说明文阅读专题

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【语文】说明文阅读专题训练练习题20篇及解析

【语文】说明文阅读专题训练练习题20篇及解析一、中考语文说明文阅读专题训练1．阅读下文，回答问题。

被误解的食品添加剂①说到食品添加剂，估计很多人会敬而远之，一些人对食品添加剂还存有根深蒂固的误解。

那么，我们对食品添加剂必须退避三舍吗？②事实上，食品添加剂只是众多添加剂中的一种。

添加剂还包括：饲料添加剂、药品添加剂、塑料添加剂、涂料添加剂、油墨添加剂、汽油添加剂等。

三聚氰胺是添加剂，但它是水泥添加剂，在水泥里面作为高效减水剂；也是塑料添加剂，在塑料里面作为阻燃剂；还可以作为涂料添加剂，在涂料里面作为甲醛吸收剂。

但是，三聚氰胺不是食品添加剂。

苏丹红、三聚氰胺、瘦肉精、吊白块在食品中都是非法添加物。

所以，正确认识食品添加剂，严厉打击食品非法添加行为，对维护食品安全是非常重要的。

③也许有人会好奇，为何一定要使用食品添加剂呢？其实，对于现代生活来说，食品添加剂不但重要而且必要。

因为，如果没有它们，我们的生活反倒会更加危险。

④目前全世界范围内，因食用致病微生物污染的食品引发疾病，是食品安全头号问题，所以如果不使用防腐剂和保鲜剂等食品添加剂的话，肉制品、烘烤食品、方便食品、水果，甚至酱油和醋等食物或调味品就很容易被致病微生物污染，从而危害人体健康。

而那些号称不添加防腐剂的食品，事实上更容易在开封后受到污染和变质，且无污染和无添加往往是商家为了迎合消费者心理而造出的噱头而已。

⑤有些人不喜欢使用食品添加剂的食物往往是带有一种传统的情结。

但食品添加剂并非现代食品工业的产物，而是和人类文明历史一样的悠久。

如油、盐、酱、醋以及点豆腐用的卤水，炸油条用的明矾和小苏打，都是食品添加剂，食品添加剂早就已经成为我们饮食中不可或缺的一部分。

⑥食品添加剂作为现代食品工业的重要组成部分，按规定使用对人体是无害的，且可以改善食品的品质和色、香、味，以及防腐、保鲜。

正是因为有了食品添加剂的发展，才有大量的方便食品供应，才给人们的生活带来极大的便利。

专题——说明文阅读

说明文专题真题回顾（近三年泸州中考题）
（2022年） 1.国家速滑馆的独特魅力体现在哪四个方面？请根据材料一简要概括。（4分） 2.材料一中划线句主要用了什么说明方法？有何作用？(3分） 3．根据材料二，请分条概括二氧化碳跨临界直冷制冰的四个步骤，每条不超过15字。（3分）
说明文专题真题回顾（近三年泸州中考题）
说明文专题解题技巧
2. 分类别：运用了分类别的说明方法，把……分成了……类，条理清晰地说明了……的特点。如：
茅以昇的《中国石拱桥》在介绍新中国成立后我国石拱桥的发展时，就分“独拱石桥”和“双曲拱桥”两类一一加以说明。
3. 列数字：运用了列数字的说明方法，列举了……数字，具体准确具体地说明了……的特点。如：
茅以昇的《中国石拱桥》中“江东桥修建于700多年前，有的石梁一块就有200来吨重，究竟是怎样安装上去的，至今还不完全知道”。
运用列数字的说明方法，列举了“200来吨”，具体准确地说明了石梁的重量，凸显了我国古代劳动人民的智慧。
说明文专题解题技巧
4. 作比较：运用了作比较的说明方法，把……和……作比较，突出强调地说明了……的特点。如：
说明文专题
说明文阅读
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聚焦泸州中考真题
目
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中考真题精讲精练
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聚焦泸州中考真题
说明文专题真题回顾（近三年泸州中考题）
（2021年） 1、请根据材料一中划线句的内容，为"天问一号"下定义。要求：内容完整，逻辑严密，不超过60字。(3分） 2．材料二的说明对象及其特点是什么？第④段为何要提及美国、俄罗斯和欧空局？请简要回答。(4分） 3．下列句中加点词可否删去？请简述理由。(3分）其实俄罗斯从苏联时代就开始探测火星了，前后差不多有20次，不过可惜的是一次都没有完全成功过。

【语文】说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)

【语文】说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)一、中考语文说明文阅读专题训练1．阅读下文，完成下列小题。

鳖鱼是海洋系统的“整容师”①鳖鱼是海洋中的庞然大物，也是食肉类的凶猛鱼类，号称“海中狼”。

可是，最近它被贴上了“整容师”的标签，因为它可以改变海洋中很多鱼的眼睛和尾鳍的尺寸。

听到这些，你是否感到十分惊讶呢？②原来，在海洋系统中，许多小鱼都有着较大的眼睛和有力的尾鳍，帮助它们及时发现并快速躲避鲨鱼的攻击和吞食。

尤其在鲨鱼出没捕食的低光环镜下更加如此：一定尺寸的尾鳍可以保证鱼类突然加速游动，以此来远离鲨鱼的追捕。

但是，在2018年1月，西澳大利亚大学等研究机构人员的最新研究发现，近年来由于人类对鲨鱼的大量捕杀，导致多种鲨鱼濒临灭绝。

鲨鱼数量的减少，使得其他鱼类的生存得到了暂时的和平安稳，导致它们的形态也正在发生明显的改变，如：眼睛变小，尾鳍变小。

因此，鲨鱼就成了海洋系统里的“整容师”。

③研究人员对澳大利亚西北海域罗利沙洲和斯科特礁两个珊瑚礁系统中7种不同的鱼类专门进行了对比分析。

这两个珊瑚礁有着相似的自然环境，但不同的是，罗利沙洲禁止捕鱼，鲨鱼数量比较稳定，而斯科特礁允许对鲨鱼进行商业捕捞，且已经持续了一百多年。

研究人员分别在两个珊瑚礁海域进行了采样捕捞，并测量出了所捕捞鱼的体长、体宽、眼部和尾鳍大小。

结果发现，与罗沙洲的鱼类相比，斯科特礁同种鱼类的眼睛尺寸小46%，尾尺寸小4%。

④研究人员解释说，人类捕捞鲨鱼使其数量减少，会造成一系列生态后果，小鱼的眼睛及尾鳍尺寸等发生变化仅仅是一个方面，其实，鲨鱼数量的减少还在悄悄地影响着其他海洋生态系统。

⑤首先，鲨鱼数量的大幅度减少，那些体弱多病，基因突变导致畸形的鱼，就不会及时被消灭，进化过程中的优胜劣汰也不能更好地延续下去。

那些没有被吃掉的弱鱼，病鱼就会一直繁殖下去，直到基因退化，这不利于种群的健康发展，对整个海洋生物多样性，优化性将是一个致命打击。

⑥其次，鲨鱼数量的大幅度减少，将使海洋生态环境无法正常维持，水质环境会进一步恶化。

【语文】说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)及解析

【语文】说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)及解析一、中考语文说明文阅读专题训练1．阅读下文，完成小题。

怎样才算认识一朵花（有删改）闫晗①近两年，博物学突然火起来，选带着各色识图软件，不知道花的名手不要紧，手机拍下一张照片，上传至软件，立即就合由现其学名，时代在进步，技术带来诸多使利。

