Policy Research (China)
10.2005年北京新九州考博英语强化班讲义参考答案
2005年考博英语辅导讲义参考答案听力原稿和翻译1．一个艺术家通过作品表现自己的内心感受。
(1)An artist reveals his innermost feelings through his works,(2)An artist uses his works to convey his inner feelings.(3)An artist uses his works as a vehicle for the expression of his sentiments.2.我国的一项基本国策是发展乡镇企业。
(1)It is part and parcel of our national policy to develop enterprises in villages and towns.(2)It is an integral part of our national policy to promote the growth of township and village enterprises.3.我们要根据形势的发展来调整政策。
(1)We must make adjustments in our policy in response to changes in the situation.(2)We have to adjust our policy according to the changing situation.4．我们必须合理利用现有资源促进我国的经济发展。
(1)We must promote the economic development of our county by making sensible use of the resourcesnow available to us.(2)The economic growth of our county must rely on sensible utilization of available resources.5．他利用业余时间学习英语。
基于LDA模型与政策工具的中国数据主权政策研究
政策与管理研究Policy & Management Research引用格式：乔晗, 徐君如. 基于LDA模型与政策工具的中国数据主权政策研究. 中国科学院院刊, 2024, 39(3): 498-508, doi: 10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.20231115001.Qiao H, Xu J R. Research on Chinese data sovereignty policy based on LDA model and policy instruments. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2024, 39(3): 498-508, doi: 10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.20231115001. (in Chinese)基于LDA模型与政策工具的中国数据主权政策研究乔晗*徐君如1 中国科学院大学经济与管理学院北京1001902 中国科学院大学数字经济监测预测预警与政策仿真教育部哲学社会科学实验室（培育）北京100190摘要在数字经济发展与总体国家安全观的双重时代背景下，数据主权已成为国家主权的重要组成部分。
各主要国家和地区积极开展数据主权战略部署，在数据资源、数据技术和数据规则方面展开激烈竞争与博弈。
文章采用政策文本分析方法研究我国数据主权政策，运用LDA（Latent Dirichlet Allocation）主题模型和政策工具量化分析中国数据主权政策的过程演化、主题特征，并综合考虑全球数据主权态势，提出4条政策建议：积极主导和参与国际规则制定；优化数据出境安全评估流程；完善个人信息出境标准合同模版；强化数据安全法治保障。
关键词数据主权，数据安全，政策工具，LDA模型DOI10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.20231115001CSTR32128.14.CASbulletin.20231115001数据主权是指一个国家对其政权管辖范围内的网络设施、数据主体、数据行为和数据资源及相关数据产品具有生成、传播、管理、控制、利用和保护的主导权[1-3]，其正在成为数字时代国家主权的重要组成部分。
北大考研-光华管理学院研究生导师简介-路江涌
教育背景 2004 香港大学商学院 经济学与企业战略 博士
2000 财政部财政科学研究所 会计学 硕士
1995
河南财经学院 财政学 学士
爱考机构 中国高端考研第一品牌（保过 保录 限额）
职业经历 2009 至今 北京大学光华管理学院战略管理系副教授
2006-2009 清华大学经济管理学院企业战略与政策系助理教授
2005-2006 清华大学中国与世界经济研究中心研究员
最近五年研究成果（2009 至今）
PeerReviewedEnglishJournalPapers GlobalStrategyandInternationalEconomics
JiangyongLu,YiLu,andZhigangTao,(2013), “PureExporters:TheoryandEvidence”,WorldEconomy,(forthcoming).
Bai,Chong-En,JiangyongLu,andZhigangTao,(2009),
“HowDoesPrivatizationWorkinChina?”,JournalofComparativeEconomics,37,3,453-470(SSCI).
Lu,JiangyongandZhigangTao(2009),
爱考机构 中国高端考研第一品牌（保过 保录 限额）
ationalsinSino-ForeignJointVentures,ChinaEconomicReview,21,4,629-638.(SSCI) Lu,Jiangyong,YiLu,andZhigangTao,(2010), “ExportingBehaviorofForeignAffiliates:TheoryandEvidence”,JournalofInternationalEconomics,8 1(3)，197-205.(SSCI) GeraldYongGao,JanetMurray,MasaakiKotabe,andJiangyongLu,(2010) “ A'StrategyTripod'PerspectiveonExportBehaviors:EvidencefromFirmsBasedinanEmergingEcono my”,JournalofInternationalBusinessStudies,41,3,377-396(SSCI,FT40). Lu,Jiangyong,BinXu,andXiaohuiLiu,(2009), “ TheEffectsofCorporateGovernanceandInstitutionsonExportBehavior:EvidencefromChineseListe dFirms”,ManagementInternationalReview,49,4,455-478(SSCI,FT40). Xu,BinandJiangyongLu(2009), “ ForeignDirectInvestment,ProcessingTrade,andChina ’ sExportSophistication”,ChinaEconomicReview,20,3,425-439(SSCI).
中国石油集团公司对外名称系列英文翻译
一、公司领导职务英文翻译集团公司：China National PetroleumCorporation总经理：President副总经理：Vice President总会计师：Chief Financial Officer纪检组长：Chief of Discipline&Inspection Group、Vice President总经理助理：Assistant President总法律顾问：General Counsel副总会计师：Deputy Chief Financial Officer副总经济师：Deputy Chief Economist副总工程师：Deputy Chief Engineer股份公司：PetroChina Company Limited董事长：Chairman,Board of Directors副董事长：Vice Chairman,Board of Directors董事：Director,Board of Directors监事会主席：Chairman,Board of Supervisors总裁：President副总裁：Vice President财务总监：Chief Financial Officer总工程师：Chief Engineer总地质师：Chief Geologist董事会秘书：Secretary,Board of Directors二、机关部门及处室职务英文翻译机关部门职务：1办公厅、直属党委、××办公室、××部、××局：主任（总经理）：Director-General副主任（副总经理）：Deputy Director-General副总工程师：Deputy Chief Engineer副总经济师：Deputy Chief Economist副总会计师：Deputy Chief Accountant副总审计师：Deputy Chief Auditor2、专业公司：总经理：President副总经理：Vice President总工程师：Chief Engineer总经济师：Chief Economist总地质师：Chief Geologist总会计师：Chief Financial Officer3、董事会助理秘书：Assistant Secretary,Board of Directors纪委书记Secretary,Disciplinary Inspection工会主席Chairman,Worker’s Union4、处室主任、处长：Director副主任、副处长：Deputy Director二、下属子公司、分公司职务：总经理：President副总经理：Vice President（副）总工程师：(Deputy)Chief Engineer（副）总经济师：(Deputy)Chief Economist（副）总地质师：(Deputy)Chief Geologist（副）总会计师：(Deputy)Chief Accountant处室、处级办公室：Department处室主任、处长：Director副主任、副处长：Deputy Director科室：Division；科长：Chief；副科长：Deputy Chief三、机关部门及处室名称英文翻译。
中英文会议手册(定稿版)
目录一、温馨提示………………………………………………第 1页二、会议日程………………………………………………第 8页三、会议议程………………………………………………第 9页四、参观考察 (16)五、会议筹备小组 (18)六、贵州师范大学简介 (20)七、中共贵州省委政策研究室简介 (27)八、贵州省扶贫开发办公室简介 (30)九、贵州师范大学喀斯特生态文明研究中心简介 (36)CONTENTS1.Warm Reminder (4)2.Conference Schedule (8)3.Conference Agenda (12)4.Schedule for the Inspection (17)5.Conference Organizing Committee (19)6. A Brief Introduction to Guizhou Normal University (23)7.A Brief Introduction to Office of Poverty Alleviation andDevelopment of Guizhou Province (28)8. A Brief Introduction to Office of Poverty Alleviation and Development of Guizhou Province (32)9.A Brief Introduction to Institute for Ecological Civilization ofKarst Areas of Guizhou Normal University (37)温馨提示尊敬的各位领导、专家：您好！欢迎您在炎炎夏日来到“中国避暑之都”——贵阳，参加贵州师范大学、中共贵州省委政策研究室、贵州省扶贫开发办公室联合举办的“中国西南喀斯特地区反贫困国际学术研讨会”。
为保证会议顺利进行，请您阅读以下内容：1、酒店与交通您入住的是贵州饭店（贵州省最大的具有国际四星级标准的涉外饭店），贵阳市北京路66号。
《中国官僚政治研究》(节选)汉译英翻译实践报告
《中国官僚政治研究》(节选)汉译英翻译实践报告Chinese Bureaucratic Politics ResearchRecently I read a book, 《Chinese Bureaucratic Politics Research》. This book analyses the characteristics of China's administrative system and its main components, refinement of its basic theory and tasks, as well as its impact on social development and its reforms.The book firstly introduce the relationship between power struggle, ideological consensus and the path of reform in political science field, then explores the process from consensus externalization in the policy-making process. It further pointed out that, in the course of reform, some factors may become an obstruction to the successful implementation, such as alienation and problem shifting.The core of China's modern bureaucratic politics research is the analysis of the interaction and balance between the bureaucracy and other social forces, as well as the distribution of the right to speak power in the process of decision-making and reform. Through the comparison between the Chinese system and other systems, the book concludes that the key of success or failure lies in the system's efficient functioning and its ability to innovate, and further suggests that how to exercise the function of the bureaucracy, coordinate the relationship between power and responsibility, etc.The book also reveals the limitations of the Chinese bureaucratic system and Chinese style of policy-making. It says that, due to the lack of procedural guarantees, the Chinese administrative behavior is `marked by a higher level of secrecy', that hinders the openness of decision-making process, causes decision makers to act opportunistically, and promotes `rent seeking' .To conclude, this book is instructive. In view of China's current development situation, the analysis of modern bureaucratic politics and its reform become the important theoretical guidance for the governance of a modern China.。
我国关于政策试验研究的现状、热点和发展趋势
Operations Research and Fuzziology 运筹与模糊学, 2023, 13(3), 1849-1860 Published Online June 2023 in Hans. https:///journal/orf https:///10.12677/orf.2023.133184我国关于政策试验研究的现状、热点和 发展趋势——基于CiteSpace 的可视化知识图谱分析沈寅沐上海工程技术大学管理学院，上海收稿日期：2023年3月30日；录用日期：2023年6月12日；发布日期：2023年6月21日摘 要以中国知网(CNKI)数据库321篇以“政策试验”为主题研究的期刊论文为数据基础，运用CiteSpace 6.1 R6版本对其进行可视化分析。
从发文文献年度分布、作者、机构、高被引文献方面对研究的现状进行分析，从关键词共现、关键词聚类等方面对研究的热点主题进行分析，从关键词时间线、关键词突显方面对研究的未来发展趋势进行分析。
通过研究发现，我国关于政策试验的研究是在逐步发展中的。
同时，政策试验的热点在于政策试验的内涵辨析、政策试验过程与主体和政策试验结果这三个方面。
并且，呈现出政策试验研究更加关注其带来的结果。
但是，学者们在研究政策试验方面时仍然需要辨析和厘清概念、精细研究内容、丰富研究方法，以期有更大的突破。
关键词政策试验，CiteSpace ，知识图谱The Current Situation, Hotspots andDevelopment Trend of Policy Experiment Research in China—Visual Knowledge Map Analysis Based on CiteSpaceYinmu ShenSchool of Management, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, ShanghaiReceived: Mar. 30th , 2023; accepted: Jun. 12th , 2023; published: Jun. 21st , 2023沈寅沐AbstractBased on the data of 321 journal articles on the theme of “policy experiment” in CNKI database, CiteSpace 6.1 R6 version was used for visual analysis. This paper analyzes the current situation of research from the aspects of annual distribution, authors, institutions and highly cited literatures, analyzes the hot topics of research from the aspects of keyword co-occurrence and keyword clus-tering, and analyzes the future development trend of research from the aspects of keyword time line and keyword prominence. Through research, it is found that China’s research on policy expe-riments is gradually developing. At the same time, the focus of policy experiment lies in three as-pects: the connotation of policy experiment, the process and subject of policy experiment and the results of policy experiment. Moreover, it shows that policy experimental research pays more at-tention to its results. However, scholars still need to analyze and clarify concepts, refine research content, and enrich research methods in the study of policy experiments in order to make greater breakthroughs.KeywordsPolicy Experiment, CiteSpace, Knowledge GraphCopyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). /licenses/by/4.0/1. 引言政策试验是中国政策过程中特有的一种创新机制，它把基层和地方积累的经验通过实践上升为国家政策。
RCEP对中国纺织品进出口贸易的潜在影响研究
RCEP对中国纺织品进出口贸易的潜在影响研究一、本文概述Overview of this article《RCEP对中国纺织品进出口贸易的潜在影响研究》这篇文章主要探讨的是区域全面经济伙伴关系协定（RCEP）对中国纺织品进出口贸易的潜在影响。
RCEP是由东盟10国发起，邀请中国、日本、韩国、澳大利亚、新西兰和印度6个对话伙伴国参加，旨在通过削减关税及非关税壁垒，建立16国统一市场的自由贸易协定。
作为全球最大的自由贸易协定之一，RCEP的生效和实施，无疑将给中国的纺织品进出口贸易带来巨大的机遇和挑战。
The article "Research on the Potential Impact of RCEP on China's Textile Import and Export Trade" mainly explores the potential impact of Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) on China's textile import and export trade. RCEP is initiated by 10 ASEAN countries, inviting 6 dialogue partner countries including China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, and India to participate. The aim is to establish a 16 country unified market free trade agreementby reducing tariffs and non-tariff barriers. As one of the world's largest free trade agreements, the entry into force and implementation of RCEP will undoubtedly bring huge opportunities and challenges to China's textile import and export trade.本文首先将对RCEP的主要内容及其对中国纺织品进出口贸易的直接影响进行概述。
中国国家机关的英语翻译
