睡眠医学英语编整版
睡眠相关的医学英语杂志
睡眠相关的医学英语杂志
有关睡眠的医学英语杂志有很多,以下是一些主要的睡眠医学
期刊:
1. Sleep Medicine Reviews,这是一本权威的睡眠医学综述期刊,涵盖了睡眠障碍的研究、诊断和治疗方面的最新进展。
2. Journal of Sleep Research,这本期刊专注于睡眠科学领
域的原创研究,包括睡眠生理学、睡眠障碍的病因和治疗等方面。
3. Sleep,这是美国睡眠研究学会出版的官方期刊,涵盖了睡
眠医学领域的各个方面,包括基础研究和临床应用。
4. Sleep Medicine,这本期刊涵盖了睡眠医学领域的临床研究
和实践经验,是睡眠医学领域的重要学术刊物之一。
5. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine,这是一本临床睡眠医学期刊,主要刊载睡眠障碍的诊断、治疗和管理方面的研究成果。
以上期刊都是睡眠医学领域的权威刊物,涵盖了睡眠相关的各
个方面,包括基础研究和临床实践。
阅读这些期刊可以帮助医学从业者了解最新的研究进展和临床实践经验,促进学术交流和专业发展。
医学英语3
英语双语阅读:失眠的诊断及检查Insomnia is more than just being unable to fall asleep. It is a subjective condition of insufficient or nonrestorative sleep despite an adequate opportunity to sleep. The Institute of Medicine and most current studies place the prevalence of insomnia at 30% to 40% in the general adult population. Although the need for sleep does not necessarily decrease with age, the incidence of sleep disturbances appears to increase with age, particularly among women. Actually, the elderly are more prone to sleep maintenance problems, whereas younger people tend to have trouble falling asleep.失眠并不仅仅是无法入睡。
失眠是在有足够睡眠机会时睡眠仍不充分或睡后精力无法恢复的一种主观病症。
美国医学研究院和现有的多数研究都认为,失眠在普通成人中的流行率为30%至40%。
虽然睡眠需要未必随年龄增长而减少,但睡眠障碍的发生率似乎是随年龄而增加的,特别是妇女。
事实上,老年人更容易在睡眠维持方面出问题,而年轻人则往往是难以入睡。
I. Approach. I. 诊断思路:Insomnia represents a symptom of an underlying problem and is not in itself a disease entity. Sleep and alertness are regulated by a complex interaction between the body's internal biologic clocks, the reticular activating system, and various influences such as light or anxiety that can interfere with the normal sleep cycles. The approach to diagnosis should recognize the potential for various causes and use history and special studies to determine the cause of the insomnia.失眠是某种潜在疾病的一种症状,失眠本身并不是一种病质。
睡眠医学介绍
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睡眠医学介绍
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《失眠症英文版》课件
Identifying and managing risk factors: Identifying and managing risk factors for Indonesia can help prevent recurrence This includes addressing teachers in life, improving lifestyle habits, and seeking treatment for any underlying conditions that may contribute to Indonesia
Effects
Daytime fatigue, lake of energy, concentration disorders, memory problems, and mood changes, such as anxiety and depression
The causes of Indonesia can be diverse, including physical, psychological, environmental, and behavioral factors
Questions naires
01
Sleep questions naires, such as the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), can be used to assess the severity and impact of Insomnia
Sleep diaries
Etiology
Age (older adults), gender (female), genetic predisposition, chronic diseases, mental illness, lifestyle habits (smoking, alcohol consumption), and environmental noise are some of the risk factors for Indonesia
睡眠心理科 英语
睡眠心理科英语《The Psychology of Sleep》Have you ever wondered why we need to sleep? Or why some people have trouble sleeping while others can doze off easily? The psychology of sleep aims to answer these questions and many more.Sleep is a complex behavior that is influenced by physiological, psychological, and environmental factors. The study of sleep psychology seeks to understand the cognitive processes involved in sleep, as well as the emotional and behavioral consequences of sleep disturbances.One of the fundamental theories in sleep psychology is the concept of the sleep-wake cycle, which is regulated by the body's internal clock, known as the circadian rhythm. This rhythm dictates when we feel alert or sleepy and is influenced by external cues such as light and temperature.Another important aspect of sleep psychology is the study of sleep disorders, such as insomnia, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy. These conditions can have a significant impact on a person's mental and physical well-being, and