GENERAL RULES FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF THE HARMONIZED SYSTEM
《国际贸易术语解释通则》Inte...
摘要《国际贸易术语解释通则》（International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms）是国际商会为统一各种贸易术语的不同解释于1936年制订的，命名为《1936年国际贸易术语解释通则》（《INCOTERMS1936》）。
随后，为适应国际贸易实践发展的需要，国际商会先后于1953年、1967年、1976年、1980年、1990年和2000年、2010年进行过多次修订和补充。
2010年9月27日，国际商会在巴黎召开全球发布会，正式推出《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》，简称为《INCOTERMS 2010》。
2011年1月1日，全面修订的国际贸易术语解释规则正式生效。
Incoterms(International Commercial Terms)是国际商会制定的关于国际贸易术语解释的国际惯例与规则，最新版本Incoterms®2010第八版，于2011年1月1日起正式生效实施，新的贸易术语解释通则考虑了运输的实际操作、统一无关税区的贸易、新的协会货物保险条款、电子单据的使用等问题。
经济全球化的进程伴随着国际贸易的不断发展，Incoterms作为一套国际规则也随之不断完善和发展。
各国专家也提出了诸如在运输中的转售、船舷作为风险转移点的争议、统一无关税区内的贸易以及码头操作费用的重复收取和纠纷等问题，这些也进入了国际商会的讨论和修订范围。
本文通过对Incoterms®2010的解读并与Incoterms 2000的对比，从Incoterms 的产生和发展入手研究Incoterms的起源到最新Incoterms的最新发展概况。
通过研究Incoterms起源来分析国际贸易术语的性质和作用，以及不同版本对于贸易术语的不同分类；通过不同分类的对比研究国际贸易术语的发展方向，找出Incoterms®2010的新变化并进行对比研究，并对新的贸易术语的解释进行深入分析。
中国海关事务简介
一、HS编码的介绍（三） Introduction for HS code (Part Ⅲ)
如何判断商品的HS编码? How to judge the HS code of goods?
1. 2. 3.
根据用途； 根据材质； 根据海关归类总规则。
Name Potato
HS code 0701900000 0701100000 9403200000
二．
从海关监管的角度来区分：
1. 2. 3.
新/旧设备及工具； 允许/禁止进口的； 可以/不可以免税。
Classify by the view of customs supervision.
1. 2. 3.
New/used equipment and tools. Permitted/forbidden Duty-free/duty-collecting
Machine Name HS code 锻造或冲压机床 846210 Forging or punching machine HS code in China 8462101000 8462109000 Detailed 数控的(CNC) 非数控的(other)
一、HS编码的介绍（二） Introduction for HS code (Part Ⅱ)
二． 1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3. 4.
具体作用 是系统的、多用途的国际贸易商品分类体系。 海关对进出口商品实施税收制度的基础。 海关实施许可证监管制度的基础。 海关对贸易统计的基础。
Usage/specific role of the HS code
Systemic, multi-purpose classification system for goods in international trade. Basic code for Customs to implement the taxation laws and regulations for the import and export goods. Basic code to implement the permission supervising system. Basic code for Customs to statistic the international trade.
历年国际货代考试（CIFA）英语部分试题
历年国际货代考试（CIFA）英语部分试题In order to provide a set of uniform rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade, ICC first published in 1936 a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms known as "INCOTERMS 1936". Later amendments and additions were made to it to bring the rules in line with current international trade practices. The latest edition is "INCOTERMS 2000", which include 13 different international trade terms.Each term specifies whether the buyer or the seller is responsible for arranging such necessities as export license, customs clearance, inspections, and other obligations. They specify at which point the risk of loss and / or damage passes from seller to buyer as well as which party pays for specific activities.A buyer and a seller who conduct their purchase and sale under one of the INCOTERMS, therefore, will have a mutual understanding of their rights, costs, and obligations.Here six major trade terms are discussed. The traditional three trade terms are FOB, CFR and CIF, while FCA, CPT and CIP are new terms developed on the basis of the traditional ones.They are suitable for any mode of transport and will be more widely used.课文理解：1. 要理解这篇文章，首先要了解对外贸易背景。
2.国际结算方式
出口全益达
信用证业务
托收业务
汇款业务
保函业务
保理业务
国际结算融资业务
特殊贸易结算
加工贸易保证金台帐
船情调查业务
资信调查业务
分行咨询电话
国际结算业务资费标准
汇付
（remittance ）
汇款
１、什么是汇出汇款？ ２、什么是汇入汇款？ ３、汇款的当事人 ４、汇款的种类 ５、汇款方式的适用情况 6、汇款在国际贸易中的应用
三、汇款的当事人
汇款人(Remitter)：国际贸易中即进口商 收款人(beneficiary):国际贸易中即出口 商 汇出行(remitting bank):办理汇出汇款业 务 汇入行(Paying bank):即解付行,办理汇 入汇款业务
四、汇款类型
电汇（telegraphic transfer, T/T )
国际惯例（2）
《见索即付保函统一规则》（uniform rules for demand guarantees, ICC Publication No.458, 简称ICC458） 《国际备用证惯例》（international standby practices，简称ISP98） 《国际保理通则》（General rules for international factoring)
信汇（mail transfer, M/T )
信汇流程
汇款人
收款人
1 填信汇申请 书、交款付费
2 汇款回执
4 信汇通知 书
汇出行
3 邮寄信汇委托书或 支付委托书
7 付讫通知
5
人 收收 据款
汇入行
6 付款
票汇
（remittance by a banker’s demand draft, D/D )
国际贸易实务双语教程第4版第4章
THE MOST INFLUENTIAL TRADE CONVENTIONS
1、Warsaw-Oxford Rules(W.O.Rules)1932 《华沙牛津公约》
2、Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 《1941美国对外贸易定义修订本》
Ex Point of Origin, FOB(6 variations), FAS
Vessel, C&F, CIF, Ex Dock
《1932年华沙— 牛津规则》 （Warsaw-
国际法协会
In
CIF
Oxford Rules）
International Law
1928
Institute
《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》
On FOB term basis, Seller A prepared the goods at the stipulated time, meanwhile , Buyer B informed A of the name of vessel and the date of shipment ,when the goods is lifted to the ship, it fell down on the deck ,so now who shall take responsibility? Seller or Buyer?