中国国家机关的英语翻译全国人民代表大会National People’s Congress (NPC)主席团Presidium常务委员会Standing Committee办公厅General Office秘书处Secretariat代表资格审查委员会Credentials Committee提案审查委员会Motions Examination Committee民族委员会Ethnic Affairs Committee法律委员会Law Committee财务经济委员会Finance Affairs Committee外事委员会Foreign and Economy Committee教育，科学，文化委员会Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee 内务司法委员会Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs华侨委员会Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee法制委员会Commission of Legislative Affairs特定问题委员会Committee of Inquiry into Special Questions宪法修改委员会Committee for Revision of the Constitution中华人民共和国主席President of the People’s Republic of China中央军事委员会Central Military Commission最高人民法院Supreme People’s Court最高人民检察院Supreme People’s Procuratorate国务院State Council(1)国务院部委Ministries and Commissions Directly under the State Council外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs国防部Ministry of National Defence国家发展计划委员State Development Planning Commission国家经济贸易委员会State Economic and Trade Commission教育部Ministry of Education科学技术部Ministry of Science and Technology国家科学技术工业委员会Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence国家民族事务委员会State Ethnic Affairs Commission公安部Ministry of Public Security国家安全部Ministry of State Security监察部Ministry of Supervision民政部Ministry of Civil Affairs司法部Ministry of Justice财政部Ministry of Finance人事部Ministry of Personnel劳动和社会保障部Ministry of Labour and Social Security国土资源部Ministry of Land and Resources建设部Ministry of Construction铁路部Ministry of Railways交通部Ministry of Communications信息产业部Ministry of Information Industry水利部Ministry of Water Resources农业部Ministry of Agriculture对外贸易经济合作部Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation 文化部Ministry of Culture卫生部Ministry of Public Health国家计划生育委员会State Family Planning Commission中国人民银行People’s Bank of China国家审计署State Auditing Administration(2)国务院办事机构Offices under that State Council国务院办公厅General Office of the State Council侨务办公厅Office of Overseas Chinese Affairs港澳办公厅Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office台湾办公厅Taiwan Affairs Office法制办公厅Office of Legislative Affairs经济体制办公厅Office for Economic Restructuring国务院研究室Research Office of the State Council新闻办公室Information Office(3)国务院直属机构Departments Directly under the State Council海关总署General Administration of Customs国家税务总局State T axation Administration国家环境保护总局State Environmental Protection Administration中国民用航空总局Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC)国家广播电影电视总局State Administration of Radio, Film and Television 国家体育总局State Physical Cultural Administration国家统计局State Statistics Bureau国家工商行政管理局State Administration of Industry and Commerce新闻出版署Press and Publication Administration国家版权局State Copyright Bureau国家林业局State Forestry Bureau国家质量技术监督局State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision国家药品监督管理局State Drug Administration (SDA)国家知识产权局State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO)国家旅游局National Tourism Administration国家宗教事务局State Bureau of Religious Affairs国务院参事室Counsellors’ Office of the State Council国务院机关事务管理局Government Offices Administration of the State Council(4)国务院直属事业单位Institutions Directly under the State Council新华通讯社Xinhua News Agency中国科学院Chinese Academy of Sciences中国社会科学院Chinese Academy of Social Sciences中国工程院Chinese Academy of Engineering国务院发展研究中心Development Research Centre of the State Council国家行政学院National School of Administration中国地震局China Seismological Bureau中国气象局China Meteorological Bureau中国证券监督管理委员会China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRS)(5)部委管理的国家局State Bureaux Administration by Ministration or Commission)国家粮食储备局(国家发展计划委员会)State Bureau of Grain Reserve (Under the State DevelopmentPlanning Commission)国家国内贸易局State Bureau of Internal Trade国家煤炭工业局State Bureau of Coal Industry国家机械工业局State Bureau of Machine Building Industry国家冶金工业局State Bureau of Metallurgical Industry国家石油和化学工业局State Bureau of Petroleum and Chemical Industry国家轻工业局State Bureau of Light Industry国家纺织工业局State Bureau of Textile Industry国家建筑材料工业局State Bureau of Building Materials Industry国家烟草专卖局State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau国家有色金属工业局State Bureau of Nonferrous Metal Industry(以上由国家经贸委管理above are all under the State Economic and Trade Commission)国家外国专家局(人事部) State Bureau of Foreign Experts Affairs (under the Ministry ofPersonnel)国家海洋局(国土资源部) State Bureau of Oceanic Administration (under the Ministry of Landand Resources)国家测绘局(国土资源部) State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (ditto)国家邮政局(信息产业部) State Post Bureau (under the Ministry of Information Industry)国家文物局(文化部) State Cultural Relics Bureau (under the Ministry of Culture)国家中医药管理局(卫生部) State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (under theMinistry of Public Health)国家外汇管理局(中国人民银行总行) State Administration of Foreign Exchange (under the People’sBank of China)国家出入境检验检疫局(海关总署) State Administration for EntryExit Inspection and Quarantine(under the General Administration of Customs)中国共产党，其他政党及政协相关名称中国共产党中央委员会Central Committee of the Communist Party of China中央政治局Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC中央政治局常务委员会Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC中央书记处Secretariat of the Central Committee of the CPC中央军事委员会Central Military Commission of the CPC中央纪律检查委员会Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC中央办公厅General Office, CCCPC中央组织部Organization Department, CCCPC中央宣传部Publicity Department, CCCPC中央统一战线部United Front Work Department, CCCPC中央对外联络部International Liaison Department, CCCPC中央政法委员会Committee of Political and Legislative Affairs, CCCPC中央政策研究室Policy Research Office, CCCPC中央直属机关工作委员会Work Committee for Offices Directly under the CCCPC中央国家机关工作委员会State Organs Work Committee of the CPC中央台湾工作委员会Taiwan Affairs Office, CCCPC中央对外宣传办公室International Communication Office, CCCPC中央党校Party School of the CPC中央党史研究室Party History Research Centre, CCCPC中央文献研究室Party Literature Research Centre, CCCPC中央翻译局Compilation and Translation Bureau, CCCPC中央外文出版发行事业局China Foreign Languages Publishing and Distribution Administration中央档案馆Archives Bureau, CCCPC《中国人民政治协商会议及其机构》The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and Its Structure中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会National Committee of the CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会常务委员会Standing Committee of the National Committee of the CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会办公厅General Offices of the CPPCC National Committee专门委员会Special Committee提案委员会Committee for Handling Proposals经济委员会Committee for Economic Affairs人口资源环境委员会Committee of Population, Resources and Environment教科文卫体委员会Committee of Education, Science, Culture, Health and Sports 社会和法制委员会Committee for Social and Legal Affairs民族和宗教委员会Committee for Ethnic and Religious Affairs文史资料委员会Committee of Cultural and Historical Data港澳台侨委员会Committee for Liaison with Hong Kong, Macao, T aiwan and Overseas Chinese外事委员会Committee of Foreign Affairs中国人民政治协商委员会地方委员会CPPCC Local Committees《中国政党Chinese Parties》中国共产党(中共)Communist Party of China (CPC)中国国民党革命委员会(民革)Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang 中国民主同盟(民盟)Chinese Democratic League中国民主建国会(民建)China Democratic National Construction Association中国民主促进会(民进)China Association for Promoting Democracy中国农工民主党Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party中国致公党China Zhi Gong Dang九三学社Jiu San Society台湾民主自治同盟(台盟)T aiwan Democratic SelfGovernment League中国人民团体,协会名称英译测绘学会Society of Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography地震学会Seismological Society国际金融学会International Finance Society国际战略问题学会Institute for International Strategic Studies海洋学会Society of Oceanography科普学会Popular Science Society全国少年儿童文化艺术委员会Nat’l Council on Cultural and Art Work for Children全国少年儿童工作协调委员会Nat’l Children’s Work Coordination Committee全国史学会China Society of History宋庆龄基金会Song Ching Ling Foundation中国奥林匹克委员会Chinese Olympic Committee中国笔会中心Chinese Pen Centre中国标准化协会China Association for Standardization中国残疾人福利基金会China Welfare Fund for the Handicapped中国出版协会Chinese Publishers Association中国道教协会Chinese Taoist Association中国电视艺术家协会Chinese Television Artists Association中国电影家协会China Film Association中国法律质询中心Chinese Legal Consultancy Centre中国法律会China Law Society中国翻译工作者协会Translators Association of China中国佛教协会Chinese Buddhists Association中国福利会China Welfare Institute中国歌剧研究会Chinese Opera Research Institute中国共产主义青年团Communist Youth League of China中国国际法学会Chinese Society of International Law中国国际交流协会Association for Int’l Understanding of China中国红十字会总会Red Cross Society of China中国会计学会China Accounting Society中国基督教“三自”爱国运动委员会ThreeSelf Patriotic Movement Committee of the ProtestantChurches of China中国基督教协会China Christian Council中国计量测试学会Chinese Society for Measurement中国金融学会Chinese Monetary Society中国考古协会Archaeological Society of China中国科学技术史学会Chinese Society of Science and Technology History中国科学技术协会China Society and Technology Association中国联合国教科文组织全国委员会Nat’l Commission of The People’s Republic of China for UNESCO中国联合国协会United Nations Association of the People’s Republic of China中国美术家协会Chinese Artists Association中国民间文艺家协会China Society for the Study of Folk Literature and Art中国企业管理协会China Enterprise Management Association中国曲艺家协会Chinese Ballad Singers Association中国人民保卫儿童基金会Chinese People’s National Committee for Defence of Children中国人民对外友好协会Chinese People’s Associ ation for Friendship with Foreign Countries中国少年儿童基金会Children’s Foundation of China中国少年先锋队China Young Pioneers中国摄影家协会Chinese Photographers Society中国书法家协会Chinese Calligraphers Association中国天主教爱国会Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association中国天主教教务委员会Nat’l Adm inistrative Commission of the Chinese Catholic Church中国天主教主教团Chinese Catholic Bishops College中国文学艺术界联合会China Federation of Literary and Art Circles中国舞蹈家协会Chinese Dancers Association中国戏剧家协会Chinese Dramatists Association中国伊斯兰教协会Chinese Islamic Association中国音乐家协会Chinese Musicians Association中国杂技艺术家协会Chinese Acrobats Association中国政法学会China Society of Political Science and Law中国作家协会Chinese Writers Association中化全国妇女联合会All China Women’s Federation中华全国工商联合会All China Federation of Industry and Commerce中华全国归国华侨联合会All China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese中华全国青年联合会All China Youth Federation中华全国世界语联合会All China Esperanto League中华全国台湾同胞联谊会All China Federation of Taiwan Compatriots中华全国体育总会All China Sports Federation中华全国新闻工作者协会All China Journalists’ Association中华全国总工会All China Federation of Trade Unions中华医学会Chinese Medical Association中国各级党政机关干部名称英译名中共中央总书记General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee政治局常委Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau, the CPC Central Committee政治局委员Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee书记处书记Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee中央委员Member, Central Committee候补委员Alternate Member…省委/市委书记Secretary,…Provincial/Municipal Committee of the CPC党组书记secretary, Party Leadership Group中华人民共和国主席/副主席President/Vice President, the People's Republic of China全国人大委员长/副委员长Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People's Congress 秘书长Secretary-General主任委员Chairman委员Member（地方人大）主任Chairman, Local People's Congress人大代表Deputy to the People's Congress国务院总理Premier, State Council国务委员State Councilor秘书长Secretary-General（国务院各委员会）主任Minister in Charge of Commission for（国务院各部）部长Minister部长助理Assistant Minister司长Director局长Director省长Governor常务副省长Executive Vice Governor自治区人民政府主席Chairman, Autonomous Regional People's Government地区专员Commissioner, prefecture香港特别行政区行政长官Chief Executive, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region市长/副市长Mayor/Vice Mayor区长Chief Executive, District Government县长Chief Executive, County Government乡镇长Chief Executive, Township Government秘书长Secretary-General办公厅主任Director, General Office（部委办）主任Director处长/副处长Division Chief/Deputy Division Chief科长/股长Section Chief科员Clerk/Officer发言人Spokesman顾问Adviser参事Counselor巡视员Inspector/Monitor特派员Commissioner人民法院院长President, People's Courts人民法庭庭长Chief Judge, People's Tribunals审判长Chief Judge审判员Judge书记Clerk of the Court法医Legal Medical Expert法警Judicial Policeman人民检察院检察长Procurator-General, People's procuratorates监狱长Warden律师Lawyer公证员Notary Public总警监Commissioner General 警监Commissioner警督Supervisor警司Superintendent警员Constable。
北京师范大学学士学位英语考试样题及答案(笔试)普通类
北京师范大学学士学位英语考试样题及答案（笔试）-普通类院（系）专业级姓名学号分数Part I Listening Comprehension (20 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations。
At the end of each conversation aquestion will be asked about what was said。
Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once。
After each question there will be a pause。
During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer。
Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center。
1。
A。
The man doesn’t want to see Mr。
Williams。
B。
Mr。
Jones is in an inferior position than Mr。
Williams 。
C。
Mr。
Jones used to be in charge 。
D。
Mr。
Williams doesn’t want to work tomorrow。
2。
A。
They need to make more efforts。
B。
They’ll have more work to do tomorrow。
C。
The others have done the greater part of it。
市场研究中英文专业词汇对照表
