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医学微生物学英语

医学微生物学英语Microbiology is a fascinating field that delves into the intricate world of microscopic organisms, playing a pivotal role in the realm of medicine. From the study of bacteria, viruses, and other microbes, to the understanding of their impact on human health, microbiology has been at the forefront of scientific advancements.One of the primary focuses of medical microbiology is the identification and characterization of pathogenic microorganisms. These are the microbes that can cause various diseases and infections in the human body. By understanding the unique features and behaviors of these microbes, medical professionals can develop effective strategies for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious diseases.The field of medical microbiology encompasses a wide range of specialized areas. Bacteriology, for instance, involves the study of bacteria, their structure, metabolism, and the ways in which they can either benefit or harm human health. Virology, on the other hand, focuses on the study of viruses, their genetic composition, and their ability to infect and replicate within host cells.Another important aspect of medical microbiology is the study of the human microbiome. The human body is home to a vast and diverse community of microorganisms, collectively known as the microbiome. These microbes play a crucial role in maintaining a healthy immune system, aiding in the digestion of food, and even influencing the development of the brain and nervous system.Understanding the delicate balance of the microbiome and how it can be disrupted by factors such as diet, antibiotic use, and environmental exposures is a critical area of research in medical microbiology. Imbalances in the microbiome have been linked to a variety of health conditions, including inflammatory bowel diseases, obesity, and even certain mental health disorders.In the realm of diagnosis and treatment, medical microbiologists play a vital role. They develop and refine techniques for the rapid and accurate identification of infectious agents, allowing healthcare providers to make informed decisions about the most appropriate course of action. This can include the use of advanced laboratory techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and next-generation sequencing, to detect the presence of specific microbes.Moreover, medical microbiologists contribute to the development of new antimicrobial agents, such as antibiotics and antiviral drugs, to combat the growing threat of drug-resistant microbes. As pathogensevolve and become more resilient, the need for innovative and effective therapies becomes increasingly urgent.Beyond the clinical setting, medical microbiologists also play a crucial role in public health and epidemiology. They investigate outbreaks of infectious diseases, tracing the sources and transmission patterns of microbes, and implementing strategies to control and prevent the spread of these diseases within communities.The field of medical microbiology is constantly evolving, with new discoveries and advancements being made every day. From the development of cutting-edge diagnostic tools to the exploration of the human microbiome, the contributions of medical microbiologists have a profound impact on the health and well-being of individuals and populations worldwide.As we continue to navigate the complex and ever-changing landscape of infectious diseases, the expertise and dedication of medical microbiologists will remain essential in our efforts to maintain and improve global health.。

微生物专业英语

微生物专业英语2020.2.241、微生物：microorganism [ˌmaɪkroʊˈɔːrɡənɪzəm]释：微生物小的鲜活生物，只有使用显微镜才能看到。

A microorganism is a very small living thing which can only be seen by a microscope.2、固体废弃物：(solid waste)[ˈsɑːlɪd]释：一般所说的垃圾，是人类新陈代谢排泄物和消费品消费后的废弃物品。

Generally speaking, soild waste is the waste products of human metabolism and consumer products after consumption.3、浸出：leach [liːtʃ]释：浸出是通过溶剂从固体中提取可溶性成分的过程。

Leaching is the process of extracting a soluble constituent from a solid by means of a solvent.4、油污泥：oily sludges[slʌdʒ]5、市政污泥civil sludge/ municipal sludge释：主要指来自污水厂的污泥Mainly refers to sludge from sewage plants6、土壤改良：soil improvement释：针对土壤的不良质地和结构，采取相应的物理、生物或化学措施，改善土壤性状，提高土壤肥力，增加作物产量，以及改善人类生存土壤环境的过程。

Soil improvement is the process of taking appropriate physical, biological, or chemical measures to improve soil properties, soil fertility, crop yields, and improving the soil environment of human existence in response to the poor texture and structure of the soil.句子：一、目的研究微生物-植物联合对稠油污染土壤的修复效果，为石油污染土壤生物修复技术的应用提供依据。

关于细菌介绍的英语

关于细菌介绍的英语当你介绍细菌时，可以包括一些基本信息，如细菌的定义、结构、分类、生存环境以及一些常见的细菌类型。

以下是一个简要的细菌介绍的例子：Introduction to BacteriaBacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that belong to the domain Bacteria. They are among the most abundant life forms on Earth and can be found in diverse environments, ranging from the deep sea to the upper atmosphere. Here are some key aspects of bacteria:1. Definition:•Bacteria are prokaryotic microorganisms, lacking a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Their genetic material is contained in a single circular DNA molecule.2. Structure:•Bacterial cells typically have a cell wall, cell membrane, and cytoplasm. Some bacteria possess flagella or pili, structures that aid in movement and attachment, respectively.3. Classification:•Bacteria are classified into various phyla based on their shape, staining properties, and metabolic characteristics. Common phyla include Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria.4. Shapes:•Bacteria can exhibit different shapes, including cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirilla (spiral-shaped).5. Environmental Adaptations:•Bacteria are incredibly adaptable and can thrive in extreme environments, such as hot springs, acidic conditions, and even within the human body.6. Roles in Nature:•Many bacteria play crucial roles in nutrient cycling, aiding in processes like nitrogen fixation and decomposition. Some bacteria form symbiotic relationships with plants and animals.7. Pathogenic Bacteria:•While many bacteria are harmless or beneficial, some can cause diseases in humans and other organisms. Understanding pathogenic bacteria is crucial for medical and public health. 8. Importance in Industry:•Bacteria are extensively used in various industries, including food production, medicine (as antibiotics), and biotechnology. In conclusion, bacteria are a diverse group of microorganisms with significant impacts on various aspects of life. Studying their characteristics and behaviors is essential for advancing our understanding of biology and its applications in different fields.。

最全医学微生物学(全英文)Ch0 Introduction-1

• Industrial Microbiology
Food industry Metallurgy (extract copper from low-grade copper sulfide ores) antibiotics and human proteins
• Agricultural Microbiology
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and some algae are all in this category
General properties of Microbes: 1. tiny in size (μm or nm) 2. simple in structure 3. fast rate in multiplication 4. active in metabolism 5. easy in variation 6. widely distributed
Chapter 1 Introduction
Microbiology
Microbiology is the biology of microorganisms.
It is a bioscience for the study of the evolution, classification, morphology, physiology, genetics of microbes under certain conditions; The law of their life activities, and their interaction with human being, animals or plants as well as with naturaMicrobes