可怎样才算真的认识一来花呢？②现在是个流行二手“知识胶囊”的时代，有人替你读书，替你思考，把简单粗暴的结果告诉你。

读了某篇书评，你就以为了解了整本书；听了几分钟电影解析，就有了与人聊天的谈资；别人的观点很新奇，你现被投喂得心满意足。

可是，你真的承它们建立连接，拥有它们了吗？（A）③植物和人一样，你记使一个人的名字就算了解他了吗？哪怕是生活在周围的熟人，有些也不过是点头之交。

他们的个性、喜好、热气腾腾的生活或是完解和苏且，我们都一无所知，有的只是相适时无关紧要的一句末破。

（B）④那些写植物写得好的文章，大都掺杂着人生体验和领悟，作者与那些花草有一些私人的故事，吴于童年、故乡、城市、风土人情，甚至友情和爱情。

这样才算认识和了解它们，跟它们拥有了一段与众不同的关系。

写美食的文章也一样，通过一种食物，我们想看到的往往是金、温暖、慰籍和自己的人生。

（C）⑤大数据带给我们很多信息，众多人的爱好、品位在商家那里有了判断，你被大多数人代表和选择了。

小学生都可以用大数据分析苏轼了，看上去根新潮。

可没有人能代替你的感受，个人的记忆博物馆是无法故平地、被量化的。

（D）⑥就像你与那些植物的关联，你与身边一个义一个人交换过的能量、拥有的故事、经历过的陪伴一样。

有无限的细节和微妙的感受，藏在某个地方。

可能表达不出来，但是你知道，它们真实存在着，而且无比重奏。

（1）结合第②段内容说说你对“二手‘知识胶囊’”的理解。

（2）根据要求答题。

①文章第①段有什么作用？②以下材料放在哪一处最合适？（填字母）为什么？材料：那些电影被剥离了配乐、光影的魔术，只第下一个同举的故事框架；那些名著的细节、人物对白你看不到，只有别人的印象和评价，而缺乏自己感性的、直观的经验。

专题05 阅读理解(说明文)15篇(山东专用)