understanding the psychological factors that contribute to these disorders is crucial for developing effective treatments.In addition to studying the biological and behavioral aspects of sleep, sleep psychology also explores the cognitive processes involved in dreaming. Dreams have long been a source of fascination and intrigue, and research in this area seeks to uncover the meaning and function of these subconscious experiences.The psychology of sleep is a diverse and fascinating field that encompasses a wide range of topics, from the basic mechanisms of sleep to the impact of sleep on mental health and well-being. By gaining a better understanding of the psychological factors that influence sleep, researchers hope to develop more effective interventions for improving sleep quality and addressing sleep disorders.。
sleeping sickness英文介绍
sleeping sickness英文介绍Sleeping sickness, also known as African trypanosomiasis, is a parasitic disease that is spread by the tsetse fly. It is found in sub-Saharan Africa and can be fatal if left untreated.The disease has two phases: an early stage and a late stage. In the early stage, symptoms can include fever, headache, joint pain, itching, and swollen lymph nodes. These symptoms can last for weeks or months before progressing to the late stage.In the late stage of sleeping sickness, the parasite has invaded the central nervous system and can cause neurological symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and difficulty walking or talking. This can lead to a coma and eventually death if left untreated.Diagnosis of sleeping sickness involves testing blood or cerebrospinal fluid for the presence of the parasite. Treatment typically involves medication to kill the parasite and manage symptoms. However, treatment options are limited and can have significant side effects.Prevention of sleeping sickness involves avoiding contact with tsetse flies by wearing protective clothing and using insect repellent. Additionally, efforts are being made to control tsetse fly populations through insecticide use and clearing vegetation where they breed.Despite efforts to control sleeping sickness, it remains asignificant public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa. The World Health Organization estimates that there were over 9000 cases reported in 2018 alone.译文:睡眠病,也称为非洲锥虫病,是一种由范蝇传播的寄生虫疾病。
睡眠宣传英语作文
睡眠宣传英语作文Sleep is a fundamental aspect of human life, and its importance cannot be overstated. It is a natural process that allows our bodies and minds to rest, recharge, and rejuvenate. However, in today'sfast-paced world, many individuals struggle to prioritize and maintain a healthy sleep routine. This essay aims to shed light on the significance of sleep and the benefits it can bring to our overall well-being.Firstly, sleep plays a crucial role in our physical health. During sleep, our bodies undergo a series of restorative processes that are essential for growth, repair, and maintenance. The human body utilizes this time to replenish energy reserves, regulate hormones, and strengthen the immune system. Adequate sleep has been linked to a reduced risk of chronic illnesses such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. Additionally, sleep deprivation can lead to a host of physical problems, including weakened immune function, increased inflammation, and impaired cognitive function.Moreover, the impact of sleep on our mental health cannot be overlooked. Sleep is essential for cognitive function, mood regulation, and emotional well-being. During sleep, the brain consolidatesmemories, processes information, and engages in problem-solving activities. Adequate sleep has been shown to improve focus, attention, and decision-making abilities. Conversely, sleep deprivation can contribute to the development of mental health disorders, such as depression and anxiety, as well as exacerbate existing