微生物专业英语

微生物学 microbiology病毒学 virology噬菌体学 bacteriophagology细菌学 bacteriology鉴定细菌学 determinative bacteriology 系统细菌学 systematic bacteriology真菌学 mycology原生生物学 protistology原生动物学 protozoology普通微生物学 general microbiology微生物分类学 microbial taxonomy微生物生理学 microbial physiology微生物生物化学 microbial biochemistry 微生物遗传学 microbial genetics微生物生态学 microbial ecology古微生物学 pale microbiology土壤微生物学 soil microbiology水生微生物学 aquatic microbiology海洋微生物学 marine microbiology悉生生物学 gnotobiology医学微生物学 medical microbiology兽医微生物学 veterinary microbiology农业微生物学 agricultural microbiology工业微生物学 industrial microbiology石油微生物学 petroleum microbiology食品微生物学 food microbiology乳品微生物学 diary microbiology瘤胃微生物学 rumen microbiology诊断微生物学 diagnostic microbiology病原学 etiology国际微生物学会联合会 International Union of Microbiological Societies, IUMS中国微生物学会 Chinese Society for Microbiology, CSM世界培养物保藏协会 World Federation for Culture Collection, WFCC中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会 China Committee for Culture Collection of Microorganisms, CCCCM 美国模式培养物保藏所 American Type Culture Collection, ATCC自然发生说,无生源说 spontaneous generation, abiogenesis始祖生物 progenote古始生物界 archetista古细菌 archaebacteria原生生物 protista原生动物 protozoan原生植物 protophyte真核生物 eukaryote原核生物 prokaryote裂殖植物 schizophyte微生物 microorganism数值分类法 numerical taxonomy 模式目 type order模式科 type family模式属 type genus模式种 type species模式株 type strain真菌 fungi捕食真菌 predacious fungi地下真菌 hypogeal fungi虫生真菌 entomogenous fungi 菌根真菌 mycorrhizal fungi 木腐菌 wood-decay fungi霉菌 mold, mould半知菌 imperfect fungi子囊菌 ascomycetes粘菌 slime mold, slime mould 壶菌 chytrid卵菌 oomycetes接合菌 zygomycetes担子菌 basidiomycetes核菌 pyrenomycetes盘菌 cup fungi块菌 truffles锈菌 rust fungi蘑菇 mushrooms毒蘑菇 poisonous mushroom无孢子酵母菌 asporogenous yeasts 有孢子酵母菌 sporogenous yeasts 黑粉菌 smut fungi双态性真菌 dimorphic fungi毛外癣菌 ectothrix毛内癣菌 endothrix完全真菌 perfect fungi黑粉病 smut disease锈病 rust disease菌丝 hypha菌髓 trama假菌丝体 pseudomycelium气生菌丝体 aerial mycelium基内菌丝体 substrate mycelium球拍状菌丝体 racquet mycelium结节状菌丝 nodular mycelium梳状菌丝 pectinafe mycelium螺旋菌丝 spiral mycelium次生菌丝体 secondary mycelium有隔菌丝 septate hypha无隔菌丝 nonseptate hypha生殖菌丝体 reproductive mycelium 营养菌丝体 vegetative mycelium不育菌丝体 sterile mycelium菌丝体 mycelium黄癣菌丝 favic chandelier mycelium 产囊丝 ascogenous hypha产囊体 ascogonium原植体 thallus粘菌体 aethalium合胞体 syncytium虫菌体 hyphal body盾状体 clypeus子实体 fruiting body产孢体 gleba子实层体 hymenophore子实下层 subhymenium菌丝层 subiculum菌丝段 hyphal fragment菌丝束 coremium菌丝索 funiculus菌核 sclerotium器菌核 pycnosclerotium菌环 annulus菌裙 indusium 菌盖 pileus顶体 apicle藏卵器 oogonium雄器 antheridium锈菌性孢子器 pycnium锈子器 aecium精子器spermogonium囊状体 cystidium粉孢子梗 oidiophore小梗 sterigma接合孢子柄 zygosporophore孢囊柄sporangiophore配囊柄 suspensor孢子梗 sporophore分生孢子梗 conidiophore雄器柄 androphore帚状枝penicillus瓶梗 phialide梗基 metulae芽孔 germ pore芽管 germ tube芽缝 germ slit孢丝 capillitium 周丝 periphysis类周丝 periphysoid侧丝 paraphysis拟侧丝 pseudoparaphysis类侧丝 paraphysoid孢子外壁 exosporium外生菌根 ectomycorrhiza内生菌根 endomycorrhiza内外生菌根 ectendomycorrhiza泡囊丛枝菌根 vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza刺突 spike弹丝 elater刚毛 seta微体 microbody泡囊 vesicle隔膜 septum假隔膜 pseudoseptum分生孢子盘 acervulus分生孢子座 sporodochium精子团 spermatium囊基膜hypothallus囊层基 hypothecium囊层被 epithecium囊间丝 hamathecium囊托 apophysis囊领 collarette 囊轴 columella孔口 ostiole菌托 volva孢子角 cirrus孢子球 spore ball孢子印 spore print聚簇 cluster 菌丝融合 anastomosis孢子切落 abjunction孢子缢断 abstriction多态现象 polymorphism缢缩作用constriction粉孢子 oidium孢子 spore掷孢子 ballistospore厚壁孢子 chlamydospore环痕孢子annellospore节孢子 arthrospore卷旋孢子 helicospore腊肠形孢子 allantospore孔出孢子 porospore星形孢子 staurospore线形孢子 scolecospore砖格孢子 dictyospore侧生孢子 aleuriospore芽生孢子blastospore瓶梗孢子 phialospore无梗孢子 thallospore分生孢子 conidium大分生孢子 macroconidium小分生孢子 microconidium节分生孢子 arthroconidium芽分生孢子 blastoconidium器孢子 pycnidiospore无隔孢子 amerospore双胞孢子 didymospore多隔孢子 phragmospore休眠孢子 hypnospore顶生孢子 acrospore顶生厚壁孢子 fuseau内分生孢子 endoconidium担孢子 basidiospore双孢担孢子 dispore同形孢子 isospore 柄生孢子 stylospore锈菌性孢子 pycniospore产雄器孢子 androspore锈孢子 aeciospore夏孢子urediniospore, aeciospore冬孢子 teliospore四分孢子 tetraspore粘孢子 myxospore多核孢子 coenospore 孢囊孢子 sporangiospore子囊孢子 ascospore多核细胞 coenocyte分生孢子果 conidiocarp分生孢子器prosporangium多核孢子囊 coenosporangium休眠孢子囊 hypnosporangium子囊 ascus接合孢子 zygospore拟接合孢子 azygospore原囊壁子囊 prototunicate ascus单囊壁子囊 unitunicate ascus双囊壁子囊bitunicate ascus子囊果 ascocarp子囊壳 perithecium闭囊壳 cleistothecium闭囊果 cleistocarp盘状子囊果 discocarp孢囊果 sporangiocarp接合子 zygote单性合子 azygote多核合子 coenozygote异形合子heterozygote合子核 zygotonucleus游动合子 planozygote担子 basidium半担子 hemibasidium隔担子heterobasidium无隔担子 holobasidium有隔担子 phragmobasidium内生担子 endobasidium原担子protobasidium上担子 epibasidium下担子 hypobasidium同担子 homobasidium担子果 basidiocarp担子体basidiophore配子 gamete原配子 progamete雄配子 androgamete雄核发育 androgenesis同形配子isogamete异形配子 heterogamete游动配子 zoogamete多核配子 coenogamete配子囊 gametangium配子母细胞 gametocyte同形配子囊 isogametangium原配子囊 progametangium小孢子囊 sporangiole微包囊microcyst足细胞 foot cell脚胞 foot cell固着器 holdfast附着枝 hyphopodium吸盘 sucker锁状细胞clamp cell锁状联合 clamp connection偶核细胞 zeugite卵球 oosphere卵质 ooplasm孢原质 sporoplasm 卵配子 oogamete卵孢子 oospore球状胞 sphaerocyst子囊腔 locule子囊盘 apothecium子囊座 ascostroma 缝裂壳 hysterothecium下子座 hypostroma包被 peridium子座 stroma壳心 centrum拟包被 pseudoperidium 无融合生殖 apomixis同宗配合 homothallism准性生殖 parasexuality异宗配合 heterothallism同配生殖isogamy异配生殖 heterogamy无配生殖 apogamy配囊交配 gametangial copulation交配型 mating type全型holomorph夏孢子期 uredostage冬孢子堆 teleutosorus, telium夏孢子堆 uredinium子囊孢子形成ascosporulation孢子形成 sporulation细菌 bacteria薄壁细菌类 gracilicutes硬壁细菌类 fermicutes疵壁细菌类 mendosicutes无壁细菌类 tenericutes柔膜细菌 mollicutes真细菌 eubacteria暗细菌scotobacteria无氧光细菌 anoxyphotobacteria生氧光细菌 oxyphotobacteria放线菌 actinomycetes螺旋菌spirilla粘细菌 slime bacteria鞘细菌 sheathed bacteria柄细菌 caulobacteria弧菌 vibrio根瘤细菌root nodule bacteria硫酸盐还原菌 sulfate reducting bacteria硫细菌 sulfur bacteria铁细菌 iron bacteria紫色无硫细菌 purple nonsulfur bacteria产甲烷菌 methanogen硝化细菌 nitrobacteria反硝化细菌 denitrifying bacteria固氮细菌 nitrogen fixing bacteria甲基营养菌 methylotrophic bacteria产乙酸菌 acetogen同型产乙酸细菌 homoacetogenic bacteria光合作用细菌 photosynthetic bacteria产氢产乙酸细菌 hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria同型发酵乳酸菌 homofermentative lactic bacteria异型发酵乳酸菌 heterofermentative lactic bacteria产氢菌 hydrogenogens产气菌 aerogen不产气菌 anaerogen发光细菌 luminous bacteria产色细菌 chromogenic bacteria化能异养菌 chemoheterotrophic bacteria化能自养菌 chemoautotrophic bacteria光能异养菌 photoheterotrophic bacteria光能自养菌photoautotrophic bacteria化能有机营养菌 chemoorganotrophic bacteria化能无机营养菌chemolithotrophic bacteria光能有机营养菌 photoorganotrophic bacteria光能无机营养菌photolithotrophic bacteria有机营养菌 organotrophic bacteria无机营养菌 lithotrophic bacteria贫营养细菌 oligotrophic bacteria一氧化碳营养菌 carboxydotrophic bacteria自养菌 autotrophic bacteria 异养菌 heterotrophic bacteria光养菌 phototrophic bacteria需氧菌 aerobe微需氧菌 microaerobe耐氧菌aerotorelant bacteria厌氧菌 anaerobe兼性厌氧菌 facultative anaerobe专性厌氧菌 obligate anaerobe 溶原性细菌 lysogenic bacteria腐生菌 saprophytic bacteria苛求菌 fastidious microorganism极端细菌extreme bacteria嗜压菌 barophilic bacteria嗜盐菌 halophilic bacteria嗜铁菌 siderophilic bacteria 嗜高渗细菌 osmophilic bacteria微嗜氮菌 oligonitrophilic bacteria嗜冷细菌 psychrophilic bacteria 嗜酸菌 acidophilic bacteria嗜硫菌 thiophilic bacteria中温菌 mesophilic bacteria耐热细菌thermophilric bacteria氢营养菌 hydrogenotrophic bacteria肠道细菌 intestinal bacteria类菌体bacteroid细菌小体 bacteriosome微生子 gonidium蓝细菌 cyanobacteria蓝细菌连锁体 hormogonium类囊体thylakoid藻胆蛋白体 phycobilisome静息孢子 akinete滑行 gliding异形囊胞 heterocyst化学型chemotype化学变型 chemovar血清型 serotype血清变型 serovar致病型 pathotype致病变型 pathovar生物型 biotype生物变型 biovar形态型 morphotype形态变型 morphovar革兰氏阳性菌 Gram-positive bacteria 革兰氏阴性菌 Gram-negative bacteria球菌 coccus双球菌 diplococcus四联球菌 tetrads八叠球菌 sarcina 球杆菌 coccobacillus杆菌 rod双杆菌 diplobacillus棒状菌 corynebacteria细菌毛状体 trichome单鞭毛菌 monotricha周鞭毛菌 peritricha丛鞭毛菌 lophotricha两端单鞭毛菌 amphitrichate单端丛鞭毛菌cephalotricha滑行细菌 gliding bacteria细菌L-型 L-form of bacterium菌落 colony酵母型菌落 yeast type colony类酵母型菌落 yeast like colony次生菌落 secondary colony粗糙型菌落 rough colony光滑型菌落 smooth colony丝状型菌落 filamentous type colony子菌落 daughter colony深层菌落 deep colony 粘液型菌落 mucoid colony巨大菌落 giant colony侏儒型菌落 dwarf colony菌苔 lawn菌胶团 zoogloea菌膜 pellicle菌醭 mycoderm, pellicle群游现象 swarming菌柄 stipe菌体附器 appendage鞭毛 flagellum 周质鞭毛 periplasmic flagella轴丝 axial filament菌毛 pilus性丝 sex pilus外生孢子 exospore内生孢子 endospore芽孢 spore芽孢形成 sporulation终端芽孢 terminal spore近端芽孢 subterminal spore中生芽孢 central spore前芽孢 forespore芽孢皮层 cortex芽孢外膜 exitine芽孢内膜 intine外壁 exine伴胞晶体 parasporal crystal菌蜕 ghost鞘 sheath荚膜 capsule粘液层 slime layer微荚膜 microcapsule壁膜间隙 periplasmic space原生质体 protoplast原生质球 spheroplast气泡 gas vacuole甲烷粒体methanochondria间体 mesosome载色体 chromatophore鞭毛基体 flagellar basal body异染质 volutin异染粒 matachromatic granules致死颗粒 killer particle紫膜 purple membrane噬菌体 bacteriophage无囊盖类 inoperculatae超显微微生物 ultramicroscopic organism真菌噬菌体 mycophage噬藻体 phycophage烈性噬菌体 virulent phage温和噬菌体 