冲刺2024年中考英语必考题型终极预测（山东专用）专题05 阅读理解（说明文）15篇（2023·山东济宁·统考二模）“I’ll finish my homework before playing video games.”“Your dress looks beautiful.”“I won’t spend all the money on snacks.”All lies! Most of us have told a lie at one time or another. However, scientists found that lying can harm your brain (大脑). It may stop you from doing other important tasks.When you tell the truth, your brain doesn’t have to do any extra (额外的) work. But lying takes much more work.Imagine you’re late to class. The teacher asks why and you decide to lie. So you say: “I picked up a book from the library.” Your teacher asks, “The book I assigned (布置) last time?” Then you must decide how to answer the question. If you say yes, the teacher might ask to see the book. So you might say: “No.” Now you have to think of a book title. You need to make sure it’s a book the library actually has. See? When you lie, your brain works a lot more to keep the lie from falling apart.You just gave your brain a lot of extra work. An area called the prefrontal cortex (前额皮质) does the work. It’s the part in charge of short memory. That area also takes care of planning, problem-solving and self-control.Using too much brainpower to lie means there’s less available for other things-like solve math problems. Lying is even harder for young people. The prefrontal cortex is not fully developed until age 25. So when young people are busy with lying, they’ll have a harder time doing other things, like making study plans or eating a healthy diet. So think twice before lying next time!1．What did the scientists find out about telling lies?A．It happens quite often.B．Most students have done it.C．It is bad for people’s brains.D．It’s an important way to protect oneself.2．What happens to your brain when you lie?A．It works more slowly.B．It has to do some extra work.C．It often says yes to others.D．It becomes better at answering questions.3．According to the story, why is it harder for people under 25 to tell lies?A．Because they are not clever enough.B．Because they have too much brainpower.C．Because they don’t have fully grown brains.D．Because they are still learning how to talk to other people.4．What is the best title of the passage?A．More lies, more work B．Lies make us healthyC．Lies grow with age D．Lies are difficult（2023·山东泰安·泰安一中校考二模）A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs l.00 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost?If you answered 10 cents, you are not alone—most people give the same answer（the answer is wrong）. It’s an example of how we often depend on intuitive responses（直觉反应）—answers we feel are true. People give answers that “pop into their mind,” says cognitive scientist Steven Sloman. We don’t spend much time “reflecting and checking whether the answer…is right or wrong.”The bat and ball question helps explain why we often believe in fake（虚假的）news. It is part of human nature to believe, says Sloman. But “the trick with fake news is to know to verify”—in other words, to stop and check what you know.In one experiment, Sloman and a colleague invented a discovery called helium rain. They told a group of volunteers about it, but they did not fully explain what it was. They then asked the volunteers to rate（评等级）their own understanding of helium rain. Most volunteers rated themselves 1 out of 7, meaning they didn’t understand it.The researchers then told another group of volunteers about the discovery. This time, they said the scientists could full y explain how it works. The volunteers gave an average answer of 2. The scientists’ confidence gave the volunteers an increased sense of their own understanding of it, Sloman says.According to Sloman, studies show that knowledge spreads like a contagion（接触传染）. This idea can be seen in many fields, including politics（政治）. “If everyone around you is saying they understand why a politician is dishonest,” Sloman Bays, “then you are going to start thinking that you understand, too.”So, in a world where misleading information is common, is there a way to protect ourselves? “I don’t think it’s possible to train persons to check everything that they encounter（遇到）,” Sloman admitted. “It is just too human to believe what you are told.”However, training people to care about fact-checking is important, he argued, especially in online communities.Think of the headlines and stories that are shared on your social media feed every day. Probably these fit in with your own worldview—but perhaps not all of them are true.“We should check things and not just take them at face value,” Sloman said, “Make sure if it is true before you believe.”5．The writer uses the example of the bat and ball question to show that ________.A．people often forget skills that they have learned at schoolB．there is often more than one possible answer to a questionC．many people give quick responses without thinking carefullyD．people sometimes are too careless to get the right answers6．How much does the ball cost?A．5 cent.B．10 cent.C．15 cent.D．20 cent.7．More volunteers said they could understand helium rain after ________.A．some of the volunteers explained it to themB．Sloman and his colleague showed them how it worksC．they heard that scientists could explain it confidentlyD．they examined the conclusion carefully by themselves8．What does the writer probably agree?A．It is important to do an experiment based on scientific research.B．The second group of volunteers are more confident than the first.C．People can be cheated easily because of too much fake news.D．People should be trained to check before they believe something.（2023·山东泰安·泰安一中校考二模）If you are joining in chat room conversations, or writing e-mails with net pals（网友）, you are one of the millions who write in a special, short form of English.Throughout the world, every night children and their elders are “talking” online—many of them are talking at the same time.It’s fast: trying talking to six people once. It’s easy: three or four words per exchange. It takes cleverness and quick fingers.And it requires very simple language. There’s neither time nor space for explanations. Why waste valuable timetelling six friends you have to leave for a moment to take care of your little brother when BRB（=be right back）will do?Want to enter a conversation? Just type PMFJI（=pardon me for jumping in）.Interested in whom you’re talking to? Type A/S/L, the common request（要求）to know your pal’s age, sex（性别）and location（地点）. You may get 15/M/NY as a reply from your pal.If something makes you laugh, say you’re OTF（=on the floor）, or LOL（=laughing out loud）, or join the two into ROTFL（=rolling on the floor laughing）.And when it’s time to get back to work or go to bed, you type GTG（=got to go）or TTYL（=talk to you later）.People want to write as fast as possible, and they want to get their ideas across as quickly as they can. Capital （大写字母）letters are left in the dust, except when expressing feelings, as it takes more time to hold down the “shift” key and use capitals. Punctuation（标点）is going too.9．The sentence “There’s neither time nor space for explanations” means ________.A．people should use words properlyB．people should communicate in a funny wayC．people online can express themselves in a simple wayD．people should know what time it is when they are talking10．If you get 17/F/NY as an answer to your A/S/L, it means ________.A．you are talking to 17 girls who are from New YorkB．you are talking to a girl who is 17 and lives in New YorkC．the people you are talking to is a 17-foot tall New York girlD．the people on the other end is 17 from New York and he is fine11．Which of the following is a way to save online time?A．People only use the mouse instead of the keyboard.B．Many people draw pictures instead of typing letters.C．People never use the “shift” key as it takes more time.D．People seldom use capital letters or punctuation marks.（2023·山东德州·统考三模）Many of us don’t pay much attention to the importance of eye care. It is said that if you take care of your body, then you can surely be healthy. That is why our eyes should be given a lot of care. Natural eye care should be put in a number one place.There are several causes leading to poor eyesight like not enough food, genes (基因) and aging (老化). Televisions, computers and reading are also the causes of having poor eyesight. If you work in front of the computer, it is best to take a break every once in a while. Something dirty can cause redness and they will make you feel uncomfortable. It is bad for your eyes, too. If this happens, the best way is to clean your eyes by using cold water. You must also try your best to protect your eyes from harmful things. For example, sunglasses are not just for fashion but they can also serve as a great way to protect your eyesight from ultraviolet rays.Eating healthy foods will do good to your eyesight. Remember that vitamins A, C and E are good for eyes. Try to eat food groups that have these vitamins. And you should do eye exercises because exercise protects your eyesight, too. If a person exercises regularly(定期地) and eats the right kind of food, his eyes will stay in good condition for a long time.All above are natural ways of eye care that help us keep healthy eyes. Being happy all the time can be helpful to a person’s eyesight, too. In a word, eye care is very important, no matter how old a person is.12．________ is the most important way to protect our eyes.A．Natural eye care B．Taking medicineC．Seeing the doctor D．Being happy all the time13．All the following causes can lead to bad eyesight except ________.A．age B．height C．reading D．computers14．. What should you do if you have to work in front of the computer?A．Eat healthy foods.B．Clean the eyes by using cold water.C．Wear a pair of sunglasses.D．Have a rest after working for a while.A．沙尘B．闪电C．紫外线D．超声波16．Which is the best title of the passage?A．Ways of Eye Care B．Ways of Eye ExercisesC．Ways of Being Happy D．Ways of Being Healthy（2023·山东泰安·统考二模）The red beans grow in southern land;How many loads（枝条）in spring the trees?Collect them till full is your hand;They would recall sweet memories.Love is a popular theme in Chinese poems. What symbols do you think best stand for love? The heart, rose or chocolate? This time we are going to look at a classic Chinese poem, Love Seeds. It was written by Tang Dynasty poet Wang Wei who had a different understanding of the symbol of love.In the first two lines, the poet expresses his feelings of missing his friend, who lives in southern China, by describing the growth of red beans in spring. In classic Chinese poems, poets prefer to express feelings in an indirect or symbolic way. When describing the natural environment or showing some symbols, Chinese poets always mean more than what’s described on the surface.In Chinese culture, red beans are seen as “love seeds”, which have a strong cultural meaning. Because they are often hard, come in a heart shape, and can be stored for a long time, those beans have long been used as a symbol of love and loyalty（忠诚）between lovers.In the last two lines, the poet wishes his faraway friend to collect as many red beans as possible, as the beans will bring back his friend’s memories to the poet.Instead of showing love to others by directly saying “I miss you” or using flowery language, this short poem can make readers feel deep love.17．What’s the Chinese title of the poem Love Seeds?A．《相思》B．《梅花》C．《赋别》D．《春晓》18．In classic Chinese poems, poets express feelings in _______ ways.A．direct B．straight C．symbolic D．short19．How many features（特点）of the red beans are mentioned by the writer?A．One.B．Two.C．Three.D．Four.20．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A．Wang Wei is a great poet from Song Dynasty.B．Wang Wei lived in southern China when writing this poem.C．Wang Wei thinks red beans are seen as “love seeds” because of their color.D．Wang Wei thinks red beans will bring back his friend’s memories to him.（2023·山东聊城·统考三模）Since humans sent the first satellite (卫星) to space in the 1950s, scientists have been studying an important topic: how to grow food in space if humans will one day live there.A recent experiment at the Tiangong space station makes a big step forward. Chinese astronauts have successfully grown rice seedlings (幼苗) during the Shenzhou XIV mission. “The rice seedlings are growing very well,” said Zheng Huiqiong, a researcher from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Since the rice experiment began on July 29, the seedlings of the tall shoot rice variety (高杆水稻品种) have reached a height of 30 centimeters. The seedlings of the short shoot rice variety have grown to 5 centimeters, China Daily reported on Aug 30.While there have been other rice experiments in space, this one is the first of its kind to produce the complete life cycle of a plant—it begins with a seed and ends with a mature (成熟) plant producing new seeds.Such food-growing experiments are not just for astronauts. They can also solve food problems on Earth. By sending seeds to space, we can create mutated (突变的) seeds, thanks to microgravity (微重力), lack of air and cosmic rays (宇宙射线). The seeds can then produce yields (产量) on Earth.According to Yao Tong, an engineer from Hainan Aerospace Engineering Breeding Research Center, 30 percent of strawberries sold in Beijing are “space strawberries”, which are as big as eggs. The center has also produced “space tomatoes” with yields increased by 30 percent, and “space bananas” with a growth shortened from 13 months to 9 months.21．How high did the tall shoot rice variety grow for the first month?A．5cm.B．25cm.C．30cm.D．35cm.22．The underlined word “forward” in Paragraph 2 probably means “________” in Chinese.A．向前B．向后C．向左D．向右23．How does the current (现在) rice experiment differ from other experiments?A．It goes through a complete life cycle.B．Its seedlings are growing very well.C．It uses completely new rice varieties.D．