48]㊂D a b i r i 等[49]添加益生菌饲喂羔羊发现,羔羊的免疫力明显高于对照组,且益生菌可提高淋巴细胞及免疫球蛋白水平㊂在初生反刍动物的肠道内存在着大量的致病微生物,如大肠杆菌㊁志贺菌属㊁沙门菌等㊂腹泻会引起犊牛死亡,并会引起牛后期生长发育不良,生产性能下降,此外还会诱发呼吸系统疾病,对犊牛的健康造成很大的危害[50]㊂研究表明,稳定的乳酸杆菌可提高犊牛的免疫力,并可对抗病原菌[51],给初生犊牛饲喂乳杆菌㊁链球菌能减少腹泻[52];饲喂粪链球菌和嗜酸杆菌可使犊牛死亡率从10.2%降到2.8%,腹泻率从82%降到35%[53]㊂王海玉等[54]通过研究复合益生菌对羔羊粪便微生物的影响发现,在饲粮中添加复合益生菌能够调控仔羊肠道菌群,增强机体免疫功能,减少炎性反应及腹泻,缓解断奶应激对仔羊的损伤㊂乳腺炎属于对奶牛生产造成影响的重大疾病之一,当病原菌侵害乳腺后会导致乳腺细胞变形和死亡,使奶牛乳腺产生炎症,牛乳体细胞数增多[55]㊂在患有乳腺炎的奶牛饲粮中添加乳酸菌,既能减少乳汁中的体细胞数,还能减少导致乳房炎的肠球菌和链球菌的丰度[56]㊂造成奶牛乳腺炎的最主要原因是由于金黄色葡萄球菌等病原微生物的感染,而丁酸梭菌可对金黄色葡萄球菌等有害07414期唐俊等:肠道微生物在反刍动物健康生产中的作用研究进展菌的生长产生抑制作用,从而对肠道菌群的平衡进行调控[57]㊂添加益生菌可有效预防和治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎[50],这与M a等[58]研究结果一致㊂因此,肠道微生物失衡可能是导致乳腺炎的一个重要因素,利用益生菌修复肠道微生物是一种有潜力的治疗方法㊂表1就益生菌对反刍动物健康生产的影响进行了总结㊂表1益生菌对反刍动物健康生产的影响T a b l e1E f f e c t s o f p r o b i o t i c s o nh e a l t h p r o d u c t i o no f r u m i n a n t s益生菌P r o b i o t i c s试验动物T e s t a n i m a l生产性能P r o d u c t i o n p e r f o r m a n c e参考文献R e f e r e n c e s乳酸杆菌L a c t o b a c i l l u s 奶牛㊁鹿奶牛产奶量增加,乳品质提高,乳房炎感染风险降低;鹿采食量增加丁亚伟等[35]㊁G a o等[56]㊁X u等[59]芽孢杆菌B a c i l l u s 奶山羊,奶牛羊产奶量提高,乳蛋白率㊁乳糖率㊁乳脂率及奶牛日增重显著提高J i a[39]㊁M a等[60]纳豆枯草芽胞杆菌B a c i l l u s s u b t i l i s n a t t o犊牛采食量明显增加,断奶日龄缩短陈凤梅等[33]双歧杆菌B i f i d o b a c t e r i u m欧拉羊㊁山羊欧拉羊的日增重和山羊的体重显著增加吴占月等[42]㊁A p a s等[61]酵母菌S a c c h a r o m y c e s 肉牛㊁奶牛肉牛日增重㊁宰前活重和胴体重增加;奶牛采食量提高2.5%仲伟光等[34]㊁D a r等[2]酿酒酵母菌S a c c h a r o m y c e s c e r e v i s i a e 肉牛㊁小母牛㊁奶牛肉牛和小母牛日增重显著增加;奶牛体重及产奶量显著增加许斌斌[40]㊁G u j a r等[41]㊁Z h u等[45]米曲霉培养物A s p e r g i l l u s o r y z a e c u l t u r e奶牛奶牛产奶量㊁乳脂率㊁乳蛋白均增加S i n g h[46]丁酸梭菌C l o s t r i d i u mb u t y r i c u m 绵羊绵羊的终末体重和平均日增重增加,料重比降低陈晓雨等[62]复合益生菌C o m p l e x p r o b i o t i c s羔羊㊁犊牛羔羊和犊牛的腹泻率降低,免疫能力增强李萌等[53]㊁王海玉等[54]3.2营养调控饲粮营养水平是反刍动物健康生长的关键,合理的饲粮营养调控可以提高反刍动物的繁殖能力㊁生产性能㊁免疫力和抗病力等[63]㊂目前,在饲粮中添加营养素来调控反刍动物生产效率已达成共识㊂3.2.1营养调控对反刍动物繁殖性能的影响随着现代规模化养殖技术的发展,由于营养代谢导致的生殖障碍问题日益凸显,如何从营养角度进行调控并提高畜禽繁殖率具有重要的理论和现实意义㊂通常情况下会通过饲粮对家畜进行营养调节,研究显示,在冬季补充大麦秸秆和燕麦干草能够提升放牧牦牛的繁殖性能,从而提高其产犊率,缩短产后乏情期[64];俞联平等[65]饲喂的饲粮主要以浓缩料和预混料为基础,这不但提高了放牧藏母羊的生育存活率,还增加了藏寒杂种羔羊的日增重;在高原环境下,雌性湖羊在孕晚期维持高热量饲料(含23.72%蛋白质㊁35.01M J/k g消化能),可以增加产羔及多羔数量,而除能量与蛋白质的摄取外,矿物质与维他命也是调节母羊生殖能力的营养素[66];在饲粮中添加0.3m g/k g酵母硒能显著增加湖羊的发情周期,增加血液中生殖激素的含量,并能显著改善其卵巢中某些生殖相关基因的表达量,使卵泡发育加快[67];在饲粮中添加维生素A可将母牛的首次受精率提高28%,给绵羊注射维生素A可促进排卵[68-69];在饲料中加入维生素A可显著提高滩ˑ湖杂羊的情期受胎率㊁配种妊娠率㊁平均产羔率及羔羊出生体重,但与添加胡萝卜相比差异不大[70];在饲粮中添加维生素B及酵母粉对安格斯犊牛的体重㊁日增重㊁体高及体斜长均有明显的改善作用[71],这与姚志浩等[72]关于维生素B对波杂山羊体重的影响相吻合,这是由于复合维生素B属于水溶性维生素,为一种低分子化合物,在维持人体正常的生理和代谢功能方面起着十分关键的作用,常被作为一种营养添加剂,能够提高饲料转化率,同时还能够提高动物的食欲和抗病力㊂1741中国畜牧兽医51卷3.2.2营养调控对反刍动物肉品质的影响肉品质评价指标包括肉的嫩度㊁肌内脂肪(I M F)㊁色泽㊁p H㊁风味等㊂王鸿泽[73]研究发现,在环湖牦牛的饲粮中提高能量水平可提高脂肪转运㊁背最长肌脂肪合成及减缓脂肪分解等基因m R N A的表达,加速肌内脂肪沉积,从而改善肉质嫩度㊁风味㊁持水性及营养成分的组成和含量㊂刘龙龙等[74]研究发现,高能饲料可增加牛背最长肌内的胶原溶解率及胶原含量,这是因为能量水平对牛肉合成的胶原蛋白总量有很小的影响,但对盐溶性和酸溶性胶原蛋白的比例及胶原蛋白的交联程度有明显的影响,从而导致肉的成熟率下降,嫩度也会相应地得到提升㊂还有一些研究显示,在12月龄阉牛饲粮中添加维生素A可在一定程度上提高背最长肌和臀中肌的肌内脂肪含量,这对改善牛肉品质㊁提高大理石花纹评分都有正面的影响[75];在荷斯坦奶牛中加入营养素可使其生长速度明显加快,同时也可使其肉质变得更嫩㊁更好[76];在添加不同营养调控剂对肉牛增重性能㊁胴体品质及肉品质的影响研究中发现,2种营养调控剂(第1种调控剂主要成分为糖萜素㊁牛至油㊁微量元素和维生素等;第2种营养调控剂主要成分为半胱胺㊁微量元素和维生素等)都可以增加肉牛的脂肪覆盖率㊁眼肌面积㊁肌苷酸(I M P),其中I M P在牛肉的风味物质中起到了主要作用,因此,2种营养调控剂都可以改善肉牛肉的风味美感[77];给牧场羊群补充黑麦草,能够确保羊肉的颜色和脂肪的稳定,同时还能增加脂肪酸的含量[78];在冷季放牧绵羊饲粮中添加苹果酸㊁半胱胺㊁糖萜素等复合营养调节剂,可提高绵羊肌肉剪切力,增加肌肉中的粗蛋白质㊁粗脂肪及氨基酸含量,提高肉的嫩度㊁鲜味及营养价值[79]㊂反刍动物自身能够合成共轭亚油酸(C L A), C L A具有抗癌㊁抗氧化㊁促生长㊁降低脂肪沉积及免疫调节等重要生理功能㊂王思飞[80]就饲粮精粗比例对滩羊生产性能与肉品质的影响研究发现,精粗比为3ʒ7时,饲粮中C L A含量㊁血液中硬脂酰C o A脱氢酶(S C D)与脂肪酸合酶(F A S)含量均较高,可提高不饱和脂肪酸的生成,利于C L A在羊肉中沉积,并可加快滩羊生长速度及肌肉皮下脂肪中C L A的生成,改善滩羊的肉品质㊂3.2.3营养调控对反刍动物产奶量及乳品质的影响乳蛋白是牛奶㊁羊奶中最重要的一种成分,具有很高的营养价值㊂闫金玲等[81]研究发现,在高产奶量(>22k