CFR (Cost and Freight，…named port of destination)成本加运费(……指定目的港)
CIF (Cost，Insurance and Freight，…named port of destination)成本加保险费、运费(……指定目的港)
国际商务函电习题答案
1吉辰服装进出口公司是一家快速发展的私营外贸公司，成立于1997年，主要经营各类服装，特别是出口的牛仔裤，因时尚的外观设计和优秀的品质深受广大海外客户的欢迎，产品远销到欧洲、中东和北美地区。
2009年10月6日，公司因国外客户需要，在国内寻找合适的牛仔裤生产厂商。
请你以出口部业务员李兵的身份，给在网上找到的鹏飞制衣厂的王勇厂长写一封就男式靴式牛仔裤询盘的信函。
2加拿大Carters Trading Company, LLC的业务员Joe Brown先生在2009年广交会上看到了南京德创伟业进出口有限公司(Nanjing Dechuangweiye Import & Export Co., Ltd)的产品，对他们的Hand-made Gloves非常感兴趣，也与该公司的业务员Cathy Lee取得联系，并索取了相关资料。
回国后经过市场调查，Joe Brown先生于2009年10月11日向南京德创伟业进出口有限公司的业务员Cathy Lee发去询盘并索要样品，请你帮Joe Brown先生撰写这封函电，对方的邮件地址为*************。
3假设你是恒弛实业有限公司的业务员Leon，一客户给你公司发来邮件，表示对你们公司的产品质量很满意，认为你方报价偏高，要求你们减价。
你方收到信后，经过研究，认为你方的报价与现行价格相符，因此拒绝对方的还盘。
请你给该客户回一封函电表明你方观点，写信时间为2009年10月14日。
4假设你是加拿大Carters Trading Company, LLC的业务员Joe Brown，南京德创伟业进出口有限公司(Nanjing Dechuangweiye Import & Export Co., Ltd)给你公司发来邮件，向你发盘，你认为价格过高，向对方还盘，要求降价10%。
写信时间为2009年10月13日。
5假设你是吉辰服装进出口公司的业务员，你与一进口客户经过交易磋商达成一致后，收到了客户订单，请你给对方回一封接受函电，写信时间为2009年10月22日。
归类总规则(中英文对照版)
归类总规则货品在本税则中的归类，应遵循以下原则：规则一类、章及分章的标题，仅为查找方便而设；具有法律效力的归类，应按品目条文和有关类注或章注确定，如品目、类注或章注无其他规定，则按以下规则确定。
规则二（一）品目所列货品，应视为包括该项货品的不完整品或未制成品，只要在报验时该项不完整品或未制成品具有完整品或制成品的基本特征。
还应视为包括该项货品的完整品或制成品（或按本款规则可作为完整品或制成品归类的货品）在报验时的未组装件或拆散件。
（二）品目中所列材料或物质，应视为包括该种材料或物质与其他材料或物质混合或组合的物品。
品目所列某种材料或物质构成的货品，应视为包括全部或部分由该种材料或物质构成的货品。
由一种以上材料或物质构成的货品，应按规则三归类。
规则三当货品按规则二（二）或由于其他原因看起来可归入两个或两个以上品目时，应按以下规则归类：（一）列名比较具体的品目，优先于列名一般的品目。
但是，如果两个或两个以上品目都仅述及混合或组合货品所含的某部分材料或物质，或零售的成套货品中的部分货品，即使其中某个品目对该货品描述得更为全面、详细，这些货品在有关品目的列名应视为同样具体。
（二）混合物、不同材料构成或不同部件组成的组合物以及零售的成套货品，如果不能按照规则三（一）归类时，在本款可适用的条件下，应按构成货品基本特征的材料或部件归类。
（三）货品不能按照规则三（一）或（二）归类时，应按号列顺序归入其可归入的最末一个品目。
规则四根据上述规则无法归类的货品，应归入与其最相类似的货品的品目。
规则五除上述规则外，本规则适用于下列货品的归类：（一）制成特殊形状，适用于盛装某一或某套物品并适合长期使用的照像机套、乐器盒、枪套、绘图仪器盒、项链盒及类似容器，如果与所装物品同时报验，并通常与所装GENERAL RULES FOR THEINTERPRETA TION OF THEHARMONIZED SYSTEMClassification of goods in the nomenclature shall be governed by the following principles:1. The titles of sections, Chapters and sub-Chapters are provided for ease ofreference only; for legal purposes, classification shall be determined according to the terms of the headings and any relative Section or Chapter Notes and Provided such headings or Notes do not otherwise require, according to the following provisions.2. （a）Any reference in a heading to an article shall be taken to include areference to that article incomplete or unfinished, provided that, aspresented, the incomplete or unfinished article has the essentialcharacter of the complete or finished article.it shall also be taken toinclude a reference to that article complete or finished（or falling to beclassified as complete or finished by virtue of this Rule）, presentedunassembled or disassembled.（b）Any reference in a heading to a material or substance shall be taken to include a reference to mixtures or combinations of that material orsubstance with other materials or substances. Any reference to goodsof a given material or substance shall be taken to include a referenceto goods consisting wholly or partly of such material or substance. Theclassification of goods consisting of more than one material orsubstance shall be according to the principles of Rule 3.3. When by application of Rule 2（b）or for any other reason, goods are, primafacie, classifiable under two or more headings, classification shall be effected as follows:（a）The heading which provides the most specific description shall be preferred to headings providing a more general description. However,when two or more headings each refer to part only of the materials orsubstances contained in mixed or composite goods or to part only ofthe items in a set put up for retail sale, those headings are to beregarded as equally specific in relation to those goods, even if one ofthem gives a more complete or precise description of the goods.（b）Mixtures, composite goods consisting of different materials or made up of different components, and goods put up in sets for retail sale, whichcannot be classified by reference to 3（a）, shall be classified as if theyconsisted of the material or component which gives them theiressential character, insofar as this criterion is applicable.（c）When goods cannot be classified by reference to 3（a）or 3（b）, they shall be classified under the heading which occurs last in numericalorder among those which equally merit consideration.4. Goods which cannot be classified in accordance with the above rules shallbe classified under the heading appropriate to the goods to which they are most akin.5. In addition to the foregoing provisions, the following rules shall apply inrespect of the goods referred to therein:（a）Camera cases, musical instrument cases, gun cases, drawing instrument cases, necklace cases and similar containers, speciallyshaped or fitted to contain a specific article or set of articles, suitablefor long-term use and presented with the articles for which they are物品一同出售的，应与所装物品一并归类。
国际贸易实务 常用贸易术语中英对照
外销员资格考试重要考点一、国际货物买卖适用的法律与惯例INCOTERMS 2002，International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》URC 522，Uniform Rules for Collection《托收统一规则522》UCP 500，Uniform Customs and Practice for Commercial Documentary Credits 500《跟单信用证统一惯例》Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932《1932年华沙一牛津规则》Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》二、价格术语EXW(ex works)工厂交货FCA(free carrier)货交承运人FAS(free alongside ship)装运港船边交货FOB(free on board)装运港船上交货CFR(cost and freight)成本加运费CIF(cost，insurance and freight)成本加保险费、运费CPT(carriage paid to)运费付至CIP(carriage and insurance to)运费、保险费付至DAF(delivered at frontier)边境交货DES(delivered ex ship)目的港船上交货DEQ(delivered ex quay)目的港码头交货DDU(delivered duty unpaid)未完税交货DDP(delivered duty paid)完税后交货FOB liner terms FOB班轮条件FOB under tackle FOB吊钩下交货FOB stowed FOB理舱费在内FOB trimmed FOB平舱费在内FOBST(FOB stowed and trimmed) FOB包括理舱费和平舱费在内的各项装船费用CFR liner terms CFR班轮条件CFR landed CFR卸至码头CFR ex tackle CFR吊钩下交货CFR ex ship's hold CFR舱底交货CIF liner terms CIF班轮条件CIF landed CIF卸至码头CIF ex tackle CIF吊钩下交货CIF ex ship's hold CIF舱底交货the seller's obligations卖方义务三、货物的品名、质量、数量与包装name of commodity 品名quality 0f goods品质condition合同要件actual quality实际品质sample样品sale by sample凭样品买卖quality as per seller's sample品质以卖方样品为准buyer's sample买方样品counter sample对等样品confirming sample确认样品for reference only仅供参考colour sample色样pattern sample款式样quality shall be about equal to the sample 品质与样品大致相同quality shall be nearly same as the sample品质与样品近似specification of goods商品规格sale by specification凭规格买卖FAQ，fair average quality 良好平均品质sale by descriptions and illustrations凭说明书和图样买卖trade mark商标sophisticated market精致市场name of origin产地名称quality tolerance 品质公差weigh重量metric ton公吨long ton长吨short ton短吨kilogram公斤gram克ounce盎司number数量piece件pair双set套dozen打roll卷ream令gross罗bag袋bale包length长度meter米foot英尺yard码area面积square foot平方英尺volume体积cubic yard立方码capacity容积bushel蒲式耳litre升gallon加仑the metric