conditions.In the context of work and productivity, sleep plays a crucial role in our ability to perform at our best. Well-rested individuals tend to be more alert, focused, and creative, leading to increased productivity and better decision-making. Numerous studies have demonstrated that sleep-deprived workers are more prone to making mistakes, experiencing reduced cognitive function, and exhibiting decreased motivation and engagement. Investing in proper sleep habits can therefore lead to significant benefits for both employees and employers.Furthermore, the impact of sleep extends beyond the individual and can have profound implications for society as a whole. Lack of sleep has been linked to increased risk-taking behavior, impaired judgment, and decreased safety on the roads. Drowsy driving, for instance, is a major contributor to motor vehicle accidents, leading to significant personal and societal costs. By promoting healthy sleep habits, we can contribute to safer communities and reduce the burden on healthcare systems.In conclusion, the importance of sleep cannot be overstated. It is a fundamental aspect of human health and well-being, with far-reaching implications for our physical, mental, and cognitive function. By prioritizing sleep and implementing strategies to improve sleep quality, individuals can unlock a host of benefits that can positively impact their personal and professional lives, as well as the broader community. It is time to recognize the value of sleep and make it a priority in our daily lives.。
失眠症的定义和分类的英语作文
失眠症的定义和分类的英语作文Insomnia, simply put, is the inability to sleep well or getting enough restful sleep. It's not just about not being able to fall asleep at night, but it can also include waking up frequently, having trouble staying asleep, or feeling unrested after waking up.When it comes to the classification of insomnia, there are a few main types. The first is acute insomnia, which is usually temporary and can be caused by stress, jet lag, or a big life event. It often goes away once the triggering situation improves.Another type is chronic insomnia, which is when you have trouble sleeping for a longer period of time, usually at least three nights a week for three months or more. This can be due to a variety of reasons, like anxiety, depression, or even certain medical conditions.And then there's also sleep maintenance insomnia, whereyou may fall asleep easily but wake up frequently during the night. This can lead to feeling tired and groggy the next day, even if you seem to have slept for a decent amount of time.Behavioral insomnia is another category, where the person's behaviors or habits keep them from getting a good night's sleep. This might.。
健康睡眠英语作文要每天重整大脑与身体健康,我们能做的最有效的
健康睡眠英语作文要每天重整大脑与身体健康,我们能做的最有效的Do you know the harm of sleeping in class? The importance of sleep? Modern life has brought a lot of responsibilities and worries. People don't care about a good sleep. Some people think that sleep is a waste of time.Others want to sleep better. But I think sleep is so important for people's health. Good sleep is essential for physical, mental and mental health.We sleep a third of our lives. It is only during sleep that mental and physical functions are restored and the body is ready for the next day. Poor sleep in the vast majority of people can cause serious health problems.Poor sleep can lead to memory loss, depression and difficulty in concentrating in adults. Insufficient sleep affects the ability to assess risks and make decisions. Children also affect the ability to sleep late and affect the release of growth hormone Let go, make children more irritable, and their ability to concentrate in school will decrease.When we don't sleep well for a long time, our body will have physiological changes, which may be related to obesity and diabetes. Adjust your schedule so you can sleep more and better remember that sleep time before midnight is essential for a good rest.中文翻译:你知道上课睡觉得危害吗睡眠的重要性现代生活带来了很多责任和担忧,人们不太在乎睡个好觉有些人认为睡眠是浪费时间其他人想睡得更好,但我认为睡眠对人的健康是如此重要。