Its seedlings have successfully come up.24．Why do we grow food in space?a. To feed astronauts.b. To study microgravity.c. To increase yields on Earth.d. To research on cosmic rays.A．a b B．b c C．b d D．a c25．What is the main idea of the last paragraph?A．People are afraid of food.B．Space planting is benefiting us.C．People will never run out of food.D．Space planting has disadvantages.（2023·山东济宁·济宁学院附属中学校考二模）In the eyes of many foreigners, Chinese are the best hosts and the worst guests in the world. They’re not really bad guests, but because the guest-host relationship in China is much different from in some western countries, it appears they are not nice guests. And western host sometimes look rude (粗鲁的) in the eyes of Chinese guests.In China, guests are almost like gods. Whenever I enter a Chinese person’s home, there is always fruit on the table for me, and someone is quick to bring me a cup of tea or water. In the west, generally the guest is not a god. Acting according to the host’s way of doing things is usual behavior for a guest.My wife’s mother, a very kind elderly Chinese lady, doesn’t smoke. When I see some of her guests smoking in her house, as a non-smoker, I feel unhappy. Usually I want to stop them directly, but I must realize that in China, to be a good host, she must not do that. In most North American homes, if you are a guest, and the hosts are not smokers, you should not smoke in their house. At the very least, you could ask. “Is it OK if I smoke?” But, don’t be surprised if they say “No, you can’t smoke.” In our culture, if you smoke in their home, you are a bad guest, but if they do not allow you to smoke in their house, they are not a rude host.Guests in China also have special habits. Some western people may not adapt to these habits very soon. Thankfully my wife is Chinese, so whenever we visit a Chinese family she tells me to buy them a gift. However, giving a gift to a host is not always necessary in my country. So, if you invite international guests to your house, don’t be too surprised if they don’t bring you a gift.In China, you probably won’t need to change the guest-host relationship very much because you will probably only be the host, and Chinese are naturally very good hosts. If western hosts invite you to their house, try not to be too surprised if their style of treating you is not what you have expected.26．When a western guest visits a Chinese family, he often ________.A．buys some fruit B．wants some gifts C．feels like a god D．takes a cup of tea27．If the writer’s guests want to smoke in his house, what will he probably say?A．It’s OK if you smoke here.B．Sorry, you can’t smoke here.C．Let’s smoke together.D．Smoking is a bad habit.28．What is the meaning of the underlined phrase “adapt to” in the passage?A．think back to B．keep close to C．look forward to D．get used to29．What is the main idea of this passage?A．Foreigners should learn from Chinese.B．People should understand cultural differences.C．Western hosts are always nice to guests.D．Hosts must do things in the guests’ way.（2023·山东日照·校考一模）Superfast Writing Robot Tech company has made a powerful robot that can write novels.Type in “A cat wants to go to space” and ask the robot to write a bedtime story. Just one second later, you’ll get the story of Max, who clawed his way past many difficulties to sing among the stars.This robot writer is real. It’s called ChatGPT. US company OpenAI developed it to generate (生成) human-like texts. It can translate languages, talk with people and write songs, poems and even jokes. It’s one of the most powerful AI of its kind, with the complete writing range (范围) of a real person!People around the world have tried ChatGPT and posted their results on social media. Some used it to write history papers, some asked it to take notes of presentations, and some even got advice on how to interact (互动) with people at a party, reported The Atlantic.The power of ChatGPT lies in its speed and understanding of difficult matters. We may spend hours researching, understanding and writing an article on the theory of evolution. But ChatGPT can produce a well-written one in seconds. Another good thing about it is that if you ask dark, harmful questions, such as how to make weapons (武器), it will not give you an answer. ChatGPT comes along at a time when AI is becoming increasingly able to do creative tasks. The materials they create are difficult to distinguish (区分) from those made by humans. This causes many ethical (道德的) issues, such as the issue of copyright (版权) and the real meaning of art. Since the system is largely trained using words from the internet, it can also pick up on the Internet’s biases and stereotypes (刻板印象) about certain groups. These are all the things that depend on humans to solve.30．The writer uses “the story of the cat” as an example to ________.A．show what creative work ChatGPT can doB．introduce a cat that wants to go to spaceC．introduce a series of bedtime booksD．show how many stories ChatGPT can create31．ChatGPT can do the following things except ________.A．making up human-like texts B．singing songs to peopleC．writing songs，poems and even jokes D．producing a good article in seconds32．The underlined word “biases” in Para.5 means “________”.A．印象B．傲慢C．意见D．偏见33．Which is RIGHT according to the passage?A．US company OpenAI developed ChatGPT to generate animal-like texts.B．Nobody asked ChatGPT for help about how to interact with people at a party.C．ChatGPT can spend seconds writing a good article about the theory of evolution.D．ChatGPT is so perfect that there is nothing wrong with it.34．The last paragraph is mainly about ________.A．how people will feel about writing in the futureB．what problems AI writing can causeC．the reasons why people dislike AI writingD．human efforts in developing AI writing（2023·山东泰安·统考一模）Have you ever imagined going inside of a video game? That dream may soon become real. It’s called the “metaverse（元字宙）”.The metaverse is a shared virtual（虚拟的）3D world. The word is made up of “meta”, which means beyond, and “verse” which refers to “universe”. The word first appeared in a science fiction book called Snow Crash in 1992. In this story, people wear virtual reality（VR）headsets to see and join the metaverse.Now, what happens in the book is becoming a reality. Wearing a VR headset, you can meet other people wherever they are. You also can work and play with them. It will feel real because the technology can simulate（模拟）our senses: vision, hearing, touch and even smell.“The metaverse is about creating another reality, another world, which is as rich as the real world. So, what can you do inside the metaverse? Your location will no longer matter, ” says VOA News. It means that in the metaverse, people will be connected at all times. You can meet friends from other countries and go on a virtual beach vacationtogether. You can go to the beach on the moon, or anywhere else you can imagine. Can’t find a friend to play basketball? Jump into the metaverse and find some friends to play with or go to a concert!Cathy Hackl, an expert in metaverse technology, said her son’s first concert was inside a video game. “Although it happened in a video game, it didn’t make it less real for him, ” she said.Perhaps the metaverse will change our idea of what is real.35．Paragraph 2 mainly tells us ________.A．how to join the metaverseB．what happened in the book Snow CrashC．where the word “metaverse” comes fromD．when the book Snow Crash came out36．The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 3 refers to ________.A．VR headsets B．other people C．our senses D．video games37．What is Cathy Hackl’s attitude toward the metaverse? ________A．The technology still needs to be developed.B．It is not good for kids to join the metaverse.C．The metaverse will hardly change our lives.D．The metaverse is a different kind of reality.38．Which can be the best title for this passage? ________A．A Virtual 3 D Movie B．Metaverse Is HappeningC．Metaverse in the Books D．Snow Crash（2023·山东泰安·统考一模）Two teams of scientists in Denmark and in the United Kingdom came up with the same question at about theTesting for eDNA isn’t a new idea, but most of the time, scientists look for eDNA in water. Neither team knew that the other group was working on a similar experiment. One collected samples from different locations at Denmark’s Copenhagen Zoo, and the other did at Hamerton Zoo Park in the UK. The scientists used slightly different methods to collect their samples. But basically, both teams used vacuums（真空吸尘器）and fans to collect tiny bits of DNA．In the laboratory, comparing their samples with examples of DNA from different animals, the scientists were able to identify many different animals at the zoos.The scientists chose to test in zoos because they had rare animals not naturally found in the area. Each team only discovered about the other experiment after they had written a paper about their own results. The two decided to combine（合并）their results and publish a paper together.Both teams are excited about the ways this new method could be used in the wild. The researchers believe the method could help scientists a lot. Scientists have been looking for better ways to track endangered animals without interfering（干扰）with them. If researchers know where animals live, they can do a better job of protecting them. The next step is to figure out how to take this method into nature.39．What can we learn about “eDNA” from the passage?A．It’s only floating in the air.B．It’s created by some researchers.C．It isn’t found in the water.D．It’s left in the environment.40．What is the RIGHT order for scientists to do the experiment?a.Collect very tiny bits of DNA from the air.b.Tell what kinds of plants and animals are in the zoos.c.Enter Denmark’s Copenhagen Zoo with vacuums and fans.pare the samples with others in the laboratory.A．a-b-d-c B．d-b-c-a C．c-a-d-b D．b-a-c-d41．Which of the following is TRUE about the two teams of scientists?A．They used quite different methods.B．They knew exactly what they were doing at first.C．They competed against each other.D．They worked together to publish a paper.42．What’s the purpose of writing the last paragraph?A．To advise scientists to use new ways to do the experiment.B．To tell us the work of both teams is meaningful.C．To mention that the method of both teams isn’t perfect.D．To call people to protect endangered animals.（2023·山东日照·校考二模）The sun is so important that it makes life on our planet possible. But how does the sun do that? It’s the sun’s energy.Energy from the sun is called solar energy（太阳能）. It comes in the form of light or heat. People have used solar energy for thousands of years. The sun’s energy can be used to heat water and even food. If you own a magnifying glass, your parents have probably warned you not to leave it in the sun. Solar energy can actually make the magnifying glass burn objects underneath it causing a fire. This type of energy from the sun is called solar thermal （热的）energy.We can also turn the sun’s light into electricity. This is done with solar panels（板）. Solar panels are made up of a material called silicon（硅）. The silicon is heated and formed into very thin wafers（晶片）. When the sunlight hits the solar panel, the electrons in the silicon move and flow through wires（电线）. Using this technology, we can run a calculator and even power cars.But what happens on cloudy days? The electrons in the silicon will stop moving, which means the electricity can’t flow. But this doesn’t mean that solar energy can only be used on sunny days. People can use the batteries（电池）which are attached to（附着于）solar panels to store the electricity. So the stored electricity can be used to power cars at night or on cloudy days.Did you know that solar energy is not as expensive as it used to be? In fact, in the last few years, solar panels have become much more affordable for people to use. Since the sun gives off more energy in one second than peoplehave used, imagine what we could do if we used the sun’s energy to power our planet.43．What is the energy from the sun?A．Solar energy.B．Wind energy.C．Magnifying glass. D．Batteries.44．What does the third paragraph mainly tell us?A．How to use solar thermal energy.B．How to turn sunlight into electricity with solar panels.C．How to store electricity with batteries.D．How to power our planet.45．What can we use to power cars at night according to the 4th paragraph?A．Thin wafers.B．The moonlight.C．The stored electricity.D．Solar thermal energy.46．Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?A．Solar panels are made up of silicon.B．Solar energy can be used for heating food.C．People have used solar energy for thousands of years.D．It costs more to use solar energy than before.（2023·山东日照·校考二模）Think about what is happening in many families: Kids come home, jump onto the sofa, get lost in the world of the TV screen and become couch potatoes. Now, a new law is making parents take responsibility for family education to help shape their children’s future.Called the Law on Family Education Promotion（《家庭教育促进法》）, it is the first of its kind in China and came into effect on January 1st, 2022. It encourages parents and guardians to educate their children properly.The law stops parents and guardians from placing too much pressure on their children. Parents and guardians should allow children enough time to study, rest, play and exercise, and make sure they don’t become addicted（上瘾的）to the Internet. They should treat all children, whether boys or girls, healthy or disabled, the same way and should never use violence（暴力）towards children.For children of migrant workers in rural areas, they may be left alone while their parents go to work in cities. The law asks local governments to keep a close eye on such families, and help the parents get jobs locally so that they can be more responsible for their children’s education.。