temperate phage前原噬菌体 preprophage原噬菌体 prophage隐性前噬菌体 cryptic prophage营养期噬菌体 vegetative phage载体噬菌体carrier phageλ噬菌体 lambda particles phage可诱导噬菌体 inducible phage同源免疫噬菌体 homoimmune phage噬菌体分型 bacteriophage typing 噬菌体型 phagetype噬菌体变型 phagevar噬斑 plaque噬菌体聚合头部 polyhead噬菌体聚合尾鞘 polysheath 噬菌体伞毛 fimbrium噬菌体颈须 whisker噬菌体先导蛋白 pilot protein噬菌体尾丝抗原 fiber antigen噬菌体顶体 apex噬菌体基片插孔 base-plate hub噬菌体基片丝 base-plate fibril噬菌体基片楔突 base-plate wedge噬菌体串联体 concatemer噬菌体颈部 collar噬菌体顶部壳粒 apical capsomere噬菌体尾丝 tail fiber 噬菌体畸形体 monster噬菌体颈圈 connector噬菌体髓部 core噬菌体头部 head噬菌体尾部 tail噬菌体尾管tail tube噬菌体尾鞘 tail sheath类病毒 viroid病毒 virus真病毒 euvirus亚病毒 subvirus原病毒provirus拟病毒 virusoid卫星病毒 satellite virus假型病毒 pseudotype virus慢病毒 slow virus辅助病毒 helper virus过客病毒 passenger virus多分体病毒 multicomponent virus昆虫痘病毒 entomopox virus, EPV颗粒体症病毒 granulosis virus, GV多角体病毒 polyhedrosis virus核型多角体病毒 nuclear polyhedrosis virus, NPV质型多角体病毒 cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus,CPV多粒包埋型病毒 multiple embedded virus单粒包埋型病毒 singly embedded virus伴随病毒 associated virus浓核病毒 densovirus,DNV 内源病毒 endogenous virus潜伏病毒 latent virus肠道病毒 enterovirus艾柯病毒 ECHO virus虫媒病毒arbovirus腺病毒 adenovirus腺伴随病毒 adeno associated virus真菌病毒 mycovirus肿瘤病毒 oncovirus 逆转录病毒 retro virus坏死病毒 necrosis virus虹彩病毒 irido virus泛嗜性病毒 pantropic virus毒株strain原生小体 elementary body包含体 inclusion body顾氏小体 Guarnieri's bodies内氏小体 Negri's body病毒粒体 virion裸露病毒粒体 naked virion假病毒体 pseudovirion立体对称 cubical symmetry二十面体对称 icosahedral symmetry螺旋对称 helical symmetry病毒五邻体 pentomer,pentons病毒六邻体hexonmer,hexons复合对称 complex symmetry包膜突起 peplomerbody包膜 envelope, peplos蛋白质包膜protein envelope病毒包膜抗原 envelope antigen病毒壳体 capsid病毒壳粒 capsomer, capsomere二十面体壳体 icosahedron capsid核心 core核壳 nucleocapsid病毒原质体 viroplasma病毒束 virus bundle多角体polyhedron多角体蛋白 polyhedrin颗粒体 granule颗粒体蛋白 granulin类核 nucleoid内含颗粒 inclusion granuleX体 X-body病毒早期蛋白 early protein病毒晚期蛋白 late protein负链 negative strand正链positive strand复制子 replicon病毒发生基质 virogenic stroma衣原体 chlamydia衣原体始体 initial body立克次氏体 rickettsia假肽聚糖 pseudopeptidoglycan肽聚糖 peptidoglycan磷壁酸 teichoic acid胞壁酸 muramic acid2,6-吡啶二羧酸 dipicolinic acid, DPA脂多糖类 lipopolysaccharides多糖包被glycocalyx鞭毛蛋白 flagellin菌毛蛋白 pilin杀白细胞素 leucocidin豆血红蛋白 leghaemoglobin藻胆蛋白 phycobiliprotein藻青蛋白 phycocyanin藻红蛋白 phycoerythrin藻青素 cyanophycin藻蓝素 algocyan, leucocyan藻胆素 phycobilin藻红胆素 phycoerythrobilin藻蓝胆素 phycocyanobilin藻青素颗粒cyanophycin granule别藻蓝素 allophycocyanin类葫萝卜素 carotenoids细菌淀粉粒 granulose聚β羟基丁酸盐 poly-β-hydroxy butyrate葡萄球菌A蛋白 staphylococcal protein A, SPA纯化蛋白衍生物 purified protein derivative, PPD葡萄球菌凝固酶staphylocoagulaseβ细胞溶素β-lysinα淀粉酶α-amylase通透酶 permease胞内酶 intracellular enzyme胞外酶 extracellular enzyme果胶酶 pectinase逆转录酶reverse transcriptase凝固酶 coagulase受体破坏酶 receptor destroying enzyme, RDE透明质酸酶hyaluronidase纤维素酶 cellulase链道酶 streptodornase,SD链激酶 streptokinase,SK神经氨酸酶neuraminidase青霉素酶 penicillinase溶菌酶 lysozyme细菌紫膜质 bacteriorhodopsin菌紫素bacteriopurpurin细菌叶绿素 bacteriochlorophyll自溶素 autolysin亲菌素 bacteriotropin攻击素aggressin抑殖素 ablastin粘附素 adhesin菌红素 bacterioerythrin灵菌毒素 prodigiosus toxin细菌素bacteriocin麻风菌素 lepromin葡萄球菌素 staphylococcin伞菌氨酸 agarfitine苏云金菌素 thuricin肠球菌素 enterococcin布氏菌素 brucellin大肠菌素 colicin, colicine丁香假单胞菌素 syringacin黄色粘球菌素 xanthacin链球菌素 streptocin流产菌素 abortin绿脓菌素 pyocyanin红假单胞菌素 rhodopseudomonacin 绿脓菌荧光素 pyofluorescein白喉毒素 diphtheria toxin杯伞素 clitocybine白细胞溶素 leucolysin表皮溶解毒素 epidermolytic toxin产气荚膜梭菌素 perfringocin肠毒素 enterotoxin毒蝇碱 muscarine肺炎球菌毒素 pneumotoxin鬼笔毒环肽 phalloidin根霉蝶呤 rhizopterin肺炎链球菌溶血素 pneumolysin黑粉菌酸ustilagic acid分枝菌酸 mycolic acid齿孔酸 eburicoic acid根霉促进素 rhizopin蘑菇素 agaricin蘑菇溶血素 pyocyanolysin葡萄球菌溶血毒素 staphylolysin真菌毒素 mycotoxin曲霉毒素 aspertoxin赭曲毒素ochratoxin曲酸 kojic acid破伤风菌痉挛毒素 tetanospasmin溶葡萄球菌素 lysostaphin破伤风菌溶血素tetanolysin溶纤维蛋白溶酶 fibrinolysin溶血素 hemolysin鼠疫菌素 pesticin神经毒素 neurotoxin杀细菌素 bactericidin外毒素 exotoxin内毒素 endotoxin细菌毒素 bacteriotoxin血凝素 hemagglutinin杂色曲霉素A versicolorin A柄曲霉素 sterigmatocystin毒植物素 phytotoxin真菌醇 mykol链球菌溶血素streptolysin剥脱性毒素 exfoliative toxin细菌荧光素 bacteriofluorescein放线菌土臭味素 geosmins土壤杆菌素 agrobacteriocin产甲烷作用 methanogenesis生物转化 bioconversion生长因子 growth factor420 因子 factor 420V 因子 V factorX 因子 X factor辅酶 M coenzyme M微量营养 micronutrient特需营养要求型 idiotroph微量动力作用 oligodynamic action抗代谢物 antimetabolites索状因子 cord factor异株克生物质 allelopathic substances光能无机营养 photolithotrophy光能有机营养 photoorganotrophy化能无机营养 chemolithotrophy化能有机营养 chemoorganotrophy光营养 phototrophy兼性营养 amphitrophy腐生营养 saprophytic nutrition甲基营养 methylotrophy化能营养 chemotrophy自养 autotrophy光能自养 photoautotrophy化能自养 chemoautotrophy半自养 mesotrophy异养 heterotrophy氮平衡 nitrogen balance碳平衡 carbon balance磷平衡 phosphorus balance同化作用 assimilation异化作用 dissimilation氨化作用 ammonification硝化作用 nitrification反硝化作用 denitrification固氮作用 nitrogen fixation非共生固氮作用 asymbiotic nitrogen fixation葡萄糖效应 glucose effect种间分子氢转移 interspecies H transfer 发酵 fermentation发酵能力 fermentation capacity可发酵性 fermentability同型发酵 homofermentation异型发酵 heterofermentation厌氧消化 anaerobic digestion厌氧呼吸 anaerobic respiration厌氧生活 anaerobiosis需氧呼吸 aerobic respiration需氧生活 aerobiosis反馈抑制 feed back inhibition内源变量 endogenenous variable异养潜能 heterotrophic potential溶菌丝作用 hypholytic action溶菌作用 bacteriolysis费氏溶菌现象 Pfeiffer's phenomenon自溶现象 autolysis裂殖 schizogenesis芽殖 budding二分分裂 binary fission不等分裂 unequal fission断裂 fragmentation复分裂 multiple fission隐蔽期 eclipse period比生长速率 specific growth rate同步生长 synchronous growth双峰生长曲线 diauxie growth curve延滞期 lag phase一步生长曲线 one step growth时间-存活曲线 time-survival curve倍增时间 doubling time指数生长 exponential growth衰亡期 decline phase稳定期 stationary phase对数期 log phase时间节律 temporal rhythm隐生现象 cryptobiosis休眠 dormancy衰老型 involution form静息细胞 resting cell光复活作用 photoreactivation交叉复活 cross reactivation热致死时 thermal death time热致死点 thermal death point噬菌体接合分裂 conjugate division噬菌体裂解阻抑 lysis inhibition噬菌体裂解量 burst size噬菌体生产性感染 productive infection噬菌体自愈 curing病毒复制 replication of virus复制周期 replicative cycle裂解周期 lytic cycle病毒侵入 penetration病毒入胞现象 viropexis病毒脱壳 uncoating病毒装配 assembly蚀斑 plaque蚀斑形成单位 plaque forming unit,PFU成斑效率 efficiency of plating强毒株 virulent strain狂犬病固定毒 fixed virus狂犬病街毒 street virus病毒抑制作用 viral inhibition病毒诱导 virus induction流感病毒α抑制物α-inhibitor流感病毒朱氏抑制物 Chu-inhibitor ,β－inhibitor 干扰素 interferon干扰现象 interference溶原化 lysogenization溶原性 lysogeny溶原现象 lysogenesis抗生素 antibiotic阿克拉霉素 aclacinomycin放线酮 actidione, cycloheximide放线菌素 actinomycin阿霉素 adriamycin氨丁苷菌素 ambutyrosin7-氨基头孢菌酸 7-aminocephalosporinic acid6-氨基青霉烷酸 6-aminopenicillanic acid两性霉素 amphotericin安丝菌素 ansamitocin抗蠕霉素 anthelmycin抗霉素 antimycin阿泊拉霉素 apramycin除疟霉素 aplasmomycin曲霉菌素 aspergillin除虫菌素 avermectin杆菌肽 bacitracin双环霉素 bicyclomycin杀稻瘟素 blasticidin丁苷菌素 butirosin, butyrosin杀假丝菌素 candicidin卷曲霉素 capreomycin, capromycin腐霉素 carriomycin洋红霉素 carminomycin天青菌素 celesticetin头孢菌素 cephalosporin氯霉素 chloromycetin, chloramphenicol 金霉素 chloroteracycline, aureomycin 色霉素 chromomycin创新霉素 chuangxinmycin棒酸 clavulanic acid氯林肯霉素 clindamycin粘菌素 colistin鬼伞菌素 coprinin蛹虫草菌素 cordycepin香菇菌素 cortinellin环孢菌素 cyclosporin环丝氨酸 cycloserine松胞菌素 cytochalasin胞霉素 cytomycin道诺霉素 daunomycin越霉素 destomycin偏端霉素 distamycin红霉素 erythromycin抑酯酶素 esterastin扁枝衣霉素 everninomicin间型霉素 formycin健霉素 fortimicin磷霉素 fosfomycin, phosphonomycin镰孢菌酸 fusarinic acid艮他霉素 gentamicin胶霉毒素 gliotoxin谷氏菌素 gougerotin短杆菌肽 gramicidin灰霉素 grisein灰黄霉素 griseofulvin除莠菌素 herbicidin除莠霉素 herbimycin全霉素 holomycin潮霉素 hygromycin岛霉素 ilamycin天神霉素 istamycin双氢除虫菌素 ivermectin交沙霉素 josamycin卡那霉素 kanamycin美登素 maytenin酒霉素 methymycin光神霉素 mithramycin丝裂霉素 mitomycin莫能菌素 monensin菌霉素 mycomycin霉酚酸 mycophenolic acid麦迪霉素 mydecamycin, midecamycin暗霉素 nebramycin新霉素 neomycin纺锤菌素 netropsin诺卡菌素 nocardin新生霉素 novobiocin制霉菌素 nystatin竹桃霉素 oleandomycin蛇孢菌素 ophiobollin展青霉素 patulin青霉酸 penicillic acid青霉素 penicillin多氧菌素 polyoxin多粘菌素 polymyxin灵菌红素 prodigiosin制反转录酶素 revistin核糖霉素 ribostamycin, vistamycin利福霉素 rifamycin龟裂杀菌素 rimocidin瑞斯托菌素 ristocetin蔷薇霉素 rosamicin红比霉素 rubidomycin相模霉素 sagamicin盐霉素 salinomycin肉瘤霉素 sarkomycin制唾酸酶素 siastatin紫苏霉素 sisomicin壮观霉素 spectinomycin, actinospectacin 螺旋霉素 spiramycin链霉素 streptomycin链黑菌素 streptonigrin链丝菌素 streptothricin枯草菌素 subtilin杀鱼菌素 teleocidin土霉素 terramycin, oxytetracycline四环素 tetracycline噻烯霉素 thienamycin抗滴虫霉素 trichomycin衣霉素 tunicamycin泰乐菌素 tylosin焦曲菌素 ustin有效霉素 validamycin缬氨霉素 valinomycin, aminomycin万古霉素 vancomycin疣孢菌素 verrucarine优胜霉素 victomycin紫霉素 viomycin巴龙霉素 paromomycin遗传转化 genetic transformation供体 donor受体 recipient转化体 transformant感受态 competence光滑型 smooth type粗糙型 rough type无性型 anamorph克隆 clone有性型 teleomorph异源性 heterology同源性 homology转导 transduction局限转导 restricted transduction转染 transfection溶原性转换 lysogenic conversion抗原性漂移 antigenic drift抗原性转变 antigenic shift高频重组 high frequency of recombination, Hfr 重组 recombination接合作用 conjugation重组体 recombinant互补 complementation杂合现象 heterozygosis重组子 recon接合阶段 zygophase接合 zygosis质粒 plasmid粘粒 cosmid噬粒 