system公制the british system英制the U.S.system美制SI，the international system of units国际单位制gross weight毛重net weight净重gross for net以毛作净actual tare实际皮重real tare实际皮重average tare平均皮重customary tare 习惯皮重computed tare 约定皮重conditioned weight公量theoretical weight理论重量legal weight法定重量net net weight实物净重about大约circa近似approximate左右nude pack裸装in bulk散装full packed全部包装part packed局部包装shipping mark运输标志，唛头indicative mark指示性标志warning mark警告性标志UCC，Universal Code Council统一编码委员会UPC，Universal Product Code统一产品编码European Article Number Association欧洲物品编码协会EAN，European Article Number欧洲物品编码neutral pacing中性包装seaworthy packing海运包装inquiry询盘offer发盘counter offer还盘acceptance接受五、货物的保险general average共同海损particular average单独海损CIC，china insurance clauses中国保险条款FPA，free from particular average平安险WA，with average水渍险WPA，with particular average水渍险all risks一切险warehouse to warehouse clauses仓至仓条款ICC，Institute Cargo Clauses协会货物保险条款ICC(A)协会货物条款(A)ICC(B)协会货物条款(B)ICC(C)协会货物条款(C)Institute War Clauses协会战争险条款Institute Strikes Clauses协会罢工险条款Malicious Damage Clauses恶意损害险条款overland transportation risks陆运险overland transportation all risks陆运一切险air transportation risks航空运输险air transportation all risks航空运输一切险parcel post risks邮包险parcel post all risks邮包一切险insurance policy保险单insured被保险人premium保险费六、货物的价格of account计价货币money of payment支付货币commission佣金discount折扣allowance 折扣quantity discount数量折扣special discount特别折扣turnover bonus年终回扣七、货款的收付bill of exchange汇票draft汇票promissory note本票cheque 支票check支票drawee受票人payer付款人payee受款人banker's draft银行汇票commercial draft商业汇票clean bill光票documentary bill跟单汇票sight draft即期汇票time draft远期汇票usance draft远期汇票at×× days after sight见票后××天付款at××days after date出票后××天付款at ×× days after date of B/L提单签发日后××天付款fixed date指定日付款issue出票pay to the order of付给指定人pay to bearer付给持票人presentation提示acceptance承兑endorsement 背书negotiable instrument流通工具endorsee被背书人dishonour拒付dishonour by non-acceptance拒绝承兑protest拒付证书right of recourse追索权notary public法定公证人remittance汇付collection托收beneficiary收款人remitter汇款人remitting bank汇出行，托收银行collecting bank代收银行presenting bank提示银行paying bank汇人行M/T，mail transfer信汇T/T，telegraphic transfer 电汇remittance by banker's demand draft票汇open account transaction赊账业务financial documents金融单据commercial documents商业单据principal委托人clean collection光票托收documentary collection跟单托收D/P，document against payment付款交单D/A，document against acceptance承兑交单D/P at sight即期付款交单D/P after sight远期付款交单trust receipt信托收据IVC，letter of credit信用证applicant开证申请人opening bank开证行issuing bank开证行advising bank通知行notifying bank通知行negotiating bank议付行paying bank付款银行drawee bank付款银行confirming bank保兑银行reimbursement bank偿付银行reimbursement agent偿付代理人transferee受让人to open by airmail信开本to open by cable电开本brief cable简电本full cable全电本full details to follow详情后告SWIFT.Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication全球银行金融电讯协会undertaking clause承诺条款documentary credit跟单信用证clean credit光票信用证irrevocable L/C不可撤销信用证confirmed L/C保兑信用证sight payment credit即期付款信用证deferred payment credit延期付款信用证acceptance credit承兑信用证negotiatiorl credit议付信用证open negotiation credit公开议付信用证freely negotiation credit公开议付信用证restricted negotiation credit限制议付信用证transferable credit可转让信用证divisible credit可分割信用证fractionable credit可分开信用证assignable credit可让渡信用证transmissible credit可转移信用证revolving credit循环信用证reciprocal credit对开信用证back to back credit对背信用证anticipatory L/C预支信用证standby L/C备用信用证commercial Paper L/C商业票据信用证guarantee L/C担保信用证L/G，letter of guarantee保函demand guarantee见索即付保函unconditional L/G无条件保函guarantor担保人counter guarantor反担保人performance guarantee履约保函repayment guarantee还款保函八、商检commodity inspection商检shipping quality and wei曲t装运港检验，即离岸品质和离岸重量landed quality and wei曲t 目的港检验，即到岸品质和到岸重量shipping weight and landed quality离岸重量和到岸品质检验authentic surveyor公证行sworn measurer宣誓衡量人FDA美国食品药物管理局Underwriter's Laboratory担保人实验室Lloyd's Surveyor劳氏公证行SGS.Societe Generale de Surveillance S.A. 瑞士日内瓦通用鉴定公司inspection certificate商检证书inspection certificate of quality品质检验证书inspection certificate of quantity数量检验证书inspection certificate of weight重量检验证书inspection certificate of value价值检验证书inspection certificate of origin产地检验证书sanitary inspection certificate卫生检验证书veterinary inspection certificate兽医检验证书disinfection inspection certificate消毒检验证书inspection certificate on damaged cargo验残检验证书ISO.the ntemational Organization for Standardazation国际标准化组织九、索赔discrepancy and claim clause异议与索赔条款penalty clause罚金条款force majeure不可抗力frustration of contract合同落空arbitration仲裁Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Award《承认与执行外国仲裁裁决公约》，简称《1958年纽约公约》cargo manifest载货清单 .international factoring国际保理factor保理商Convention on International Factoring国际保理公约import factor进口保理商c.c.V.O.，Combined Certificate of Value and Origin估价和原产地联合证明书certified invoice证实发票receipt invoice(货款)收妥发票consular invoice领事发票GSP，Generalized System of Preferences普惠制packing list装箱单weight memo重量单short delivery短交short unloaded短卸10st in transit短失tally list理货单marine protest海难报告breach of contract违约十、贸易方式distribution经销distributor经销商sole distribution独家经销exclusive sMes包销agency代理agent代理人principal本人general agent总代理sole agent独家代理exclusive agent独家代理commission agent佣金代理consignment寄售consignor寄售人consignee代销人fairs and sales展卖international fair国际博览会Chinese Export Commodities Fair 中国出口商品交易会Guangzhou Trade Fair广州交易会invitation to tender招标submission of tender投标auction拍卖auctioneer拍卖人bidder竞买人Dutch auction荷兰式拍卖sealed bids密封递价拍卖closed bids密封递价拍卖brokerage经纪费futures trading期货交易CBOT芝加哥商品交易所CME芝加哥商业交易所COMEX纽约商品交易所NYMEX纽约商业交易所LME伦敦金属交易所futures market期货市场futures exchanges期货交易所spot现货to-arrive contract “到货”合同forward contract远期交货合同FCM，futures commission merchant期货佣金商clearing house 清算所margin system保证金制度，押金制度initial margin初始保证金original margin初始保证金variation margin追加保证金call margin追加保证金marking to the market逐日盯市hedger套期保值者hedging套期保值，海琴speculator投机者selling hedge卖期保值buying hedge买期保值basis trading基差交易ex-pit trade场外交易ex-change for physicals期货换现货ex-change for actuals期货换现货counter trade对销贸易barter trade易货贸易compensation trade补偿贸易counter purchase反购，互购switch trade转手贸易offset抵销十一、电子商务IT，information technology信息技术internet国际互联网VANs，value-added networks增值网络BBSs，bulletin board systems电子公告牌online services企业在线服务B2B，business-to-business商业机构对商业机构B2C，business-to-consumer商业机构对消费者B2A，business-to-administrations商业机构对行政机构C2A，consumer-to-administrations消费者对行政机构electronic marketplace电子虚拟市场digital economy数字化经济model law on electronic commerce电子商务示范法tlle buyer's obligations买方义务。
HS归类总规则
（4）通常与所装物品一同出售的
（5）本身并不构成整个货品基本特征的
例如：
与电动剃须刀的皮套，要与剃须刀一同报验，且符合上述条件，因此与电动剃须刀一并归类；又如银质茶叶罐，虽然装有茶叶，但其本身比茶叶更为贵重，且具备银质品的基本特征，可构成整个货品的基本特征，故不适用本规则。
2、规则五
（二）仅适用于同时符合以下各条规定的包装材料及包装容器：
（1）规则五
（一）以外的
（2）通常用于包装有关货品的
（3）与所装物品一同报验的（同时进口或出口）
（4）不属于明显可重复使用
例如：
装打印机的纸箱，符合上述条件，应与打印机一并归类；
注意：
不属于明显可重复使用，例如：
“煤气罐装有液化煤气”，但煤气罐明显可重复使用，因此不能与液化煤气一并归类。
历年考题：
2005年多选题：
下列货品属于HS归类总规则中规定的“零售的成套货品”的是：
A.一个礼盒，内有咖啡一瓶、咖啡伴侣一瓶、塑料杯子两只
B.一个礼盒，内有一瓶白兰地酒、一只打火机
C.一个礼盒，内有一包巧克力、一个塑料玩具
D.一碗方便面，内有一块面饼、两包调味品、一把塑料小叉
答案：
AD
解析：
B，其中的白兰地酒和打火机不满足用途上需要配合使用的条件，故不选；C，巧克力和塑料玩具在用途上也无需配合使用，故不选。