八年级语文说明文专题训练5篇带答案

4. （2020·江苏镇江市·八年级期中）阅读下面文章，完成下面小题。

3D生物打印新突破尚凯元①最近，以色列特维拉夫大学的科研人员使用人体组织制造出了世界上第一颗3D打印心脏，给需要通过“换心”来延续生命的晚期心衰患者带来了新希望。

②自上世纪60年代前后的首例肾脏和心脏移植手术相继成功以来，器官移植的临床技术日臻完善，手术成功率也在不断提高。

然而在很多国家，器官等待者和捐献者的数量相差很大。

即便有幸等到合适的器官并成功移植，术后的排异反应也仍然会对患者生命构成威胁。

多年来，实现器官的完全“复制”，成了医学界的梦想。

③2010年，全球首台生物打印机使用培养的人体细胞制造出首例血管，使得3D打印人体器官成为可能。

2013年，一位心脏病专家完成了第一颗3D打印“心脏”，不仅外观与患者心脏高度吻合，还能够怦怦跳动。

不过，这个用塑料制成的“心脏”，仅可用于研究手术方案。

确切地说，它只是一个“心脏模型”。

④最新打印出来的这颗3D心脏不仅有细胞、心室和心房，还有着纵横交错的血管。

本次打印所用的“墨水”，源于患者体内提取的脂肪组织。

其中，分离出的细胞在经过编辑之后成为诱导多能干细胞，之后又分化出构成心脏主体的心肌细胞和构成血管的内皮细胞。

分离出的非细胞成分则被转化为了“个性化凝胶”，它如同盖房子的“水泥”，能够固定细胞的位置，并起到细胞外基质的作用，促进这些“小砖头”发育生长，建立连接，最终重组为功能器官。

由于打印“原料”来自患者自身，因此不用担心排异反应的发生。

⑤不过，这颗3D心脏目前仅具备收缩功能，研究人员还需通过进一步的培养，“教”会心脏细胞协同工作以实现泵血功能，之后再进行动物移植实验。

距离真正应用于人类心脏移植，还需要做更多的工作。

除了心肌细胞和血管之外，心脏还包括成纤维细胞、神经细胞、脂肪等，如何调和不同种类细胞的生长环境尚有待研究。

此外，由于心脏扫描技术和打印机的分辨率有限，目前．．还不能打印出心脏中的所有血管。

中考语文说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)

中考语文说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)一、中考语文说明文阅读专题训练1．阅读下文，回答问题。

吃瓜子会致癌吗①葵花籽致癌的消息，每隔一段时间就会在各类社交媒体上闹腾一回，甚至有说法称，葵花籽是致癌之首，然而事实果真如此吗？②向日葵，又名朝阳花，一年生草本植物，原产于北美洲，在我国的东北、西北及内蒙古等被广泛种植，高可达3米，盘型花宽可达30厘米。

它的果实即葵花籽，除了作为原料被用来榨油外，还是一种十分受欢迎的休闲食品。

③葵花籽含有大量我们需要的营养成分，它富含不饱和脂肪酸（如亚油酸、油酸、软脂酸、硬脂酸等）、多种维生素（如维生素E等）和微量元素（如硒、锰、锌、铜等），如果要列举葵花籽的好处，真是相当丰富。

④葵花籽味甘，性平，可用以降低血脂，还能用来驱虫。

含有大量不饱和脂肪酸且不含胆固醇，有助于降低人体的血液胆固醇水平，有助于保护心血管健康。

葵花籽微量元素含量丰富，其中铁的含量更是达到了葡萄干和花生的2倍，因此，葵花籽被认为具有预防贫血等作用。

每天吃一些葵花籽能满足人体一天所需的维生素E，对安定情绪、防止细胞衰老、预防成人疾病都有好处。

⑤此外，葵花籽中含有的食用纤维比苹果高很多，美国国家癌症研究所证明，食用纤维可降低结肠癌的发病率。

有文献报道，向日葵中的一些化学成分具有抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗衰老、抗心绞痛和降压等药理作用。

⑥目前，葵花籽种仁的含油率仅次于大豆，已成为位居第二的油料作物。

既然葵花籽的营养价值如此之高，那为何一些人认为是致癌食物呢？其中一个原因可能是，葵花籽生长速度很快，容易吸收土壤中的重金属，如铅、镍、镉等。

对于土壤而言，这样的作用能够减轻重金属污染，是一种绝佳的绿化植物。

但对于人类而言，吃入富含重金属的植物并在体内不断蓄积则足以致病，甚至致命。

⑦但因此便得出结论说葵花籽致癌是不科学的。

我们日常生活中接触到的其他农作物包括粮食和蔬菜等的生长速度也都很快，吸收重金属的能力同样很强，我们是不是可以下结论说粮食和蔬菜也具有致癌作用呢？⑧认为葵花籽致癌的另外一个原因可能是其含油量高，且这些油脂大多属于不饱和脂肪酸，进食过多不但会消耗体内的胆碱，使体内脂肪代谢失调，脂肪积聚在肝脏，影响了肝细胞的正常功能，造成肝功能障碍，此外还可能引起结缔组织增生，甚至诱发肝组织坏死或肝硬化。

中考语文说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)

中考语文说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)一、中考语文说明文阅读专题训练1．下面的文字，完成下列小题。

放下手机，不然你真的会瞎李斐然①微软的报告称，77%的18岁到24岁的年轻人会在做任何事之前先伸手去找自己的手机。

普林斯顿大学心理学博士亚当·奥尔特研究了这种技术上瘾的现象。

在他的调查里，超过59%的人承认，他们依赖社交媒体，如果超过半小时没有上网查看，他们就会觉得焦躁不安，无法集中精力。

在另一次调研中，46%的人表示，他们无法忍受没有智能手机的生活。

显然，我们被眼前的这个屏幕迷住了，逐渐上瘾。

②为什么屏幕会吞没我们的生活，抢走这么多的时间？在采访了开发者，查阅了数据报告后，我终于开始明白，我们每个人身边究竟在发生什么——根据微软加拿大分公司发布的关于人类注意力的研究报告，在2000年，普通人的注意力能保持12秒，而到了2013年，人们只能聚焦8秒。

人类的注意力正在萎缩，但绝大多数科技产品赖以生存的基础，就是用户的注意力。

所以，一个成功产品经理的职责，就是在一个又一个8秒内不断地释放新的刺激点，锁住用户的注意力。

③这一切细微设计，从医学角度看，简直就是一出悲剧。

在正常状态下，人类的眼睛每分钟要眨15到20下，也就是说，每隔3秒钟左右，眼睛有一次不自主的眨眼，这个过程被称为“瞬目过程”。

每一次完全的瞬目过程，上下眼睑完全覆盖眼球表面，让泪液均匀分布在角膜和结膜上，保持它们的湿润，并且让眼球得到至少0.2秒的休息。

④但是，电子屏幕设计本身就是对眼睛的一种刺激，导致它无法实现完全地眨眼，每分钟眨眼次数减少一半，甚至减少至1/3。

更要命的是，屏幕还在源源不断跳出新的刺激点，眼球就会不自主地被吸引过去，从一个刺激点接连不断地转移到另一个刺激点，在移动过程中，眼睛持续保持紧张状态，完全瞬目次数明显减少。