phasmid质粒不相容性 plasmid incompatibility相容性 compatibility致育因子 fertility factor大肠杆菌素生成因子 colicinogenic factor突变 mutation表型 phenotype环状染色体 ring chromosome基因型 genotype原养型 prototroph原养菌 prototrophic bacteria营养缺陷型 auxotroph多重营养缺陷型 polyauxotroph诱变 mutagenesis诱变剂 mutagen诱发变异 induced variation突变体 mutant渗漏突变体 leaky mutant条件突变株 conditional mutant条件致死 conditional lethal温敏突变株 temperature sensitive mutants半透明型突变噬斑 cococarde噬斑突变株 plaque mutants宿主范围突变株 host range mutant扇形突变 secter mutationH-O 变异 H-O variation弱毒株 low virulent strain减毒株 attenuated strain凝固酶因子 coagulase factor耐药性决定因子 resistance determining factor 耐药性转移因子 resistance transfer factor, RTF 抗药性 drug-resistance抗药因子 resistance factor抗药基因 drug resistant gene抗药性菌株 drug resistant strain基因簇 gene cluster复制 replication启动子 promotor操纵子 operon单形现象 monomorphism双态现象 dimorphism多形现象 polymorphism干扰缺损颗粒 defective interfering particle重分配 redistribution表型混杂 phenotypic mixing基因转移 gene transfer原生质体融合 protoplast fusion趋合子性 zygotaxis向合子性 zygotropism兔化毒 lapinized virus病毒缺损突变株 defective mutant流感病毒O-D相变异 O-D variation病毒基因 virogene病毒早期基因 early genes病毒晚期基因 late genes微生物生态系统 microbial ecosystem趋化性 chemotaxis趋氧性 aerotaxis趋光性 phototaxis向化性 chemotropism向氧性 oxytropism向光性 phototropism内共生 endosymbiosis捕食作用 predation拮抗作用 antagonism初级合作 protocooperation共生 symbiosis互利共栖 mutualism偏害共栖 amensalism偏利共栖 commensalism互养共栖 syntrophism兢争共栖 competition寄生 parasitism无关共栖 neutralism卫星现象 satellitism协同共栖 synergism异种克生现象 allelopathy代谢共栖 metabiosis共生生物 symbiont聚生体 consortium伴生种 companions致坏死寄生物 necroparsite根际微生物 rhizospheric microorganism 叶际微生物 phyllospheric microorganism 悉生生物 gnotobiote腐生现象 saprophytism分解者 decomposer含菌细胞 mycetosome嗜狭高温生物 stenothermophiles广温微生物 eurythermal microorganism 狭温微生物 stenothermal microorganisms 暂居微生物 transient microbe原生演替 primary succession次生演替 secondary succession异养演替 heterotrophic succession自养演替 autotrophic succession菌群 flora区系 flora微生物区系 microflora土着菌群 indigenous flora土着区系 indigenous flora菌群失调 dysbacteriosis水华 blooms生物量 biomass生物质 biomass生物圈 biosphere前发酵 primary fermentation后发酵 secondary fermentation浅盘发酵 shallow tray fermentation深层发酵 submerged fermentation固态发酵 solid state fermentation液态发酵 liquid state fermentation主发酵 main fermentation连续发酵 continuous fermentation半连续型发酵 semicontinuous fermentation罐批发酵 batch fermentation敞口发酵 open fermentation上面发酵 top fermentation下面发酵 bottom fermentation上面酵母 top yeast下面酵母 bottom yeast阿明露法 amylo process酿造 brewing酿造技术 brewing technique陈酿化 aging发酵罐 fermenter种子罐 seeding tank手动气锁 manual airlock自动气锁 automatic airlock超滤膜 ultrafiltration membrane超滤法 ultrafiltration消泡剂 antifoam agent醋化作用 acetification酸化作用 acidification糖化作用 saccharification糖化剂 sacchariferous agents曲 Quraw starter大曲 Daqu massive raw stater for alcholic liquor 小曲 Xiaoquraw starter complex日本酒曲 koji麸曲 bran koji液体曲 liquid koji酒母 seeding yeast活性干酵母 active dry yeast单细胞蛋白 single cell protein, SCP 菌丝球 mycelium pellet活性污泥 activated sludge醪液 mash固定化细胞 immobilized cell共固定化作用 co-immobilization酸败 spoilage平罐酸败 flat-sour spoilage平罐酸败菌 flat sour bacteria需氧量 oxygen requirement生物致劣 deterioration微生物传感器 microbial sensor微生物浸矿 microbial leaching微生物杀虫剂 microbial pesticide病毒杀虫剂 viral pesticide根瘤 root nodule菌根 mycorrhiza根瘤菌剂 nitragin植物杀菌素 phytocidin昆虫病原微生物 entomopathogen蜜蜂幼虫腐臭病 foulbrood固氮菌剂 azotogen亚麻浸渍 flax retting生物防治 biological control沤麻 retting青贮饲料 silage沼气 biogas无菌植物 germ-free plant侵染 infection侵染性 infectivity侵染中心 infectious center侵染剂量 infective dose, ID病毒尿症 viruria病毒血症 viremia菌血症 bacteremia食物中毒 food poisoning真菌中毒 mycetism标准血清 standard serum混合分型血清 pooled typing serum抗血清 antiserum抗白喉血清 antidiphtheric serum结核菌素反应 tuberculin reaction卡介苗 BCG vaccine抗毒素 antitoxin旧结核菌素 old tuberculin, OT结核菌素单位 tuberculin unit, TU致热原 pyrogen病原体 pathogen带病毒者 carrier带菌者 carrier感染 infection传染 infection原发性感染原 primary invader继发性感染原 secondary invader机会致病菌 opportunistic pathogen条件致病菌 conditioned pathogen正常菌群 normal flora感染性 infectivity感染中心 infectious center攻击力 aggressivity侵袭力 invasiveness皮肤坏死毒素 dermatonecrotoxin毒素 toxin毒力 virulence感染剂量 infective dose, ID半感染剂量 infectious dose 50%, ID 50半数组织培养感染量 50% tissue culture infective dose, TCID 50致病性 pathogenicity致细胞病变效应 cytopathic effect, CPE半数致死量 50% lethal dose, LD 50细菌毒力 bacterial virulence神经毒力 neurovirulence类毒素 toxoid神经毒性 neurotoxicity最小感染量 minimal infecting dose, MID最小抑菌浓度 minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC最小致死量 minimal lethal dose, MLD生物制品 biological products鞭毛抗原 flagellar antigen菌体抗原 O antigen细菌包被抗原 envelope antigen菌苗 bacterial vaccine疫苗 vaccine活疫苗 live vaccine活菌苗 live bacterial vaccine单价疫苗 univalent vaccine单价菌苗 univalent bacterial vaccine多价菌苗 polyvalent bacterial vaccine多价疫苗 polyvalent vaccine三联疫苗 triple vaccine联合疫苗 combined vaccine亚单位菌苗 subunit bacterial vaccine亚单位疫苗 subunit vaccine兔化法 lapinization减毒作用 attenuation自身疫苗 autovaccine自身菌苗 autovaccine菌苗疗法 vaccinetherapy, vaccinotherapy化学疗法 chemotherapy疫苗疗法 vaccinetherapy, vaccinotherapy疫苗再接种 revaccination再接种 reinoculation自身接种 autoinoculationVi 抗原 Vi antigen乙型肝炎核心抗原 HBcAg乙型肝炎表面抗原 HBsAg扩散因子 spreading factor乙型肝炎e抗原 HBeAg溶血作用 haemolysis抗菌素的协同作用 synergism抑菌作用 bacteriostasis杀芽孢剂 sporicide杀病毒剂 virucide抗溶菌素 antilysin杀菌剂 germicides消毒剂 disinfectant抑菌剂 bacteriostat抗微生物剂 antimicrobial agent抗菌剂 antibacterial agent抗真菌剂 antifungal agent杀细菌剂 bactericide杀真菌剂 mycocide抑真菌剂 fungistat消毒 disinfection腐败 putrefaction防腐 antisepsis石炭酸系数 phenol coefficient药物敏感性 drug susceptibility防腐剂 antiseptic大肠菌类 coliform group大肠杆菌值 colititre大肠杆菌指数 coli-index指示菌 indicator显微肥达氏凝集试验 microscopic Widal agglutination test 敏化细菌 sensitized bacteria无特定病原动物 specific pathogen free animals, SPFA无菌动物 germ-free animal硫磺样颗粒 sulfur granule显微镜 microscope双目显微镜 binocular microscope倒置显微镜 invert microscope明视野显微镜 bright field microscope暗视野 dark-field暗视野显微镜 dark-field microscope暗视野显微术 dark-field microscopy相差显微镜 phase contrast microscope分辨干涉差显微镜 Differential interference contrast microscope, DICM 荧光显微镜 fluorescence microscope电子显微镜 electron microscope透射电子显微镜 transmission electron microscope, TEM扫描电子显微镜 scanning electron microscope, SEM超薄切片术 ultramicrotomy超薄切片 ultrathin section目镜 ocular物镜 objective透镜 lens补偿目镜 compensative eyepiece消色差透镜 achromatic lens全消色差透镜 apochromatic lens低倍物镜 low power objective高倍物镜 high power objective油浸物镜 oil immersion objective显微镜集光器 microscope condenser镜台测微计 stage micrometer目镜测微计 ocular micrometer显微操作 micromanipulation显微操作器 micromanipulator盖玻片 cover glass载玻片 slide凹玻片 concave slide香柏油 cedar oil涂片 smear悬滴法 hanging drop method热固定 heat fixation镜检 microscopic examination分辨率 resolving power放大率 magnification染色法 staining染色反应 staining reaction负染色法 negative staining鉴别染色法 differential staining对染法 counterstaining两极染色 bipolar staining萋-尼染色法 Ziehl-Neelsen staining method抗酸细菌染色法 acid-fast staining革兰氏染色 Gram staining赖夫松鞭毛染色 Leifson's flagella staining墨汁荚膜染色 India-ink capsule staining阿氏染色 Albert's staining麦氏立克次氏体染色 Macchiavello's staining瑞氏染色 Wright's staining富尔根染色 Feulgen staining染色剂 stain鲁戈氏碘液 Lugol's iodine solution吕氏甲烯蓝 Loeffler's methylene blue石炭酸品红 carbol fuchsin孔雀石绿溶液 malachite green solution柯斯特染料 Koester's stain培养基 medium营养琼脂 nutrient agar营养肉汤 nutrient broth远藤培养基 Endo's medium沙氏葡萄糖琼脂 Sabouraud's dextrose agar吕氏血清培养基 Loeffler's serum medium伊红甲烯蓝琼脂 EMB agar麦氏培养基 MacConkey medium庖肉培养基 cooked meat medium马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂 potato dextrose agar, PDA豆芽汁培养基 bean sprouts medium蛋白胨酵母膏葡萄糖培养基 peptone-yeast extract-glucose medium 分离培养基 isolation medium鉴别培养基 differential medium富集培养基 enrichment medium基础培养基 basic medium确定成分培养基 defined medium合成培养基 synthetic medium半合成培养基 semisynthetic medium液体培养基 liquid medium半固体培养基 semisolid medium固体培养基 solid medium滋养培养基 enriched medium生化培养基 biochemical medium完全培养基 complete medium干燥培养基 dehydrated medium天然培养基 natural medium选择性培养基 selective medium平板 plate聚硅酸盐平板 polysilicate plate梯度平板 gradient plate补加培养基 supplemented medium琼脂平板 agar plate琼脂 agar肉膏 meat extract牛肉膏 beef extract牛肉汁 beef broth麦芽汁 malt wort酵母汁 yeast water酵母膏 yeast extract paste酵母提取粉 yeast extract powder水解酪蛋白氨基酸 casamino acids蛋白胨 peptone琼脂斜面 agar slant杜氏发酵管 Durham's fermentation tube传代 transfer of culture分离 isolation划线分离 streaking稀释平板分离法 dilution-plate method无菌检查 sterility test无菌 sterile污染 contamination污染物 contaminant菌株 strain接种物 inoculum接种 inoculation, inoculating, inoculate 无菌操作 aseptic technique移种 culture transfering平板接种 plating穿刺 stab平板划线 plate streaking细胞系 cell line细胞株 cell strain培养 cultivation纯化 purification纯性培养 axenic cultivation纯培养 pure cultivation玻片培养 slide cultivation穿刺培养 stab cultivation传代培养 subculturing分部培养法 fractional cultivation分批培养 batch cultivation滚管培养法 rolling tube cultivation滚管技术 rolling tube technique混合培养 mixed cultivation划线培养 streak cultivation静止培养 static cultivation连续培养 continuous cultivation倾注培养法 pour plate method平板培养 plate cultivation肉汤培养 broth cultivation深层培养 submerged cultivation。