行业配额industry quota市场状况market conditions研究报告research report市场规模market scale使用习惯utilizing habits购买过程purchasing process采购流程purchasing flow流程分析flow analysis采购方式purchasing method采购计划purchasing plan购买数量purchasing amount背景资料background information 销售收入sales revenue研究背景research background研究目的research objectives结果提交result delivery调研范围/调查范围/研究范围research scope费用预算budget时间安排schedule质量控制quality control项目成员project team市场调查/市场调研/市场研究market research研究对象/调查对象research objects研究方法/调查方法/研究方法research method案面研究case research深访in-depth interview面访interview电话访问telephone interview研究样本research samples调研步骤research procedure数据采集data collection数据分析data analysis报告撰写report writing工作方案working plan项目培训project training试访trial interview次级资料收集secondary data collection 追踪调查follow-up research细分市场segment market竞争品牌competitive brand品牌诊断brand diagnosis品牌规划brand planning研究步骤research procedure目标受众target group指标体系indicator system市场占有率market share销售业绩sales performance抽样sampling报告提交report delivery竞争分析competition analysis发展趋势development trend驱动因素/推动因素driving forces应用行业application industry购买方式purchasing method信息来源information source供应端supply end销售额sales amount销售量sales volume样本量sample quantity生产能力production capacity主打产品major products销售分额sales share价值链value chain直销direct sales分销distribution sales交货周期delivery period供货期delivery term组织机构organizational structure 物流模式logistics mode加价率advance rate销售网络sales network出厂价producer price/ex-factory price进货价purchase price增长率growth rate性价比price/performance ratio 使用态度utilizing attitude保有量possess amount/retaining amount发生率occurrence rate 品牌知名度brand popularity 使用寿命service life平均值average point主要发现main discoveries 产品可靠性product reliability 企业性质enterprise nature主要方法major methods配额抽样quota sampling计算过程calculation process加权处理weighting process权数weight number抽样方法sampling method抽样原则sampling principle分层抽样tier sampling抽样框sampling scope置信度confidence level销售旺季peak season of sales销售容量sales capacity品牌形象brand image调研方案research plan项目执行project implementation 定性qualitative定量quantitative样本构成sample formation报告说明report description铺货率coverage rate提及率reference rate美誉度reputation选择倾向preference trend推荐倾向recommendation trend 销售行为sales behavior使用结构utilizing structure消费习惯consumption habit品牌个性brand personality / brand individuality陌生因素unfamiliar factor品牌表现brand performance 品牌性能brand capability到达率arrival rate销售倾向sales trend竞争研究competition research 高端high-end中高端mid-high end低端low-end用户研究customer research竞争格局competition structure 销售范围sales scope生产规模production scale渠道研究channel research重点区域key regions推广对象promotion objects发展战略development strategy 消费研究consumption research 总体分析general analysis行业特征industrial features总销量total sales volume价格走势price trend利润走势profit trend推广政策promotion policy管理政策management policy销售利润sales profit基本信息/基本资料basic information消费观念consumption concept 质量可靠quality reliability销售策略sales strategy销售区域sales regions销售方式sales methods分销渠道distribution channels 营销费用marketing expense市场范围market scope品质优势quality strength企业资质enterprise qualification 市场空白market vacancy返点利润commission profit技术含量technical content成本核算cost accounting利润空间profit margin检测报告inspection report企业信誉enterprise credit销售分析sales analysis需求量demand quantity销售渠道sales channel销售增长sales increase目录contents销售链sales chain价格接受度price sensitivity研究体系research system研究力量research capacity商务市场commercial market行业研究industrial research热点行业hot industries商机business opportunity集团用户corporate customer 研究团队research team 项目经验project experience 内部资源internal resource 外部支持external support 研究经验research experience 抽查random inspection 成功案例successful cases 项目背景project background 项目成效project effectiveness 市场前景market prospects 消耗量consumption volume 市场容量market capacity 投资研究investment research 商业环境commercial environment 商圈business circles 第三方物流the third party logistics 汇率exchange rate 利率interest rate 通货膨胀率inflation rate 生命周期life cycle 技术预测technical forecast 情景分析scene analysis 交叉分析cross analysis 出货量output volume 购买量purchasing volume 最大值maximum value 最小值minimum value 时间序列time sequence 制造商manufacturer 批发商wholesaler 零售商retailer 经销商distributor 代理商agent 自由竞争水平free competition level 寡头竞争水平monopoly competition level 核心竞争力core competence 客户期望customer expectations 客户抱怨customer complaints 忠诚度loyalty level 调查管理survey management 产业政策industrial policy 投资前景investment prospects市场预测market forecast 促销策略promotion strategy 专项调研specialized research 市场机会market opportunity 产业链industry chain 行业绩效industrial performance 行业界定industrial definition 市场潜力market potentials 综合绩效comprehensive performance 行业概况general situation of the industry 主要产品main products 主要统计数据main statistical data 行业重要性industrial significance 行业特点industrial features 行业结构industrial structure 产业集中度industrial concentration ratio 企业集中度enterprise concentration ratio 地区集中度regional concentration ratio 行业经济类型结构industrial economic type structure 成本及费用构成cost & expense structure 市场份额market share 主要产品状况main product conditions 市场竞争特点market competition features 进出口状况imports & exports 企业概况enterprise surveys 企业分组分析enterprise grouping analysis 销售情况marketing situations 个案case studies 发展环境development environments 行业政策industrial policies 进口税率import rates 国家统计局the National Statistics Bureau 华通公司ACMR 提示prompt 假设检验assumption inspection 简单需求simple requirement 中等需求middle requirement复杂需求complex requirement 主要用途main purposes/major applications 购买行为purchasing behavior 采购发起者purchasing initiator 采购决策者purchasing decision maker 采购执行者purchasing executive 调查研究research 计划书proposal 国际铜业协会ICA(China)调研方案设计research design 数据和信息data and information 年度数据annual data 综合报告comprehensive report 报告格式report format 研究地域范围research regional scopes 研究方案research design 主要结果main result 汇总说明summary 访问对象interviewee 深度访问in-depth interview 问卷确定settle questionnaires 代理培训train agents 质量控制体系quality control system 结果演示result presentation 调研需求确定determination of research demand 内部交流internal exchange 项目理解project understanding 研究设计research design 项目团队project team 品牌监测体系和基准brand monitoring system and standard 传播策略publicity strategies 意见带头人key decision-makers 总体研究框架overall research framework 品牌规划brand planning 规划实施plan execution 品牌追踪brand follow-up 总体研究流程overall research flow 测量品牌现状measurement of brand situation测量结果分析analysis of measurement result执行内容execution contents接触渠道contact channels认知阶段recognition stage感知阶段perception stage行为阶段action stage购后阶段post-purchase stage认知度recognition degree熟悉度familiarity degree满意度satisfaction degree推荐度recommendation degree 喜爱度favor degree偏好度partiality degree信任度confidence degree购买者反映模式buyer reflection mode 层次效果模式tier effect mode二步法2-step method北京华通人市场信息有限责任公司All China Market Research Co., Ltd行业研究中心Industrial Research Center调查目的research objective调查内容research content调查方法research method细则rules调查费用research cost研究成果research results项目组成员project team项目计划书project proposal统计数据statistical data比率ratio定购流程purchasing flow开发商developer总包商contractor分包商sub-contractor发订单流程order placement flow 法规标准rules and standards 报告起草report drafting主要案例main cases项目总监project supervisor主要联络人principal liaison应用领域application fields发展现状development status用户态度customer's attitude 总体general用户品牌认知customers' recognition of brand用户品牌评价customers' evaluation of brand行业状况industrial conditions 交叉检验cross examination资信调查credit research人员配置personnel allocation 销售份额sales share接触率contact ratio目标竞争者target competitor项目报价project quote下游用户downstream customers市场概况general situation of the market影响因素influencing factors中低端mid-low end战略群体strategic groups进口厂商importer国内厂商domestic manufacturer 企业类型enterprise type国内生产厂domestic plant销量sales volume价格优势price advantage代表企业representative enterprise 价格波动price fluctuation优势领域advantageous fields增长点point of growth优势行业industries of strength定期保养regular maintenance优劣势advantages and disadvantages品牌管理brand management 市场推广market promotion信息渠道information channel 企业状况enterprise conditions 产品状况product conditions 销售状况sales conditions售后服务after-sales service营销渠道sales channel渠道管理channel management组织结构organizational structure 保税区bonded zone 现状current status 产品来源source of product 典型用户typical customers 标准周期standard period 销售模式sales modes 销售区域划分distribution of sales regions 供货周期delivery period 境外存货overseas storage 境内销售domestic sales 销售格局sales modes 渠道设置channel allocation 考虑因素factors considered 考察research 评估evaluation 总代理general agent 毛利率gross profit 跟踪服务follow-up service 业务网络business network 服务点service station 特约维修服务点franchised service station 底价保护bottom price protection 返点profit return 项目竞标project bidding 折扣度discount rate 处罚措施penalty measure 授权制造商authorized manufacturer 研发能力R&D ability 外部资源external resources 多级式服务体系multi-level service system 客户满意度customer satisfaction 建议suggestions 执行报告executive report 市场细分标准market segmentation standard 需求分析demand analysis 特征分析feature analysis 波峰peak 高潮climax 一般制造业general manufacturing industry连续制造业continuous manufacturingindustry 使用量consumption 经济类型economic type 使用方式utilizing methods 产品类型product type 高利润high profit 垄断行业monopoly industry 敏感sensitive 不同用途different purpose 购买意向purchase intention 故障率failure rate 维护成本maintenance cost 显著性检验significance test 品牌缺憾brand demerit / regret 重要性significance 产品油效product fuel efficiency 配件价格accessory price 服务支持及时性efficiency of service support 配件供应及时性efficiency of accessory supply 销售网络覆盖率sales network coverage 偏好preference 产品认证product certification 排放标准discharge standard 配备比率equipping ratio 主要业务main business 员工数量staff number 核心调研内容key contents of research 推导方法derivation method 研究方法research method 短卷样本short questionnaire sample 长卷样本long questionnaire sample 甄别问卷screening questionnaire 分类界定classification definition 行业既定preset industries 国有企业state-owned enterprise 私营/民营企业private/non-governmental enterprise 外资/合资企业foreign funded/joint ventured enterprise 国有独资公司state-owned sole investment company国有联营企业state-owned associated company私营独资企业private sole investment enterprise私营合伙企业private partnership enterprise私营有限责任公司private company with limited liability私营股份有限公司private incorporated company中外合资合作企业Chinese-foreign joint ventured or cooperative enterprise港澳台合资合作企业HK,macau and Taiwan joint ventured or cooperative enterprise外商独资企业foreign sole investment enterprise港澳台独资企业HK,macau and Taiwan sole investment enterprise集体企业collective enterprise集体联营企业collective associated enterprise股份合作企业joint-stock enterprise股份有限公司stock company with limited liability项目局限project limitation空中交通管理中心air traffic control center 调查方法research method一线品牌first line brand二线品牌second line brand结论conclusion广告形式advertisement forms促销形式promotion methods知觉图awareness chart分布图distribution chart市场集中度market concentration degree生产状况production conditions 本地化生产localized production 销售状况sales conditions总分析general analysis医疗行业medical care industry电子行业electronics industry购买决策purchase decision写字楼office buildings商场shopping centers供电行业power supply industry概述overview畅销产品best seller考虑因素consideration factors人际关系human relations经销业绩/经营业绩sales performance路牌广告guidepost advertisements 生产企业manufacturing enterprise 最终用户/终端用户end user采购权purchasing right采购频率purchasing frequency宏观政策macropolicy市场竞争market competition回款周期payment period过度竞争excessive competition市场饱和market saturation行业预测industrial forecast资金闲置idle funds企业报价enterprise quote生产投入production investment消费比例consumption proportion 应用范围application scope公开招标public bidding内部招标interior bidding议标negotiated bidding政策取向policy orientation消费领域consumption areas自主权self-determination市场细分market segmentation工程代理engineering agents营销建议marketing suggestions价格调整price adjustment盲目生产blind production企业形象enterprise image研究目标project objective增长动力increase motivity消费特点consumption feature报告局限report limitations使用性能service performance市场报价market quote本体价格noumenal price成套价格whole set price成交价格bargain price折扣幅度discount range回款方式payment modes质保金quality guarantee deposit 坏帐bad debts产品容量product capacity市场规划market plan品牌战略brand strategy名牌战略name brand strategy个人销售individual sales团体销售group sales品牌评价brand evaluation营销环境marketing environment 分析结构analysis structure推估estimate市场细分market segment研究模型research model分析模型analysis model满意度customer satisfaction调研方法research methods研究内容research contents质量控制quality control年度报告annual report月度报告monthly report分析和预测analysis and forecast报告系统report system竞争状况competition conditions 营销策略marketing strategy使用行为utilizing behavior使用效果utilizing effect需求结构demand structure运营状况operating conditions流通渠道distribution channel开发策略development strategy需求特征demand features优势strength专家资源expert resource研究平台research platform研究支持research support数据库database专业背景professional qualifications 研究宽度in-depth of research 企业调查enterprise investigation 电访中心telephone interview center 商务采访business interview 使用动机utilizing motive 动态监测dynamic monitoring 盲区blind areas 追踪follow up 人口规模population scale 冷链cold chain 流行趋势prevailing trends 倾向变动tendency change 长期趋势变动long-term tendency change 循环变动circulation change 周期变动period change 季节变动seasonal change 不规则变动irregular change 随机变动random change 赋值attach values 概念识别concept identification 竞争力分析competition power analysis 价格策略price strategy 人口统计population statistics 经营变量business variables 环境因素environmental factors 购买者个性purchaser personality 购买决策purchasing decision 分析指标analysis index 渠道机构channel structure 作用力effectiveness 竞争态势competition status 渗透率penetration rate 洛伦兹曲线Lorenz Curve 绝对公平线absolute equity line 波士顿矩阵Boston Matrix 问题项目problem project 明星项目star project 不景气项目stagnation project 财源项目money source project 方程模型equation model 质量感知quality awareness 忠诚指数loyalty index客户平台customer workspace 数据理解data understanding 分析建模modeling and analyzing 辅助决策decision supporting 结果评估result assessment 决策建议decision proposal 决策执行decision implementation 结果反馈result feedback 行业效益industrial profitability 地区分布regional allocation 替代产品substitute products 整体竞争水平overall competition level 品牌认知状况brand recognition 调查评估investigation and evaluation 差异化策略differentia strategy 市场可行性market feasibility 进入策略entry strategy 多客户报告multi-client report 行业成长性industry growing capability 行业解决方案industrial solutions 投资组合investment combination 投资融资investment and financing 经营理念和目标philosophy and goals 整体透析overall dialysis 经济类型结构economic types structure 成本费用构成cost structure 资产运行情况capital operating status 盈利能力profitability ability 偿债能力debts repayment ability 兼并与重组merge and reorganization 龙头企业leading enterprises 宏观经济macro economy 月报样本monthly report sample。