五、规则五
（一）条文内容
除上述规则外，本规则适用于下列货品的归类：
(一)制成特殊形状仅适用于盛装某个或某套物品并适合长期使用的照相机套、乐器盒、枪套仪器、绘图仪器盒、项链盒及类似容器，如果与所装物品同时进口或出口，并通常与所装物品一同出售的，应与所装物品一并归类。但本款不适用于本身构成整个货品基本特征的容器。
国际商法专业词汇中英文对照表
国际商法专业词汇中英文对照A Note on the Incoterms（国际贸易术语通则解释）Absolute Advantage(亚当.斯密的绝对优势理论)Acceptance with Modifications（对邀约做出修改、变更的承诺）Acceptance（承诺/受盘）Act of State Doctrine（国家行为主义）Act of the Parties （当事人的行为）Administrative Management （经营管理）Advising and Confirming Letters of Credit（信用证的通知和确认）Agent for International Settlements（国际结算代理人）Agreement of the Parties（协议选择原则）Agriculture（农业协定）Alternative Dispute Resolution （ADR解决方式）Anticipatory Breach in Common Law （普通法上预期违约）Antidumping Authority（反倾销机构）Applicability of the CISG (CISG的适用围)Application of Home State Labor Laws Extraterritorially（国劳工法律域外适用）Applying for a Letter of Credit（信用证的申请）Approval of Foreign Investment Applications（外国投资申请的批准）Arbitrage（套汇）Arbitration Agreement and Arbitration Clauses （仲裁协议和合同中的仲裁条款）Arbitration Tribunals（仲裁机构）Artistic Property Agreements（保护文学艺术作品的协定）Artistic Property Agreements（文学艺术品产权协定）Assignment（合同权利转让）Attorney-General（法律总顾问）Automatic Dissolution （自动散伙）Average Clauses（海损条款）Avoidance（解除）Bank Deposits（银行储蓄）Bases of Income Taxation（所得税的征税依据/基础）Battle of the Forms（形式上的分歧／冲突）Bills of Lading （提单）Branch Banking（银行的分支机构）Business Form and Registered Capital （企业形式和注册资本）Business Forms（商业组织形式）Buyer's Remedies（买方可以采取的救济措施）Carriage of Goods by Air（航空货物运输）Carriage of Goods by Sea and Marine Cargo Insurance（海上货物运输及其保险）Carrier's Duties under a Bill of Lading（在提单运输方式下承运人的责任/义务）Carrier's Immunities（承运人责任/义务的豁免）Cartels (企业联合/卡特尔)Categories of Investment Projects （外国投资的项目类别）Charterparties （租船合同）Charterparties by Demise （光船出租合同）China's Fundamental Policies for Encouraging Foreign Investments （中国大陆鼓励外国投资的基本政策）Choosing the Governing Law（准据法的选择）CIF (cost, insurance and freight) (port of destination) （ＣＩＦ成本＼保险费加运费付至指定的目的港）Civil Law (民法法系)Clearance and Settlement Procedures（交换和转让程序）Collection of Documentary Bills Through Banks（银行跟单托收）Commercial Arbitration （国际商事仲裁）Commodity Arrangements（初级产品/农产品安排）Common Enterprise Liability（企业的一般责任）Common Law (普通法系)Common Procedures in Handling Bills of Exchange （汇票处理的一般程序）Common Stock （股票）Company Taxpayers（公司/法人企业纳税人）Comparative Advantage(大卫.嘉图的比较优势理论)Comparison of Municipal Legal Systems(国法系的比较研究)Compensation for Winding up （清算补偿）Comprehensive Agreements （综合性的协定）Compulsory Licenses（强制许可）Computation of Income（收入计算）Conformity of Goods（与合同约定相符合的货物）Consent to the Jurisdiction of the Host State（给予东道国管辖权的许可/同意）Consideration in Common Law（英美法上的对价）Contemporary International Trade Law（当代国际贸易法）Contract Law for the International Sale of Goods（国际货物销售合同法）Contract Liability of the Agent （代理人的合同义务）Contract Liability of the Principal （委托人的合同义务）Contractual Issues Excluded from the Coverage of CISG（排除在CISG适用围之外的合同问题）Copyrights （著作权/）Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights（与知识产权有关的理事会）Coverage of Tax Treaties（税收条约的覆盖围）Creation of Agency （代理创立）Creditors of Partners（合伙人的债权人）Currency Crises: The Role of Monetary Policy（金融危机：货币政策的作用与地位）Currency Exchange Obligations of IMF Member States（国际货币基金组织成员国在外汇交易中的义务）Currency Exchange（外汇交易）Currency Support（资金/财政援助）Custom（习惯）Customs Valuation（海关估价协定）Debt Securities （债券）Decision Making within the WTO（WTO部决定作出机制）Deficiencies in the GATT 1947 Dispute Process （关税及贸易总协定1947争端解决程序的不足）Definite Sum of Money or Monetary Unit of Account（确定货币的总额或者计价的货币单位）Definition and Special Features（定义和特征）Delayed Bills of Lading（提单迟延）Denial of Justice（司法不公）Development Banks （发展银行）Direct Effect（直接效力）Direct Exporting(直接出口)Directors' and Officer's Duties to the Corporation（董事和经理/首席执行官对公司的义务）Dispute Settlement（争端的解决）Dissolution by Agreement （协议解散）Dissolution by Court Order （依法院令状散伙）Dissolution of the Partnership （散伙）Distribution of Earnings and Recovery of Investments （收入分配和投资回收）Distribution to Shareholders （红利分配权）Doctrine of Imputability (归责原则)Documentary Formalities（文本格式要求）Double Taxation Provision（双重征税的规定）Double Taxation（双重征税）Duress （胁迫行为）Duties of Agent and Principal （代理人和委托人的义务）Duties of Agent to Principal （委托人的义务）Duties of Principal to Agent （代理人、的义务）Duty of Care in Partnership Business（对合伙事务尽心看护义务）Duty of Loyalty and Good Faith （忠诚和诚信义务）Effectiveness of an Offer（邀约/发盘的效力）Employment Laws in the European Union（欧洲联盟雇佣/劳工法）Employment Standards of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development（经济合作与发展组织雇佣/劳工标准）Enforcement of Exchange Control Regulations of IMF Member States（国际货币基金组织成员国对外汇交易管理规则的履行）Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in the People's Republic of China （在中华人民国境外国仲裁裁决的执行）Enforcement of Foreign Judgment （外国法院判决的执行）Enforcement of Partnership Rights and Liabilities（执行合伙事务的权利和责任）Enforcement of Securities Regulations Internationally（国际证券规则的执行）Environmental Regulation（环境规则）Escape Clause（免责条款）Euro-currency Deposits（欧洲货币储蓄）European Communities - Regime for the Importation, Sale, and Distribution of Bananas（欧洲共同体对于香蕉的进口、销售和分销的管理）European Union Law on Trade in Services（欧洲联盟关于服务贸易的法律）Exceptio non Adimpleti Contractus in Civil Law （大陆法上履行契约之抗辩权）Exceptions（例外）Exclusive Licenses（独占许可）Excuses for Non-performance （不履行的免责）Excuses for Nonperformance（不履行合同的抗辩/借口）Exemptions for New Members from IMF Member State Currency Exchange Obligations（国际货币基金组织新成员国在外汇交易中义务的免除）Export Restrictions (出口限制)Exporting(出口)Expropriation（征收）Extraterritorial Application of U. S. Securities Laws（美国证券法域外的适用问题）Failure to Exhaust remedies（没有用尽法律救济）Fault and Causation（过错和因果关系）Finance Ministry（财政部）Finance of International Trade(国际贸易的结算/支付)Financing Foreign Trade（对外贸易的价金支付）FOB (free on hoard) (port of shipment)（ＦＯＢ装运港船上交货）Force Majeure Clauses （不可抗力条款）Foreign Investment Guarantees（外国投资的担保）Foreign Investment Laws and Codes（外国投资法）Formal and Informal Application Process（正式和非正式申请程序）Formation of the Contract（合同的成立）Forsed Endorsements（虚假背书）Fraud Exception in Letters of Credit Transaction (信用证交易的欺诈例外) Frauds on Bills of Lading（提单欺诈）Fraudulent Misrepresentation（受欺诈的误解）Free Zones（保税区/自由贸易区）Fundamental Breach（根本违约）GATS Schedules of Specific Commitments（服务贸易总协定减让表中的特别承诺）General Agreement on Trade in Services (服务贸易总协定)General Requirements and Rights of the Holder in Due Course（票据持有人的一般要求和权利）General Standards of Performance（履行的一般标准）Geographic Limitations（地区限制）Government Controls over Trade (政府对贸易的管制)Government Guarantees（政府担保）Governmental Interest（政府利益原则）Governmental Sources of Capital（官方资金）Grant Back Provisions（回授的规定）Home state Regulation of Multinational Enterprises（本国对跨国企业的管理）Host State Regulation of Multinational Enterprises（东道国对跨国企业的管理）Illegality and Incompetency（行为不合法性与主体不适当资格的认定）IMF "Conditionality"(国际货币基金组织的制约性)IMF Facilities（国际货币基金组织的机制）IMF Operations（国际货币基金组织的运作）IMF Quotas（国际货币基金的份额）Immunities of States from the Jurisdiction of Municipal Courts（国家豁免于国法院的管辖权）Import-Licensing Procedures（进口许可证程序协定）Income Categories（收入分类）Income Tax