g/d)奶牛饲粮中添加瘤胃蛋氨酸后其产奶量将显著上升,且可显著改善乳蛋白及乳脂含量㊂刘延鑫等[82]也证实在夏季饲粮中加入过瘤胃氨基酸制品,可明显改善奶牛乳蛋白,并有增加奶牛产奶量的趋势㊂在生产实践中,常通过向奶牛饲粮中添加脂肪以减轻奶牛早期泌乳的负性失衡,从而改善奶牛的低乳脂综合征㊁酸中毒等消化系统和代谢性疾病㊂裴明财等[83]曾指出,过量的瘤胃脂肪能明显提高奶牛的产奶能力,并能改变奶牛的乳汁组成,使乳脂含量提高6.23%,乳蛋白含量降低4.51%㊂如果在饲料中添加过多的不饱和脂类,将会对奶牛体内的脂肪及产奶量造成不利影响㊂有研究表明,因为能量失衡,放牧养殖的蒙古羊母羊的产奶量和乳品质都会受到影响,通过补充精饲料可以改善它们的泌乳性能[84];在热应激条件下,用8%㊁12%㊁16%甜菜粕代替同等数量的玉米青贮,可增加奶牛的泌乳能力,其中12%甜菜粕可使奶牛的泌乳能力达到最佳[85];在热应激奶牛饲粮中添加100g/d 植物提取物(含18种中草药),可增加奶牛产奶量㊁乳脂及乳蛋白含量,并有增强免疫力的作用,缓解奶牛热应激,促进机体健康[86]㊂3.2.4营养调控对反刍动物免疫力及抗病力的影响均衡合理的饲料搭配能够促进动物的免疫系统发育㊁免疫能力维持和功能发挥,提高其抗病力,抵御病原微生物的产生㊂一般情况下,饲粮中非结构性碳水化合物含量不能超过40%,超过该含量将引起瘤胃酸中毒等代谢性疾病,如大量摄取糖类物质的绵羊瘤胃及盲肠中会出现大量的产气荚膜梭菌,严重时可引起肠毒血症[87]㊂除此以外,母羊在妊娠后期能量供应不充足很容易造成妊娠毒血症,如果能够预防低血镁㊁低血钙的产生,就可以有效地预防妊娠毒血症的发生[88]㊂很明显,营养物质的缺乏或过度都会对免疫细胞的数量和活性产生影响㊂在饲粮中添加鱼油㊁糖萜素能够有效提升妊娠母羊的免疫力,对细胞免疫进行强化,还能促进血浆中淋巴细胞的数量增加,糖萜素可以通过提高淋巴细胞转化率㊁免疫球蛋白G活性,对动物体内的非特异性和特异性免疫等进行强化㊂王曼等[89]研究发现,牛至油㊁糖萜类化合物对荷斯坦公牛具有明显的改善作用,对其机体的免疫能力及内分泌系统均有明显的改善作用㊂植物提取物可调节绵羊机体的免疫功能,柳树㊁落叶松㊁百里香等植物的提取物都能有效抑制嗜中性粒细胞的过氧化反应,将这些植物提取物添加到饲粮中可提高哺乳母羊的中性粒细胞的抗炎能力㊂维生素A㊁维生素E和胡萝卜素等微量元素在动物体内具有很好的抵抗力,饲粮中补充维2741。
牧草作物生产加工与利用英语作文
牧草作物生产加工与利用英语作文The Processing, Utilization, and Importance of Forage Crops.Forage crops, often referred to as forage plants or forage legumes, refer to a diverse range of plants that are primarily grown for their nutritional value and used as feed for livestock. These crops play a crucial role in sustainable agriculture, animal husbandry, and the overall economy. The production, processing, and utilization of forage crops are intricate processes that require careful consideration of various factors, including soil type, climate, water availability, and market demand.Production of Forage Crops.The production of forage crops begins with theselection of suitable varieties that are resistant to diseases, pests, and adverse weather conditions. These varieties are then planted in well-prepared soil, ensuringoptimal growth conditions. Proper spacing and fertilization are also crucial for healthy plant growth. Regular weed control and pest management measures are essential to maintain the health of the crop.During the growing season, regular monitoring and care are required to ensure optimal growth. This includes watering, weeding, and applying fertilizers and pesticides as needed. The harvesting of forage crops is typically done at specific stages of maturity, depending on the type of crop and its intended use. For example, some crops are harvested when they are young and tender, while others are harvested when they are more mature and dry.Processing of Forage Crops.Once harvested, forage crops undergo various processing techniques to enhance their palatability, digestibility, and nutritional value. These processing methods can include chopping, wilting, drying, ensiling, and pelletizing. Chopping involves cutting the forage into smaller pieces, which makes it easier for animals to eat and digest.Wilting is a process where the chopped forage is allowed to stand for a period, allowing some of the moisture to evaporate and increasing its palatability.Drying is another common processing method, especially in areas where there is a lack of freshwater resources. Dried forage can be stored for longer periods and transported more easily. Ensiling is the process of storing chopped forage in airtight containers, such as silos, where it undergoes lactic acid fermentation, resulting in a preserved feed with higher nutritional value. Pelletizing involves compressing the forage into small, dense pellets, which are convenient for storage and transportation.Utilization of Forage Crops.The utilization of forage crops is diverse and ranges from direct feeding to animals to