中国经济体制改革研究会公共政策研究中心简介重点
业务范围
会议：（1）学术讨论会；（2） 公共政策论坛
媒体合作：（1）选择若干家媒 体；（2）开展密切的主题宣传 策划活动
China Research Center for Public Policy, CSER |
组织架构
理 事 长：石小敏
<Title>
理
事：石小敏、何帆、高辉清、杨鹏、余晖、周汉华、毛寿龙 鲁利玲、巴曙松、钟伟、赵晓、夏业良
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China Research Center for Public Policy, CSER |
第三任执行主任：余晖
• • 余晖 中国经济体制改革研究会公共政策研究中心 主任 著名管制经济学家，中国社科院工业经济研究所研究员
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北京天则经济研究所公用事业研究中心常务理事、北京天则 经济研究所学术委员会委员、国务院行政审批改革领导小组 专家咨询组成员（2002年4月－2004年10月）、信息产业部 电信经济专家委员会委员、信息产业部《电信法》立法专家 委员会委员、国家发改委（中国价格协会）政府价格工作专 家咨询委员会委员、世界银行（2006）和亚洲开发银行 （2003）咨询专家等。 自1993年来专攻产业组织和政府管制经济学，为管制经济学 在我国的建立和发展做出了贡献，参与有关政府部门制定基 础设施产业、药品和医疗产业、彩票产业、行业协会改革政 策以及《反垄断法》、《电信法》、《电力监管条例》和 《行政许可法》等法律的起草。。
China Research Center for Public Policy, CSER |
常务理事：巴曙松
• 博士，国务院发展研究中心金融研究所副所长，研究员，博士 生导师，享受国务院特殊津贴，中央国家机关青联常委，主要 研究领域为金融机构风险管理与金融市场监管，还担任平安证 券首席经济学家，中国（海南）改革发展研究院金融研究中心 主任，亚洲开发银行监管咨询专家；劳动和社会保障部企业年 金资格评审专家；中国证监会基金评议专家委员会委员，中国 银监会考试委员会专家；中国期货业协会专家委员会委员，国 家开发银行专家委员会委员，并且担任兴业银行等银行独立董 事，在中国科技大学、华中科技大学、北京航空航天大学、中 国（海南）改革发展研究院、中央财经大学等高校兼职教授并 指导硕士和博士研究生 曾经担任中国证券业协会发展战略委员会主任、中银香港有限 公司助理总经理、中国银行杭州市分行副行长等职务 曾在北京大学中国经济研究中心从事博士后研究 注重从理论、实践与政策导向相结合进行金融研究 个人主页
Forty_Years_of_Research_on_the_Book_of_Changes_in_
Forty Years of Research on theBook of Changes in ChinaZhang Peng Abstract:S ince 1978, the study of the Book of Changes in China has fl ourished, displaying m ulti-layered and multi-directional c reation and innovation in transforming and developing traditional Chinese scholarship. Th is paper makes a panoramic review of the research on the Book of Changes in the past forty years, focused on the themes of the four decades of reform and opening-up, that is, (1) breaking fresh ground by returning to origin, (2) interpreting Chinese materials by Western approaches, (3) pursuing all-round innovation, and (4) advancing into the future. Th e sustained growth of research on the Book of Changes and t he ever–new understandings of its unique value and signifi cance will become a fresh academic support and the cornerstone for the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in the new era. Keywords: reform and opening-up, research on the Book of ChangesIn the wake of the reform and opening-up policy in the late 1970s, China’s research on the Book of Changes (Yixue易学) rec o vered from a closed status and started to gain increasing momentum. Over the past forty years, it began with displaying its philosophical and scientifi c orientations in response to the times, and while sticking to its own research domain as ever, it has gradually gotten rid of its dependence on the study of traditional Confucian classics and Western philosophy for its concepts and methods. In the process of probing and fortifying its own disciplinary subjectivity and self-consistency, research on the Book of Changes has displayed great vitality in its multi-layered and multi-directional creative transformation and innovative development of traditional Chinese scholarship. Th e forty years of research on the Book of Changes in the mainland of China can be divided into four decades, each salient with its own theme of the times. Under such a framework, I will attempt to make a panoramic review.First Decade (1978–1987): Returning to Origin andBreaking Fresh Ground [Refer to page 53 for Chinese. Similarly hereinaft er]During the beginning decade of reform and opening-up, with the breakthrough out of ideological shackles and an old academic framework, research on the Book of Changes Z hang Peng, P hD, is associate researcher of the Institute of Philosophy at Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences. E-mail: **********************.cnConfucian Academy Vol.6, No.2 (2019)blazed a new trail for the innovation of Chinese thought and culture, ideology, and researchmethodology, manifesting the everlasting value of traditional Chinese scholarship.In the academic conference on ancient C hinese scripts held in Changchun in December 1978, Zhang Zhenglang 张政烺 (1912–2005) proposed that the methodological principles ofoperating the divinatory milfoil stalks recorded in “Appended Remarks” [系辞] of the Bookof Changes might be applied to deciphering those numerical signs found in the inscriptionson oracle bones and bronzes of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, in light of the opinion putforth by Li Xueqin 李学勤 (1933–2019) in 1956 concerning the possible relationship betweenunidentified ancient characters and the numbers nine and six in the Book of Changes. Itwas the fi rst attempt in Chinese intellectual history to systematically examine the unknowncharacters on the unearthed Shang and Zhou materials by associating them with the trigramsin the Book of Changes; hence it was of great academic significance. After the conference,Zhang published “An Interpretation of the Divinatory Inscriptions on Early Zhou Bronzes”[试释周初青铜器铭文中的易卦].1 Later on, Zhang Yachu 张亚初 and Liu Yu 刘雨published “On Several Questions of the Divinatory Method in Light of the Numerical Signs inthe Shang and Zhou Hexagrams” [从商周八卦数字符号谈筮法的几个问题].2 Respondingto each other in their topics but contrasting in content, from the perspective of archaeologythe two articles brought about a landslide in research on the Book of Changes, introducing theissue of shuzi gua数字卦 (lit. numerical hexagrams or trigrams), a c o mpletely new fi eld.The discovery and systematic study of shuzi gua represents a major achievement of contemporary research on the Book of Changes, which has broadened its vision, extended itsdomain, and provided strong support to the academic probes into the original mechanismof two trigrams composing one hexagram and the ancient divinatory methods. However,since the shuzi gua took place at least several thousand years aft er the legendary Fuxi washeld by tradition to have fi rst drawn trigrams, if it was used to reveal the actual formation ofthe hexagram system in a logical way, that would be a solution only those scholars given todoubting ancient history could imagine. Consequently, it was inevitable that the approachinformed by the concept of shuzi gua to studying the origination of the hexagrams in theBook of Changes reached an impasse.3Apart from the studies of shuzi gua, the silk manuscripts of the Book of Changes including the jing经 (text) and zhuan传 (co m mentaries) also attracted much scholarlyattention and achieved considerable research results. Th e newly unearthed text of the Bookof Changes and its commentaries added to the material of the “Mawangdui Silk Text of SixtyFour Hexagrams” [马王堆帛书《六十四卦》释文] with two appendices, “A Postscript forthe Silk Text of Sixty Four Hexagrams” [帛书《六十四卦》跋] and “On the Silk Text of theBook of Changes” [帛书《周易》], authored by Zhang Zhenglang and Yu Haoliang 于豪亮respectively. Henceforth, scholars engaged for a long time in discussing the order of the sixty-four hexagrams in the silk text of the Book of Changes, the relationship between the silk textand the traditional received text, and analysis and interpretation of the statements attached tothe hexagram lines of the silk text. Aft er 1992, the silk editions of the “Ten Commentaries onthe Book of Changes”[易传] began to come out, bringing about heated discussions amongscholars which continue to the present day.1 Zhang Zhenglang 张政烺, “An Interpretation of the Divinatory Inscriptions on Early Zhou Bronzes” [试释周初青铜器铭文中的易卦], Acta Archaeologica Sinica [考古学报], no. 4 (1980).2 Zhang Yachu 张亚初 and Liu Yu 刘雨, “On Seve r al Questions of the Divinatory Method in Light of the Numeri c alSigns in the Shang and Zhou Hexagrams” [从商周八卦数字符号谈筮法几个问题], Archaeology [考古], no. 2 (1981).3 Zhang Peng 张朋, “An Interpretation of the Numerals in Divination with Regard to the Origin of the Hexagrams inthe Book of Changes” [数字卦的解读以及《易》卦起源], Academic Journal of Zhongzhou [中州学刊], no. 1 (2010):151–155.46Forty Years of Research on the Book of Changes in China Gao Heng’s 高亨 (1900–1986) Ten Commentaries on the Book of Changes Annotated in Modern Chinese [周易大传今注] was an outstanding work devoted to annotating the ten pieces of Commentaries strictly from the historical point of view. In his remarks on the image–number parts in the Commentaries, he attempted to make an accurate account of them. For example, he wrote,According to some records in Zuo’s Explanation of the Spring and Autumn Annals [左传]and Discourses of the States [国语], two books of Spring and Autumn Period (770–476BCE), when the people consulted the text of the Book of Changes in divination or cited itdiscussion, they only talked about the hexagram images, including not only the imagesof the sixty-four regular hexagrams but also those of the varied hexagrams, and nevermentioned the images of the individual lines and the numbers re p resented by them.Probably what they f o llowed was a school of learning from before the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE), which seemed to be the old school from before the Spring and Autumn period.As regards the Commentaries, they were more liable to talk about the images of the sixty-four regular hexagrams and of the lines and their numbers but not mention the imagesof the varied hexagrams. Probably what they practiced was another one of the pre-Qinschools of learning on the Book of Changes, which seemed to be a new school in WarringStates Period (475–221 BCE).4Th e above citation from Gao indicates his sensitive perception and unique understanding of the significance o f t he hexagram images and that of the images of the lines and their numbers in the sense of intellectual history. His research achievements were signifi cantly informative and precursory to the studies aiming to reveal the original historical meaning of the classical texts of the Book of Changes.Liu Dajun’s 刘大钧 Introduction to the Book of Changes [周易概论], published in 1986, was the first work since 1949 to make a positive affirmation of the scholarly efforts for image–number-oriented research on the Book of Changes. Though meant only as an introductory work, Liu’s book played a groundbreaking role and, particularly considering the general tendency toward denying the image–number school completely, his affi rmations were valuable indeed. Liu presents a brief survey of the scholarship on the Book of Changes over the past dynasties in feudal China, where he pays special attention to the two traditional approaches, the one focusing on philos o phical content and the other on the image–number side. He advocates applying both approaches and thus, by rehabilitating the traditional image–number approach, he pushed ahead research on the Book of Changes on that front.Jin Jingfang 金景芳 (1902–2 001) published such books as Lectures on the Book of Changes [周易讲座] and A Complete Interpretation of the Book of Changes [周易全解] and a series of important articles. In t hese articles, Jin puts forward a host of opinions ahead of his time that helped guide scholarly efforts toward studying the early history of the Book of Changes. His representative work on the Book of Changes is A Complete Interpretation of the Book of Changes,which is the most mature and the most complete as far as its system is concerned. Its emphasis is on clarifying “the ideological system underlying the structure of the sixty-four hexagrams in the Book of Changes.”5 Jin thoroughly interprets both the text of the Book of Changes and its commentaries from the angles of exegesis, hexagram line positions, and hexagram images. Th is achievement represents the decade’s most representative work for its systemic study of the philosophy embraced in the Book of Changes.4 Gao Heng 