Rates（所得税税率）Income Taxes（所得税）Independence Principles and Rule of Strict Compliance （信用证独立原则和单证严格相符规则）Indirect Exporting(间接出口)Industrial Property Agreements （保护工业产权的协定）Innocent Misrepresentation（因无知的误解）Inquiry（调查）Insider Trading Regulations（幕交易规则）Insurance Cover （保险围）Integration of Company and Personal Income Taxes（公司和个人所得税的征收）Intellectual Property Right Law （知识产权法）International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes （解决投资争端国际中心）International Commercial Dispute Settlement （国际商事争端的解决）International Court of Justice （海牙联合国国际法院）International Factoring （国际保理）International Franchising(国际特许经营权)International Labor Standards（国际劳工标准）International Licensing Agreement(国际许可证协议)International Licensing Agreements （国际许可证协定）International Model Law(国际示法)International Organizations(国际组织)International Persons（国际法主体）International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms(国际贸易术语解释通则)International Trade Customs and Usages(国际贸易惯例和习惯) International Treaties and Conventions(国际条约和公约)International Tribunals （国际法庭）Interpreting of the CISG (CISG的解释)Invitation Offer （要约邀请／要约引诱／询盘）Involuntary Dissolution （非自愿解散）Issuance of Securities（证券发行）Jurisdiction and Venue （管辖权和法院地）Jurisdiction in Civil Cases（民事案件的管辖权）Jurisdiction in Criminal Cases（刑事案件的管辖权）Know-how （技术秘密/专有技术）Lack of Genuine Link（缺乏真实的联系）Lack of Nationality（无国籍）Lack of Standing（身份不明）Law Applicable to Letters of Credit （调整信用证的法律）Law of Foreign Investment Enterprises of China （中国的外商投资企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures（中华人民国中外合作企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese Foreign Equity Joint Ventures （中华人民国中外合资企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Foreign Capital Enterprises（中华人民国外资企业法）Legal Characteristics （定义和法律特征）Legal Structure of the WTO （世界贸易组织的法律框架）Legal System of International Business(国际商事的法律体系)Letters of Credit (L/C)（信用证）Liabilities of Makers, Drawers, Drawees, Endorsers and Accommodation Parties（票据制作人、出票人、付款人、背书人、代发人/担保人的责任）Liability for Environmental Damage（环境损害责任）Liability Limits（承运人责任/义务的限制）Licensing Regulations（许可证制度）Limitations on Foreign Equity（外国投资的资金比例限制）Limitations on the Excuses That Drawers and Makers Can Use to Avoid Paying Off a Bill or Note 661 （票据制作人、出票人拒绝付款借口的限制）Liquidated Damages （约定的损害赔偿金）Liquidation （清算）Maintaining Monetary Value（维护币值稳定）Major Principles of GATT 1994（关税及贸易总协定1947的主要原则）Marine Insurance Policies and Certificates （海运保险单和证书）Maritime Insurance（海运保险）Maritime Liens （留置权）Means of Delivery（根据交付方式）Mediation（调停/调解）Membership（成员）Memorandums of Understanding（谅解备忘录）Methods of Investment Contribution（出资方式）Mini-trial （模拟审判方式）Miscellaneous Taxes（混杂的，各种各样的税）Misrepresentation（误解）Mixed Sales（混合销售）Modification of Foreign In vestment Agreements（外国投资协议的修改）Money and Banking(货币与金融)Monopoly Control Authority (反垄断机构)Most Significant Relationship（最密切联系原则）Most-favored-nation Treatment （最惠国待遇原则）Movement of Workers（劳工流动）Multilateral Investment Guaranty Programs（多边投资担保计划／安排）Multilateral Trade Agreements（多边贸易协定）Multilateral Trade Negotiations （多边贸易谈判）Multinational Enterprise（跨国企业）Municipal Courts（国法院的实践）Municipal Legal Systems（国法系）National Foreign Investment Policies（国的外国投资政策）National Investment Guarantee Programs（国／国家投资担保计划／安排）National Law(国法)National Monetary Systems（国金融/货币体系）National Treatment （国民待遇原则）Nationality Principle（国籍原则）Negligent (innocent) Misrepresentation（因疏忽的误解）Negotiability of Bills and Negotiability of Notes（可流通的汇票和可流通的本票）Negotiation (谈判，议付)Noncompetition Clauses（限制竞争条款）Nondiscrimination（非歧视原则）Nonimputable Acts（免责行为）Nontariff Barriers to Trade(非关税贸易壁垒)Nonwrongful Dissolution （非不法原因散伙）Objections（异议）Obligations of the Parties （当事人各方的义务）Obligations of the Seller and the Buyer （买卖双方的合同义务）Offer （要约／发盘）Operation of Law （法律的原因而终止）Operational Reviews（营业审查）Opting In and Out（加入和退出）Organization of the IMF（国际货币基金组织的机构）Organizations Affiliated with the United Nations(联合国的相关组织) Overseas Private Investment Corporation（海外私人投资公司的案件）Parent Company（母公司）Passing of Property （产权的转移）Passing of Risk （风险的转移）Patents （专利权）Payable on Demand or at a Definite Time（付款要求或者在指定的付款时间）Payment of the Price（支付价款）Penalties for Noncompliance（对于不遵守法规的处罚）Perils and Losses（保险危险和损失）Persons Immune from Taxation（个人所得税的免除）Piercing the Corporate Veil（普通法上揭开公司的面纱/大陆法上公司人格否认原则）Place for Delivery（交付的地点）Post -Termination Relationship（代理终止后的有关问题）Powers during Winding up （合伙人在清算过程中的权力/权利）Practices and Usages（交易习惯和商业惯例）Preemption（先买权/优先权）Preshipment Inspection（装运前检验协定）Price-Fixing（定价）Private Insurers（私人／商业保险）Private Sources of Capital（私人资金）Products Liability Laws（产品质量法）Promissory Notes（本票）Promoter of International Monetary Cooperation（国际金融合作的促进者）Promoters（公司的发起人）Protection of Natural Resources（自然资源的保护）Protection of Subsidiaries（分支机构的保护制度）Protection of Workers' Rights by the Council of Europe（欧洲理事会关于劳工权利的保护）Protection through Tariffs（关税保护）Proving Foreign Law（外国法的查明）Provisions Governing Trade in Services in the North American Free Trade Agreement （北美自由贸易区协定中关于服务贸易的规定）Quality Controls（质量控制）Quantity and Field-of-Use Restrictions（对数量和使用领域的限制）Recognition and Enforcement of Awards （仲裁裁决的承认和执行）Recognition of Foreign Judgments（外国裁决的承认）Refusal to Exercise Jurisdiction（拒绝执行管辖权）Regional and International Development Agencies（区域性和国际性发展机构）Regional Integration（区域联合）Regional Intergovernmental Regulations on Labor（区域性政府间关于劳工的规定）Regional Intergovernmental Regulations on Trade in Services（关于服务贸易的区域性政府间管理规则）Regional Monetary Systems（区域性金融体系）Regulation of Foreign Workers（外籍员工的的管理规定）Regulation of Pollution（防止污染规则）Relief（救济、赔偿）Remedies Available to Both Buyers and Sellers（买卖双方都可以采取的救济措施）Remedies for Breach of Contract（违反合同的救济）Requests for Specific Performance（要求继续/特定履行）Residency Principle（居住地原则）Restrictions on Research and Development（对技术研究和发展的限制）Restrictions That Apply after the Expiration of Intellectual Property Rights（知识产权保护期满后应用的限制）Restrictions That Apply after the Expiration of the Licensing Agreement （知识产权使用许可合同期满后应用的限制）Right to Compensation （主赔偿的权利）Rights and Duties （权利与义务）Rights and Responsibilities of Beneficiaries（收款人/收益人的权利与义务）Rights and Responsibilities of the Account Party（付款人/信用证申请人的权利与义务）Rules of Origin（原产地规则）Rules of Private International Law（国际私法规则）Safeguards（保障措施协定）Sanitary and PhytosanitaryMeasures（卫生与植物卫生措施协定）Scope and Coverage of GATT 1947 and GATT 1994 （关税及贸易总协定1947和1994文本的调整围）Screening Foreign Investment Applications（对外国投资申请的筛选/审查）Sectoral Limitations（行业/部门限制）Securities and Exchange Commission（证券交易委员会）Securities Exchanges （证券交易所）Securities Regulations（证券规章）Seller's Obligations（卖方的义务）Seller's Remedies（卖方可以采取的救济措施）Settlement of Disputes between ILO Member States（国际劳工组织成员国之间争端的解决）Settlement of Disputes between Intergovernmental Organizations and Their Employees （政府间国际组织与它的雇员之间争端的解决）Settlement of Disputes in International Tribunals（在国际法庭解决争端）Settlement of Disputes in Municipal Courts（国法院的争端解决途径）Settlement of Disputes through