嗜睡的医学英语
嗜睡的医学英语Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a common complaint in medical practice, affecting a significant portion of the population. It can have a profound impact on an individual's quality of life, productivity, and overall health. Understanding the causes and consequences of EDS is crucial for effective management and treatment.One of the primary causes of EDS is sleep deprivation. In today's fast-paced world, many people sacrifice sleep in favor of work, social activities, or entertainment. This chronic sleep deprivation can lead to a sleep debt that accumulates over time, resulting in daytime sleepiness. It is important to prioritize sleep and ensure that you are getting an adequate amount each night to prevent EDS.Another common cause of EDS is sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and restless leg syndrome. These disorders can disrupt the normal sleep cycle, leading to fragmented or poor-quality sleep. Individuals with these conditions often experience excessive daytime sleepiness as a result. It is important to seek medical evaluation if you suspect you may have a sleep disorder, as proper diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve your symptoms.Certain lifestyle factors can also contribute to EDS. Poor sleep hygiene, such as irregular sleep schedules, excessive caffeine intake, and exposure to electronic devices before bed, can all negatively impact sleep quality and lead to daytime sleepiness. Making simple changes to improve your sleep habits, such as establishing a regular bedtime routine and creating a comfortable sleep environment, can help alleviate EDS.In addition to the causes of EDS, it is important to consider the consequences. Excessive daytime sleepiness can impair cognitive function, memory, and decision-making abilities. It can also increase the risk of accidents, both at work and while driving. Chronic EDS has been linked to a variety of health problems, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Addressing EDS early on is essential to prevent these negative outcomes.Treatment for EDS depends on the underlying cause. For individuals with sleep deprivation, improving sleep habits and prioritizing rest is key. Those with sleep disorders may benefit from medications, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, or other interventions. Lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise and stress management, can also help improve sleep quality and reduce daytime sleepiness.In conclusion, excessive daytime sleepiness is a common and potentially serious issue that can have far-reaching consequences. By understanding the causes and consequences of EDS, individuals can take steps to improve their sleep quality and overall health. Prioritizing sleep, seeking medical evaluation for sleep disorders, and making lifestyle changes can all help alleviate daytime sleepiness and improve quality of life.。
英文作文睡眠对健康的重要性附中文翻译
英文写作睡眠对健康的重要性带中文翻译Sleep is important for maintaining good health. Adequate sleep is crucial for both physical and mental well-being. Here are several aspects highlighting the importance of sleep to our health:1. Providing ample energy: Sleep is an important way for the body to restore and replenish energy. During sleep, the body undergoes cell repair and protein synthesis to recover from fatigue and damage. Lack of sufficient sleep can result in insufficient energy, affecting daily activities and work efficiency.2. Supporting the immune system: Adequate sleep is essential for the normal functioning of the immune system. Sleep deprivation lowers immunity and increases the risk of infections and diseases. During sleep, the body releases cytokines to combat pathogens, enhancing the response