Microorganism微生物11页word文档

Microorganism 微生物: 微生物是形体微小、单细胞或个体结构简单的多细胞、甚或无细胞结构，用肉眼看不见或看不清的微小生物的总称。

Microbiology 微生物学: 研究微生物的生命活动规律、技术方法和开发应用的科学。

Procaryotic organism原核生物：即广义的细菌，指一大类细胞核无核膜包裹，只存在称作核区的裸露DNA的原始单细胞生物，包括真细菌和古生菌两大类群。

Bacteria细菌：是一类细胞细短、结构简单、胞壁坚韧、多以二分裂方式繁殖和水生性较强的原核生物。

基本形态:球状、杆状、螺旋状缺壁细菌：指细胞壁缺乏或缺损的细菌。

包括原生质体、球状体、 L型细菌和支原体。

Protoplast原生质体：指在人为条件下，用溶菌酶除去细胞壁或用青霉素抑制细胞壁合成后，所得到的仅由一层细胞膜包裹的圆球状、对渗透压变化敏感的细胞。

一般由G+形成。

Spore芽孢：某些细菌在生长发育后期，在细胞内形成一个圆形或椭圆形的、壁厚、含水量低、抗逆性强的休眠构造，称为芽孢（又称内生孢子）。

Parasporal crystal伴孢晶体：少数芽孢杆菌在形成芽孢的同时，会在芽孢旁形成一颗菱形、方形或不规则形的碱溶性蛋白质晶体，称为伴孢晶体（即ð内毒素）。