高亨, “Author’s Preface” [自序], in Ten Commentaries on the Book of Changes Annotated in ModernChinese [周易大传今注] (Jinan: Qilu Press, 1979), 3.5 Jin Jing f ang 金景芳, “Preface” [序], in Lectures on the Book of Changes [周易讲座] (Changchun: Jilin University Press,1987), 1.Confucian Academy Vol.6, No.2 (2019)Qu Wanli’s 屈万里 (1907–1979) Review of the Principles for Explaining the Book of Changes in the Pre-Qin, Han, and Wei Dynasties [先秦汉魏易例述评] is a creative workin which he reflects on and analyz e s the ancient principles for interpreting the Book ofChanges.6 In his opinion, the image–number based explanation of the Book of Changes wasstarted by Meng Xi 孟喜 (ca. 90–40 BCE). He is emphatic in elaborating the Han dynastyprinciples, such as the shi’er xiaoxi gua十二消息卦 (the twelve sets of numbers in seasonalcorrespondence to the twelve lunar months), gua qi卦气 (the Changes based explanationof the calendric numbers), hu ti 互体 (exchanging the two trigrams composing a hexagramto generate a new hexagram) and yao bian爻变 (hexagram line variations), bagong gua八宫卦 (the sixty-four hexagrams arranged into eight houses), and fei fu飞伏 (regardinga visible hexagram as flying and an invisible one as hiding, symbolic of the past and thefuture respectively), and analyzed their errors. Featuring a well-arranged structure and deepanalysis, Qu’s thesis is a classic work among modern studies of the principles for explainingthe Book of Changes.Second Decade (1988–1997): Interpreting Chinese Traditionswith Western Approaches [58]A large number of Western philosophical works were translated into Chinese in the lasttwenty years of the twentieth century, causing a fever of studying the traditional Chinesescholarship through the concepts and frameworks of Western philosophy, which is still infull swing with no signs of slowing down. Centered on Western metaphysics, epistemology,methodology, and values, those studies analyzed the conceptual patterns of inductionand thinking underlying the texts of traditional Chinese classics in the hope of findingsomething therein compatible with Western philosophy. By recasting the philosophy ofthe Book of Changes in foreign frameworks, any people insisted on the fundamental statusof the Book of Changes as a Confucian classic and sought for contemporary advances inpursuing research on the Book of Changes in the Confucian way.Zhu Bokun 朱伯崑 (1923–2007) was a renowned Book of Changes philosopher, whose representative work was the four-volume History of Philosophical Research on the Book ofChanges [易学哲学史]. Th is is a large-scale contemporary work on the history of the studyof Book of Changes, which makes a systematic and complete exposition of the philosophicaldiscourses presented by Book of Changes scholars over the dynasties either in theirimage–number innovation or their principle creation. It marks the decade’s monumentalattainment in Book of Changes philosophical studies, which qualifi es research on the Book ofChanges as an integral part of the Chinese history of philosophy.The topic under the history of Changes philosophical studies is not concerned withthe Book of Changes itself, nor is it concerned with whether the various annotationsof the book are advisable or not by using the method of text exegesis, but rather withthe philosophical thoughts conveyed by the various schools of research on the Book ofChanges in their explanations of the book. It does not matter whether the thoughts arecongruent with the original meaning of the book or not.7As far as such a macro viewpoint goes, Zhu was selective in extracting the topics of traditionalresearch on the Book of Changes, and what drove him in combing the large number of6 Qu Wanli 屈万里, Review of the Principles for Explaining the Book of Changes in the Pre-Qin, Han, and Wei Dynasties[先秦汉魏易例述评] (Taipei: Student Book, 1985).7 Zhu Bokun 朱伯崑, “Foreword” [前言], in vol. 1 of History o f Philosophical Research on the Book of Changes [易学哲学史](Beijing: Huaxia Press, 1994), 11.48Forty Years of Research on the Book of Changes in China relevant materials was his clear train of thought on how to write the history of Chinese philosophy. With regard to the framework of his History of Philosophical Research on the B o ok of Changes,its value goes far beyond the borders defining a history of Chinese philosophy, and its connecting of traditional studies of Confucian classics with modern philosophy is, no doubt, one of the respects with the greatest import. Zhu, in this creative work, broke through the bondage of the times in a somewhat veiled way and achieved much more than merely completing the task of writing a history of Chinese philosophy, thus gaining a certain signifi cance in returning to traditional Chinese scholarship. In this regard, his idea of writing is quite diff erent from that of Feng Youlan’s 冯友兰 (1895–1990) New History of Chinese Philosophy [中国哲学史新编].Another clear contrast is the philosophical approach pursued by Zhu Bokun and the traditional Confucian approach to the philosophical content of the Book of Changes insisted on by Huang Shouqi 黄寿祺 (1912–1990) and Zhang Shanwen 张善文, the two authors of An Annotated Modern Chinese Translation of the Book of Changes [周易译注]. In this work, adhering to their orientation to traditional Chinese scholarship and continuing on the historical track of studying the Book of Changes as a Confucian classic, they make great eff orts to probe the modern signifi cance of the philosophical content in its text and commentaries.8 They adopt a layout of arranging the corresponding sections in the Text and the Commentaries together and then offer a lengthy modern Chinese version with annotation and explanation, followed by further philosophical elaboration. Containing a large collection of detailed data concerning research on the Book of Changes over the past dynasties, their work offers, on a sentence by sentence basis, minute annotations to the statements attached to the hexagrams and their lines and of the commentaries on the hexagram and line images, with a thorough and readily intelligible explanation, and afterward presents a systematic exposition of its philosophical discourse. Opening their book is a long introduction and “A Guide for Reading the Book of Changes” [读易要例], securing both its academic status and its accessibility to a mass audience. Small wonder that as soon as it was published in 1989, it was accepted by many scholars as a classic introductory book and today is still reprinted. However, this modern work, though it covers the entire range of traditional Confucian philosophy and research on the Book of Changes, fails to make clear the prerequisites and presuppositions for the beginners’ study, so that in actuality it is not an ideal primer for research on the Book of Changes.Dai Lianzhang’s 戴琏璋Th e Formation of the Changes Commentaries and Th eir Th ought [易传之形成及其思想] is an excellent work on the philosophical connotations of the Commentaries, echoing Zhu Bokun’s study of the philosophy in research on the Book of Changes. It probes into the Commentaries and is known as a must-read for relevant studies. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, the Commentaries have occupied a pivotal position in research on the Book of Changes and the Confucian tradition. It is necessary to make great eff ort to examine it punctiliously. Th rou g h research Dai found that:Of the ten commentaries, the earliest two, “Commentary on the Decisions” [彖传] and“Commentary on the Images” [象传], take gang-rou刚柔 (firmness and softness) asthe main concepts as a pair. Th ey appear ninety-eight times in the former and nineteentimes in the latter. By contrast, the yin-yang阴阳 (negative force and positive force, thetwo opposing principles in nature) appear only four times in the former and only twotimes in the latter. . . . In “Commentary on the Sequence of the Hexagrams” [序卦传] and“Miscellaneous Notes on the Hexagrams” [杂卦传], yin and yang are not mentioned atall. In the remaining three, that is, “Commentary on the Words of the Text” [文言传],8 Huang Shouqi 黄寿祺 and Zhang Shanwen 张善文, An Annotated Modern Chinese Translation of the Book of Changes[周易译注] (Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House, 1989).Confucian Academy Vol.6, No.2 (2019)“Appended Remarks” [系辞传], and “Commentary on the Trigrams” [说卦传], the mainconcepts are qian-kun乾坤 (Heaven and Earth, the creative and the receptive), where thenumber of times of mentioning gang-rou and that of mentioning yin-yang are similar,both fewer than qian-kun.9Th is fi nding provides an important clue and basis for studying the intellectual content ofeach of the ten pieces in the Commentaries.In many respects, A History of the Studies on the Book of Changes [周易研究史] by Liao Mingchun 廖名春, Kang Xuewei 康学伟, and Liang Weixian 梁韦弦 took a stepfurther than Zhu Bokun’s work, in that it not only covers the research on the Book ofChanges in modern times but treats specifi c details in an original way as well. For example,as regards the pre-Qin form of research on the Book of Changes, Liao offers a concisedefinition of the field: “Research on the Book of Changes are called Yixue.”10 He furtherstated, “Th e pre-Qin period is the incipient phase of research on the Book of Changes.”11 Th ework collects a big number of yishuo易说 (discourses on the Book of Changes)12 and dividesthem into two types: one subscribes to the theory treating the book as one of divination, andthe other focusing on its philosophical content. Th is division no doubt conforms to reality.For another example, aft er making detailed and complete textual research of each piece inthe Commentaries, Liao summarized, “it can be basically concluded that the creation ofthe Commentaries was not later than middle Warring State Period.”13 Th erefore, most ofthe Commentaries were written collaboratively by Confucius and some of his disciples andthe most appropriate research method is to treat all of them as an entirety, to make overallanalysis of and argumentation on them under the general name of pre-Qin Confucianresearch on the Book of Changes. Only in this way can its theoretical connotations andacademic attributes be clarifi ed more defi nitely.Chen Guying 陈鼓应, in his inspiring The Changes Commentaries and the Daoist Doctrines [易传与道家思想], clarifi es a lot of original ideas. In his work, he tries to argue that: All the philosophical topics and intellectual patterns as well as all the concepts, categories,and propositions conveyed by the vario u s doctrines on the origin of the myriad things,natur a l circulation, yin-yang and qi气 (vital energy) based transformation, Heaven andhumankind as one, change and development, optimistic and philosophical attitude to life,and gang-rou in mutual complementarity bear out that the philosophical content in allthe pieces of the Commentaries pertains to the tradition of Daoism.14In the Commentaries are retained many Daoist ideas and concepts, indeed. In other words,the creation of the Commentaries was under tremendous influence from the doctrine ofDaoism. I agree with many of the views and arguments p roposed by Chen in his work, buthis conclusion that “the philosophical content in the Commentaries pertains to the traditionof Daoism” seems a little extreme.9 Dai Lianzhang 戴琏璋, “Preface” [序言], in Th e Formation of the Changes Commentaries and Th eir Th ought [易传之形成及其思想] (Taipei: Wenjin Press, 1989), 5. Th e English translations of the titles of the Commentaries followCary Baynes.10 Liao Mingchun 廖名春, Kang Xuewei 康学伟, and Liang Weixian 梁韦弦, A History of the Studies of the Book ofChanges [周易研究史] (Changsha: Hunan Press, 1991), 1.11 Ibid., 9.12 I bid., 11. Th e defi nition of yishuo off ered by Liao Mingchun is “the various annotations and explanations (exceptthe Commentaries) of the text of the Book of Changes found in all sorts of pre-Qin books and unearthed materials,”which is basically similar to Zhu Bokun’s defi nition of yishuo.13 Ibid., 48.14 Chen Guying 陈鼓应, “Preface to the Beijing Commercial Press Revised Edition” [北京商务印书馆修订重排版序],in Th e Changes Commentaries and the Daoist Doctrines (revised edition) [易传与道家思想] (Beijing: CommercialPress, 2007), 1.50Forty Years of Research on the Book of Changes in China Th ird Decade (1998–2007): Pursuing All-Round Innovation [63] The third decade saw a liberal academic environment in China, where research on the Book of