of the immune system.3. Enhancing cognitive function: Sleep has a positive impact on cognitive function. Sufficient sleep improves learning ability, memory, and attention. During sleep, the brain consolidates information and strengthens memory, helping us process and retain knowledge effectively.4. Maintaining mental health: Poor sleep habits are closely associated with mental health issues. Lack of sleep or poor sleep quality can lead to anxiety, depression, and mood swings. Sufficient sleep can help reduce stress, enhance emotional stability, and promote mental well-being.In conclusion, adequate sleep is vital for both physical and mental health. We should prioritize sleep and take appropriate measures to obtain good sleep quality. It has a positive impact on our overall health and quality of life.中文翻译为:睡眠是维持身体健康的重要因素之一。
失眠症的定义和分类的作文英语
失眠症的定义和分类的作文英语Insomnia: Definition, Classification, and Its Impact on Our Lives.Insomnia, a common sleep disorder, is often characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early. This condition can lead to a decrease in sleep quality and quantity, affecting our physical and mental well-being. In this article, we will explore the definition, classification, and impact of insomnia on our lives.Definition of Insomnia.Insomnia is a sleep disorder that involves difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early, despite having an adequate opportunity to sleep. It can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) and can be caused by various factors such as stress, anxiety, depression, chronic pain, and medication use. Insomnia can lead todaytime fatigue, difficulty concentrating, mood disturbances, and a decrease in overall well-being.Classification of Insomnia.There are three main types of insomnia: primary, secondary, and sleep-wake disorder of circadian rhythm.Primary insomnia, also known as idiopathic insomnia, is characterized by difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep without any identifiable cause. It is often associated with psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, and depression. Primary insomnia is typically chronic and can last for months or even years.Secondary insomnia, on the other hand, is caused by an underlying medical condition or medication use. It can be triggered by a variety of factors including chronic pain, respiratory problems, cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, and certain medications. The treatment of secondary insomnia typically involves addressing the underlying condition or changing the medication.Sleep-wake disorder of circadian rhythm, also known as circadian rhythm sleep disorder, is a type of insomnia that is caused by misalignment between the internal biological clock and the external environment. This can lead to difficulty falling asleep at night and waking up early in the morning, even though the person may have had enough sleep. Shift workers, jet lag, and individuals with delayed sleep phase syndrome are common examples of this type of insomnia.Impact of Insomnia on Our Lives.Insomnia can have a profound impact on our lives, affecting our physical and mental well-being. Lack of sleep can lead to daytime fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and a decrease in cognitive function. This can affect our performance at work, school, and in social situations.Moreover, insomnia can also lead to mood disturbances such as anxiety and depression. The lack of sleep canaffect our brain's ability to regulate emotions, leading tofeelings of irritability, stress, and anxiety. This can further exacerbate the insomnia, creating a vicious cycle that is difficult to break.In addition, chronic insomnia can also lead to physical health problems such as heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity. The lack of sleep can affect our body's ability to regulate metabolism, leading