⑤屏幕上的这些设计，导致眼睛内膜泪液分布不均匀，增加了泪液的蒸发。

最新的研究发现，过度使用屏幕最终会影响泪腺分泌，因为泪腺受到的刺激少了，总体分泌量就会受损。

语文说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)

语文说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)一、中考语文说明文阅读专题训练1．阅读下面的文章，完成后面小题。

机器人改善我们的生活①从儿童玩伴到老人关爱陪护，从外卖订餐送餐到银行业务办理，从扫地、擦窗到物流服务，从驾校的机器人教结到代替或者协助人类进行安防、巡检的安防机器人，可以说只要是能产生大量数据的行业，人工智能（英文缩写为AI）都实现了完美的尝试，并改善了我们的生活。

这些能够实现24小时工作的机器人，让人看得见，也能摸得着，让人们充分享受看随之而来的便利。

②京东开启无人机时代当前，你有可能会看到这样一幅景象：一架无人机缓缓降落在快递送货站点。

你可能会以为这仅仅是一场自拍的结束，实则不然，这是顾客订购的货物到了，进行配送的虽然不是快递小哥，但这个“快递员”也非常准时。

京东无人机在2016年经历了多地、多次的成功试运营后，2017年进入了高速发展期，启动了无人机日常配送运营，开始为周边的农村用户提供便捷的最后一公里配送服务。

③我国第一辆无人公交车在深圳开始试运行2017年12月2日，4台“阿尔法巴智能驾驶公交系统”的深圳巴士集团公交车在福田保税区首发试运行。

这是全球首次在开放道路上进行的智能驾驶公交试运行。

该系统是一个整体解决方案，能够实时对其他道路使用者和突发做出反应，它的安全性，可靠性已经完全符合公交试运行的要求。

并且它还具备人工和智能驾驶两种模式，可根据实际需求进行切换。

④医疗人工智能堪比权威专家上海有多家医院，已成功地将人工智能应用到医学影像识别、疾病辅助诊断、外科手术、基因测序等方面，成为医生的“超级助手”。

智能化机器看似无情无义，但诊断起来却是有理有据，它能够帮助医生结合既往病历，为患者制定出规范化的治疗方案。

一些患者不必再长途跋涉来医院就诊，只需把相关信息通过网络发送到机器终端，智能机器会综合大数据已有的信息进行判断，并及时把诊断结果反馈给患者。

同时，它还大大提升了疾病随访和并发症监控的效率及准确度。

说明文阅读专题

原文中经常会有的“可能”“大概”“也许”“差不多”“将会”等词语，而命题者在选项中常将此类词语掩盖、删除。
3、偷换概念如原文是“冬眠的哺乳动物在更宽范围的调节性上获

得了进化”，而B项就偷换概念变成“在更宽范围里获得了进化”。这是命题者有意迷惑考生。 4、无中生有如选项中有“颅脑能释放应激素而使肠胃产生多种疾病”但查遍全文，找不到此类叙述，属无中生有。 5、强加因素这类题型迷惑性较大。如”在茶叶的制作过程中，茶叶发酵的程度和茶叶中多酚类物质的氧化程度有密切联系，根据不同的发酵类型，我国的茶叶可分为六大类。”
提示语：……是……，这就是……，叫……
2、
分类别：对事物的特征或事理分门别类加以说
明，使说明更有条理性。
提示语：有几类（种），一种是……，另一种是……
3、
举例子：通过举具体的实例对事物的特征或事
理加以说明，从而使说明更具体，更有说服力。
提示语：例如、又如、比如、再如、如
4、
打比方：将甲比作乙，从而形象生动地说明了
事物的特征或事理。
提示语：像、是、当作
5、
作比较：把甲和乙加以比较，突出强调了事物
的特征或事理。
提示语：……比……
6、
列数字：用具体的数据对事物的特征或事理加
以说明，使说明更准确更有说服力。
提示语：数词
7、
引言论：引用名言、格言、谚语，使说明更有
一、说明顺序二、说明方法三、设题角度
一、说明顺序
1、时间顺序 2、空间顺序 3、逻辑顺序（事物的内在联系：主—
—次、原因——结果、现象——本质、特征——用途、一般——个别、概括——具体、整体——局部）

统编版四年级语文暑假专项专题12说明文阅读-原卷版+解析

专题12 说明文阅读说明对象是一篇文章所要介绍的事物或事理，可以从三个方面入手：（一）明确说明对象1.看文题（1）标题是名词性的，一般是说明事物的，如《松鼠》、《北京的立交桥》、《雄伟的人民大会堂》等；（2）而标题是抽象名词的，一般用“……方法”作标题多是事理性的说明文，如《统筹方法》；（3）标题中带有疑问性的，常常是解释原因，说明事理的，如《什么是生态系统》。

2.抓总起句、总结句或中心句一般情况下，文段的开头（或各段的第一句）和结尾（或各段最后一句）往往点明了说明对象。

3.根据文章的内容概括（1）事物说明文指出被说明事物即可。

（2）事理说明文指出说明内容，形成一个短语：介绍了……（对象）的……（内容）。

（二）概括说明对象特征1.看标题。

有的标题在指出文章说明对象的同时，也指出其特征；有的标题用设问句的形式，引导读者有针对性地把握说明对象的特征；有的标题用生动形象的比喻或拟人的手法说明事物或事理的特征。

特别是标题中的修饰、限制成分。

如《巍巍中山陵》2.抓住关键句、中心句。

对于总分式、递进式结构的说明文，从中心句中抓住关键词语加以整理。

一般情况下，文段的开头（或各段的第一句）和结尾（或各段最后一句）往往说明了对象的特点。

如：不少说明文会集中陈述说明对象特征的语句，阅读时必须抓住它。

如《苏州园林》一文，开头总说部分，就说明了苏州园林的特点是“务必使游览者无论站在哪个点上，眼前总是一幅完善的图画”。

后面说明苏州园林的整个布局以及局部的安排都突出了这个特点。

另外，也有在过渡的句子中有具体的概括，一般用“不但，而且”这样递进关系的句子。

3.逐段阅读，综合概括。

对于非“总分”式的文段，比如并列式结构，没有明显的中心句、关键句的，要逐段提取、分析、综合，再作概括。

有时，说明事物的特征不止一个；说明事理的，要注意连接词，如“首先”“其次”“还”“也”“此外”等。

4.尽量采用原词，原句。

概括说明对象的特征，尽量从原文中找原词原句，若没有，则注意段意、中心句。

语文高年级阅读理解专题练习(说明文)

语文高年级阅读理解专题练习一、中国的四大古都中国的四大古都指的是东京(今河南洛阳)、西安、南京和北京。

它们是中国古代重要的政治中心和文化发展地，历史悠久，文化底蕴深厚，对中国乃至世界文明史都有着重要影响。

这四大古都在不同的历史时期都曾是中国的政治中心，见证了中国古代各个朝代的兴衰和变迁。

1. 东京(洛阳)东京，即今天的河南洛阳，是中国古代八都之一，历史悠久。

东汉建都洛阳之后，成为东汉、魏、晋等多个朝代的政治中心，被认为是中国的东部重要文化中心。

而在唐代，东京更是盛极一时，被誉为“东方第一都”。

2. 西安西安是中国古代著名的都城之一，古称长安，是丝绸之路起点和东西文化交流的重要枢纽。

长安在汉唐两代是中国的政治、经济、文化中心，是中国古代最辉煌的城市之一。

今天的西安保留着大量的古代建筑和文化遗迹，吸引着无数游客前来观光。

3. 南京南京自古为中国的政治重镇，多次成为中国的都城，为六朝古都、明朝首都，历史悠久。

南京曾是东晋、南唐等朝代的政治中心，对中国历史文化有着深远影响。

南京还是南京大屠杀的地点，处处充满着历史的沧桑和震撼。

4. 北京北京是中国的首都，自辽金夏等时代开始成为中国的都城，是明清两代的国都。

北京是中国现代政治、文化和经济的中心，也是中国最具代表性的城市之一。

北京拥有丰富的文化遗产和历史建筑，如故宫、天坛等，吸引着世界各地的游客前来参观。

二、四大古都的文化遗产这四大古都不仅在政治上具有重要地位，也在文化遗产方面有着丰富的资源。

从古代的建筑、书法、艺术到当代的文化产业，这些古都都有着独特的文化魅力和历史厚重感。

游览这些古都，不仅可以感受到中国悠久的历史文化，也可以领略到不同朝代的文化风貌。

1. 古代建筑这四大古都都保留着大量的古代建筑，如北京的故宫、天坛，西安的古城墙、大雁塔，南京的明城墙、中山陵，洛阳的龙门石窟、白马寺等，这些古建筑为后人留下了浓厚的历史文化底蕴。