Changes entered a phase of rapid and deep development. Th ere were two dominant features: One was the further diversification of research methodology and interpretive approaches; and the other was that the studies were more in-depth, in which diversified studies, periodization studies, and case studies constituted the mainstream. A group of middle-aged and young scholars came on the scene and produced a body of research rich in innovation. Th e various academic views and research methods, past and present, Chinese and foreign, agitated among one another and brought about more or less an advance in all the areas of research on the Book of Changes, thus presenting an impressive picture of substantial achievement.Yang Qingzhong’s 杨庆中A History of Research on the Book of Changes in the Twentieth Century China [二十世纪中国易学史] introduces systematically the colorful development of research on the Book of Changes during this period.15 Yang divides research on the Book of Changes in the twentieth century into two periods, fi rst from 1900 to 1949 and the second from 1950 to 1997, corresponding to part one and part two of his work. In part one, he lays emphasis on research on the Book of Changes by scholars of Confucian classics, and research by the school of doubting ancient history and the school of historical materialism, as well as their new explorations. Part two covers research on the Book of Changes in the mainland and Taiwan of China. Yang divides research on the Book of Changes in the mainland into two consecutive phases. Th e fi rst phase (1950s and 1960s) introduces the formation, nature, authorship, and philosophical thought of the text and c o mmentaries of the Book of Changes, and discusses the immediately relevant methods of studying the history of Chinese philosophy. The second phase (1980s and 1990s) covers research on the text and commentaries of the Book of Changes,the history of research on the Book of Changes, and ancient classics concerned with the Book of Changes, as well as work on archaeological materials and the modern concepts of humanism and science. A special chapter in its second part is devoted to the research on the Book of Changes in the Taiwan region since 1949, discussing the outstanding achievements of some Taiwan-based scholars working on literature, history, and thought. Th is work by Yang deserves to be called an excellent model of studying the history of research on the Book of Changes, representing the highest level in studying the periodization of research on the Book of Changes in the third decade.Another of Yang’s works, A Study of the Text and Commentaries of the Book of Changes [周易经传研究], is also composed of two parts.16 Part one contains seven chapters f o cusing on studying the Text, with seven topics respectively concerning the images of the hexagrams and t heir lines, the statements attached to the hexagrams and their lines, the relationship between the images and the statements, the hexagram names and their sequence, the period in which the Text was formed, the nature of the Text, and the doctrine on the dao of Humanity (人道) in the Text. Th e eight chapters of part two turn to the Commentaries, discussing these eight topics: the relation between Confucius and the Commentaries, the age when the Commentaries came into being, the ideological and cultural resources fostering the Commentaries, the rationale of the Commentaries in explaining the Text, the train of thought by which the Commentaries explain the Text, the relationship between Heaven and 15 Yang Qingzhong 杨庆中, A History of Research on the Book of Changes in the Twentieth Century China [二十世纪中国易学史] (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2000).16 Yang Qingzhong, A Study of the Text and Commentaries of the Book of Changes [周易经传研究] (Beijing:Commercial Press, 2005).Confucian Academy Vol.6, No.2 (2019)humankind conveyed by the Commentaries, the dao道 (the Way) in the Commentaries,and the Commentaries in relation to Chinese philosophy. Th e work makes a systematic andall-round summary of the studies of the text and commentaries of the Book of Changes inthe previous several decades and in many caps off their lessons with further contributions,making it a mostly highly esteemed work in scholarly circles.Gao Huaimin 高怀民, in his A History of Pre-Qin Research on the Book of Changes [先秦易学史],17 divides pre-Qin research on the Book of Changes into three periods: theperiod of symbolic Changes,the period of divinatory Changes, and the period of ConfucianChanges. According to him,When we observe the cases of divination by using the Book of Changes recorded inZuo’s Explanation of the Spring and Autumn Annals a n d Discourses of the States, we fi ndthat the Changes was treated like a spent bullet. At that time, divination became a mereformali t y. When people got an auspicious statement, they would naturally be glad, butwhen otherwise, they would read into the statement something auspicious. Such peopleas Duke Xian of Jin (d. 651 BCE) and Cui Zhu 崔杼 (d. 546 BCE) went so far as to run therisk of calamity and act against the divination result. Clearly, the authority of divinationwas already lost completely.18Gao goes further to argue for his opinion from three angles, for which purpose, he cites eightexamples from other sources. His exemplifi cation seems to fall short in comprehensiveness,and his analysis of those examples is rather simple, even leaving several of them entirelyunexplained. Nonetheless, I agree with his opinion that pre-Qin research on the Book ofChanges is where the true spirit of China’s Yixue lies. He regards Fuxi and King Wen ofZhou as the sages of the subject and though his account of their thoughts on the Changes isvery rough and shallow, he preserves the continuity and completeness of the earliest historyof research on the Book of Changes. His work may be seen as a supplement to the studiesof the mainland scholars who have tended to apply the “headless” model in studying thehistory of Chinese philosophy.It is especially encouraging that, in the new environment where all-round innovation is advocated, some scholars have attempted new approaches and methods in explaining theBook of Changes. Th ough still leaving much to be desired, their studies are benefi cial andworthy of being pushed ahead. Below, I will introduce and make some comments on threewhich are more distinctive in their argumentation.Wen Shaofeng’s 温少峰Interpreting the Images of the Eight Trigrams in the Book of Changes [周易八卦释象] is an achievement which takes the lead in studying the imagesof the trigrams. He describes his method this way: “The method of extracting images tocompose the Book of Changes must have been similar to that of extracting images prevalentin Spring and Autumn Period, because this period is the closest to the time when the bookwas made,” and setting up a hexagram, o bserving the image, and attaching statements toit and its lines are the basic method and pattern of the Book of Changes.19 Regrettably, whenhe tries to probe how the author of the Book of Changes set up the hexagrams by extracting17 Gao Huaimin’s 高怀民 three works on the history of research on the Book of Changes, namely A History of Pre-QinResearch on the Book of Changes [先秦易学史], A History of Research on the Book of Changes in the Han [两汉易学史], and A History of Research on the Book of Changes in the Song, Yuan, and Ming [宋元明易学史], were fi rstlypublished by Taiwan Commercial Press in 1980. In 2007, they were introduced to the mainland and published byGuangxi Normal University Press.18 Gao Huaimin, A History of Pre-Qin Research on the Book of Changes (Guilin: G uangxi Normal University Press,2007), 135–136.19 Wen Shaofeng 温少峰, “Preface: Th e Trigrams and Images of the Book of Changes” [前言：论《周易》的“卦”与“象”], in Interpreting the Image s of the Eight Trigrams in the Book of Changes [周易八卦释象] (Chengdu:Bashu Book Society, 2004), 8–9.52。
OECD中国专项研究词汇表(3)
按：2005年，在一次国际会议上，得到几份OECD的中国研究报告，分别是：OECD Economic Surveys: China; China in the Global Economy: Governance in China; China in the World Economy: The Domestic Policy Challenges（这些文件在网上可以找到）。
内容共计1500页。
由于是外国人谈中国的事，报告中使用的表达方法，对于汉译英有很好的借鉴意义。
于是，我分别于2006年和2009年两次组织学生，搜集、整理文件中的表达方法，提供中文翻译，最后得到词条5000条。
现在发布到网上，与各位学习英语和翻译的网友分享。
由于文件较大，分为20次发布。
注意：中文翻译可能不准；我没有逐条核实。
box-ticking exercises逐项核查？BPID Basic Population Information Database人口基础信息数据库brand image品牌形象brand names品牌名称breach of contract违约,毁约,违反合同规定doc 2-432breach of environmental regulations违反环保法规bribe payers行贿者bribe recipients受贿者bridge the resulting gap填补鸿沟broad access to decision-making (through consultation)通过磋商广泛参与决策broadband technologies宽带技术broker 经纪人Budapest Treaty国际承认用于专利程序的微生物保存布达佩斯条约(Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure ）budget accounts预算账户budget aggregates预算总额budget allocation预算分配budget appropriation预算拨款budget classification预算科目budget constraint/budget implementation预算约束budget execution预算执行budget general leger预算总分类账budget limits预算限额budget management预算管理budget management reform预算管理改革budget outlays预算支出budget planning/ budget preparation预算编制p42budget presentation预算介绍budget proposals预算草案budget revenue预算收入p44budget squeeze预算紧张budget transfer预算转移budgetary appropriation国家预算内资金/预算拨款budgetary constraint预算约束budgetary shortfalls预算缺口budgetary system预算体系budgeting cycle预算循环buffer fund缓冲基金Buffer stocks缓冲存货build a consensus达成共识build better relations between改善…间关系build consensus between与...达成共识buoyant exports出口畅旺burdens on rural households (""peasant burd"")农村家庭负担/农民负担p60 bureau chief 局长bureaucratic entity行政/官僚实体/官僚机构bureaucratic ingenuity?中文不确定Bureaus of Labour and Social Insurance/Labour Bureaus劳动和社会保障局burgeoning social demand迅速增长的社会需求Business and Industry Advisory Committee to the OECD经合组织商业和工业咨询委员会business code商业代码p41Business entry行业准入business environment商业环境p51business failures企业倒闭Business guidance业务指导business incubator企业孵化器business interruption insurance营业中断保险business leadership领导力business lines业务线p106,paragragh 4business sentiment企业信心business start-ups新创企业business tax/turnover tax营业税/流转税business turnover营业额business unit业务单元buy-and-hold investor长期持股投资者buyer's market买方市场buyout收购by expenditure approach, at current prices按支出法，按现行价格p85by international standards依据国际标准part2 ,p268by-law地方法规；细则；公司章程bypass restrictions规避限制cadre干部calibrating regulations and instruments修正规章制度cancellation of debts销帐capacity building 能力建设capacity reduction减少能力capital account资本项目p46capital account convertibility资本项目可兑换capital account liberalisation资本项目开放capital accumulation资本积累p60capital adequacy资本充足capital adequacy ratio资本充足率part2, p251Capital asset ratio资金资产比率capital base资本金基础capital budget资本预算capital constructio基本建设capital construction expenditures基本建设支出capital control 资本管制p46capital control policy资本管制政策capital control regimes资本管制制度capital expenditure资本开支，资本支出capital flow资本流p47capital formation资本形成capital gain资本收益capital gains tax资本收益税capital income/ capital inflow资本收入capital injection注资capital intensity资本集约度capital intensive资本密集型capital investments资金投入capital market资本市场p54capital market development.资本市场的发展capital flow资本流动capital mobility资本流动性net capital outflow资本净流出capital or technology-intensive资本或技术密集型capital-output ratio资本产出比率capital management资本管理capital ratio资本率（同资本充足率）part2 ,p253capital expenditures资本支出capital investment资本投资capital stock\equity股本capital stock\deposit资本存量(从企业资本经营角度看，资本存量是指企业现存的全部资本资源)capital coefficient资本系数capital structure资本结构p94,paragragh 3capital transfers资本移转weighted average cost of capital(WACC)加权平均资本成本capital-intensive industry资本密集型产业capitalisation资本化capitalisation\market capitalisation总资本，总市值(公司资产的市场价值，即公司现有股份数额乘以每股市场价值。
国内生育支持政策研究的热点与研究进展
Operations Research and Fuzziology 运筹与模糊学, 2023, 13(5), 4793-4802Published Online October 2023 in Hans. https:///journal/orfhttps:///10.12677/orf.2023.135480国内生育支持政策研究的热点与研究进展——基于CiteSpace的知识图谱分析王一汀上海工程技术大学管理学院，上海收稿日期：2023年8月21日；录用日期：2023年10月4日；发布日期：2023年10月12日摘要建立生育支持政策体系是促进我国人口长期均衡发展的重要举措，生育支持政策的相关议题已成为当前学界研究的热点领域。
本文借助CiteSpace工具，以中国知网数据库的学术期刊为数据来源，绘制知识图谱，对生育支持政策研究领域的整体概况、研究热点和前沿进行可视化分析。
研究结果表明，生育支持政策的相关研究正处于快速增长阶段；研究热点聚焦于家庭生育、生育政策、生育支持、生育意愿、家庭政策、社会支持和女性就业七个方面；性别平等成为该领域研究的新视角。
最后，本文提出了四点研究展望，包括加大合作力度、加强生育支持政策的理论研究、综合运用多种研究方法以及将性别平等视角纳入生育支持政策的研究。