to increased appetite and weight gain. It can also affect our immune system, making us more susceptible to infections and chronic diseases.Conclusion.Insomnia is a common sleep disorder that can have a profound impact on our lives. It can lead to daytime fatigue, mood disturbances, and physical health problems, affecting our performance at work, school, and in social situations. Understanding the definition, classification, and impact of insomnia is crucial for seeking effective treatment and improving our overall well-being. If you are experiencing symptoms of insomnia, it is important to seekprofessional help to address the underlying causes and find suitable treatment options.。
医学英语睡眠Chapter 3_Sleep and Its Health Impact
《当代医学· 英语综合教程 II—关注健康》
Chapter 3
5. Lack of a good amount of sleep can lead to __________. A. sleep apnea B. mental inabilities C. physical inabilities D. serious car accidents
4. These experiments show ___________ conclusively the connection between smoking and cancer. 5. It was such a hot night that he had a cold refresh himself. shower to _________ 6. Restaurants may be closed down if they fail to keep up to minimum standards of __________. hygiene
《当代医学· 英语综合教程 II—关注健康》
Chapter 3
Asking, Listening and Watching
A. Write down three questions on the topic which you find interesting to explore.
1. ________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________
《当代医学· 英语综合教程 II—关注健康》
失眠症(insomnia)PPT英文版
Insomnia refers to lack of sleep or poor quality of sleep, which causes fatigue(疲劳) or discomfort, such as inattention, weakness, poor alertness, low spirit, headache and tension.
The etiology(病因) of insomnia
1. Environmental cause: the sudden change of sleep environment; 2. Life style: bad living habits, such as drinking tea, coffee or alcohol before sleep; 3. Emotional state: extraordinary exciting or sad, or nervous, angry, depressed; 4. Health condition: like physical discomfort, sickness; 5. Withdrawal reaction of sleeping pills and alcoholic; 6. Drugs: like anti-cancer drugs, antiepileptic drugs(抗癫痫药), thyroid preparations(甲状腺制剂),central stimulant(中 枢性兴奋剂) and so on.
Consequence of insomnia
1, amnesia (健忘): means be forgetful; 2, acceleration of forgetting rate; 3, feeling listless(无精打采的); 4,being absent-minded.
介绍睡眠科普英文作文
介绍睡眠科普英文作文英文:Sleep is an essential part of our daily routine, and it plays a significant role in maintaining our physical and mental health. In this article, I will provide some basic knowledge about sleep and its importance.Firstly, let's talk about the stages of sleep. There are five stages of sleep, and they are divided into two categories: Non-REM (NREM) and REM sleep. NREM sleep has three stages, and it is the stage where our body restores and repairs itself. REM sleep is the stage where our brain is highly active, and it is the stage where we dream.Secondly, let's discuss the importance of sleep. Sleep helps us to maintain a healthy immune system, improve our memory, and reduce stress. Lack of sleep can lead to various health problems, such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.Lastly, let me share some tips on how to improve our sleep quality. Firstly, we should establish a regular sleep schedule and stick to it. Secondly, we should create asleep-conducive environment, such as keeping the room dark and quiet. Thirdly, we should avoid caffeine and alcohol before bedtime.In conclusion, sleep is essential for our physical and mental health. We should prioritize our sleep and takesteps to improve our sleep quality.中文:睡眠是我们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分,它在维护我们的身体和心理健康方面起着重要作用。
健康睡眠英语作文
健康睡眠英语作文Title: The Importance of Healthy Sleep Habits。
Sleep is a fundamental component of human health, influencing nearly every aspect of our well-being. Despite its significance, many people struggle to maintain healthy sleep habits. This essay explores the importance of sleep, the consequences of sleep deprivation, and strategies to improve sleep quality.## The Importance of Sleep。