2. 书法艺术在这些古都中，书法艺术也有着独特的传统和风格。

语文说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)

语文说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)一、中考语文说明文阅读专题训练1．阅读《垃设分类面立法更重执法》，回答各题。

①在德国，为督促生活垃圾分类，在居民区附近会放置五颜六色的垃圾桶，各种颜色代表不同的垃圾——棕色投放有机垃圾，蓝色投放废纸，黑色投放剩余垃圾，黄色则专门投放标有绿色圆点回收标志的商品包装。

②德国是第一个为“垃圾经济”立法的国家。

1991年，德国通过了《包装条例》，要求生产厂家和分销商对其产品包装全面负责，包括负责回收废弃包装，再利用或再循环其有效部分。

1996年颁布实施的《循环经济与废弃物管理法》，奠定了德国垃圾回收的总体基调，谁污染谁治理。

在德国，按照相关法规，葡萄酒瓶要扔到特定垃圾桶中，啤酒瓶可送到指定回收地点，果汁瓶要当作塑料包装垃圾处理，带有回收标志的矿泉水瓶则属于可回收垃圾。

如果被垃圾回收公司的人员发现某一处垃圾经常没有严格分类投放，就会采取“连坐式”的惩罚措施，先给整个小区的物业管理员及全体居民发警告，如果警告后仍未改善，公司就会毫不犹豫地提高这片居民区的垃圾清理费。

③例如，仅2000年至2012年间，德国垃圾排量比90年代减少了18%。

2014年的一项调查显示，90%的德国人会自觉遵守垃圾分类规则，近80%的德国人认为，为环保做贡献对个人来说非常重要。

如今，垃圾回收已经成为德国人的环保标签之一。

（1）在德国，棕色、蓝色、黑色垃圾桶分别盛放哪些垃圾？（2）下面对文中画线句所使用的说明方法及作用的分析，正确的一项是（）A.使用举例子、列数字、作比较的说明方法，说明德国垃圾分类的效果好。

B.使用举例子、列数字、打比方的说明方法，说明德国垃圾分类的必要性。

C.使用举例子、引资料、作比较的说明方法，说明德国垃圾处理现代化了。

D.使用举例子、列数字、打比方的说明方法，说明德国的环境保护意识增强了。

（3）下面对本文的理解分析，不正确的一项是（）A.第②段中加点词“连坐式”表示会有很多人受到牵连，体现了说明文语言生动性的特点B.第②段中加点词“毫不犹豫”，说明垃圾回收公司对提高这片居民区的垃圾清理费态度坚决。

中考语文,说明文阅读专题训练(含答案共22页)

说明文部分（一）种子的生存策略①种子是植物的繁殖器官，在植物的生存竞争中起着至关重要的作用。

它们高效地利用自身的生理特点和周围环境资源，完成传宗接代的重任。

②从形态上来说，种子可以简单地分为大种子和小种子。

世界上最大的种子是巨籽粽的种子。

目前发现最大的巨籽粽种子有17.6公斤重，堪称“世界之最”。

然而，世界上还有微若尘埃的种子。

世界上最小的种子——热带雨林中附生兰的种子，一粒的重量仅有一盎司的百万分之三十五。

③种子的生存策略首先表现在它们自身的生理特点上。

大种子带有更多的营养物质，就像一位装备精良的旅行家，背着一个大大的旅行袋，以确保抵达目的地时有足够的能量供其发芽，在竞争中以质取胜，但通常含油量更高，能保证它们在轻装旅行的同时，还带有一定的能量。

④其次，因为“个头”的不同，种子采取的传播方式也不同。

许多大种子既是动物的食物，同时也依靠动物传播。

例如壳斗科栎属种子的传播就依靠啮齿类、鸟类，甚至鹿等大型哺乳动物。

小种子则像一群勇敢的士兵，不畏牺牲，前赴后继，总会有幸运儿落地成苗。

⑤当种子陷入困境时，它们又是如何应对的呢？大种子在依靠动物传播的过程中，随时有被取食的危险，但是它们凭借较多的营养物质，能够迅速萌发、发出幼苗。

它们的幼苗可以在土地相对贫瘠或较为荫蔽的森林环境里生长，被动物取食后，也有较好的恢复能力。

此外，大种子也相对更耐干旱。

与大种子相比，更多的小种子则采取休眠的方法度过困境。

有时候，环境太干燥了，不适宜生长，它们便选择休眠。

或许风会把它们带到更远的地方，或许再等一年，会有一场大雨将它们呼唤。

它们一旦醒来，便立刻长出芽来。

⑥大自然就是这样一个舞台，各式各样的种子都在以独特的方式，表演着一支又一支精彩的生命之舞，永不停息。

1．文章从、、三个方面介绍了种子的生存策略。

【答案】生理特点、传播方式、应对困境的方法【解析】介绍种子生存策略的段落为3、4、5段，可从中心句或关键句入手，将3、4、5段分别加以概括即可。

语文说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)及解析

语文说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)及解析一、中考语文说明文阅读专题训练1．说明文阅读大洋中脊的特殊地质结构梁鑫峰①自古以来，人类就知道陆地上有山脉;其实海洋里也有山脉，这些山脉被称作大洋中脊。