their use in biogas production and soil improvement. As a primary source of nutrition for ruminant animals like cattle, sheep, and goats, forage crops provide essential nutrients like protein, carbohydrates, and fiber. They can be fed fresh,dried, or processed, depending on the animal's requirements and availability.Beyond animal feed, forage crops also play a role in renewable energy production. For instance, ensiled forage can be used as a feedstock for biogas plants, producing biogas, a renewable source of energy. Additionally, forage crops can be used to improve soil health and fertility by adding organic matter and nutrients back into the soil.Conclusion.In summary, forage crops are a crucial component of sustainable agriculture and animal husbandry. Their production, processing, and utilization require a delicate balance of ecological, economic, and social factors. As we move towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly practices, the role of forage crops in providing nutrition for both humans and animals, as well as contributing to renewable energy production and soil improvement, becomes increasingly important.(Note: This article is a condensed version of the requested content and may not meet the exact word count requirement of 1000 words. It provides a comprehensive overview of the topic, covering production, processing, and utilization of forage crops. Additional information and examples can be added to expand the article to the desired length.)。
Food Science and Nutrition
Food science and nutrition are two closely related fields that focus on the study of food and its impact on human health and well-being. Food science is the study of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of food, as well as the processes involved in food production, preservation, and safety. Nutrition, on the other hand, is the study of how food nourishes the body and the impact ofvarious nutrients on health and disease.Food scientists work to improve the quality, safety, andfunctionality of food products. They may develop new food products, improve existing ones, or find ways to extend the shelf life of food through preservation techniques. They also study the effects of food processing and storage on the nutritional value of foods. Nutritionists, on the other hand, focus on the relationship between food and health. They study how the body uses nutrients from food to maintain health, prevent disease, and support overall well-being. Nutritionists may work with individuals to create personalized meal plans, conduct research to better understand the role of diet in disease prevention, or develop public health policies to promote healthy eating habits.Both food science and nutrition play critical roles in addressing global health challenges such as malnutrition, obesity, and food insecurity. These fields also intersect in areas such as functional foods, food fortification, and dietary supplements, where the science of food and the impact of nutrients on health come together. Overall, food science and nutrition are essential disciplines that contribute to our understanding of the complex relationship between food and human health, and play a vital role in shaping the futureof food production and consumption.。
什么是人工喂养跟混合喂养英语作文