Sleep plays a crucial role in physical health,cognitive function, and emotional well-being. During sleep, the body undergoes essential processes, such as tissue growth and repair, memory consolidation, and the regulation of hormones that control appetite and stress. Adequate sleep is also linked to a strong immune system, reducing the risk of illness and chronic conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and obesity.From a cognitive perspective, sleep is essential for learning and memory. It is during the REM (rapid eye movement) stage of sleep that the brain processes and organizes information from the day. This process allows for improved problem-solving skills, creativity, and emotional resilience. Conversely, sleep deprivation can lead to decreased concentration, impaired judgment, and increased irritability.## Consequences of Sleep Deprivation。
睡眠英语作文
睡眠英语作文Sleep is a vital part of our daily routine, and it plays a crucial role in maintaining our physical and mental health. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of sleep, its effects on our well-being, and some tips for improving sleep quality.Firstly, sleep is essential for the body's recovery and rejuvenation. During sleep, the body repairs tissues, builds bone and muscle, and strengthens the immune system. This is why getting enough sleep is crucial for athletes and those recovering from illness or injury.Secondly, sleep is vital for cognitive functions such as learning, memory, and problem-solving. Studies have shownthat adequate sleep enhances memory consolidation, which is the process of transferring information from short-term to long-term memory. This is particularly important for students who need to retain large amounts of information.However, in today's fast-paced world, many people struggle with getting enough sleep. Here are some tips for improving sleep quality:1. Establish a Regular Sleep Schedule: Going to bed and waking up at the same time every day can help regulate your body's internal clock.2. Create a Sleep-Inducing Environment: Keep your bedroom dark, quiet, and cool. Consider using earplugs, an eye mask, or a white noise machine if needed.3. Limit Exposure to Screens Before Bed: The blue light emitted by phones, tablets, computers, and TVs can interfere with your ability to fall asleep.4. Avoid Stimulants: Caffeine and nicotine can disrupt sleep, so it's best to avoid them close to bedtime.5. Incorporate Physical Activity: Regular exercise can help you fall asleep faster and enjoy deeper sleep.6. Manage Worries: Stress and anxiety can lead to sleep problems. Consider relaxation techniques such as meditation, deep breathing, or yoga to help calm your mind before bed.In conclusion, sleep is not just a break from our daily activities; it is a critical component of our overall health and well-being. By prioritizing sleep and making conscious efforts to improve sleep hygiene, we can enhance our quality of life and ensure that we are at our best both physically and mentally.。
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Actigraph活动记录器测量活动量之仪器。
见actigraphy。
Actigraphy (actometry) 活动记录检查由于「睡眠-清醒」周期(sleep-wakefulness cycle) 和「休息-活动」周期(rest-activity cycle) 有近乎一对一的相关性,且活动量变化和各睡眠分期(sleep stage) 中的肌肉张力(muscle tone) 变化也有相关,研究者因而发展出一些测量活动量的方法以间接测量「睡眠-清醒」状态。
其中之一较为广泛应用的技术为活动记录,其以加速度传感器感应动作变化,进而量化并储存该项数据。
具感测、量化处理、储存等三部份装置的活动记录器(actigraph) 体积大小相当于一只男用手表,其配装表带后可以配带于手腕。
活动记录器所记录储存的数据可达数天至数周甚至数月,因此比以脑波测量为主的多频道睡眠记录仪(polysomnograph) 更适宜长期监测「休息-活动」周期之用。
参考文献:Kripke DF et al. Wrist actigraph measures of sleep and rhythms. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1978;44:674-8.Activation-synthesis hypothesis 「活化─整合」假说、「活化─合成」假说由美国睡眠研究学者J. A. Hobson及R. W. McCarley于公元1977年所提出之理论,用以解释梦的形成。