Colony菌落：在适宜的培养条件下，微生物在固体培养基表面（有时为内部）生长繁殖，形成肉眼可见的、有一定形态构造的子细胞群体称为菌落。

Lawn菌苔：如果将某一纯种的大量细胞密集地接种到固体培养基表面，结果长成的各“菌落”互相连成一片，这就是菌苔。

Eucaryotic microbes 真核微生物：是指一大类有完整细胞核、结构精巧的染色体和多种细胞器的微生物。

包括真菌（广义，菌物界）、显微藻类（植物界）和原生动物（动物界）。

Yeast酵母菌：是一个通俗名称，泛指能发酵糖类的各种单细胞真菌。

Life cycle生活史：又称生命周期，指个体经一系列生长、发育阶段后而产生下一代个体的全部过程。

微生物专业英语

微生物学microbiology病毒学virology噬菌体学bacteriophagology细菌学bacteriology鉴定细菌学determinative bacteriology系统细菌学systematic bacteriology真菌学mycology原生生物学protistology原生动物学protozoology普通微生物学general microbiology微生物分类学microbial taxonomy微生物生理学microbial physiology微生物生物化学microbial biochemistry微生物遗传学microbial genetics微生物生态学microbial ecology古微生物学pale microbiology土壤微生物学soil microbiology水生微生物学aquatic microbiology海洋微生物学marine microbiology悉生生物学gnotobiology医学微生物学medical microbiology兽医微生物学veterinary microbiology农业微生物学agricultural microbiology工业微生物学industrial microbiology石油微生物学petroleum microbiology食品微生物学food microbiology乳品微生物学diary microbiology瘤胃微生物学rumen microbiology诊断微生物学diagnostic microbiology病原学etiology国际微生物学会联合会International Union of Microbiological Societies, IUMS中国微生物学会Chinese Society for Microbiology, CSM世界培养物保藏协会World Federation for Culture Collection, WFCC中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会China Committee for Culture Collection of Microorganisms, CCCCM 美国模式培养物保藏所American Type Culture Collection, A TCC自然发生说，无生源说spontaneous generation, abiogenesis原界urkingdom始祖生物progenote古始生物界archetista古细菌archaebacteria原生生物protista原生动物protozoan原生植物protophyte真核生物eukaryote原核生物prokaryote裂殖植物schizophyte微生物microorganism数值分类法numerical taxonomy 模式目type order模式科type family模式属type genus模式种type species模式株type strain真菌fungi捕食真菌predacious fungi虫道真菌ambrosia fungi地下真菌hypogeal fungi虫生真菌entomogenous fungi菌根真菌mycorrhizal fungi木腐菌wood-decay fungi霉菌mold, mould半知菌imperfect fungi子囊菌ascomycetes粘菌slime mold, slime mould壶菌chytrid卵菌oomycetes接合菌zygomycetes担子菌basidiomycetes核菌pyrenomycetes盘菌cup fungi块菌truffles锈菌rust fungi蘑菇mushrooms毒蘑菇poisonous mushroom酵母菌yeast无孢子酵母菌asporogenous yeasts 有孢子酵母菌sporogenous yeasts 黑粉菌smut fungi双态性真菌dimorphic fungi毛外癣菌ectothrix毛内癣菌endothrix完全真菌perfect fungi黑粉病smut disease锈病rust disease菌丝hypha菌髓trama假菌丝体pseudomycelium气生菌丝体aerial mycelium基内菌丝体substrate mycelium球拍状菌丝体racquet mycelium结节状菌丝nodular mycelium梳状菌丝pectinafe mycelium螺旋菌丝spiral mycelium匍匐菌丝stolon次生菌丝体secondary mycelium有隔菌丝septate hypha无隔菌丝nonseptate hypha生殖菌丝体reproductive mycelium 营养菌丝体vegetative mycelium不育菌丝体sterile mycelium菌丝体mycelium黄癣菌丝favic chandelier mycelium 产囊丝ascogenous hypha产囊体ascogonium原植体thallus粘菌体aethalium合胞体syncytium虫菌体hyphal body盾状体clypeus子实体fruiting body产孢体gleba子实层体hymenophore子实层hymenium子实下层subhymenium菌丝层subiculum菌丝段hyphal fragment菌丝束coremium菌丝索funiculus菌核sclerotium器菌核pycnosclerotium菌环annulus菌裙indusium菌盖pileus顶体apicle藏卵器oogonium雄器antheridium[锈菌]性孢子器pycnium锈子器aecium精子器spermogonium囊状体cystidium粉孢子梗oidiophore小梗sterigma接合孢子柄zygosporophore孢囊柄sporangiophore配囊柄suspensor孢子梗sporophore分生孢子梗conidiophore雄器柄androphore帚状枝penicillus瓶梗phialide梗基metulae芽孔germ pore芽管germ tube芽缝germ slit孢丝capillitium周丝periphysis类周丝periphysoid侧丝paraphysis拟侧丝pseudoparaphysis类侧丝paraphysoid[孢子]外壁exosporium外生菌根ectomycorrhiza内生菌根endomycorrhiza内外生菌根ectendomycorrhiza泡囊丛枝菌根vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza 刺突spike弹丝elater刚毛seta微体microbody泡囊vesicle隔膜septum假隔膜pseudoseptum分生孢子盘acervulus分生孢子座sporodochium精子团spermatium囊基膜hypothallus囊层基hypothecium囊层被epithecium囊间丝hamathecium囊托apophysis囊领collarette囊轴columella孔口ostiole菌托volva孢子角cirrus孢子球spore ball聚簇cluster[菌丝]融合anastomosis[孢子]切落abjunction[孢子]缢断abstriction多态[现象] polymorphism缢缩[作用] constriction粉孢子oidium孢子spore掷孢子ballistospore厚壁孢子chlamydospore环痕孢子annellospore节孢子arthrospore卷旋孢子helicospore腊肠形孢子allantospore孔出孢子porospore星形孢子staurospore线形孢子scolecospore砖格孢子dictyospore侧生孢子aleuriospore芽生孢子blastospore瓶梗孢子phialospore无梗孢子thallospore分生孢子conidium大分生孢子macroconidium小分生孢子microconidium节分生孢子arthroconidium芽分生孢子blastoconidium器孢子pycnidiospore无隔孢子amerospore双胞孢子didymospore多隔孢子phragmospore休眠孢子hypnospore顶生孢子acrospore顶生厚壁孢子fuseau内分生孢子endoconidium担孢子basidiospore双孢担孢子dispore同形孢子isospore柄生孢子stylospore[锈菌]性孢子pycniospore产雄器孢子androspore锈孢子aeciospore夏孢子urediniospore, aeciospore四分孢子tetraspore粘孢子myxospore多核孢子coenospore孢囊孢子sporangiospore子囊孢子ascospore多核细胞coenocyte分生孢子果conidiocarp分生孢子器pycnidium孢[子]囊sporangium柱孢子囊merosporangium四分孢子囊tetrasporangium原孢子囊prosporangium多核孢子囊coenosporangium 休眠孢子囊hypnosporangium 子囊ascus接合孢子zygospore拟接合孢子azygospore原囊壁子囊prototunicate ascus 单囊壁子囊unitunicate ascus 双囊壁子囊bitunicate ascus子囊果ascocarp子囊壳perithecium闭囊壳cleistothecium闭囊果cleistocarp盘状子囊果discocarp孢囊果sporangiocarp[接]合子zygote单性合子azygote多核合子coenozygote异形合子heterozygote合子核zygotonucleus游动合子planozygote担子basidium半担子hemibasidium隔担子heterobasidium无隔担子holobasidium有隔担子phragmobasidium内生担子endobasidium原担子protobasidium上担子epibasidium下担子hypobasidium同担子homobasidium担子果basidiocarp担子体basidiophore配子gamete原配子progamete雄配子androgamete雄核发育androgenesis同形配子isogamete异形配子heterogamete游动配子zoogamete多核配子coenogamete配子囊gametangium配子母细胞gametocyte同形配子囊isogametangium 原配子囊progametangium 小孢子囊sporangiole微包囊microcyst足细胞foot cell脚胞foot cell固着器holdfast附着枝hyphopodium吸盘sucker锁状细胞clamp cell锁状联合clamp connection 偶核细胞zeugite卵球oosphere卵质ooplasm孢原质sporoplasm卵配子oogamete卵孢子oospore球状胞sphaerocyst子囊腔locule子囊盘apothecium子囊座ascostroma缝裂壳hysterothecium下子座hypostroma包被peridium子座stroma壳心centrum拟包被pseudoperidium无融合生殖apomixis同宗配合homothallism准性生殖parasexuality异宗配合heterothallism同配生殖isogamy异配生殖heterogamy无配生殖apogamy配囊交配gametangial copulation交配型mating type全型holomorph夏孢子期uredostage冬孢子堆teleutosorus, telium夏孢子堆uredinium子囊孢子形成ascosporulation孢子形成sporulation细菌bacteria薄壁[细]菌类gracilicutes硬壁[细]菌类fermicutes疵壁[细]菌类mendosicutes无壁[细]菌类tenericutes柔膜细菌mollicutes真细菌eubacteria暗细菌scotobacteria无氧光细菌anoxyphotobacteria生氧光细菌oxyphotobacteria放线菌actinomycetes螺[旋]菌spirilla粘细菌slime bacteria鞘细菌sheathed bacteria柄细菌caulobacteria弧菌vibrio根瘤细菌root nodule bacteria硫酸盐还原菌sulfate reducting bacteria硫细菌sulfur bacteria铁细菌iron bacteria紫色无硫细菌purple nonsulfur bacteria产甲烷菌methanogen硝化细菌nitrobacteria反硝化细菌denitrifying bacteria固氮细菌nitrogen fixing bacteria甲基营养菌methylotrophic bacteria产乙酸菌acetogen同型[产]乙酸细菌homoacetogenic bacteria光合作用细菌photosynthetic bacteria产氢产乙酸细菌hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria 同型发酵乳酸菌homofermentative lactic bacteria异型发酵乳酸菌heterofermentative lactic bacteria产氢菌hydrogenogens产气菌aerogen不产气菌anaerogen发光细菌luminous bacteria产色细菌chromogenic bacteria化能异养菌chemoheterotrophic bacteria化能自养菌chemoautotrophic bacteria光能异养菌photoheterotrophic bacteria光能自养菌photoautotrophic bacteria化能有机营养菌chemoorganotrophic bacteria 化能无机营养菌chemolithotrophic bacteria 光能有机营养菌photoorganotrophic bacteria 光能无机营养菌photolithotrophic bacteria有机营养菌organotrophic bacteria无机营养菌lithotrophic bacteria贫[营]养细菌oligotrophic bacteria一氧化碳营养菌carboxydotrophic bacteria自养菌autotrophic bacteria异养菌heterotrophic bacteria光养菌phototrophic bacteria需氧菌aerobe微需氧菌microaerobe耐氧菌aerotorelant bacteria厌氧菌anaerobe兼性厌氧菌facultative anaerobe专性厌氧菌obligate anaerobe溶原性细菌lysogenic bacteria腐生菌saprophytic bacteria苛求菌fastidious microorganism极端细菌extreme bacteria嗜压菌barophilic bacteria嗜盐菌halophilic bacteria嗜铁菌siderophilic bacteria嗜高渗细菌osmophilic bacteria微嗜氮菌oligonitrophilic bacteria嗜冷[细]菌psychrophilic bacteria嗜酸菌acidophilic bacteria嗜硫菌thiophilic bacteria中温菌mesophilic bacteria耐热细菌thermophilric bacteria氢营养菌hydrogenotrophic bacteria肠道细菌intestinal bacteria类菌体bacteroid细菌小体bacteriosome微生子gonidium蓝细菌cyanobacteria[蓝细菌]连锁体hormogonium类囊体thylakoid藻胆蛋白体phycobilisome静息孢子akinete滑行gliding异形[囊]胞heterocyst化学型chemotype化学变型chemovar血清型serotype血清变型serovar致病型pathotype致病变型pathovar生物型biotype生物变型biovar形态型morphotype形态变型morphovar革兰氏阳性菌Gram-positive bacteria 革兰氏阴性菌Gram-negative bacteria 球菌coccus双球菌diplococcus四联球菌tetrads八叠球菌sarcina球杆菌coccobacillus杆菌rod双杆菌diplobacillus棒状菌corynebacteria[细菌]毛状体trichome单鞭毛菌monotricha周[鞭]毛菌peritricha丛[鞭]毛菌lophotricha两端单[鞭]毛菌amphitrichate单端丛[鞭]毛菌cephalotricha滑行细菌gliding bacteria细菌L-型L-form of bacterium菌落colony酵母型菌落yeast type colony类酵母型菌落yeast like colony次生菌落secondary colony粗糙型菌落rough colony光滑型菌落smooth colony丝状型菌落filamentous type colony 子菌落daughter colony深层菌落deep colony粘液型菌落mucoid colony巨大菌落giant colony侏儒型菌落dwarf colony菌苔lawn菌胶团zoogloea菌膜pellicle[菌]醭mycoderm, pellicle群游现象swarming菌柄stipe[菌体]附器appendage鞭毛flagellum周质鞭毛periplasmic flagella 轴丝axial filament菌毛pilus性丝sex pilus外生孢子exospore内生孢子endospore芽孢spore芽孢形成sporulation终端芽孢terminal spore近端芽孢subterminal spore中生芽孢central spore前芽孢forespore[芽孢]皮层cortex芽孢外膜exitine芽孢内膜intine外壁exine伴胞晶体parasporal crystal菌蜕ghost鞘sheath荚膜capsule粘液层slime layer微荚膜microcapsule壁膜间隙periplasmic space原生质体protoplast原生质球spheroplast气泡gas vacuole甲烷粒体methanochondria间体mesosome载色体chromatophore鞭毛基体flagellar basal body 异染质volutin异染粒matachromatic granules 致死颗粒killer particle紫膜purple membrane噬菌体bacteriophage无囊盖类inoperculatae超显微微生物ultramicroscopic organism 真菌噬菌体mycophage噬藻体phycophage烈性噬菌体virulent phage温和噬菌体temperate phage前原噬菌体preprophage原噬菌体prophage隐性前噬菌体cryptic prophage营养期噬菌体vegetative phage载体噬菌体carrier phageλ噬菌体lambda particles phage[可]诱导噬菌体inducible phage同源免疫噬菌体homoimmune phage噬菌体分型bacteriophage typing噬菌体型phagetype噬菌体变型phagevar噬斑plaque[噬菌体]聚合头部polyhead[噬菌体]聚合尾鞘polysheath[噬菌体]伞毛fimbrium[噬菌体]颈须whisker[噬菌体]先导蛋白pilot protein[噬菌体]尾丝抗原fiber antigen[噬菌体]顶体apex[噬菌体]基片插孔base-plate hub[噬菌体]基片丝base-plate fibril[噬菌体]基片楔突base-plate wedge [噬菌体]串联体concatemer[噬菌体]颈部collar[噬菌体]顶部壳粒apical capsomere [噬菌体]尾丝tail fiber[噬菌体]畸形体monster[噬菌体]颈圈connector[噬菌体]髓部core[噬菌体]头部head[噬菌体]尾部tail[噬菌体]尾管tail tube[噬菌体]尾鞘tail sheath类病毒viroid病毒virus真病毒euvirus亚病毒subvirus原病毒provirus拟病毒virusoid卫星病毒satellite virus假型病毒pseudotype virus慢病毒slow virus辅助病毒helper virus过客病毒passenger virus多分体病毒multicomponent virus昆虫痘病毒entomopox virus, EPV颗粒体症病毒granulosis virus, GV多角体病毒polyhedrosis virus核型多角体病毒nuclear polyhedrosis virus, NPV质型多角体病毒cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus,CPV 多粒包埋型病毒multiple embedded virus单粒包埋型病毒singly embedded virus伴随病毒associated virus浓核病毒densovirus,DNV内源病毒endogenous virus潜伏病毒latent virus肠道病毒enterovirus艾柯病毒ECHO virus虫媒病毒arbovirus腺病毒adenovirus腺伴随病毒adeno associated virus真菌病毒mycovirus肿瘤病毒oncovirus逆[转]录病毒retro virus坏死病毒necrosis virus虹彩病毒irido virus泛嗜性病毒pantropic virus毒株strain原[生小]体elementary body包含体inclusion body顾氏小体Guarnieri's bodies内氏小体Negri's body病毒[粒]体virion裸露病毒[粒]体naked virion假病毒体pseudovirion立体对称cubical symmetry二十面体对称icosahedral symmetry螺旋对称helical symmetry[病毒]五邻体pentomer,pentons[病毒]六邻体hexonmer,hexons复合对称complex symmetry包膜突起peplomerbody包膜envelope, peplos蛋白质包膜protein envelope[病毒]包膜抗原envelope antigen [病毒]壳体capsid[病毒]壳粒capsomer, capsomere二十面[体]壳体icosahedron capsid 核心core核壳nucleocapsid病毒原质体viroplasma病毒束virus bundle多角体polyhedron多角体蛋白polyhedrin颗粒体granule颗粒体蛋白granulin类核nucleoid内含颗粒inclusion granuleX体X-body[病毒]早期蛋白early protein[病毒]晚期蛋白late protein负链negative strand正链positive strand复制子replicon病毒发生基质virogenic stroma衣原体chlamydia[衣原体]始体initial body立克次氏体rickettsia假肽聚糖pseudopeptidoglycan肽聚糖peptidoglycan磷壁酸teichoic acid胞壁酸muramic acid2,6-吡啶二羧酸dipicolinic acid, DPA 脂多糖类lipopolysaccharides多糖包被glycocalyx鞭毛蛋白flagellin菌毛蛋白pilin杀白细胞素leucocidin豆血红蛋白leghaemoglobin藻胆蛋白phycobiliprotein藻青蛋白phycocyanin藻红蛋白phycoerythrin藻青素cyanophycin藻蓝素algocyan, leucocyan藻胆素phycobilin藻红[胆]素phycoerythrobilin藻蓝胆素phycocyanobilin藻青素颗粒cyanophycin granule别藻蓝素allophycocyanin类葫萝卜素carotenoids细菌淀粉粒granulose聚β羟基丁酸盐poly-β-hydroxy butyrate葡萄球菌A蛋白staphylococcal protein A, SPA 纯化蛋白衍生物purified protein derivative, PPD [葡萄球菌]凝固酶staphylocoagulaseβ[细胞]溶素β-lysinα淀粉酶α-amylase通透酶permease胞内酶intracellular enzyme胞外酶extracellular enzyme果胶酶pectinase逆[转]录酶reverse transcriptase凝固酶coagulase受体破坏酶receptor destroying enzyme, RDE透明质酸酶hyaluronidase纤维素酶cellulase链道酶streptodornase,SD链激酶streptokinase,SK神经氨酸酶neuraminidase青霉素酶penicillinase溶菌酶lysozyme[细菌]紫膜质bacteriorhodopsin菌紫素bacteriopurpurin[细]菌[叶]绿素bacteriochlorophyll自溶素autolysin亲菌素bacteriotropin攻击素aggressin抑殖素ablastin粘附素adhesin菌红素bacterioerythrin灵菌毒素prodigiosus toxin细菌素bacteriocin麻风菌素lepromin葡萄球菌素staphylococcin伞菌氨酸agarfitine苏云金菌素thuricin肠球菌素enterococcin布氏菌素brucellin大肠菌素colicin, colicine丁香假单胞菌素syringacin黄色粘球菌素xanthacin链球菌素streptocin流产菌素abortin绿脓[菌]素pyocyanin红假单胞菌素rhodopseudomonacin 绿脓菌荧光素pyofluorescein白喉毒素diphtheria toxin杯伞素clitocybine白细胞溶素leucolysin表皮溶解毒素epidermolytic