关键词生育支持政策，CiteSpace，可视化分析Research Hotspots and Progress in Domestic Fertility Support Policies—Knowledge Graph Analysis Based on CiteSpaceYiting WangSchool of Management, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, ShanghaiReceived: Aug. 21st, 2023; accepted: Oct. 4th, 2023; published: Oct. 12th, 2023AbstractEstablishing a system of birth support policies is an important measure to promote the long-term balanced development of China’s population, and the related issues of birth support policies have王一汀become a hot research field in the current academic community. This article utilizes the CiteSpace tool, using academic journals from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure database as data sources, to draw a knowledge graph and visually analyze the overall overview, research hotspots, and frontiers of the field of birth support policy research. The research results indicate that re-search on fertility support policies is in a rapid growth stage; research hotspots focus on seven aspects: family planning, birth policy, birth support, birth intention, family policy, social support, and female employment; gender equality has become a new perspective for research in this field.Finally, this article proposes four research prospects, including increasing cooperation, streng-thening theoretical research on birth support policies, comprehensively utilizing various research methods, and incorporating a gender equality perspective into research on birth support policies.KeywordsFertility Support Policies, CiteSpace, Visual Analysis Array Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0)./licenses/by/4.0/1. 引言2021年，《中共中央国务院关于优化生育政策促进人口长期均衡发展的决定》中提出实施三孩生育政策和配套积极生育支持措施；2022年，17部门联合发布《关于进一步完善和落实积极生育支持措施的指导意见》，制定了20项具体政策来落实财政、税收、保险、教育、住房、就业等积极生育支持措施；同年，党的二十大报告明确提出“建立生育支持政策体系，降低生育、养育、教育成本”[1]。
中外著名组织 中英文 famous orgnizationss
UN ( the United Nations) 联合国FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (联合国)粮食及农业组织UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) 联合国教科文组织UNCF (United Nations Children's Fund,其前身是United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund) 联合国儿童基金会UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) 联合国工业发展组织UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) 联合国开发计划署UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) 联合国环境署UNCDF(United Nations Capital Development Fund) 联合国资本开发基金会UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) 联合国贸易与发展会议WHO (World Health Organization) 世界卫生组织WMO (World Meteorological Organization) 世界气象组织WTO (World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 关税及贸易组织WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) 世界知识产权组织WPC (World Peace Council) 世界和平理事会ILO (International Labour Organization) 国际劳工组织ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross) 红十字国际委员会IMF (International Monetary Fund) 国际货币基金组织IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) 国际原子能机构NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 北大西洋公约组织OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 石油输出国组织OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) 经济合作与发展组织CMEA(Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) 经济互助委员会(经互会) APEC (Asia and Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经和组织EU (European Union) 欧洲联盟IPU (Inter-Parliamentary Union) 各国议会联盟ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) 东南亚国家联盟OAU (Organization of African Unity) 非洲统一组织OIC (Organization of the Islamic Conference) 伊斯兰会议组织IOC (International Olympic Committee) 国际奥林匹克委员会UPU (Universal Postal Union) 万国邮政联盟ITU (International Telecommunication Union) 国际电信联盟IFC(International Finance Corporation) 国际金融公司IMO (International Maritime Organization) 国际海事组织ISO (International Standard Organization) 国际标准化组织ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) 国际民用航空组织IDA (International Development Association) 国际开发协会IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development) 国际农业发展基金会IOJ (International Organization of Journalists) 国际新闻工作者协会ICC(International Chamber of Commerce) 国际商会UEA(Universal Esperanto Association) 国际世界语协会INTELSAT (International telecommunications Satellitic) 国际通信卫星机构IRTO (International Radio and Television Organization) 国际广播电视组织CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) 独立国家联合体OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe) 欧洲安全与合作组织EEC (European Economic Communities) 欧洲经济共同体OEEC (Organization for European Economic Cooperation) 欧洲经济合作组织NAM (the Non-Aligned Movement) 不结盟运动ANC (African National Congress) 非洲人民大会PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) 巴勒斯坦解放组织联合国主要组织国际劳工组织( 1946 ) ▪联合国粮食及农业组织( 1946 )▪联合国教育、科学及文化组织( 1946 )▪世界卫生组织( 1948 )▪世界银行▪国际货币基金组织( 1947 )▪国际民用航空组织( 1947 ) ▪国际海事组织▪国际电信联盟( 1947 ) ▪万国邮政联盟( 1978 )▪世界气象组织( 1951 ) ▪世界知识产权组织( 1974 )▪国际原子能机构( 1957 )资本（Capital）资本收益（Capital gain）资本主义（Capitalism）互补品（Complements）可竞争市场（Contestable market）优势策略（Dominant strategy）经济效率（Economic efficiency）经济利润（Economic profit）财富状况（Endowment position）垄断(Monopoly） Budget surplus 预算盈余 Budget deficit 预算赤字中国国家机关全国人民代表大会National People’s Congress (NPC)主席团Presidium 常务委员会Standing Committee 办公厅General Office秘书处Secretariat 代表资格审查委员会Credentials Committee提案审查委员会Motions Examination Committee民族委员会Ethnic Affairs Committee 法律委员会Law Committee财务经济委员会Finance Affairs Committee 外事委员会Foreign and Economy Committee教育，科学，文化委员会Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee内务司法委员会Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs华侨委员会Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee法制委员会Commission of Legislative Affairs特定问题委员会Committee of Inquiry into Special Questions宪法修改委员会Committee for Revision of the Constitution中华人民共和国主席President of the People’s Republic of China中央军事委员会Central Military Commission 最高人民法院Supreme People’s Court最高人民检察院Supreme People’s Procuratorate国务院State Council国务院部委Ministries and Commissions Directly under the State Council 外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs国防部Ministry of National Defence国家发展计划委员State Development Planning Commission（该部门已更名为国家发展与改革委员会National Development and Reform Commission)国家经济贸易委员会State Economic and Trade Commission(该部门已撤销，合并到商务部Ministry of Commerce)教育部Ministry of Education科学技术部Ministry of Science and Technology国家科学技术工业委员会Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence国家民族事务委员会State Ethnic Affairs Commission公安部 Ministry of Public Security 国家安全部 Ministry of State Security监察部 Ministry of Supervision 民政部 Ministry of Civil Affairs司法部 Ministry of Justice 财政部 Ministry of Finance人事部 Ministry of Personnel劳动和社会保障部 Ministry of Labour and Social Security国土资源部Ministry of Land and Resources 建设部Ministry of Construction铁路部 Ministry of Railways 交通部 Ministry of Communications信息产业部 Ministry of Information Industry 水利部Ministry of Water Resources农业部Ministry of Agriculture 文化部Ministry of Culture卫生部Ministry of Public Health国家计划生育委员会State Family Planning Commission中国人民银行People’s Bank of China国家审计署State Auditing Administration海关总署General Administration of Customs国家税务总局State Taxation Administration国家环境保护总局State Environmental Protection Administration中国民用航空总局Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC)国家广播电影电视总局State Administration of Radio, Film and Television 国家体育总局State Physical Cultural Administration国家工商行政管理局State Administration of Industry and Commerce新闻出版署Press and Publication Administration国家版权局State Copyright Bureau 国家统计局State Statistics Bureau 国家林业局State Forestry Bureau国家质量技术监督局State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision （已更名为国家质量监督检验检疫总局General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine)国家药品监督管理局State Drug Administration (SDA)(已更名为国家食品药品监督管理局State Food and Drug Administration, SFDA）国家知识产权局State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO)国家旅游局National Tourism Administration国家宗教事务局State Bureau of Religious Affairs国务院参事室Counsellors’ Office of the State Council国务院机关事务管理局Government Offices Administration of the State Council增加：国家安全生产监督管理局State Administration of Work Safety,下设国家煤矿安全监察局State Administration of Coal Mine Safety新华通讯社Xinhua News Agency 中国科学院Chinese Academy of Sciences 中国社会科学院Chinese Academy of Social Sciences中国工程院Chinese Academy of Engineering国务院发展研究中心Development Research Centre of the State Council国家行政学院National School of Administration中国地震局China Seismological Bureau 中国气象局China Meteorological Bureau中国证券监督管理委员会（证监会）China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC)增加：中国银行业监督管理委员会（银监会）China Banking Regulation Commmission（CBRC)中国保险监督管理委员会(保监会）China Insurance Regulation Commission （CIRC）国家电力监管委员会State Electricity Regulation Commission（SERC）全国社会保障基金理事会National Council For Social Security Fund国家自然科学基金委员会National Natural Science Foundation部委管理的国家局State Bureaux Administration by Ministration or Commission)国家粮食储备局(国家发展计划委员会)State Bureau of Grain Reserve (Under the State Development Planning Commission)国家国内贸易局 State Bureau of Internal Trade国家煤炭工业局 State Bureau of Coal Industry国家机械工业局State Bureau of Machine Building Industry国家冶金工业局State Bureau of Metallurgical Industry国家石油和化学工业局State Bureau of Petroleum and Chemical Industry 国家轻工业局State Bureau of Light Industry国家纺织工业局State Bureau of Textile Industry国家建筑材料工业局State Bureau of Building Materials Industry国家烟草专卖局State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau国家有色金属工业局State Bureau of Nonferrous Metal Industry(以上由国家经贸委管理above are all under the State Economic and Trade Commission，现均为商务部管理)国家外国专家局(人事部) State Bureau of Foreign Experts Affairs (under the Ministry of Personnel)国家海洋局(国土资源部) State Bureau of Oceanic Administration (under the Ministry of Land and Resources)国家测绘局(国土资源部) State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (ditto) 国家邮政局(信息产业部) State Post Bureau (under the Ministry of Information Industry)国家文物局(文化部) State Cultural Relics Bureau (under the Ministry of Culture)国家中医药管理局(卫生部) State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (under the Ministry of Public Health)国家外汇管理局(中国人民银行总行) State Administration of Foreign Exchange (under the People’s bank of China)国家出入境检验检疫局(海关总署) State Administration for EntryExit Inspection and Quarantine (under the General Administration of Customs) 增加：国家信访局China Bureau of Letters and Calls中国共产党，其他政党及政协相关名称中国共产党中央委员会Central Committee of the Communist Party of China 中央政治局Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC中央政治局常务委员会Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC中央书记处Secretariat of the Central Committee of the CPC中央军事委员会Central Military Commission of the CPC中央纪律检查委员会Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC中央办公厅General Office, CCCPC中央组织部Organization Department, CCCPC 中央党校Party School of the CPC中央宣传部Publicity Department, CCCPC中央统一战线部United Front Work Department, CCCPC中央对外联络部International Liaison Department, CCCPC中央政法委员会Committee of Political and Legislative Affairs, CCCPC 中央政策研究室Policy Research Office, CCCPC中央直属机关工作委员会Work Committee for Offices Directly under the CCCPC中央国家机关工作委员会State Organs Work Committee of the CPC中央台湾工作委员会Taiwan Affairs Office, CCCPC中央对外宣传办公室International Communication Office, CCCPC中央党史研究室Party History Research Centre, CCCPC中央文献研究室Party Literature Research Centre, CCCPC中央翻译局Compilation and Translation Bureau, CCCPC中央外文出版发行事业局China Foreign Languages Publishing and Distribution Administration 中央档案馆Archives Bureau, CCCPC中国人民政治协商会议及其机构The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and Its Structure中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会National Committee of the CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会常务委员会Standing Committee of the National Committee of the CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会办公厅General Offices of the CPPCC National Committee专门委员会Special Committee 提案委员会Committee for Handling Proposals经济委员会Committee for Economic Affairs人口资源环境委员会Committee of Population, Resources and Environment 教科文卫体委员会Committee of Education, Science, Culture, Health and Sports社会和法制委员会Committee for Social and Legal Affairs民族和宗教委员会Committee for Ethnic and Religious Affairs文史资料委员会Committee of Cultural and Historical Data港澳台侨委员会Committee for Liaison with Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Overseas Chinese 外事委员会Committee of Foreign Affairs中国人民政治协商委员会地方委员会CPPCC Local Committees中国政党Chinese Parties中国共产党(中共)Communist Party of China (CPC)中国国民党革命委员会(民革)Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang中国民主同盟(民盟)Chinese Democratic League中国民主建国会(民建)China Democratic National Construction Association 中国民主促进会(民进)China Association for Promoting Democracy中国农工民主党Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party中国致公党China Zhi Gong Dang九三学社Jiu San Society台湾民主自治同盟(台盟)Taiwan Democratic