Diplomacy（通过外交途径解决争端）Settlement of Disputes through Municipal Courts （通过国法院解决国际商事争端）Shareholders' Inspection and Information Rights（股东的监督和知情权）Shareholders' Lawsuits （股东的诉权）Shareholders' Meetings（股东会议/大会）Shareholders' Rights and Liabilities （股东的权利和责任）Sharp Practices （欺诈行为）Signed by the Maker or Drawer（票据制作人或者出票人签名）Source Principle（税收发生来源原则）Sources of Corporate Financing （公司资本的来源）Sources of Foreign Investment Law of China （中国外国投资法的渊源）Sources of International Business Law(国际商法的渊源)Sources of International Law（国际法的渊源）Sources of Investment （投资围）Sovereign or State Immunity（国家主权豁免）Specialization(国际分工专门化)Standard of Care(给予外国人的待遇/关照标准)Start-Up Standards（设立标准）State Responsibility（国家责任）Statements and Conduct of the Parties（当事人的述和行为）Statutory Choice-of-Law Provisions （强制选择条款）Structure of the WTO（WTO的组织结构）Subordinate Business Structures（商业分支机构）Subsidies and Countervailing Measures（补贴与反补贴措施协定）Supervision of Foreign Investment（外国投资的监管）Supreme Court Decision（最高法院的裁决）Systems for Relief from Double Taxation（避免双重征税的救济体制）.Takeover Regulations（接管/收购规则）Taking Delivery（接受交付）Tariff-based Import Restriction （约束进口关税）Tariffs(关税)Tax Avoidance（避税）Tax Evasion（逃税）Tax Incentives (税收激励)Tax Sparing（节税）Tax Treaties（税收条约）Taxation（税收）Taxpayers（纳税人）Technical Barriers to Trade（贸易的技术壁垒）Technology Transfer(技术转让)Termination of an Agency （代理的终止）Termination of Corporations （公司的终止）Territorial Restrictions（地区限制）Textiles and Clothing（纺织品和服装协定）The Acceptance（承诺／受盘）The Administrative Discretion of Screening Authorities（筛选/监管机构的管理权）The Anglo-American Common Law System(普通法系或者英美法系)The Applicable Procedure Law （应用的程序法）The Applicable Substantive Law（应用的实体法）The Bank for International Settlements（巴塞尔国际清算银行）The Bill of Exchange（汇票）The Board of Directors （董事会）The Bretton Woods System（布雷敦森林体系）The Business Form（商业组织形式）The Buyer's Right to Avoid the Contract（买方解除合同的权利）The Central Bank（中央银行）The Choice of Money（货币的选择）The Convention on Insider Trading（幕交易的公约）The Drafting of the CISG(CISG的起草)the Economic Globalization （经济全球化）The Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations（乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果的最后文本）The Foreign Exchange Market（外汇交易市场）The Founding of GATT（关税及贸易总协定的成立）The Framework Agreement（协定的框架）The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade（关税及贸易总协定）The Importance of the Separate Legal Identity of Juridical Entities（跨国企业作为拥有独立法律地位的实体之重要性）The Interbank Deposit Market（银行间的储蓄市场）The International Labor Organization（国际劳工组织）The International Monetary Fund（国际货币基金组织）The International Standard(国际待遇/标准)The International Transfer of Intellectual Property（工业产权的国际转让）The Islamic Law System （伊斯兰法系）The Law Governing Bills of Exchange （调整汇票的法律制度）The Law of Agency （国际商事代理法）The Making of International Law （国际法的构成）The National Standard(国民待遇/标准)The Negotiation and Transfer of Bills and Notes（票据权利的转让和背书转让）The Obligations of Banks（银行的义务/责任）The Principal Characteristics（基本特征）The Role of Banks in Collecting and Paying Negotiable Instruments（银行在可流通票据的托收和付款中的角色）The Roman-Germanic Civil Law System(大陆法系或者罗马日耳曼法系)The Scope of International Law in Actual Practice （实践中国际法的围）The Subordinate Structure（分支结构）The Transfer of Money（货币转移）The Turning Over of Documents（交付与货物有关的单证）The Uruguay Round（乌拉圭回合）The Value of Money（币值）The World Trade Organization (WTO) （世界贸易组织）The WTO Agreement （WTO协定）Third Party Relations of the Principal and the Agent （与委托人和代理人有关的第三人）Third-Party Claims and Personal Injuries（第三方的权利和人身伤害）Third-Party Rights (Himalaya Clause)（第三方的权利----喜玛拉亚条款）Time Charterparties （定期租船合同）Time for Delivery （交付的时间）Time Limitations（时效）Trade Barriers （贸易壁垒）Trade in Goods(货物贸易)Trade Liberalization Through Cooperation （通过合作实现贸易自由化）Trade Policy Review（贸易政策评审机制）Trade Terms（贸易术语）Trademarks（商标权）Trade-Related Investment Measures（与贸易有关的投资措施协定）Trading in Securities （证券交易）Transactions Covered in CISG（CISG适用的交易围）Transnational Organized Labor（有组织的跨境服务的劳工）Transparency(透明度)Treaties and Conventions（条约和公约）Trial Court Decision（初等法院的裁决）Turnover Taxes（流转/交易税）Tying Clauses（搭售条款）Unconditional Promise or Order to Pay（无条件的付款承诺和要求）Unfair Competition Laws（不正当竞争法）UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC)(国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则,简称PICC)United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)(联合国国际货物销售合同公约,简称CISG)Validity and Formation of International Sale of Contracts（国际货物销售合同的成立和效力）Visas（签证）Voyage Charterparties （航次租船合同）Waivers（让渡、放弃）Winding Up （合伙清算）World Intellectual Property Organization（世界知识产权组织）World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Procedures（世界贸易组织争端解决机制）Wrongful Dissolution （不法原因散伙）WTO Antidumping Agreement （世界贸易组织反倾销协议）WTO Dispute Settlement Procedures（世界贸易组织的争端解决程序）。
外贸术语
舱位 shipping space 油轮 tanker 报关 clearance of goods 陆运收据 cargo receipt 提货 to take delivery of goods 空运提单 airway bill 正本提单 original B\L 选择港（任意港）optional port 选港费 optional charges 选港费由买方负担 optional charges to be borne by the Buyers 或 optional charges for Buyers' account 一月份装船 shipment during January 或 January shipment 一月底装船 shipment not later than Jan.31st.或 shipment on or before Jan.31st. 一/二月份装船 shipment during Jan./Feb.或 Jan./Feb. shipment 在......(时间）分两批装船 shipment during....in two lots 在......(时间）平均分两批装船 shipment during....in two equal lots 分三个月装运 in three monthly shipments 分三个月，每月平均装运 in three equal monthly shipments 立即装运 immediate shipments 即期装运 prompt shipments 收到信用证后 30 天内装运 shipments within 30 days after receipt of L/C 允许分批装船 partial shipment not allowed partial shipment not permitted partial shipment not unacceptable 外贸价格术语 价格术语 trade term (price term) 运费 freight 单价 price 码头费 wharfage 总值 total value 卸货费 landing charges 金额 amount 关税 customs duty 净价 net price 印花税 stamp duty 含佣价 price including commission 港口税 port dues
generalrules是什么意思
general rules是什么意思general rules是高中英语学习的一个考点短语，在英语课本上不也出现过不少次吗?下面是店铺给大家整理的general rules是什么意思，供大家参阅!general rules是什么意思总则，通则; 通例;general rules的英语例句1. The above general rules allow the isopachs to be drawn by trial and error.有了上述的一般规律,即可采用试凑法来描绘等和线.2. Intuitions or the general rules are not good enough to solve this problem.仅凭感性知识或笼统的规则,这一问题是不会得到解决的.3. Law is the sum of the general rules for the common life of man.法律是人类共同生活的一般规则的总和.4. These rules shall be read in conjunction with Section 3, General Rules.本规则应配合第三章比赛规则释读.5. There are several general rules to follow when traveling on safari.在探险观光中要遵守几个普遍的规则.6. The second part of " the insurance contract interpretation general rules. "第二部分“ 保险合同的一般解释规则”.7. General rules to safety production of woodworking shop.木工(材)车间安全生产通则.8. The first chapter, the general rules, specify the gist, applicable areas and definition of key words.其中,《规定》第一章为总则, 明确了制定依据、适用范围和关键词的定义.9. These Principles to be applied as general rules of contract law in the European Communities.这些原则将作为一般规则适用于欧共体成员国.10. General rules engines offer ways to describe the rules, and more efficient execution.通用的规则引擎提供了方法来描述规则, 执行得更加有效.11. Finally, the general rules of type optimization and guidelines of design practice are emphasized.最后总结体型优化的规律, 指出交汇型式设计中应注意的事项.12. The competition committee reserves the ultimate rights of the explanation of this general rules & regulations .大赛组委会享有本次大赛的比赛规则的最终解释权.13. The allocation rules of proof - collecting responsibilities are as follows: general rules, special rules and supplementary rules.举证责任的分配规则可分为一般性规则、特殊性规则以及补充性规则.14. Everyting seems to be a case - by - case situation with no general rules to follow.好像每次进口都是个案处理,并没有什么通用的规则可以遵循.15. The staff of and managed by the personnel department of AMCO according to general rules.其他工作人员由人事部门按照层级管理的通则任用.general rule的双语例句1. As a general rule, prices follow demands; if there is no demand, prices are low.一般说来, 物价随需求而变化; 没有需求, 物价就会降低.2. As a general rule, burglars are wary about gaining entryfrom the front or side of a building.通常来说，窃贼对从房屋的正面或侧面潜入会比较谨慎。