toxin 产气荚膜梭菌素perfringocin肠毒素enterotoxin毒蝇碱muscarine肺炎球菌毒素pneumotoxin鬼笔[毒]环肽phalloidin根霉蝶呤rhizopterin肺炎[链]球菌溶血素pneumolysin 黑粉菌酸ustilagic acid分枝菌酸mycolic acid齿孔酸eburicoic acid根霉促进素rhizopin蘑菇素agaricin蘑菇酸agaricinic acid红斑毒素erythrogenic toxin黄曲霉毒素aflatoxin菌丝酰胺mycelianamide绿脓杆菌溶血素pyocyanolysin葡萄球菌溶血毒素staphylolysin真菌毒素mycotoxin曲霉毒素aspertoxin赭曲毒素ochratoxin曲酸kojic acid破伤风[菌]痉挛毒素tetanospasmin 溶葡萄球菌素lysostaphin破伤风[菌]溶血素tetanolysin溶纤维蛋白溶酶fibrinolysin溶血素hemolysin鼠疫菌素pesticin神经毒素neurotoxin杀[细]菌素bactericidin外毒素exotoxin内毒素endotoxin细菌毒素bacteriotoxin血凝素hemagglutinin杂色曲霉素A versicolorin A柄曲霉素sterigmatocystin毒植物素phytotoxin真菌醇mykol链球菌溶血素streptolysin剥脱性毒素exfoliative toxin细菌荧光素bacteriofluorescein[放线菌]土臭味素geosmins土壤杆菌素agrobacteriocin产甲烷[作用] methanogenesis生物转化bioconversion生长因子growth factor420 因子factor 420V 因子V factorX 因子X factor辅酶M coenzyme M微量营养micronutrient特需营养要求型idiotroph微[量]动[力]作用oligodynamic action 抗代谢物antimetabolites索状因子cord factor异株克生物质allelopathic substances 光能无机营养photolithotrophy光能有机营养photoorganotrophy化能无机营养chemolithotrophy化能有机营养chemoorganotrophy光营养phototrophy兼性营养amphitrophy腐生营养saprophytic nutrition甲基营养methylotrophy化能营养chemotrophy自养autotrophy光能自养photoautotrophy化能自养chemoautotrophy半自养mesotrophy异养heterotrophy氮平衡nitrogen balance碳平衡carbon balance磷平衡phosphorus balance同化作用assimilation异化作用dissimilation氨化作用ammonification硝化作用nitrification反硝化作用denitrification固氮作用nitrogen fixation非共生固氮作用asymbiotic nitrogen fixation 光同化作用photo-assimilation巴氏效应Pasteur effect葡萄糖效应glucose effect种间分子氢转移interspecies H transfer发酵fermentation发酵[能]力fermentation capacity可发酵性fermentability同型发酵homofermentation异型发酵heterofermentation厌氧消化anaerobic digestion厌氧呼吸anaerobic respiration厌氧生活anaerobiosis需氧呼吸aerobic respiration需氧生活aerobiosis反馈抑制feed back inhibition内源变量endogenenous variable异养潜能heterotrophic potential溶菌丝作用hypholytic action溶菌作用bacteriolysis费氏[溶菌]现象Pfeiffer's phenomenon自溶[现象] autolysis裂殖schizogenesis芽殖budding二分分裂binary fission不等分裂unequal fission断裂fragmentation复分裂multiple fission隐蔽期eclipse period比生长速率specific growth rate同步生长synchronous growth双峰生长曲线diauxie growth curve延滞期lag phase一步生长[曲线] one step growth时间-存活曲线time-survival curve倍增时间doubling time指数生长exponential growth衰亡期decline phase稳定期stationary phase对数期log phase时间节律temporal rhythm隐生现象cryptobiosis休眠dormancy衰老型involution form静息细胞resting cell光复活作用photoreactivation交叉复活cross reactivation热[致]死时thermal death time热[致]死点thermal death point原生质体再生protoplast regeneration[噬菌体]接合分裂conjugate division[噬菌体]裂解阻抑lysis inhibition[噬菌体]裂解量burst size[噬菌体]生产性感染productive infection[噬菌体]自愈curing病毒复制replication of virus复制周期replicative cycle裂解周期lytic cycle[病毒]侵入penetration病毒入胞现象viropexis[病毒]脱壳uncoating[病毒]装配assembly蚀斑plaque蚀斑形成单位plaque forming unit,PFU成斑效率efficiency of plating强毒株virulent strain[狂犬病]固定毒fixed virus[狂犬病]街毒street virus病毒抑制作用viral inhibition病毒诱导virus induction[流感病毒]α抑制物α-inhibitor[流感病毒]朱氏抑制物Chu-inhibitor ,β－inhibitor 干扰素interferon干扰[现象] interference溶原化lysogenization溶原性lysogeny溶原现象lysogenesis抗生素antibiotic阿克拉霉素aclacinomycin放线酮actidione, cycloheximide放线菌素actinomycin阿霉素adriamycin氨丁苷菌素ambutyrosin7-氨基头孢菌酸7-aminocephalosporinic acid6-氨基青霉烷酸6-aminopenicillanic acid两性霉素amphotericin安丝菌素ansamitocin抗蠕霉素anthelmycin抗霉素antimycin阿泊拉霉素apramycin除疟霉素aplasmomycin曲霉菌素aspergillin除虫菌素avermectin杆菌肽bacitracin双环霉素bicyclomycin杀稻瘟素blasticidin博来霉素bleomycin丁苷菌素butirosin, butyrosin杀假丝菌素candicidin卷曲霉素capreomycin, capromycin腐霉素carriomycin洋红霉素carminomycin天青菌素celesticetin头孢菌素cephalosporin氯霉素chloromycetin, chloramphenicol 金霉素chloroteracycline, aureomycin 色霉素chromomycin创新霉素chuangxinmycin棒酸clavulanic acid氯林肯霉素clindamycin粘菌素colistin鬼伞菌素coprinin蛹虫草菌素cordycepin香菇菌素cortinellin环孢菌素cyclosporin环丝氨酸cycloserine松胞菌素cytochalasin胞霉素cytomycin道诺霉素daunomycin越霉素destomycin偏端霉素distamycin红霉素erythromycin抑酯酶素esterastin扁枝衣霉素everninomicin间型霉素formycin健霉素fortimicin磷霉素fosfomycin, phosphonomycin 镰孢菌酸fusarinic acid艮他霉素gentamicin胶霉毒素gliotoxin谷氏菌素gougerotin短杆菌肽gramicidin灰霉素grisein灰黄霉素griseofulvin除莠菌素herbicidin除莠霉素herbimycin全霉素holomycin潮霉素hygromycin岛霉素ilamycin天神霉素istamycin双氢除虫菌素ivermectin交沙霉素josamycin卡那霉素kanamycin春日霉素kasugamycin柱晶白霉素leucomycin林可霉素lincomycin美登素maytenin酒霉素methymycin光神霉素mithramycin丝裂霉素mitomycin莫能菌素monensin菌霉素mycomycin霉酚酸mycophenolic acid麦迪霉素mydecamycin, midecamycin 暗霉素nebramycin新霉素neomycin纺锤菌素netropsin诺卡菌素nocardin新生霉素novobiocin制霉菌素nystatin竹桃霉素oleandomycin蛇孢菌素ophiobollin展青霉素patulin青霉酸penicillic acid青霉素penicillin多氧菌素polyoxin多粘菌素polymyxin灵菌红素prodigiosin制反转录酶素revistin核糖霉素ribostamycin, vistamycin利福霉素rifamycin龟裂杀菌素rimocidin瑞斯托菌素ristocetin蔷薇霉素rosamicin红比霉素rubidomycin相模霉素sagamicin盐霉素salinomycin肉瘤霉素sarkomycin制唾酸酶素siastatin紫苏霉素sisomicin壮观霉素spectinomycin, actinospectacin 螺旋霉素spiramycin链霉素streptomycin链黑菌素streptonigrin链丝菌素streptothricin枯草菌素subtilin杀鱼菌素teleocidin土霉素terramycin, oxytetracycline四环素tetracycline噻烯霉素thienamycin硫藤黄素thiolutin妥布拉霉素tobramycin木霉菌素trichodermin抗滴虫霉素trichomycin衣霉素tunicamycin泰乐菌素tylosin焦曲菌素ustin有效霉素validamycin缬氨霉素valinomycin, aminomycin万古霉素vancomycin疣孢菌素verrucarine优胜霉素victomycin紫霉素viomycin巴龙霉素paromomycin遗传转化genetic transformation供体donor受体recipient转化体transformant感受态competence光滑型smooth type粗糙型rough type无性型anamorph克隆clone有性型teleomorph异源性heterology同源性homology转导transduction局限转导restricted transduction转染transfection溶原性转换lysogenic conversion抗原性漂移antigenic drift抗原性转变antigenic shift高频重组high frequency of recombination, Hfr 重组recombination接合[作用] conjugation重组体recombinant互补complementation杂合[现象] heterozygosis重组子recon接合阶段zygophase接合zygosis质粒plasmid粘粒cosmid噬粒phasmid质粒不相容性plasmid incompatibility相容性compatibility致育因子fertility factor性因子sex factor大肠杆菌素生成因子colicinogenic factor突变mutation表型phenotype环状染色体ring chromosome基因型genotype原养型prototroph原养菌prototrophic bacteria营养缺陷型auxotroph多重营养缺陷型polyauxotroph诱变mutagenesis诱变剂mutagen诱发变异induced variation突变体mutant渗漏突变体leaky mutant条件突变株conditional mutant条件致死conditional lethal温敏突变株temperature sensitive mutants半透明型突变噬斑cococarde噬斑突变株plaque mutants宿主范围突变株host range mutant扇形突变secter mutationH-O 变异H-O variation弱毒株low virulent strain减毒株attenuated strain凝固酶因子coagulase factor耐药[性决定]因子resistance determining factor 耐药性转移因子resistance transfer factor, RTF 抗药性drug-resistance抗药因子resistance factor抗药基因drug resistant gene抗药性菌株drug resistant strain基因簇gene cluster复制replication启动子promotor操纵子operon单形现象monomorphism双态现象dimorphism多形现象polymorphism干扰缺损颗粒defective interfering particle重分配redistribution表型混杂phenotypic mixing基因转移gene transfer原生质体融合protoplast fusion趋合子性zygotaxis向合子性zygotropism兔化毒lapinized virus缺损病毒defective virus[病毒]缺损突变株defective mutant[流感病毒]O-D相变异O-D variation病毒基因virogene[病毒]早期基因early genes[病毒]晚期基因late genes微生物生态系统microbial ecosystem趋化性chemotaxis趋氧性aerotaxis趋光性phototaxis向化性chemotropism向氧性oxytropism向光性phototropism内共生endosymbiosis捕食作用predation拮抗作用antagonism初级合作protocooperation共生symbiosis互利共栖mutualism偏害共栖amensalism偏利共栖commensalism互养共栖syntrophism兢争[共栖] competition寄生parasitism无关共栖neutralism卫星现象satellitism协同共栖synergism异种克生[现象] allelopathy代谢共栖metabiosis共生生物symbiont聚生体consortium伴生种companions致坏死寄生物necroparsite根际微生物rhizospheric microorganism叶际微生物phyllospheric microorganism悉生生物gnotobiote腐生现象saprophytism分解者decomposer含菌细胞mycetosome嗜狭高温生物stenothermophiles广温微生物eurythermal microorganism狭温微生物stenothermal microorganisms暂居微生物transient microbe原生演替primary succession次生演替secondary succession异养演替heterotrophic succession自养演替autotrophic succession顶极群落climax community菌群flora区系flora微生物区系microflora土著菌群indigenous flora土著区系indigenous flora菌群失调dysbacteriosis水华blooms生物量biomass生物质biomass生物圈biosphere前发酵primary fermentation后发酵secondary fermentation浅盘发酵shallow tray fermentation深层发酵submerged fermentation固态发酵solid state fermentation液态发酵liquid state fermentation主发酵main fermentation连续发酵continuous fermentation半连续[型]发酵semicontinuous fermentation[罐]批发酵batch fermentation敞口发酵open fermentation上面发酵top fermentation下面发酵bottom fermentation上面酵母top yeast下面酵母bottom yeast阿明露法amylo process酿造brewing酿造技术brewing technique陈酿化aging发酵罐fermenter种子罐seeding tank手动气锁manual airlock自动气锁automatic airlock超滤膜ultrafiltration membrane超滤法ultrafiltration消泡剂antifoam agent醋化作用acetification酸化作用acidification糖化作用saccharification糖化剂sacchariferous agents曲Qu(raw starter)大曲Daqu (massive raw stater for alcholic liquor) 小曲Xiaoqu(raw starter complex)日本酒曲koji麸曲bran koji液体曲liquid koji起子starter, culture starter酒母seeding yeast活性干酵母active dry yeast单细胞蛋白single cell protein, SCP菌丝球mycelium pellet活性污泥activated sludge醪液mash固定化细胞immobilized cell共固定化作用co-immobilization酸败spoilage平[罐]酸败flat-sour spoilage平罐酸败菌flat sour bacteria需氧量oxygen requirement生物致劣deterioration微生物传感器microbial sensor微生物浸矿microbial leaching微生物杀虫剂microbial pesticide病毒杀虫剂viral pesticide根瘤root nodule菌根mycorrhiza根瘤菌剂nitragin植物杀菌素phytocidin昆虫病原微生物entomopathogen [蜜蜂]幼虫腐臭病foulbrood固氮菌剂azotogen亚麻浸渍flax retting生物防治biological control沤麻retting青贮饲料silage沼气biogas无菌植物germ-free plant侵染infection侵染性infectivity侵染中心infectious center侵染剂量infective dose, ID病毒尿症viruria病毒血症viremia菌血症bacteremia食物中毒food poisoning真菌中毒mycetism标准血清standard serum混合分型血清pooled typing serum 抗血清antiserum抗白喉血清antidiphtheric serum 结核菌素反应tuberculin reaction 卡介苗BCG vaccine抗毒素antitoxin旧结核菌素old tuberculin, OT结核菌素单位tuberculin unit, TU 致热原pyrogen病原体pathogen带[病]毒者carrier带菌者carrier感染infection传染infection原发性感染原primary invader继发性感染原secondary invader 机会致病菌opportunistic pathogen 条件致病菌conditioned pathogen 正常菌群normal flora感染性infectivity感染中心infectious center攻击力aggressivity侵袭力invasiveness皮肤坏死毒素dermatonecrotoxin毒素toxin毒力virulence感染剂量infective dose, ID半感染剂量infectious dose 50%, ID 50半数组织培养感染量50% tissue culture infective dose, TCID 50 致病性pathogenicity致细胞病变[效应] cytopathic effect, CPE半数致死量50% lethal dose, LD 50细菌毒力bacterial virulence神经毒力neurovirulence类毒素toxoid神经毒性neurotoxicity最小感染量minimal infecting dose, MID最小抑菌浓度minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC最小致死量minimal lethal dose, MLD生物制品biological products鞭毛抗原flagellar antigen菌体抗原O antigen[细菌]包被抗原envelope antigen菌苗bacterial vaccine疫苗vaccine活疫苗live vaccine活菌苗live bacterial vaccine单价疫苗univalent vaccine单价菌苗univalent bacterial vaccine多价菌苗polyvalent bacterial vaccine多价疫苗polyvalent vaccine三联疫苗triple vaccine联合疫苗combined vaccine亚单位菌苗subunit bacterial vaccine亚单位疫苗subunit vaccine兔化法lapinization减毒作用attenuation自身疫苗autovaccine自身菌苗autovaccine菌苗疗法vaccinetherapy, vaccinotherapy化学疗法chemotherapy疫苗疗法vaccinetherapy, vaccinotherapy疫苗再接种revaccination再接种reinoculation自身接种autoinoculationVi 抗原Vi antigen乙型肝炎核心抗原HBcAg乙型肝炎表面抗原HBsAg扩散因子spreading factor乙型肝炎e抗原HBeAg溶血[作用] haemolysis[抗菌素的]协同作用synergism抑菌作用bacteriostasis杀芽孢剂sporicide杀病毒剂virucide抗溶[菌]素antilysin杀菌剂germicides消毒剂disinfectant抑菌剂bacteriostat抗微生物剂antimicrobial agent抗菌剂antibacterial agent抗真菌剂antifungal agent杀细菌剂bactericide杀真菌剂mycocide抑真菌剂fungistat消毒disinfection腐败putrefaction防腐antisepsis石炭酸系数phenol coefficient药物敏感性drug susceptibility防腐剂antiseptic大肠菌类coliform group大肠[杆]菌值colititre大肠[杆]菌指数coli-index指示菌indicator显微肥达氏凝集试验microscopic Widal agglutination test 敏化细菌sensitized bacteria无特定病原动物specific pathogen free animals, SPFA无菌动物germ-free animal硫磺[样]颗粒sulfur granule显微镜microscope双目显微镜binocular microscope倒置显微镜invert microscope明视野显微镜bright field microscope暗视野dark-field暗视野显微镜dark-field microscope暗视野显微术dark-field microscopy相差显微镜phase contrast microscope[分辨]干涉差显微镜Differential interference contrast microscope, DICM 荧光显微镜fluorescence microscope电[子显微]镜electron microscope透射电[子显微]镜transmission electron microscope, TEM扫描电[子显微]镜scanning electron microscope, SEM超薄切片术ultramicrotomy超薄切片ultrathin section目镜ocular物镜objective透镜lens补偿目镜compensative eyepiece消色差透镜achromatic lens全消色差透镜apochromatic lens低倍物镜low power objective高倍物镜high power objective油浸物镜oil immersion objective显微镜集光器microscope condenser镜台测微计stage micrometer目镜测微计ocular micrometer显微操作micromanipulation显微操作器micromanipulator盖玻片cover glass载玻片slide凹玻片concave slide香柏油cedar oil涂片smear悬滴法hanging drop method热固定heat fixation镜检microscopic examination分辨率resolving power放大率magnification染色法staining染色反应staining reaction负染[色法] negative staining鉴别染色法differential staining对染[法] counterstaining两极染色bipolar staining萋-尼染色法Ziehl-Neelsen staining method抗酸细菌染色法acid-fast staining革兰氏染色Gram staining赖夫松鞭毛染色Leifson's flagella staining墨汁荚膜染色India-ink capsule staining阿氏染色Albert's staining麦氏[立克次氏体]染色Macchiavello's staining。