②人们意识到海底也有山脉，只不过100多年的时间。

大洋中脊的发现，可以追溯到1872年英国“挑战者号”的全球调查。

“挑战者”号上的科学家利用探测锤发现大西洋中部有一处高高隆起的地方。

1925- 1927年，在德国“流星”号考察期间，科学家利用声学回声测深法再次确认了这条山脉的存在。

他们还发现，这条位于大西洋底的山脉竟然通过好望角，延伸到了印度洋。

③在接下来的几十年间，印度洋中脊和东太平洋中脊也陆续被发现。

二战后，船载声学设备的发展极大促进了人们对大洋中脊的研究。

到20世纪50年代初期，地质学家已经知道地球上每个大洋的洋底都有山脉，并且这些山脉连成一个巨大的海底山脉系统。

④大洋中脊的发现使得人类对地球的认识也向前迈出了一大步。

正是因为大洋中脊的发现，让魏格纳的大陆漂移学说开始得到重视，诞生了海底扩张学说，并进一步发展成现在被人们普遍接受的板块运动理论。

⑤大洋中脊既是海洋深处的巨大山脉，又是新的海洋洋壳生成的地方。

大洋中脊的中轴线上坐落着众多的“火山口”。

在那里，灼热的岩浆由地幔向上涌，逐渐冷却，结合周围已软化的岩石，形成新的洋壳。

新生成的洋壳挤压大洋中脊两边已有的地壳，不断向外扩张，并最终在板块的交界边缘俯冲回地幔去。

因此，洋壳在大洋中脊出生，在板块与板块的撞击中消亡。

在过去的几十亿年里，大洋洋壳就这样循环往复、生生不息。

⑥研究发现，大洋中脊相对其中轴线几乎是对称的。

从中轴线往外，水深逐渐增加。

比如大西洋中脊的中轴线处水深大约为2500米，但其外沿的水深则有5000多米。

究其原因，中轴线处的洋壳刚刚形成，温度最高，因此其密度较小，所以也就升得最高。

在几百万年的地质时间尺度上，中轴线处的洋壳往外移动，其温度逐渐降低，密度增加，随之也就慢慢沉了下去。

中考语文复习专题五实用类文本——说明文阅读

类别：摹状貌含义或语言标志：对事物进行细致描摹。教材示例：《中国石拱桥》：“每个柱头上都雕刻着不同姿态的狮子。这些石刻狮子，有的母子相抱，有的交头接耳，有的像倾听水声，有的像注视行人，千态万状，惟妙惟肖。” 作用(答题模板)：通过对……的特征的形象化描摹，增强了趣味性，令读者印象深刻。
类别：空间顺序概念：按照事物的空间存在形式，按从上到下、从前到后、从左到右、从中间到两边等方位顺序介绍事物的说明顺序。判断标志：常用方位词，如“前后”“上下”“内外”“远近”“左右”“中间两边”“东西南北”等。教材示例：《梦回繁华》按“画面开卷处”“画面中段”“后段”的顺序介绍《清明上河图》。
类别：画图表含义或语言标志：运用表示各种情况与注明各种数字的图和表来进行说明。教材示例：—— 作用(答题模板)：直观说明了……的特征，更具体，让人一目了然。
注意事项： (1)说明文要注重科学性和客观性，忠于事实，不
夸大，不改变。 (2)下定义与作诠释的区别：下定义要求完整，即
定义的对象与所下定义的外延要相等，并且要从一个方面完整地揭示出概念的全部内涵；而作诠释并不要求完整，只要揭示概念的一部分内涵就可以了，并且解释的对象与作出的解释的外延也可以不相等。
四、说明文语言 (一)准确性
分类：表推测标志词语：大约、大概、左右、上下、也许、可能等。
教材示例：《中国石拱桥》：“《水经注》里提到的‘旅人桥’，大约建成于公元282年，可能是有记载的最早的石拱桥了。”
专题突破
阅读专题五实用类文本——说明文阅读
1 文体知识梳理 2 考点点拨 3 福建6年中考聚焦
1 文体知识梳理
一、说明文类别
事物说明文： (1)概念：介绍事物的状态、性质、功能等内容的说明

(语文)语文说明文阅读专题训练练习题20篇及解析

（语文）语文说明文阅读专题训练练习题20篇及解析一、中考语文说明文阅读专题训练1．阅读下文，回答问题。

你“吃”过牡丹花吗①提起牡丹，就会想起“唯有牡丹真国色，花开时节动京城”。

然而，记者日前在河北省秦皇岛市的一片农田里看到了一种可以“吃”的牡丹：油用牡丹。

它的根﹣﹣丹皮是一味传统的中药材，种子可以加工成食用牡丹籽油，牡丹花蕊可以加工成牡丹花蕊茶。

②我国油用牡丹专家、国家林业局油用牡丹工程技术研究中心技术委员会主任李育材介绍说，油用牡丹是我国所独有的、土生土长的、原生态的灌木，共有9个种、1个亚种和1个变种，全部原产于我国，广泛分布于我国20多个省区。

③2006年，中国林科院检测出了牡丹籽油的各项成分。

检测结果表明，牡丹籽油中各种对人体健康有益的元素含量较高，是一种高端食用油。

菏泽随之进行了小规模、专业化的实验性生产并取得了成功。

2010年4月，国家林业局在菏泽组织召开了50多位专家参加的发展油用牡丹的专题论证会，参会专家一致认为山东菏泽市发展油用牡丹基地前景广阔，效益可观。

2011年3月，在进行了多项安全试验的基础上，由国家卫生部发布了关于批准牡丹籽油作为新资源食品的公告。

④牡丹籽油含不饱和脂肪酸高达92.26%，特别是其中的亚麻酸含量达40%以上。

亚麻酸是构成人体脑细胞和组织细胞的重要成分，是人体不可缺少的自身不能合成又不能替代的多不饱和脂肪酸，有“血液营养素”“维生素F”和“植物脑黄金”之称。

与其他油料作物相比，油用牡丹具有产量高、出油率高、油质好、适应性广等特点。

⑤2011年8月，李育材牵头在山东菏泽和河南洛阳率先搞起了试点栽培及综合开发利用，全面拉开了我国油用牡丹发展的序幕。

⑥截至2014年底，全国已种植油用牡丹122.48万亩，年产牡丹籽1 612.59万公斤，牡丹籽油加工企业49家，吸纳就业23.63万人。

⑦目前，以油用牡丹为原料，已开发出高档食用油、高档化妆品、保健品、药物、日用品五大类数十种产品，有的已经投入市场，受到消费者欢迎。

专题训练09说明文阅读(含非连续性文本)

专题训练(九) 说明文阅读(含非连续性文本)一、[202X·黔东南改编]阅读下面的说明文,完成后面的问题。

(11分)当蟋蟀不再歌唱叶子①蟋蟀是大自然的歌手,它们的歌声优美动听。

为了吸引异性,公蟋蟀们常常不知疲惫地一展歌喉,唱着优美婉转的小夜曲。

公蟋蟀的翅膀就是它们的小提琴。

每当需要交配时,它们就会通过曲折翅膀,用右翼鞘盖在左翼鞘上,利用它们的相互摩擦来发声,以期吸引异性,并与之交配。

②突然有一天,在夏威夷考艾岛,蟋蟀们基本沉寂了下来,它们都离开这里了吗?都去了哪里呢?一个生物学研究小组自1991年以来一直在夏威夷考艾岛研究蟋蟀,但直到2003年他们才明白,其实蟋蟀并没有少,而是近九成的公蟋蟀已经不再唱歌了。

考艾岛近几代的蟋蟀一直都在经历着重要的遗传改变,它们的翅膀始终平铺着,不能再爽快地唱出求爱的歌曲了。

③是什么使公蟋蟀们不再歌唱了呢?本来歌声使它们的生命受到了威胁。

在夏威夷考艾岛,被公蟋蟀们的小夜曲吸引来的不仅有异性,还有一种寄生昆虫。

这种寄生昆虫常常会循声而至,一旦发现正在唱歌的蟋蟀,就会寄生下来,并把卵产在它身上,而这种卵会钻进蟋蟀的身体里,在那里长大,然后钻出蟋蟀的身体并杀了它。

④为了保护自己,公蟋蟀们被迫停止激情的歌唱,沉默了下来。

虽然这种安静的转变让公蟋蟀们看起来没有以前的激情,但毕竟也保护了它们免受寄生虫的袭击。

⑤但是不唱歌又如何求偶?不求偶又靠什么来繁育?⑥聪明的蟋蟀们自有办法。

科学家发现,公蟋蟀们已经改变了策略,不仅能保住性命而且能成功求偶。

在考艾岛,大部分蟋蟀的翅膀都因为长期不摩擦,已经慢慢退化,不能用来唱歌了。

但仍有一些蟋蟀拥有正常的翅膀,它们常常如祖先一样在野外快乐地歌唱。

每当这时候,它们的附近总会有一些已经不再唱歌的公蟋蟀潜伏着,只要出现母蟋蟀的身影,潜伏的蟋蟀们就会想方设法把母蟋蟀吸引过来,横刀夺爱,成功交配。

⑦科学家们认为,大部分蟋蟀放平翅膀不再歌唱,而利用少量保持正常翅膀的“歌唱者”求偶,因而避免了寄生虫的侵袭并能继续繁育,这应该属于生物进化的一种成功范例。

说明文阅读专题

【语文】说明文阅读专题训练练习题20篇及解析

专题——说明文阅读

【语文】说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)

【语文】说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)及解析

专题05 阅读理解(说明文)15篇(山东专用)

八年级语文说明文专题训练5篇带答案

中考语文说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)

中考语文说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)

语文说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)

说明文阅读专题

统编版四年级语文暑假专项 专题12说明文阅读-原卷版+解析

语文高年级阅读理解专题练习(说明文)

语文说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)

中考语文,说明文阅读专题训练(含答案共22页)

语文说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)及解析

中考语文复习 专题五 实用类文本——说明文阅读

(语文)语文说明文阅读专题训练练习题20篇及解析

专题训练09说明文阅读(含非连续性文本)

统编版四年级语文暑假专项专题12说明文阅读-原卷版+解析

中考语文复习专题五实用类文本——说明文阅读