什么是人工喂养跟混合喂养英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Artificial feeding and mixed feeding are two common methods of feeding infants. Artificial feeding refers to feeding infants with formula milk or other substitutes instead of breast milk, while mixed feeding is a combination of breast milk and formula milk or other substitutes.Artificial feeding is often necessary when a mother is unable to breastfeed due to medical reasons or personal choice. Formula milk is designed to provide all the necessary nutrients for infants to grow and develop, and it can be a convenient option for mothers who are unable to breastfeed. However, formula milk does not contain the antibodies or other immune-boosting substances found in breast milk, which may put artificially fed infants at a higher risk of infections and other health issues.On the other hand, mixed feeding allows infants to benefit from both breast milk and formula milk. This can be a practical option for mothers who have difficulty producing enough breastmilk or need to supplement their milk supply. Mixed feeding can help ensure that infants receive all the necessary nutrients and antibodies from breast milk while also meeting their nutritional needs with formula milk.It is important for parents to consult with a healthcare provider before deciding on the best feeding method for their infant. Factors such as the mother's health, the infant's weight and growth, and the family's lifestyle should all be taken into consideration when choosing between artificial feeding and mixed feeding.In conclusion, both artificial feeding and mixed feeding can be suitable feeding options for infants, depending on the individual circumstances. The most important thing is to ensure that infants receive the necessary nutrients and care to support their growth and development.篇2Artificial feeding and mixed feeding are two common feeding methods for infants. Artificial feeding refers to the process of feeding infants with formula milk, while mixed feeding involves a combination of breast milk and formula milk. Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages, and it isimportant for parents to understand the differences between the two before making a decision on how to feed their child.Artificial feeding, also known as formula feeding, is a convenient option for mothers who are unable to breastfeed or choose not to breastfeed. Formula milk is a nutritionally balanced alternative to breast milk, providing infants with all the essential nutrients they need to thrive. It is also easy to prepare and can be stored for longer periods of time, making it a convenient option for busy parents. Additionally, formula feeding allows both parents to participate in the feeding process, and can give mothers more flexibility in managing their time.On the other hand, artificial feeding may not provide the same health benefits as breastfeeding. Breast milk contains antibodies and other components that help protect infants from infections and diseases, and is easily digested by their delicate stomachs. Formula milk, while nutritionally complete, may not provide the same level of protection against illnesses. Additionally, formula feeding can be expensive, and the cost of formula milk can quickly add up over time.Mixed feeding, on the other hand, allows parents to combine the benefits of breast milk and formula milk. This can be a good option for mothers who want to breastfeed but alsoneed the flexibility of formula feeding. Mixed feeding can help ensure that infants receive the health benefits of breast milk, while also allowing parents to share the feeding responsibilities. It can also be a good option for mothers who have difficulty breastfeeding, as it can help supplement their milk supply.However, mixed feeding also has its challenges. Some infants may have difficulty switching between breast milk and formula