Unit 3 带答案
UNIT 3 复习题1.Choose the right answer from the four choices below.(1)The term FOB should be followed by ( A ).A. named port of shipmentB. named port of destinationC. named place of destinationD. named place(2)The term FCA should be followed by ( D ).A. named port of shipmentB. named port of destinationC. named place of destinationD. named place(3)The term CFR should be followed by ( ).A. named port of shipmentB. named port of destinationC. named place of destinationD. named place(4)The term CPT should be followed by ( ).A. port of shipmentB. port of destinationC. named place of destinationD. named place(5)The term CIF should be followed by ( B ).A. named port of shipmentB. named port of destinationC. named place of destinationD. named place(6)The term CIP should be followed by ( C ).A. named port of shipmentB. named port of destinationC. named place of destinationD. named place2. Select all of the correct answers.(1)Under which of the following terms is the seller responsible forinsurance? ( B D )A. FOBB. CIFC. FCAD. CIP(2)Under what terms is the buyer liable for the contract of carriage?( BC )A. CFRB. FCAC. FOBD. CPT(3)Which of the following terms are suitable for multi-modal transport?( CD ). FCA、CPT、CIP贸易术语适用各种运输方式和多式联运A. CIFB. FOBC. CPTD. CIP(4)Which of the terms are only used for sea or inland waterway transport?( D )FOB、CFR、CIF等贸易术语只适用海运和内河运输A.CIPB.CPTC.FCAD.CFR3. Translate the following into chinese :(1)INCOTERMS 2000 国际贸易术语解释通则2000(2)ICC 国际刑事法院(3) To provide a set of uniform rules for the interpretation of the mostcommonly used trade terms in foreign trade, ICC first publisheda set of international rules for the interpretation of trade termsknown as “Incomterms 1936” in 1936.译文：为了给国际贸易中普遍使用的贸易术语提供一套解释的统一规则，国际商会于1936年发布了一套用于诠释这些贸易术语的国际规则，统称为《国际贸易术语解释通则1936》。
外贸函电课后复习unit 6
Unit 6 Sales Confirmation and Purchase Contract1.重点信函：售货与销售确认书（合同），包括的内容有：A.约首。
指合同的序言部分，包括合同的名称、订约双方当事人的名称和地址（要求写明全称）。
除此之外，还常常写明双方签约合同的意愿和执行合同的保证。
序言对双方均有约束力，因此在规定序言时应慎重考虑。
B.正文。
这部分是合同的主体，包括交易的各项条款，如品名、品质规格、数量、价格、支付条件、包装、交货时间和地点、运输及保险条款，以及检验、索赔、不可抗力和仲裁条款等。
上述各条款明确了双方当事人的权利和义务。
C.约尾。
一般列明合同的份数，使用的文字及其效力，订约的时间和地点，以及合同生效的时间，最后是双方的签字。
订约合同的地点往往要涉及合同所依据的法律的问题，因此不能随便填写。
我国出口合同的订约地点一般都写我国进出口公司的所在地或者写中国。
2. 重要词汇和短语（复习本单元中的Notes）：转船分批装运装运港目的港品质检验证书复验有权向卖方就所遭受的损失提出索赔检验报告由买方负担保额保费投保范围数量异议货到目的港后3个月内由买方负责不可抗力延迟交货不能交货仲裁争议通过友好方式协商解决适宜海运的原产地（生产国别）付款行全套清洁已装船提单装箱单在合同规定的时间内未经征得买方同意船名开船日期与…相符退货载货船只海啸运输过程中以我方为抬头开证行备妥待运package number general terms and conditions China Import and Export Commodity Inspection Quarantine Bureau upon the strength of the undelivered part of the Contract S/C P/C China Council for the Promotion of International Trade Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission provisional rules measurement FOB CFR CIF“The undersigned Sellers and Buyers have agreed to close the following”“The Sellers bear all costs and risks before it passes over the vessel’s rail and is released from the tackle.”“数量及金额允许有5％的增减”“仲裁是终局的，对双方都具有约束力。
国际贸易术语解释通则
《国际贸易术语解释通则》相关释义《国际贸易术语解释通则》（ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＲｕｌｅｓｆｏｒｔｈｅＩｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆＴｒａｄｅＴｅｒｍｓ）是国际商会为统一各种贸易术语的不同解释于１９３６年制订的，命名为《１９３６年国际贸易术语解释通则》（《ＩＮＣＯＴＥＲＭＳ１９３６》）。
随后，为适应国际贸易实践发展的需要，国际商会先后于１９５３年、１９６７年、１９７６年、１９８０年和１９９０年进行过多次修订和补充，其中，１９９０年国际商会为使贸易术语能适应日益广泛使用的电子数据交换（ＥＤＩ）和不断革新的运输技术变化的需要对该通则作了全面的修订。
为使贸易术语更进一步适应世界上无关税区的发展、交易中使用电子讯息的增多以及运输方式的变化，国际商会再次对《通则》进行修订，并于１９９９年９月公布《２０００年国际贸易术语解释通则》，简称《ＩＮＣＯＴＥＲＭＳ２０００》（以下简称《２０００年通则》）。
《２０００年通则》于２０００年１月１日起生效。
《２０００年通则》的适用范围:《２０００年通则》明确了适用范围，该《通则》只限于销售合同当事人的权利、义务中与交货有关的事项。
其货物是指"有形的"货物，不包括"无形的"货物，如电脑软件等。
《通则》只涉及与交货有关的事项，如，货物的进口和出口清关，货物的包装，买方受领货物的义务、以及提供履行各项义务的凭证等，不涉及货物所有权和其它产权的转移、违约、违约行为的后果以及某些情况的免责等。
有关违约的后果或负责事项，可通过销售合同中其它条款和适用的法律来解决。
《２０００年通则》指出，该《通则》是一套国际商业术语，适用跨国境的货物销售，也可用于国内市场的货物销售合同，在此情况下，通则中有关术语的Ａ２，Ｂ２条款及任何与进出口有关条款的规定则无作用。
该《通则》还明确，如合同的当事人在签订销售合同时，表示按《通则》规定办理，为避免引起不必要的纠纷，应在合同中明确使用的版本，即应在合同中规定：按《２０００年通则》的规定办理。
德国民法典 英文
德国民法典英文The German Civil CodeThe German Civil Code, also known as the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch or BGB, is a foundational legal document in Germany. It was enacted on January 1, 1900, and has since played a crucial role in shaping German civil law. This article will provide an overview of the German Civil Code, its structure, and some key provisions.I. Introduction to the German Civil Code (BGB)The German Civil Code is a comprehensive legal code that governs private law matters in Germany. It covers a wide range of areas, including contracts, torts, property, family law, and inheritance. The BGB is divided into five books, each addressing a different area of law. These books are:1. Book 1: General Part – This book sets out the fundamental principles of civil law, such as legal capacity, legal persons, and legal actions. It also establishes the rules for the interpretation and application of the law.2. Book 2: Law of Obligations – This book regulates contracts and other legal relationships based on obligations. It covers topics such as formation of contracts, performance, and breach.3. Book 3: Property Law – This book governs the acquisition, transfer, and protection of property rights. It includes provisions on ownership, possession, and real rights.4. Book 4: Family Law – This book deals with matters related to marriage, divorce, parent-child relationships, and maintenance obligations. It also addresses issues of guardianship and adoption.5. Book 5: Inheritance Law – This book provides rules for the transmission of property upon death. It covers issues such as valid wills, intestate succession, and inheritance disputes.II. Key Provisions of the German Civil CodeA. Formation of ContractsThe German Civil Code sets out the requirements for the formation of valid contracts. According to Section 145 of the BGB, a contract requires an offer and an acceptance. In addition, certain contracts, such as those involving