根据「活化─整合」假说,梦的出现与特征是快速动眼睡眠(rapid-eye-movement sleep, REM sleep) 状态时生理运作的产物。
当快速动眼睡眠由桥脑(pons) 活化所启动时,和意识有关的大脑网络接受桥脑刺激讯号也呈现活化状态,因而大脑将这些由下而上的刺激讯号混合整理后即为梦的展现。
由于此时大脑的活化是处于被动型式且讯息来源为随机、封闭(由桥脑产生) ,因此缺乏清醒状态时的自觉及反省,展现于梦境内容也因而有怪异、不合逻辑的特性。
参考文献Hobson JA, McCarley RW. The brain as a dream state generator: An activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process. Am J Psychiat 1977;134:1335-48.Active sleep 动态睡眠由于胎儿和新生儿的脑波活动不成熟,且缺乏成年人在清醒及睡眠状态的脑波特征,因此胎儿和新生儿的似快速动眼睡眠(rapid-eye-movement sleep, REM sleep) 状态,以此称之。
Adjustment Sleep Disorder 适应性睡眠障碍因短期的压力事件、情境冲突、或者环境改变造成暂时性的睡眠困扰,又称为暂时性失眠(transient insomnia) 。
国际睡眠障碍分类(The International Classification of Sleep Disorders) 将此睡眠障碍编排在睡眠异常(dyssomnias) 类─外因性睡眠障碍(extrinsic sleep disorders) 项目下。
Advanced sleep phase syndrome睡眠相位前移症候群、睡眠时间前移症候群、睡眠期提前症候群、提前睡眠期症候群实际入睡时间及醒来时间分别比期望的上床时间及起床时间为早的睡眠障碍。
国际睡眠障碍分类(The International Classification of Sleep Disorders) 将此睡眠障碍编排在睡眠异常(dyssomnias) 类─日夜节律睡眠障碍(circadian rhythm sleep disorders) 项目下。
Alertness 警觉度(1) 个体对于外界刺激持续注意以便立即反应的程度。
同vigilance。
(2) 维持清醒的程度,和嗜睡度(sleepiness) 有高度的负相关性,然而俩者是否为同一向度的两端或为两不同的向度目前并不清楚。
睡眠实验室常以清醒度维持测试(maintenance of wakefulness test) 进行清醒度的测量。
Alpha-delta sleep alpha-delta睡眠Alpha波指脑波中8-13 Hz (次/秒) 的波动,一般于闭眼、放松的清醒状态及初入睡阶段时的脑波会呈现有较多的alpha波。
当个体处于Delta睡眠时,脑波呈现较多频率范围在0.5-2 Hz且波幅超过75mV的波动,此睡眠期又称慢波睡眠(slow wave sleep) ,是较为深沉的睡眠状态。
一般在深沉的慢波睡眠中,脑波呈现甚少的alpha波;但有些人却在此睡眠期(sleep stage) 中同时呈现alpha波和delta波,这些人在其它睡眠期如快速动眼睡眠(rapid-eye-movement sleep, REM sleep) 中,其脑波也可能同时呈现许多的alpha波。
Alpha rhythm, alpha wave (s) Alpha节律,Alpha波脑波中8-12 Hz 的波动,一般于闭眼、放松的清醒状态及初入睡阶段时的脑波会呈现有较多的alpha波。
相对于大脑枕叶(occipital lobe) 位置的头皮脑波记录电极,可获得最强的alpha波。
Altitute insomnia 高海拔失眠症初至高海拔(离海平面4千公尺以上) 地区引发的短期失眠困扰,通常伴随头痛、疲倦、食欲下降等现象。
国际睡眠障碍分类(The International Classification of Sleep Disorders) 将此睡眠障碍编排在睡眠异常(dyssomnias) 类─外因性睡眠障碍(extrinsic sleep disorders) 项目下。
Ambulatory monitoring 携带式监测、可移动式监测可携带的生理或行为监测方式,例如活动记录器(actigraph) 、携带式24小时心跳记录器(Holter EKG) 、携带式多频道睡眠记录仪(ambulatory polysomnograph) 等。
相较于不可携带的仪器,携带式监测器的优点在于被监测者的行为不受限制、记录空间也不受限,例如受测者可以携带该监测器回家进行测量。
Apnea 呼吸暂停、呼吸中止指呼吸暂时停止历时10秒或10秒以上。
根据呼吸道气流(airflow) 与呼吸肌收缩之有无,可分类为:(1) 阻塞性(obstructive) ,(2) 中枢性(central) ,(3) 混合性(mixed) 三种。
Arousal觉醒、扰醒泛指生理或心理的亢奋程度。
在睡眠中也特别用以指称生物体由睡眠的深层状态(deep sleep) 转变为浅层睡眠(light sleep) 或清醒状态(waking) 。
Arousal disorders 觉醒障碍、扰醒障碍睡眠中呈现觉醒状态,为国际睡眠障碍分类(The International Classification of Sleep Disorders) 中异睡症(parasomnias) 类的项目之一。
Automatic behavior 自动化行为个体执行习惯或例行性动作时,如开车、打字,却无自觉于也不记得正在从事的行为。
当个体处于睡眠不足导致的日间嗜睡(daytime sleepiness) 时,常易有自动化行为的现象发生,也因而易有意外事故的发生,如偏离车道却不自觉而导致的车祸。
Barbiturates 巴比妥盐类二十世纪初开始盛行的安眠、抗痉挛及麻醉药物。
巴比妥盐类药物会促进脑波中纺锤波(spindle wave) 的呈现但抑制快速动眼睡眠(rapid-eye-movement sleep, REM sleep) 。
由于巴比妥盐类药物使用不当易过量致昏迷甚至死亡,特别是与酒精一起服用时更易过量,且服用巴比妥盐类药物易产生耐受性(tolerance) 及依赖性(dependence) 问题,自1960s年代苯二氮平类药物 (benzodiazepines) 发展后,已少做为镇静安眠的用途。
Basic rest-activity cycle (BRAC) 基本「休息-活动」周期成年人清醒时的基本「休息─活动」周期约为90分钟,睡眠时「非快速动眼─快速动眼」睡眠周期 (NREM-REM sleep cycle) 也约为90分钟。
Bedtime 上床时间睡眠记录中指关灯躺床,开始试图入睡的时间。
Behavioral sleep 行为定义之睡眠符合睡眠行为特征的状态。
睡眠行为特征包括不动或动作变缓、反应力变差、寻求特定的栖息处、长时间睡眠剥夺后睡眠时间延长等。
Behavioral Sleep Medicine行为睡眠医学睡眠医学的一个分枝,主要在于以行为科学的理论及方法来了解、预防、诊断以及治疗睡眠障碍。
Bell-and-pad method 「警铃─尿垫法」应用于改善尿床(bedwetting) 的行为制约(conditioning) 方法。
每当尿液一排出随即引发铃响吵醒尿床者起床;经由多次练习后,尿床频率将显著下降。
Benzodiazepines 苯二氮平类药物、安息香重氮类安眠药、苯二氮泮类、苯二氮、苯二酚使用于镇静安眠、抗焦虑、抗痉挛、及肌肉放松的药物。
此药物作用于体内的benzodiazepine接受器(receptor) ,促进GABA接受器的神经抑制作用。
Biofeedback 生理回馈为行为治疗的一种,利用仪器记录个体无法直接知觉的生理活动状态(如心跳速率、血压、体温、肌肉张力等) ,再以声音或视觉等方式回馈给个体,以训练个体控制本身生理活动状态的能力。
Biological Rhythms 生物节律生物体的生理或行为运作呈现与时间相关周而复始的变化,每一次周而复始所需的时间长度称为周期(period) 。
周期长度短至数秒如呼吸、心跳数或长至一天如睡眠甚至一年如候鸟南飞等现象皆为生物节律的的展现。
Biparietal hump 颅顶尖波见vertex sharp。
Cataplexy 猝倒当有强烈情绪刺激,如暴笑或生气时,会突然丧失肌肉张力,或头向前垂落,双膝跪地或跌落地上等,但患者神智清醒。
发作时间介于数秒到2分钟之间。
可见于猝睡症(narcolepsy) 之病患。
Central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome中枢性肺泡通气不足症候群、中枢性肺泡换气不足症候群为一种中枢性睡眠呼吸障碍,因睡眠时肺泡通气量(alveolar ventilation) 不足导致动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2) 增加及氧气饱和度下降(oxygen desaturation) 。