milk, which can lead to feeding problems. Additionally, mixing breast milk and formula milk can be time-consuming and may require careful planning to ensure that infants are receiving the right balance of nutrients. Finally, some mothers may find it difficult to maintain their milk supply while also supplementing with formula milk, which can lead to a decrease in breastfeeding success.In conclusion, both artificial feeding and mixed feeding are viable options for feeding infants. Parents should carefully consider the advantages and disadvantages of each method before making a decision on how to feed their child. Ultimately, the most important thing is to ensure that infants are receiving the nutrition they need to grow and thrive, whether that is through breast milk, formula milk, or a combination of both.篇3What is Artificial Feeding and Mixed Feeding?IntroductionBreastfeeding is widely recognized as the ideal way to feed infants, providing them with essential nutrients and antibodies that promote their overall health and development. However, there are circumstances where breastfeeding may not be possible or feasible, leading to the need for alternative feeding methods. Two common alternatives to breastfeeding are artificial feeding and mixed feeding. In this essay, we will discuss what artificial feeding and mixed feeding are, their benefits and challenges, and how parents can make informed decisions about feeding their infants.Artificial FeedingArtificial feeding, also known as formula feeding, involves feeding infants with commercially prepared infant formula instead of breast milk. Infant formula is designed to mimic the composition of breast milk and provide infants with the necessary nutrients for growth and development. There are various types of infant formula available on the market, including cow's milk-based, soy-based, and hydrolyzed protein formulas, each catering to different infant needs and preferences.Benefits of Artificial FeedingArtificial feeding can be a preferred option for parents who are unable to breastfeed due to medical reasons, personal preferences, or work commitments. It allows both parents to participate in the feeding process and provides flexibility in feeding schedules. Additionally, infant formula is convenient, readily available, and can be easily prepared and stored for future use. It also allows parents to monitor and control the quantity and quality of the infant's food intake.Challenges of Artificial FeedingDespite its convenience, artificial feeding may present some challenges for infants and parents. Infant formula lacks the antibodies and enzymes found in breast milk, which can help protect infants from infections and promote healthy digestion. Formula feeding can also be costly, especially if parents opt for specialized or hypoallergenic formulas. Additionally, some infants may have difficulty digesting certain ingredients in formula, leading to issues such as colic, gas, or constipation.Mixed FeedingMixed feeding, also known as combination feeding, involves alternating between breast milk and infant formula to meet theinfant's feeding needs. This feeding method allows parents to supplement breast milk with formula when needed, providing a balance between the benefits of breastfeeding and the convenience of formula feeding.Benefits of Mixed FeedingMixed feeding can be a practical solution for parents who want to breastfeed but may encounter challenges such as low milk supply, latching issues, or returning to work. It allows parents to maintain the bond and benefits of breastfeeding while ensuring that the infant receives an adequate amount of nutrition. Mixed feeding also provides flexibility in feeding schedules, allowing both parents to share feeding responsibilities.Challenges of Mixed FeedingWhile mixed feeding offers a compromise between breastfeeding and formula feeding, it may present challenges for some infants and parents. Breastfeeding and formula feeding require different sucking techniques, which can confuse some infants and lead to nipple confusion or breast refusal. Parents may also face difficulties in maintaining milk supply or finding a balance between breast milk and formula feeding. Additionally,some infants may develop a preference for bottle feeding over breastfeeding, affecting the mother-infant bonding experience.ConclusionIn conclusion, artificial feeding and mixed feeding are alternative feeding methods that can provide infants with the necessary nutrition when breastfeeding is not possible. Both methods have their benefits and challenges, and parents should consider their individual circumstances and preferences when deciding on the best feeding option for their infants. Consulting with healthcare professionals, lactation consultants, and other parents can help parents make informed decisions about artificial feeding and mixed feeding and ensure the optimal health and development of their infants.。
植物提取物对反刍动物瘤胃发酵、生产性能及甲烷产量的调控作用及其机制
植物提取物对反刍动物瘤胃发酵、生产性能及甲烷产量的调控作用及其机制张华;童津津;孙铭维;杨德莲;张婕;熊本海;蒋林树【摘要】With fuctions of manipulating rumen fermentation pattern, improving nitrogen reservation and de-creasing methane release to ruminants, and their lower toxic and side effects, unique natural charcter, nutrition and biological activity, plant extracts have become one of the perfect alternative products to antibiotics. In this aticle, research progress of regulation of plant extracts on rumen fermentation and its mechanisms were re-viewed, and to provide some ideas for further investigation and applications of plant extracts in ruminant nutri-tion.%植物提取物不但具有调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵模式、提高氮存留率、减少甲烷排放等功能,而且因其低毒副作用及其所具有的天然性、营养性和生物活性等特性,已成为抗生素的理想替代品之一.本文综述了植物提取物对反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控作用及其机制的最新研究进展,以期对今后该领域的研究及产品研发提供参考依据.【期刊名称】《动物营养学报》【年(卷),期】2018(030)006【总页数】9页(P2027-2035)【关键词】植物提取物;反刍动物;瘤胃发酵;调控;机制【作者】张华;童津津;孙铭维;杨德莲;张婕;熊本海;蒋林树【作者单位】奶牛营养学北京市重点实验室,北京农学院动物科学技术学院,北京102206;奶牛营养学北京市重点实验室,北京农学院动物科学技术学院,北京102206;奶牛营养学北京市重点实验室,北京农学院动物科学技术学院,北京102206;奶牛营养学北京市重点实验室,北京农学院动物科学技术学院,北京102206;奶牛营养学北京市重点实验室,北京农学院动物科学技术学院,北京102206;中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所,北京 100193;奶牛营养学北京市重点实验室,北京农学院动物科学技术学院,北京 102206【正文语种】中文【中图分类】S816反刍动物瘤胃是一个复杂的厌氧发酵体系，瘤胃微生物与其建立了一种共生关系。
饲料添加剂类的外文水刊
饲料添加剂类的外文水刊Title: Foreign Journals on Feed AdditivesIntroduction:Feed additives play a crucial role in improving animal nutrition, health, and performance. As the global demand for high-quality animal products continues to rise, the research and development of feed additives have become increasingly important. In this article, we will explore some notable foreign water journals that focus on feed additives.1. Journal of Animal Science:The Journal of Animal Science is a prestigious publication that covers a wide range of topics related to animal production and nutrition. It regularly features studies on feed additives, including their effects on animal growth, nutrient utilization, and health. This journal provides valuable insights into the latest developments in the field of feed additives.2. Animal Feed Science and Technology:Animal Feed Science and Technology is another leading water journal that focuses on animal nutrition and feed technology. It publishes research articles on various aspects of feedadditives, such as their formulation, mode of action, and impact on animal performance. This journal is a valuable resource for scientists, nutritionists, and industry professionals involved in animal feed production.3. Poultry Science:Poultry Science is a prominent journal that focuses on research related to poultry nutrition, production, and health. It often features studies on feed additives specifically designed for poultry, including broilers, layers, and turkeys. This journal provides valuable insights into the use of feed additives to enhance poultry productivity and welfare.4. Journal of Dairy Science:The Journal of Dairy Science is a renowned publication that covers all aspects of dairy science, including nutrition and management. It often features studies on feed additives for dairy cows, such as rumen modifiers, feed enzymes, and probiotics. This journal provides valuable information on how feed additives can improve milk production, milk composition, and overall cow health.5. Aquaculture Nutrition:Aquaculture Nutrition is a specialized journal that focuses on the nutrition and feeding of aquatic animals, including fish and shrimp. It regularly publishes studies on feed additives for aquaculture species, such as growth promoters, immunostimulants, and feed attractants. This journal plays a vital role in advancing the understanding of feed additives in aquaculture and promoting sustainable aquaculture practices.Conclusion:These foreign water journals provide a wealth of information on feed additives and their impact on animal nutrition, health, and performance. Researchers, nutritionists, and industry professionals can rely on these publications to stay updated on the latest developments in the field. By continually exploring and studying feed additives, we can enhance animal productivity, improve food quality, and contribute to the sustainable development of the animal agriculture industry.。
营养与科技作文
营养与科技作文【中英文实用版】Title: The Intersection of Nutrition and TechnologyTitle: 营养与科技的交汇In the modern world, technology has become an integral part of our daily lives, from the moment we wake up to the moment we go to sleep.It is no surprise, then, that technology has also made its way into the field of nutrition, revolutionizing the way we think about food and health.在现代世界中，科技已经成为我们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分，从我们早上醒来直到晚上入睡。
毫不奇怪，科技也已经渗透到营养领域，彻底改变了我们对待食物和健康的方式。
One of the most significant ways that technology has impacted nutrition is through the development of new farming techniques and technologies that allow for more efficient and sustainable food production.For example, the use of precision agriculture has allowed farmers to use data and technology to optimize their farming practices, resulting in increased yields and reduced environmental impact.科技对营养影响最显著的方式之一是通过开发新的农业技术和方法，以更高效、更可持续的方式生产食物。
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Mid lactation
Late lactation
Dry period
The main nutrients
Protein (N * 6,25) Starch Fibre (NDF) Soluble carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Sugar and others
Digestion of nutrients escaping the rumen
Digestion of microbial protein and other microbial nutrients
Small intestine
Digestive enzymes secreted from small intestine, liver and pancreas
Enzymatic digestion (protein, starch, fat) Absorption of digestive products; glucose, amino acids and fatty acids
Absorption of water, minerals and vitamins
What is a ruminant?
4 stomachs,
3 fermentation chambers, 1 stomach
The fermentation chambers
The rumen (80–100 litre)
The reticulum (10–20 litre)
The omasum (5-10 litre)
Reduction in particle size Preparation for microbial digestion Saliva / buffering of the rumen
– 50 to 150 l saliva pr. day – Buffers in saliva (Na-bicarbonate, phosphates, ammonia and others.)
Feed
Fat
Rumen/intestine
Fatty acids
Milk
Fat Carbohydrates - fibre (NDF) - starch - sugar Microbialprotein Protein amino acids acetic acid butyric acid propionic acid Glucose Protein Lactose
Indigestible
The various fractions vary among feedstuffs and nutrients
Rumen digestion - Protein
Degraded by the rumen microbes
Rumen degraded protein (RDP) Rumen undegraded protein (RUP, UDP)
Propionic acid propionsyre
Acetic acid eddiksyre
mjølkesyre Lactic acid
Low starch Native starch Lite stivelse Coarse particles High fibre
High starch Heated starch Mye stivelse Fine particles Low fibre
Fat Ash Water
(NDF = neutral detergent fibre)
Properties of nutrients in digestion
Rumen digestion
Rumen degraded nutrients
– Protein, Star animal needs
Rumen undegraded protein for milk production
Rumen undegraded starch for milk production
The question is:
How can we affect these needs by feed technology
Too much fibre restrict feed intake
pH in the rumen and growth of microbes
100
cellulolytiske
relativ veksthastighet
amylolytiske
0
Low starch Native starch Coarse particles High fibre
7
6,5
6
5,5
pH i vomvæska
High starch Heated starch Fine particles Low fibre
5
Effect of pH on volatile acids
molar % 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 7 6,5 6 5,5 pH i vomvæska 5 4,5
Microbial protein production
The reticulum
Production of gasses (CO2, methane)
Abomasum
The ”real” stomach Hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes
550 Barley 450 Oats 350 Peas
Potato Sorghum Maize
250
Corn silage
Toasted peas
49
150 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Rumen undegraded starch, g/kg DM
Rumen digestion – Fibre (NDF)
Feed technology and ruminant nutrition
Egil Prestløkken Felleskjøpet Fôrutvikling
Content
The ruminant animal
Nutrient utilisation and requirements Methods of processing Nutritional effects of feed processing Summary
Synthesis of microbial protein
Nitrogen (from degraded protein) Energy (from rumen digested carbohydrates)
Rumen digestion - Starch
Degraded by the rumen microbes
Degraded by the rumen microbes
Degraded fibre (NDF) Rumen undegraded fibre Indigestible fibre Acetic acid (and butyric acid) dominate Energy for microbial growth
What does the animal need?
Supply of nutrients to meet requirements
Maintenance Production Reproduction
Mobilisation and deposition
Aminogenic nutrients Glucogenic nutrients Lipogenic nutrients
The reticulorumen
The rumen
Microbial digestion (100-120 l) Production and absorption of volatile fatty acids (VFA)
– Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid
100-120 litre
Microbial digestion
Digestion of cell walls – fibre
– Cellulose
Synthesis of microbial protein
The ruminant
Rumination and saliva production
Rumen degraded starch Rumen undegraded starch Propionic acid dominate Energy for microbial growth High production of acids, no rumination (low buffering) Acidic conditions in the rumen (low pH)
Production of volatile acids
Fast digestion in the rumen (usually)
Rumen starch digestion differ
Offner et al., 2003