微生物学【英文版】(全套课件499P)

Concepts
Microorganisms are responsible for many of the changes observed in organic and inorganic matter (e.g., fermentation and the carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycles that occurred in nature.
Microbiology is a large discipline, which has a
1.1 What is a microbe?
The word microbe (microorganism) is used to describe an organism that is so small that can not be seen without the use of a microscope. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some algae are all included in this category.
Microbial world
Organisms
(living)
Infectious agents (non-living) viruses viroids prions
Prokaryotes (unicellular)
eukaryotes
Eubacteria
Archaea
Algae (unicellular or multicellular)
Chapter 1
Microorganisms and Microbiology
pter outline
1.1 What is a microbe? 1.2 The importance of Microbiology 1.3 Microbes in our lives 1.4 The history of microbiology 1.5 Important events in the development of microbiology

微生物生态学的英语

微生物生态学的英语Microbial Ecology: Unveiling the Invisible RealmThe study of microbial ecology has become increasingly crucial in our understanding of the natural world. Microorganisms, though often invisible to the naked eye, play a vital role in shaping the delicate balance of our ecosystems. From the depths of the ocean to the soils that nourish our crops, these microscopic organisms are the unseen architects of the intricate web of life.At the heart of microbial ecology lies the intricate relationships between microbes and their environment. Each ecosystem harbors a unique community of microbes, each with its own specialized functions and adaptations. These microbes engage in a complex dance of cooperation and competition, constantly responding to the ever-changing conditions around them.One of the most fascinating aspects of microbial ecology is the role of microbes in nutrient cycling. Bacteria and archaea, the two dominant domains of microorganisms, possess the remarkable ability to transform and recycle essential elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. Through their metabolic processes, thesemicrobes break down organic matter, releasing nutrients back into the environment, where they can be absorbed by plants and other organisms.This intricate recycling system is crucial for the maintenance of healthy ecosystems. Without the tireless work of microbes, the accumulation of organic waste would disrupt the delicate balance of nutrient availability, leading to the collapse of entire food webs. Microbial ecologists have dedicated countless hours to unraveling the intricacies of these nutrient cycles, providing invaluable insights into the mechanisms that sustain life on our planet.Another key aspect of microbial ecology is the study of microbial interactions. Microbes do not exist in isolation; they form complex communities, engaging in a myriad of cooperative and antagonistic relationships. Some microbes may form symbiotic associations with plants or animals, providing essential services such as nutrient acquisition, pathogen protection, or even the regulation of host physiology.Conversely, microbes may also compete for resources, producing antimicrobial compounds to outcompete their rivals. These intricate interactions shape the composition and function of microbial communities, influencing the overall health and resilience of the ecosystem.The application of microbial ecology extends far beyond the realm of pure science. In the field of biotechnology, researchers harness the power of microbes to develop innovative solutions to pressing global challenges. From the production of biofuels to the remediation of contaminated environments, microbes have become invaluable tools in the quest for sustainable development.Furthermore, the study of microbial ecology has shed light on the crucial role of microbes in human health. The human microbiome, the complex community of microbes that reside within our bodies, has been linked to a wide range of physiological and psychological processes. Imbalances in the microbiome have been associated with various diseases, from gastrointestinal disorders to neurological conditions.As our understanding of the human microbiome continues to evolve, microbial ecologists are working to uncover the intricate relationships between microbes and their human hosts. This knowledge holds the potential to revolutionize the field of medicine, leading to the development of personalized treatments and preventative strategies that harness the power of the microbial world.In conclusion, the field of microbial ecology is a vast and ever-expanding frontier, offering insights into the hidden workings of ourplanet and the delicate balance that sustains life. From the depths of the ocean to the intricate networks within our own bodies, microbes continue to captivate and inspire researchers, driving us to explore the invisible realms that shape our world. As we delve deeper into this fascinating field, the possibilities for discovery and innovation are truly boundless.。

口腔微生物学英语

口腔微生物学英语Oral Microbiology。

The human oral cavity is a complex and dynamic ecosystem, home to a diverse array of microorganisms that play a crucial role in maintaining oral health. These microbes, collectively known as the oral microbiome, are essential for various physiological processes, including digestion, nutrient absorption, and immune system regulation. Understanding the intricate balance and interactions within the oral microbiome is a crucial aspect of oral microbiology.The oral cavity provides a unique environment for microbial colonization, with various surfaces and niches that support the growth of a wide range of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The teeth, gums, tongue, and saliva all contribute to the complex microbial landscape, each offering distinct ecological conditions that favor the proliferation of specific microbial species.One of the primary functions of the oral microbiome is to protect the host from the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms. The resident microbes compete for resources and occupy available niches, creating a barrier that prevents the overgrowth of harmful bacteria. This process, known as colonization resistance, is a crucial defense mechanism that helps maintain the delicate balance of the oral ecosystem.In addition to their protective role, the oral microbes also play a vital role in the breakdown and digestion of food particles, contributing to the overall digestive process. The enzymes and metabolic byproducts produced by these microorganisms aid in the conversion of complex carbohydrates and proteins into simpler, more readily absorbable compounds.The oral microbiome is also closely linked to the immune system, with certain microbial species capable of modulating the host's immune response. This interaction can have both beneficial and detrimental effects, depending on the specific microbial composition and the host's overall health status.Imbalances in the oral microbiome, known as dysbiosis, can lead to the development of various oral and systemic diseases. Conditions such as dental caries, periodontal disease, halitosis (bad breath), and even certain systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes, have been associated with alterations in the oral microbial community.Understanding the factors that influence the composition and dynamics of the oral microbiome is crucial for developing effective strategies to maintain oral health. Environmental factors, such as diet, lifestyle, and the use of antimicrobial agents, can significantly impact the oral microbial community, leading to shifts in the delicate balance.Advances in molecular biology and sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of oral microbiology, allowing researchers to gain a deeper understanding of the complex interactions within the oral microbiome. These techniques have enabled the identification and characterization of previously unknown or uncultivable microbial species, providing valuable insights into the diversity and function of the oral ecosystem.In conclusion, the oral microbiome is a fascinating and complex system that plays a vital role in maintaining oral and overall health. By understanding the intricate relationships and dynamics within this microbial community, researchers and clinicians can develop more effective strategies for the prevention and management of oral and systemic diseases, ultimately improving the quality of life for individuals worldwide.。

对微生物的认识英语作文150字

对微生物的认识英语作文150字English:Microorganisms, the tiny creatures invisible to the naked eye, play a crucial role in our world.They exist almost everywhere, from the depths of the ocean to the highest mountains.Although some microorganisms can cause diseases, the majority are beneficial.They are essential for nutrient cycling in ecosystems, decomposition of organic matter, and even in the production of various foods.The study of microorganisms, microbiology, has improved our understanding of these minute life forms, their functions, and their interactions with humans and the environment.Recognizing their importance, we must strive to protect their diversity and harness their potential for the betterment of society.中文：微生物，这些肉眼无法看见的微小生物，在我们的世界中扮演着至关重要的角色。

它们几乎无处不在，从深海到高山都有它们的踪迹。

虽然有些微生物能引起疾病，但绝大多数是对我们有益的。

它们对生态系统的营养循环、有机物的分解，甚至在各种食品的生产中都至关重要。

细菌科普英文作文

细菌科普英文作文英文：Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can be found almost everywhere on Earth. They are incredibly diverse and can live in a wide range of environments, from the deep sea to the human gut. Some bacteria are beneficial to us, such as those that live in our intestines and help us digest food. Others, however, can cause disease and illness.One of the most famous bacteria is Escherichia coli, or E. coli for short. This bacterium is commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals, and most strains are harmless. However, some strains can cause serious illness, such as food poisoning. Another well-known bacterium is Streptococcus, which can cause strep throat and other infections.Bacteria reproduce by dividing in half, a processcalled binary fission. This means that they can multiply rapidly under the right conditions, which is why it is important to practice good hygiene and food safety. Antibiotics can also be used to treat bacterial infections, but overuse of these drugs can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is a growing problem.Overall, bacteria are fascinating and important organisms that play a crucial role in many aspects of life on Earth. By understanding more about them, we can better appreciate their complexity and learn how to coexist with them in a healthy way.中文：细菌是单细胞微生物，几乎可以在地球上的任何地方找到。

微生物世界七大奇迹食品篇听力原文

微生物世界七大奇迹食品篇听力原文第1段Microbes, most of them bacteria, have populated this planet since long before animal life developed and they will outlive us. Invisible to the naked eye, they are ubiquitous. They inhabit the soil, air, rocks and water and are present within every form of life, from seaweed and coral to dogs and humans. And, as Yong explains in his utterly absorbing and hugely important book, we mess with them at our peril.微生物，大多数都是细菌，在动物出现很早以前就生活在地球上，而且它们会在我们消失之后继续存在。

虽然裸眼看不到，但它们到处都是。

它们出现在土壤、空气、岩石和水中，也存在于任何形式的生命内部，从海草和珊瑚，到狗和人类。

并且，正如杨在其十分引人入胜又至关重要的书中所说的那样，我们冒着危险操纵它们。

第2段Every species has its own colony of microbes, called a ‘microbiome’, and these microbes vary not only between species but also between individuals and within different parts of each individual. What is amazing is that while the number of human cells in the average person is about 30 trillion, the number of microbial ones is higher – about 39 trillion. At best, Yong informs us, we are only 50 per cent human. Indeed, some scientists even suggest we should think of each species and its microbes as a single unit, dubbed a ‘holobiont’.每个物种都有它们自己的微生物群落，被叫做“微生物群”。

医学课件：微生物学介绍

微生物学分类
细菌分类
➢新陈代谢(Metabolism)
➢ 形态学(Morphology) ➢ 染色(Staining)
微生物学分类
细菌分类（新陈代谢）
自生菌(Autotrophs) 异生菌(Heterotrophs) 腐生菌(Saprophytes)
微生物学简史
感染性疾病的影响
Smallpox
➢ 2个空气传播的病毒变种： Variola major 和Variola minor.
➢ 致死性疾病，幸存者中都患有失明和毁容。 ➢ 二十世纪世界范围内有近5亿人死于天花。 ➢ 牛痘疫苗广泛应用，1979年天花绝迹。 ➢ 现在，存在生物武器的可能。
Images: Girl with smallpox, James Hicks, CDC; Electron micrograph of smallpox virus, Magnus Manske; Smallpox vs. Chickenpox
➢ 化学疗法(Chemotherapy)
使用化学方法治疗疾病 • 天然抗菌药物(Antibiotics produced naturally) • 合成药物(Synthetic drugs)
Paul Ehrlich (1878) – 砷复合物治疗疾病 Alexander Fleming, Scotland (1928) –青霉素(penicillin) Selman Waksman, Ukraine (1944) –链霉素(streptomycin)
微生物学简史
微生物学的奠基人
➢ 科赫与结核病
借鉴前人建立的方法：显微观察、组织染色、纯培养分离和动物模型
目前Ziehl-Nielsen染色是在科赫方法的基础发展而来的。

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