real estate or consumer transactions, must be in writing to be enforceable.B. Performance and Breach of ContractsThe BGB establishes principles regarding the performance and breach of contracts. Section 241 of the BGB imposes a general duty to perform contracts in good faith. If a party fails to perform its obligations, the other party may be entitled to damages or termination of the contract.C. Property RightsThe German Civil Code provides a framework for the acquisition and protection of property rights. It recognizes the principle of ownership and sets out the rules for the transfer and protection of property. Additionally, the BGB contains provisions on possession, easements, and mortgages.D. Family LawFamily law matters in Germany are governed by the German Civil Code. It regulates marriage, divorce, parent-child relationships, and maintenance obligations. The BGB recognizes marriage as a legally binding contract and provides rules for its formation, annulment, and dissolution.E. Inheritance LawThe German Civil Code also addresses matters related to inheritance. It sets out rules for the creation and revocation of wills, intestate succession, and inheritance disputes. The BGB aims to ensure a fair distribution of assets and protect the rights of heirs.III. ConclusionThe German Civil Code, or Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, is a comprehensive legal code that governs private law matters in Germany. It covers a wide range of topics, including contracts, torts, property, family law, and inheritance. The BGB has played a crucial role in shaping German civil law and continues to provide a framework for resolving legal disputes. Understanding the German Civil Code is essential for anyone involved in legal matters in Germany.。
HS归类总规则
HS归类总规则HS归类总规则(General rules for the interpretation of the Harmonized System)一、规则一（一）条文内容类、章及分章的标题，仅为查找方便而设；具体法律效力的归类，应按品目条文和有关类注或章注确定，如品目、类注或章注无其他规定，按以下规则确定。
（二）规则解释1、“类、章及分章的标题，仅为查找方便而设”（类、章及分章的标题没有法律效力）2、“具有法律效力的归类应按品目条文和有关类注或章注确定”3、“如果按照品目条文、类注或章注无法确定归类，，按以下的其他规则（规则二、三、四、五、六）确定品目的归类。
”在对商品进行归类的时候，如果按品目条文、及相关的章注、类注还无法确定归类的，才依次按规则二、三、四、五、六来归类。
二、规则二（一）条文内容（一）品目所列货物，应视为包括该项货品的不完整品或未制成品，只要在进口或出口时该项不完整品或未制成品具有完整品或制成品的基本特征；还应视为包括该货品的完整品或制成品（或按本款可作为完整品或制成品归类的货品）在进口或出口时的未组装件或拆散件。
（二）品目中所列材料或物质，应视为包括该材料或物质与其他材料或物质混合或组合的物品。
品目所列某种材料或物质构成的货品，应视为包括全部或部分由该种材料或物质构成的货品。
由一种以上材料或物质构成的货品，应按规则三归类。
（二）规则解释规则二（一）：所有列出某一物品的品目范围不仅包括完整的物品，还应扩大到包括：1、不完整品（是否缺少关键部件）例如：缺少电池的笔记本电脑，仍然按照笔记本电脑的基本特征进行归类。
2、未制成品（主要看其是否具有制成品的特征）例如：齿轮毛坯，虽需要进一步加工方可成为制成品，但是已具有制成品的大概形状或轮廓，则可以判断为具有齿轮的基本特征。
3、未组装件或拆散件（尚未组装或已拆散）例如：组装木制家具，为了方便搬运拆开了，也应按家具归类，而不是木板。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
GENERAL RULES FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF THE HARMONIZED SYSTEM
Classification of goods in the Nomenclature shall be governed by the following rules:
1.The titles of Sections, Chapters and sub-Chapters are provided for ease of reference only; for
legal purposes, classification shall be determined according to the terms of the headings and any relative Section or Chapter Notes and provided such headings or Notes do not otherwise require, according to the following provisions.
2.
a)Any reference in a heading to an article shall be taken to include a reference to that
article incomplete or unfinished, provided that, as presented, the incomplete or unfinished
article has the essential character of the complete or finished article. It shall also be taken
to include a reference to that article complete or finished (or falling to be classified as
complete or finished by virtue of this Rule), presented unassembled or disassembled.
b)Any reference in a heading to a material or substance shall be taken to include a reference
to mixtures or combinations of that material or substance with other materials or
substance with other materials or substances. Any reference to goods of a given material
or substance shall be taken to include a reference to goods consisting wholly or partly of
such material or substance. The classification of goods consisting of more than one
material or substance shall be according to the principles of Rule 3.
3.When the application of Rule 2 (b) or for any other reason, goods are, prima facie, classifiable
under two or more headings, classification shall be effected as follows:
a)The heading which provides the most specific description shall be preferred to headings
providing a more general description. However, when two or more headings each refer to
part only of the materials or substances obtained in mixed or composite goods or to part
only of the items in a set put up for retail sale, those headings are to be regarded as
equally specific in relation to those goods, even if one of them gives a more complete or
precise description of the goods.
b)Mixtures, composite goods consisting of different materials or made up of different
components, and goods put up o sets for retail sale, which cannot be classified by
reference to Rule 3 (a), shall be classified as they consisted of the material or component
which gives them their essential character, insofar as this criterion is applicable.
c)When goods cannot be classified by reference to Rule 3 (a) or Rule 3 (b), they shall be
classified under the heading which occurs last in numerical order among those which equally merit consideration.
4.Goods which cannot be classified in accordance with the above Rules shall be classified
under the heading appropriate to the goods to which they are most akin.
5.In addition to the foregoing Rules, the following Rules shall apply in respect of the goods
referred to therein:
a)Camera cases, musical instrument cases, gun cases, drawing instrument cases, necklace
cases and similar containers, specially shaped or fitted to contain a specific article or set of articles, suitable for long-term use and presented with the articles for which they are intended, shall be classified with such articles when of a kind normally sold therewith.
This Rule does not, however, apply to containers which give the whole its essential character;
b)Subject to the provisions of Rule 5 (a) above, packing materials and packing containers
presented with the goods therein shall be classified with the goods if they are of a king normally used for packing such goods. However, this provision is not binding when such packing materials or packing containers are clearly suitable for repetitive use.
6.For legal purpose, the classification of goods in the subheadings of a heading shall be
determined according to the terms of those subheadings and any related Subheading Notes and, mutatis mutandis, to the above Rules, on the understanding that only subheadings at the same level are comparable. For the purpose of this Rule the relative Section and Chapter Notes also apply, unless the context otherwise requires.。