SelfGovernment League中国人民团体、协会名称英译测绘学会Society of Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography地震学会Seismological Society国际金融学会International Finance Society国际战略问题学会Institute for International Strategic Studies海洋学会Society of Oceanography 科普学会Popular Science Society全国少年儿童文化艺术委员会Nat’l Council on Cultural and Art Work for Children全国少年儿童工作协调委员会Nat’l Children’s Work Coordination Committee全国史学会China Society of History 宋庆龄基金会Song Ching Ling Foundation中国奥林匹克委员会Chinese Olympic Committee中国标准化协会China Association for Standardization中国残疾人福利基金会China Welfare Fund for the Handicapped中国出版协会Chinese Publishers Association中国道教协会Chinese Taoist Association 中国笔会中心Chinese Pen Centre中国电视艺术家协会Chinese Television Artists Association中国电影家协会China Film Association中国法律质询中心Chinese Legal Consultancy Centre中国法律会China Law Society 中国翻译工作者协会Translators Association of China中国佛教协会Chinese Buddhists Association 中国福利会China Welfare Institute中国歌剧研究会Chinese Opera Research Institute中国共产主义青年团Communist Youth League of China中国国际法学会Chinese Society of International Law中国国际交流协会Association for Int’l Understanding of China中国红十字会总会Red Cross Society of China中国会计学会China Accounting Society中国基督教“三自”爱国运动委员会ThreeSelf Patriotic Movement Committee of the Protestant Churches of China 中国基督教协会China Christian Council中国计量测试学会Chinese Society for Measurement中国金融学会Chinese Monetary Society中国考古协会Archaeological Society of China中国科学技术史学会Chinese Society of Science and Technology History 中国科学技术协会China Society and Technology Association中国联合国教科文组织全国委员会Nat’l Commission of The People’s Republic of China for UNESCO中国联合国协会United Nations Association of the People’s Republic of China中国美术家协会Chinese Artists Association中国民间文艺家协会China Society for the Study of Folk Literature and Art 中国企业管理协会China Enterprise Management Association中国曲艺家协会Chinese Ballad Singers Association中国人民保卫儿童基金会Chinese People’s National Committee for Defence of Children中国人民对外友好协会Chinese People’s Associ ation for Friendship with Foreign Countries 中国少年儿童基金会Children’s Foundation of China中国少年先锋队China Young Pioneers 中国摄影家协会Chinese Photographers Society中国书法家协会Chinese Calligraphers Association中国天主教爱国会Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association中国天主教教务委员会Na t’l Administrative Commission of the Chinese Catholic Church 中国天主教主教团Chinese Catholic Bishops College中国文学艺术界联合会China Federation of Literary and Art Circles中国舞蹈家协会Chinese Dancers Association中国戏剧家协会Chinese Dramatists Association中国伊斯兰教协会Chinese Islamic Association中国音乐家协会Chinese Musicians Association中国杂技艺术家协会Chinese Acrobats Association中国政法学会China Society of Political Science and Law中国作家协会Chinese Writers Association中化全国妇女联合会All China Women’s Federation中华全国工商联合会All China Federation of Industry and Commerce中华全国归国华侨联合会All China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese 中华全国青年联合会All China Youth Federation中华全国世界语联合会All China Esperanto League中华全国台湾同胞联谊会All China Federation of Taiwan Compatriots中华全国体育总会All China Sports Federation中华全国新闻工作者协会All China Journalists’ Association中华全国总工会All China Federation of Trade Unions中华医学会Chinese Medical Association中国各级党政机关干部名称英译名中共中央总书记 General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee政治局常委Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau, the CPC Central Committee 政治局委员 Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee书记处书记 Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee中央委员Member, Central Committee 党组书记secretary, Party Leadership Group中华人民共和国主席/副主席President/Vice President, the People's Republic of China全国人大委员长/副委员长Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People's Congress秘书长 Secretary-Genera 主任委员 Chairman 委员 Member人大代表 Deputy to the People's Congress 国务院总理 Premier, State Council 国务委员 State Councilor秘书长 Secretary-General（国务院各部）部长 Minister司长 Director局长 Director 省长 Governor 自治区人民市长/副市长Mayor/Vice Mayor 县长Chief Executive, County Government乡镇长Chief Executive, Township Government秘书长Secretary-General办公厅主任 Director, General Office人民法院院长 President, People's Courts人民法庭庭长 Chief Judge, People's Tribunals 审判长 Chief Judge 审判员 Judge。
development research center of the state council
development research center of thestate councilDevelopment Research Center of the State CouncilDevelopment Research Center of the State Council (DRC) is a policy research institution directly under the State Council of China. It was established on the basis of the former Research Office under the State Council in 1978. DRC is responsible for conducting research on issues relating to China's social and economic development. It also provides consultation and policy advice to the Chinese government as well as international organizations.Step 1: History of DRCDRC was established in 1978, after China's opening up and economic reform. The center consists of several research departments, such as macroeconomic research, fiscal and financial research, rural development research, and regional development research. The main tasks of DRC are to provide policy recommendations to the government, promote academic exchanges, and conduct research projects.Step 2: Organization Structure of DRCDRC is led by a director, who is appointed by the State Council. The center has four vice-directors and several research departments. The departments include the General Office, Macroeconomic Research Department, Fiscal and Financial Research Department, Rural Development Research Department, Regional Development Research Department, International Cooperation Department, and other supportingdepartments. DRC also has academic advisory committees composed of renowned scholars from both China and abroad.Step 3: Research Focus of DRCDRC has been conducting research on various issues relatingto China's social and economic development for over 40 years. Its research covers a wide range of fields, including macroeconomic policy, fiscal and financial policy, andregional and rural development. DRC also pays attention to international cooperation and actively participates invarious international organizations and forums.Step 4: DRC's Contributions to China's DevelopmentDRC has provided important consultation and policy advice to the Chinese government. For example, DRC has actively participated in the formulation and implementation of the13th Five-Year Plan, which is essential to China's social and economic development. DRC has also made significant contributions to the development of China's rural areas, such as proposing policies for promoting agriculturalmodernization and increasing farmers' income. Additionally, DRC has actively participated in China's Belt and RoadInitiative and made efforts to deepen China's international economic cooperation.In conclusion, as a leading policy research institutionin China, DRC plays a significant role in China's development. Through its research, consultation and policy advice to the government, as well as its participation in international cooperation, DRC makes great efforts to promote China'ssocial and economic development.。
中国结构性货币政策研究综述
中国结构性货币政策研究综述作者：顾红来源：《经济研究导刊》2022年第11期摘要：结构性货币政策是我国根据经济发展不同时期的战略所推出的货币政策创新工具。
通过整理相关研究资料得出以下结论：结构性货币政策具有利率渠道、银行风险渠道、信号预期渠道等多种传导机制，并且在短期内不同的传导机制对推动和巩固实体经济发展有不同程度的正向影响，但是从长期看这种正向影响具有递减的趋势;长期实行货币政策会在一定程度上扭曲原本的经济结构，因而需要与财政政策协同配合以达到经济目标。
通过梳理相关文献，从结构性货币政策的背景、内涵、传导机制、实施效果以及实施建议等方面做研究综述。
关键词：结构性货币政策;经济发展;文献综述中图分类号：F83;TS9 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1673-291X（2022）11-0126-032008年的金融危机引致股市持续走跌、信用不断紧缩，一系列经济难題促使美国等国家采取宽松货币政策、大幅降低基准利率等系列举措，为萎靡的市场注入流动性，以推动经济转好。
但是，由于金融机构对于流动性风险的考量不足，加之其他因素共同导致基础货币未能带动相应的广义货币增加，流动性未能真正注入实体经济中，最终造成“流动性陷阱”。
针对此次金融危机中出现的新问题，中国人民银行在借鉴他国经验的基础之上，逐渐推出结构性货币政策工具，如常备借贷便利（SLF）、公开市场短期流动性调节工据（SLD）、抵押补充贷款（PSL）等。
笔者就关于中国结构性货币政策的研究做一个文献综述。
一、结构性货币政策的背景及内涵进入“十四五”时期，中国经济发展强调脱虚向实。
而面对实体经济发展过程中不断出现的金融市场不完善、资金流通受阻、融资结构不合理等新困境，同时为调整银行间与实体经济之间的流动性差异结构，亟需有能够与之适配、同样具有结构性的货币政策在宏观上科学引导经济在正确的轨道上发展。
结构性货币政策不仅将微观经济主体的异质性、政策敏感度等因素纳入其传导机制，且可以同时兼顾到区域结构效应、产业结构效应以及消费结构效应等，在宏观上实现“定向”与“精准”双目标，也能在微观层面做到优化资源配置从而达到高效决策。
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How do legislatures make policy?
• Usually by passing laws • Laws tend to be broad and non-specific • Legislatures also engage in “legislative oversight” – monitoring implementation of laws • Legislatures tend to DELEGATE authority to bureaucratic agencies
• Overlapping authority (“Marble Cake model”)
Federal
Local
State
Example of Federalism: San Jose, California
• National Government (President, Congress, and national bureaucracy) • California State Government (Governor, Legislature, elected administrative officials and bureaucracy) • Santa Clara County (Board of Supervisors, county bureaucracy) • Special district governments (School Boards, Water Districts, etc.) • City of San Jose (Mayor, City Council, city bureaucracy)
How do NONPROFIT AGENCIES make public policy?
• Legislative body OR administrative agency creates policy requiring contracting of service to nonprofit agency • Through competitive (or non-competitive) bidding process, contract is awarded to nonprofit agency • Agency implements specific services as required by law or administrative decision
Example of ADMINISTRATIVE policy making
• California state legislature passes laws creating a system of services for the mentally ill • County governments building hospitals, hire mental health professionals to implement policy • State law circumscribes policy, but local government administrators have a great deal of discretion to implement it
Who makes public policy in the U.S.?
• Legislative bodies (Congress, State Legislatures, City Councils, etc.) • Executives (President, Governors, Mayors) • Public Administrators (Bureaucrats and “street-level bureaucrats”) • Nonprofit agency administrators • Judges and other judicial officials
Example of NONPROFIT agency policy making
• County government creates program to provide mentors to troubled youths (i.e., those involved in crime or illegal drugs, etc.) • A local nonprofit agency, “Mexican American Community Services Agency” receives $125,000 grant to provide mentoring services to Mexican-American youths
Policy Making in a Federal System
• American Government consists of THREE major levels of policy makers:
– FEDERAL government (also known as NATIONAL government), centered in Washington, D.C. – STATE government – 50 states, each with INDEPENDENT authority in some policy areas – LOCAL government – thousands of cities,counties, and special districts with delegated authority from state and national governments
Federal government (Washington, DC)
50 state governments
Thousands of local governments (cities, counties and special districts)
The intergovernmental system
Example of typical LEGISLATIVE policy making
• Congress passed the Clean Air Act in 1970 • Goal: to reduce air pollution by limiting amount of contaminants factories can release • Details of exactly who and how to limit pollution left to Environmental Protection AVE AGENCIES make public policy?
• Usually occurs when legislature delegates authority to bureaucracy • Administrators often have to write rules and regulations • Administrators exercise great discretion in implementing policy • “Street-level” bureaucrats (e.g., police and teachers) also involved in policy implementation
Nonprofit agencies in Santa Clara County
• Nearly one thousand agencies • Not all receive public funds
The Policy Process
• Agenda Setting – problems and issues are discussed by policy makers • Policy Formulation – alternatives are discussed • Policy Adoption – action is taken [legislative act, administrative order, etc.] • Policy Implementation – adopted policy is acted upon by administrative agencies or nonprofit agencies • Policy Assessment – outcome of new policy is monitored and evaluated
What is Public Policy?
• Decisions made by public agencies (or on behalf of the public) • Affecting large numbers of people • Created by laws or by public administrators • Generally involves public investment • Excludes private action, although may be designed to affect private decisionmaking
Governments within and around Santa Clara County
• • • • • • • • • • 1 County (Santa Clara) 15 Cities (San Jose + 14 others) 33 School Districts 54 other “special districts” Valley Transit Authority (buses) Association of Bay Area Governments Regional Water Quality Control Board Metropolitan Transportation Commission Bay Area Air Quality Management District San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission