Invoicing Value Analysis
挣值分析法 – Earned Value Analysis
EV(BCWP)
EV = Earned Value (挣值) BCWP = Budgeted Cost for Work Performed (已完成的工作的预算 成本)
AC(ACWP)
AC = Actual Cost (实际成本) ACWP = Actual Cost for Work Performed (已完成的工作的实际成本)
完成度只能是0%或者100% 只有完成度100%的任务才能对EV有贡献
LOE类型的任务总是务 预算 工时 花费工时 本周 模块3A4.t编码 模块5A3.m BugFix 模块3A4.t UT计划 项目例会 配置状态报告 CCB会议 小计 3 35 25 6 15 5 10 3 2 2 37 y y 累计 45 5 10 20 0 02/05/200 2 预期完成情况 预计 剩余 预计完成 日期 y n y n y 是否 完成 是否 准时
任务：组装100辆自行车
工人数量：4 每辆自行车所需组装时间：2~4小时 每辆自行车零件总成本：125元 工人小时工资：25元 每辆自行车单价210元
问题：在任何一个特定的时间，我们需要知 道什么数据才能够判断是否能够盈利？
挣值分析法中的三个基本概念
PV(BCWS)
PV = Planned Value (计划值) BCWS = Budgeted Cost for Work Scheduled (计划中工作的预算成 本)
2002-06-23 (单位以人时计) 375 445 533 70 -88 1.19 0.83
重新计划
当挣值分析的结果出现较大偏差的时候，可 能需要进行重新计划
ECD 不能满足客户要求 SPI,CPI严重偏差（例如 <0.7） EAC 超出公司或者客户允许的范围
项目管理术语词汇表全----PMP项目管理分享资料
A•Abstract Resource 抽象资源•Abstraction 抽象•Acceleration 加速•Acceptability Criteria 验收标准•Acceptable Quality Level ("AQL”）可接受质量水平•Acceptance 验收•Acceptance Criteria 验收标准•Acceptance Letters 验收函•Acceptance Number 接受数目•Acceptance Review 验收评审•Acceptance Test 验收测试•Acquisition Methods 采购方式•Acquisition Negotiations 采购谈判•Acquisition Plan 采购计划•Acquisition Plan Review （”APR”) 采购计划评审•Acquisition Planning 采购计划编制•Acquisition Process 采购过程•Acquisition Strategy 采购策略•Action 行动•Action Item 行动项•Action Item Flags 行动项标记•Action Plan 行动计划•Activation 激活•Active Listening 积极倾听•Activity Arrow Net 活动箭线网络•Activity Based Costing（"ABC”）基于活动的成本核算•Activity Based Management ("ABM”) 基于活动的管理•Activity Calendar 活动日历•Activity Code 活动代码•Activity Definition 活动定义•Activity Description 活动描述•Activity Duration 活动工期活动持续时间•Activity Duration Estimating 活动工期估算•Activity Elaboration 活动详述•Activity File 活动档案•Activity ID 活动识别码•Activity List 活动清单•Activity Node Net 活动节点网络双代号网络•Activity on Arc （”AOA”）弧线表示活动双代号网络•Activity on Arrow （"AOA”) 箭线表示活动双代号网络•Activity on Node节点表示活动单代号网络•Activity Oriented 面向活动•Activity Oriented Schedule 面向活动的进度计划•Activity Properties 活动属性•Activity Quantities 活动量值•Activity Status 活动状态•Activity Timing 活动定时•Actor 执行者角色•Actual 实际的•Actual and ScheduledProgress 实际进展的与计划进度•Actual Cost 实际成本•Actual Cost Data Collection实际成本汇总•Actual Costs 实际费用•Actual Dates 实际日期•Actual Direct Costs 实际直接成本•Actual Expenditures 实际的支出•Actual Finish 实际完成•Actual Finish Date 实际完成日期•Actual Start 实际开始•Actual Start Date 实际开始日期•ACWP 已完成工作实际成本•See Actual Cost of WorkPerformed•Adaptation 适应•Added value 附加价值•Addendum 附录•Adequacy 适当•Adjourning 解散•Adjustment 调节•ADM•Arrow Diagram Method•ADM Project ADM 项目•Administration 管理部门•Administrative 行政的•Administrative Change 行政变更•Administrative Management行政管理•ADP•Automated Data Processing•ADR•Alternative DisputeResolution•Advanced Material Release（”AMR”) 材料提前发布•AF•Actual Finish Date•AFE•Application for Expenditure•Authority for Expenditure•Affect 影响•Affected Parties 受影响方•Agency 代理•Agenda 议程•Aggregation 汇总•Agreement 协议•Agreement, legal 协议合同•ALAP•As-Late—As-Possible•Algorithm 算法•Alignment 排列成行•Alliance 联合•Allocated Baseline 分配的基线•Allocated Requirements 分配需求•Allocation 分配•Allowable Cost 允许成本•Allowance 预留•Alternate Resource 替代资源•Alternative Analysis 替代分析•Alternative DisputeResolution （"ADR"）替代争议解决方案•Alternatives 可选方案•Ambiguity 含糊不清•Amendment 修订•Amount at Stake 损失量•AMR 材料提前公布•Analysis 分析•Analysis and Design 分析与设计•Analysis Time 分析期•Analyst 分析员•AND Relationship 与关系•Anecdotal 轶事•Anticipated Award Cost 预期中标价•AOA•Activity on Arrow•Activity on Arc•AON•Activity on Node•AOQ•Average Outgoing Quality •AOQL•Average Outgoing Quality Limit•APMA•Area of Project Management Application•Apparent Low Bidder 最低投标人•Application 应用•Application Area 应用领域•Application for Expenditure ("AFE"）支出申请•Application for Expenditure Justification 支出申请的论证•Application Programs 应用程序•Applied Direct Costs 实际直接成本•Apportioned Effort 分摊努力•Apportioned Task 分摊任务•Appraisal 评估•Approach 方法•Appropriation 拨款•Approval 批准•Approval to Proceed 批准继续•Approve 同意•Approved Bidders List 批准的投标人清单•Approved Changes 批准的变更•Approved ProjectRequirements 批准的项目需求•APR•Acquisition Plan Review •AQL•Acceptable Quality Level •Arbitrary 随意的•Arbitration 仲裁•Arc 弧线•Architectural Baseline 构架基线•Architectural View 构架视图•Architecture 构架•Architecture，executable 构架可执行•Archive 档案文件•Archive Plan 存档计划•Area of Project Application•Area of Project ManagementApplication•Area of Project ManagementApplication （”APMA"）项目管理的应用领域•Arrow 箭线•Arrow Diagram Method（"ADM”) 箭线图方法•Arrow Diagramming 箭线图方法•Arrow Diagramming Method箭线图方法双代号网络图•Artifact 制品•Artificial 人工的•AS•Actual Start Date•ASAP•As—Soon—As—Possible•As-built Design 实际建造设计•As-built document．tion 实际建造文档•As-Built Records•As-Built Schedule 实际建造进度计划•As—Late—As—Possible("ALAP”) 尽可能晚•As-Needed 恰如所需•As-of Dateo见Data Date.•As—Performed Schedule 实际进度计划•Assembly 组装件•Assembly Sequence 组装顺序•Assessment 评估•Assets 资产•Assignment 分配委派任务•Associated Revenue 关联收益•Association 关联关系•As—Soon-As—Possible(”ASAP”）尽快•Assumption 假设•Assumptions 假设•Assumptions List 假设清单•Assurance 保证•Assurance Programo见QualityAssurance Program。
挣值分析法
Earned Value Analysis 挣值分析法Earned Value Analysis (EVA) 挣值分析法，也称为赢得值、获得值。
它是一种项目跟踪，项目状态评估的技术；其核心内容是将工作、工作进度量化为价值，工作计划－>预算，实际工作进展－>成本，使得我们可以客观地精确地计算工作完成的百分比。
它解决了在任务持续时间段内凭借主观估计该任务完成情况的问题。
这种分析方法适用的任务特性为：在叶子节点任务基础上进行分析，支节点由叶子节点相加即可。
a) 有一定的持续时间b) 可以计算出每单位工作时间的平均工作成本例如：开发阶段开发任务，测试阶段的测试任务，相对的“销售商务谈判”这个任务就不能适用这种分析方式。
1. 基本概念1 计划 Vs 执行Budget at Completion (BAC) ：该项工作的总预算。
单位时间工作成本 = BAC / Duration(单位时间工作成本是一个经验值，各个公司都有积累的数据。
)Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled ( BCWS ) ：按照计划，在评估点应该完成的工作的预算。
BCWS = 单位时间工作成本×实际工作时间Budget cost of Work Performed (BCWP) ：在评估点实际上完成的工作的预算。
进度执行指标：Schedule Performance index ( SPI ) = BCWP/BCWS进度偏差 (Schedule Variance) sv = BCWP-BCWSSV简单地是离计划进度偏差地绝对指示。
SPI是关于效率的只是，指出项目使用预定资源的效率；接近1.0的SPI值指示了预定项目的高效执行，偏离1.0说明该计划彻底偏离实际，或者项目出现了无法控制得异常状况。
预定完成百分比 Percent Scheduled for completion = BCWP/BAC实际完成百分比 Percent Complete = BCWP/BAC2. 基本概念2 预算Vs成本Actual Cost of Work Performed (ACMP) ：ACMP的值是在某个时间点已经完成的工作任务的实际工作量花费。
赢得值分析法简介
赢得值分析法简介赢得值分析法（earned value Analysis）又称为挣值法或偏差分析法，是在工程项目实施中使用比较多的一种方法。
1967年美国国防部开发了挣值法并将它成功运用于国防工程中，并逐步获得了广泛的应用。
赢得值法是对项目的进度和费用进行控制的一种有效的方法。
赢得值法的价值在于将项目的进度和费用来综合度量，从而能准确的描述项目的进展状态。
优点是可以预测项目可能发生的工期滞后量和费用超支量，从而即使采取纠正措施，为项目管理和控制提供了有效的手段。
赢得值法的三个基本参数：1、计划工作量的预算费用（Budgeted Cost for Work Scheduled），计算公式为：BCWS=计划工作量×预算定额从公式中可以看出，BCWS指项目实施过程中某阶段计划要求完成的工作量所需的预算费用，主要反映进度计划应当完成的工作量。
2、已经完成工作量的实际费用（Actual Cost for Work Performed ），ACWP是指项目在实施过程中所发生的实际费用，主要反映项目执行的实际消耗。
3、已完成工作量的预算费用（Budgeted Cost for Work Performed），计算公式为：BCWP=已完工作量×预算定额BCWP即赢得值，是指项目实施过程中按某阶段已经完成的实际工作量和预算定额来计算而发生的费用，实际完成量包括前期完成量和已经开始但是没有完成的工作的折算量。
赢得值法的四个评价指标：1、费用偏差（Cost Variance）：CV=BCWP-ACWP费用偏差即已完成工作量的预算费用和已完成工作量实际费用的差值，工作量是相同的，差值主要体现在定实际费用和预算定额的差别上，因此CV反映的主要是执行效果，如果CV＜0，表示实际发生的费用小于预算的费用，执行效果较好，费用有节余或者效率较高；反之如果CV＞0，则表示实际费用超出了预算费用，即超支，说明这一阶段的执行效果不好。
国际贸易中英文术语及缩写
一般贸易ordinary trade易货贸易barter trade 国家之间不通过货币媒介直接交换货物补偿贸易compensation trade 利用外资进口国外技术或设备,用产品偿还协定贸易agreement trade 根据各国政府间签订的贸易协定和清算协定进行的贸易进料加工processing with imported materials 进口原材料、零部件，加工成品后再出口来料加工processing with customer's materials 由国外厂商提供原材料、零部件，由国内厂商按外商要求加工装配，成品交外商销售，加工方收工缴费出料加工outward processing 由国内厂商提供原材料、零部件，国外厂商按要求加工装配，成品返销，加工方收取工缴费寄售贸易consignment trade 寄售人氢货物运到国外,委托代销人销售国际租赁international lease 根据国际租赁契约，出租人将设备租凭给他国承租人使用边境贸易frontier trade 边境城镇与接壤国家边境城镇之间及边民互市贸易转口贸易entrepot trade 经过转口国进行的进出口贸易许可贸易license trade 商标、专利技术、专有技术以许可协议形式进行的贸易期货贸易forward trade 通过国际期货市场进行远期商品买卖承包工程contract project 承包国外工程技术项目或劳务项目的进出口设备和货物国际招标international bid 通过国际招标形式进行的一种进出口贸易国际展览international exhibition 通过国际展览会和国际博览会等形式进出口货物国际拍卖international exhibition 通过国际拍卖进行的一种贸易国际货款进口international loan 国际金融机构或外国政府提供贷款项目的进口归还贷款出口reimburse loan 国家批准的国际贷款项目通过出口产品来归还贷款外商投资企业进口imports by foreign-invested enter-prises 根据国家有关规定,外商投资企业进口货物外商投资企业出口exports by foreign-invested enter-prises 根据国家有关规定,外商投资企业出口货物国际援助international aid 国际组织或外国政府提供无偿援助的进出口货物捐赠donation 台港澳同胞、华侨、民间团体和个人捐赠给我国的物资赠送present 外国组织或个人赠送给我国组织或个人的物资其它贸易other trade 国际贸易中使用的上述贸易方式之外的贸易方式分析证书certificate of analysis一致性证书cettificate of conformity质量证书certificate of quality测试报告test report产品性能报告product performance report产品规格型号报告product specification report工艺数据报告process data report首样测试报告first sample test report价格／销售目录price ／sales catalogue参与方信息party information农产品加工厂证书mill certificate家产品加工厂证书post receipt邮政收据post receipt重量证书weight certificate重量单weight list证书cerificate价值与原产地综合证书combined certificate of value adn origin移动声明Ａ．ＴＲ．１movement certificate Ａ．ＴＲ．１数量证书certificate of quantity质量数据报文quality data message查询query查询回复response to query订购单purchase order制造说明manufacturing instructions领料单stores requisition产品售价单invoicing data sheet包装说明packing instruction内部运输单internal transport order统计及其他管理用内部单证statistical and oter administrative internal docu-ments 直接支付估价申请direct payment valuation request直接支付估价单direct payment valuation临时支付估价单rpovisional payment valuation支付估价单payment valuation数量估价单quantity valuation request数量估价申请quantity valuation request合同数量单contract bill of quantities-BOQ不祭价投标数量单unpriced tender BOQ标价投标数量单priced tender BOQ询价单enquiry临时支付申请interim application for payment支付协议agreement to pay意向书letter of intent订单order总订单blanket order现货订单sport order租赁单lease order紧急订单rush order修理单repair order分订单call off order寄售单consignment order样品订单sample order换货单swap order订购单变更请求purchase order change request订购单回复purchase order response租用单hire order备件订单spare parts order交货说明delivery instructions交货计划表delivery schedule按时交货delivery just-in-time发货通知delivery release交货通知delivery note装箱单packing list发盘／报价offer／quotation报价申请request for quote合同contract订单确认acknowledgement of order形式发票proforma invoice部分发票partial invoice操作说明operating instructions铭牌name／product plate交货说明请求request for delivery instructions订舱申请booking request装运说明shipping instructions托运人说明书(空运) shipper's letter of instructions(air)短途货运单cartage order(local transport)待运通知ready for despatch advice发运单despatch order发运通知despatch advice单证分发通知advice of distrbution of document．商业发票commercial invoice贷记单credit note佣金单commission note借记单debit note更正发票corrected invoice合并发票consolidated invoice预付发票prepayment invoice租用发票hire invoice税务发票tax invoice自用发票self-billed invoice保兑发票delcredere invoice代理发票factored invoice租赁发票lease invoice寄售发票consignment invoice代理贷记单factored credit note银行转帐指示instructions for bank transfer银行汇票申请书application for banker's draft托收支付通知书collection payment advice跟单信用证支付通知书document．ry credit payment advice跟单信用证承兑通知书document．ry credit acceptance advice跟单信用证议付通知书document．ry credit negotiation advice银行担保申请书application for banker's guarantee银行担保banker's guarantee跟单信用证赔偿单document．ry credit letter of indemnity信用证预先通知书preadvice of a credit托收单collection order单证提交单document．presentation form付款单payment order扩展付款单extended payment order多重付款单multiple payment order贷记通知书credit advice扩展贷记通知书extended credit advice借记通知书debit advice借记撤消reversal of debit贷记撤消reversal of credit跟单信用证申请书document．ry credit application跟单信用证document．ry credit跟单信用证通知书document．ry credit notification跟单信用证转让通知document．ry credit transfer advice跟单信用证更改通知书document．ry credit amendment notification 跟单信用证更改单document．ry credit amendment汇款通知remittance advice银行汇票banker's draft汇票bill of exchange本票promissory note帐户财务报表financial statement of account帐户报表报文statement of account message保险赁证insurance certificate保险单insurance policy保险申报单(明细表) insurance declaration sheet (bordereau)保险人发票insurer's invoice承保单cover note货运说明forwarding instructions货运代理给进口代理的通知forwarder's advice to import agent货运代理给出口商的通知forwarder's advice to exporter货运代理发票forwarder's invoice货运代理收据证明forwarder's certificate of receipt托运单shipping note货运代理人仓库收据forwarder's warehouse receipt货物收据goods receipt港口费用单port charges document．入库单warehouse warrant提货单delivery order装卸单handling order通行证gate pass运单waybill通用(多用)运输单证universal (multipurpose) transport document．承运人货物收据goods receipt, carriage全程运单house waybill主提单master bill of lading提单bill of lading正本提单bill of lading original副本提单bill of lading copy空集装箱提单empty container bill油轮提单tanker bill of lading海运单sea waybill内河提单inland waterway bill of lading不可转让的海运单证(通用) non-negotiable maritime transport document．nbsp(generic) 大副据mate's receipt全程提单house bill of lading无提单提货保函letter of indemnity for non-surrender of bill of lading货运代理人提单forwarder's bill of lading铁路托运单(通用条款) rail consignment note (generic term)陆运单road list-SMGS押运正式确认escort official recognition分段计费单证recharging document．公路托运单road cosignment note空运单air waybill主空运单master air waybill分空运单substitute air waybill国人员物品申报crew's effects declaration乘客名单passenger list铁路运输交货通知delivery notice(rail transport)邮递包裹投递单despatch note (post parcels)多式联运单证(通用) multimodal／combined transport document．nbsp(generic)直达提单through bill of lading货运代理人运输证书forwarder's certificate of transport联运单证(通用) combined transport document．nbsp(generic)多式联运单证(通用) multimodal transport document．nbsp(generic)多式联运提单combined transport bill of lading／multimoda bill of lading订舱确认booking confirmation要求交货通知calling foward notice运费发票freight invoice货物到达通知arrival notice(goods)无法交货的通知notice of circumstances preventing delvery (goods)无法运货通知notice of circumstances preventing transport (goods)交货通知delivery notice (goods)载货清单cargo manifest载货运费清单freight manifest公路运输货物清单bordereau集装箱载货清单container manifes (unit packing list)铁路费用单charges note托收通知advice of collection船舶安全证书safety of ship certificate无线电台安全证书safety of radio certificate设备安全证书safety of equipment certificate油污民事责任书civil liability for oil certificate载重线证书loadline document．免于除鼠证书derat document．航海健康证书maritime declaration of health船舶登记证书certificate of registry船用物品申报单ship's stores declaration出口许可证申请表export licence, application出口许可证export licence出口结汇核销单exchange control declaration, exprotT出口单证(海关转运报关单)(欧共体用) despatch note moder TT1出口单证(内部转运报关单)(欧共体用) despatch note model T1T2出口单证(原产地证明书) despatch note model T2T5管理单证(退运单证)(欧共体用) control document．nbspT5铁路运输退运单re-sending consigment noteT2L出口单证(原产地证明书)(欧共体用) despatch note model T2L出口货物报关单goods declaration for exportation离港货物报关单cargo declaration(departure)货物监管证书申请表application for goods control certificate货物监管证书申请表goods control certificate植物检疫申请表application for phytosanitary certificate植物检疫证书phytosanilary certificate卫生检疫证书sanitary certificate动物检疫证书veterinary certifieate商品检验申请表application for inspection certificate商品检验证书inspection certificate原产地证书申请表certificate of origin, application for原产地证书certificate of origin原产地申明declaration of origin地区名称证书regional appellation certificate优惠原产地证书preference certificate of origin普惠制原产地证书certificate of origin form GSP领事发票cosular invoice危险货物申报单dangerous goods declaration出口统计报表statistical doucument, export国际贸易统计申报单intrastat declaration交货核对证明delivery verification certificate进口许可证申请表import licence, application for进口许可证import licence无商业细节的报关单customs declaration without commercial detail有商业和项目细节的报关单customs declaration with commercial and item detail无项目细节的报关单customs declaration without item detail有关单证related document．海关收据receipt (Customs)调汇申请application for exchange allocation调汇许可foreign exchange permit进口外汇管理申报exchange control declaration (import)进口货物报关单goods declaration for implortation内销货物报关单goods declaration for home use海关即刻放行报关单customs immediate release declaration海关放行通知customs delivery note到港货物报关单cargo declaration (arrival)货物价值申报清单value declaration海关发票customs invoice邮包报关单customs deciaration (post parcels)增值税申报单tax declaration (value added tax)普通税申报单tax declaration (general)催税单tax demand禁运货物许可证embargo permit海关转运货物报关单goods declaration for customs transitTIF国际铁路运输报关单TIF formTIR国际公路运输报关单TIR carnet欧共体海关转运报关单EC carnetEUR1欧共体原产地证书EUR 1 certificate of origin暂准进口海关文件ATA carnt欧共体统一单证single administrative document．海关一般回复general response (Customs)海关公文回复document．nbspresponse (Customs)海关误差回复error response (Customs)海关一揽子回复packae response (Customs)海关计税／确认回复tax calculation ／confirmation response (Customs)配额预分配证书quota prior allocation certificate最终使用授权书end use authorization政府合同government contract进口统计报表statistical document．import跟单信用证开证申请书application for document．ry credit先前海关文件／报文previous Customs document．messageMC SM国际贸易术语英文缩写A/W 全水路All Water B/L 海运提单Bill of Lading B/R 买价Buying Rate BAF 燃油附加费Bunker Adjustment Factor C&F 成本加(海)运费Cost and Freight C.C 运费到付Collect C.S.C 货柜服务费Container Service Charge C.Y. 货柜场Container Yard C/（CNEE）收货人Consignee C/O 产地证Certificate of Origin CAF 货币汇率附加费Currency Adjustment Factor CFS 散货仓库Container Freight Station CFS/CFS 散装交货（起点/终点）CHB 报关行Customs House Broker CIF 成本，保险加海运费Cost，Insurance，Freight CIP 运费、保险费付至目的地Carriage and Insurance Paid To COMM 商品Commodity CPT 运费付至目的地Carriage Paid To CTNR 柜子Container CY/CY 整柜交货（起点/终点）D/A 承兑交单Document Against Acceptance D/O 到港通知Delivery Order D/P 付款交单Document Against Payment D/R 场站收据DOCK RECEIPT DAF 边境交货Delivered At Frontie DDC 目的港码头费Destination Delivery Charge DDP完税后交货Delivered Duty Paid DDU 未完税交货Delivered Duty Unpaid DEQ 目的港码头交货Delivered Ex Quay DES 目的港船上交货Delivered Ex Ship Doc# 文件号码Document Number EPS 设备位置附加费Equipment Position Surcharges Ex工厂交货Work/Ex Factory F/F 货运代理Freight Forwarder FAF 燃油价调整附加费（日本航线专用）Fuel Adjustment Factor FAK 各种货品Freight All Kind FAS 装运港船边交货Free Alongside Ship FCA 货交承运人Free Carrier FCL 整柜Full Container Load Feeder Vessel/Lighter 驳船航次FEU 40‘柜型Forty-Foot Equivalent Unit 40’FMC 联邦海事委员会Federal Maritime Commission FOB 船上交货Free On Board GRI 全面涨价General Rate Increase H/C 代理费Handling ChargeHBL 子提单House B/L I/S 内销售Inside Sales IA 各别调价Independent ActionL/C 信用证Letter of Credit Land Bridge 陆桥LCL 拼柜Less Than Container Load M/T 尺码吨（即货物收费以尺码计费）Measurement Ton MB/L 主提单Master Bill Of Loadin MLB 小陆桥，自一港到另一港口Minni Land Bridge Mother V essel 主线船MTD 多式联运单据Multimodal Transport Document N/F 通知人Notify NVOCC无船承运人Non Vessel Operating Common Carrier O/F 海运费Ocean Freight OBL 海运提单Ocean （or Oiginal ）B/L OCP 货主自行安排运到内陆点Overland Continental Point OP 操作Operation ORC 本地收货费用（广东省收取）Origen Recevie Charges P.P 预付Prepaid PCS 港口拥挤附加费Port Congestion Surcharge POD 目地港Port of Destination POL 装运港Port of Loadin PSS 旺季附加费Peak Season Surcharges S/（Shpr）发货人Shipper S/C 售货合同Sales Contract S/O 装货指示书Shipping Order S/R 卖价Selling Rate S/S Spread Sheet Spread Sheet SC 服务合同Service Contract SSL 船公司Steam Ship Line T.O.C 码头操作费Terminal Operations Option T.R.C 码头收柜费Terminal Receiving Charge T/S 转船，转运Transit-Ship T/T 航程Transit Time TEU 20‘柜型Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit 20’ THC 码头操作费（香港收取）Terminal Handling Charges TTL 总共Totals TVC/ TVR 定期定量合同Time V olume Contract/ Rate VOCC 船公司Vessel Operating Common Carrier W/M 即以重量吨或者尺码吨中从高收费Weight or Measurement ton W/T 重量吨（即货物收费以重量计费）Weight TonY AS 码头附加费Yard SurchargQ。
工业工程的专业英语词汇
工业工程专业英语词汇industrial engineering:工业工程accredited:认可的、授权的accrue：增值acoustics：声学acquisition：并购address:处理、针对、重点提出affiliate：隶属于aggregation:总体、集合体Agile Manufacturing (AM)：敏捷制造aircraft:飞机,航空器align：适应alliance：联盟ample：足够的、充裕的anatomical：解剖的ancillary：辅助的、附属的anthropometry：人体测量学appropriation: 占用artificial material：人工材料ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers：美国机械工程师协会assembly line：装配线assess:评估assiduity：勤奋、刻苦audit：审计automatic pallet changer：自动托盘转换装置automation:自动化ballistic：自然带弧形的bar code：条形码b atch p ro d uctio n：批量生产bench：工作台bill:清单bin:箱子biomechanical：生物力学的blade:刀片、叶片brand new:全新的b ud g e t-o rie nte d:面向预算的capacity:生产能力capital turnover:资金周转capital：资金carbon-filament:钨丝causal method:因果法cause and effect diagram：因果图cellular layout：单元式布局certification：认证change over :换模checksheet：检查表chronological:严密逻辑的chuck：卡盘circulate：循环、流通civil engineering：土木工程clamp:夹住closed loop:闭环CNC machine tools：计算机数控机床cockpit：飞机座舱、驾驶员座舱cognitive：认知的coil feeder：卷料进料器Co m m unicatio n Te chniq ue s in Lo g isticscompetitiveness：竞争力component:零件、组件、部件comprehensive interest:综合利益Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems (CIMS):计算机集成制造系统computerized numerical controlconsecutive: 连续的continous improvement:持续改进continuous improvement：持续改进conveyor：输送机convoluted：复杂的、回旋的、弯曲的coordination：协调corkscrew: 螺丝刀co st-e ffe ctive：有成本效益的、划算的crank：曲柄critical examination technique:关键检测技术crossbar:十字杠culminate:达到顶点curricula: 课程(or curriculum)customer satisfaction：顾客满意cutback：缩减cylindrical:圆柱的prismatic：棱柱的dam：水坝decision-making:决策defective:有瑕疵的,有缺陷的definable:可定义的demonstrate：示范、说明dependent demand: 相关需求discipline:学科discrete：离散的dispersion：分散性distribution：配送、分销division：部门、分配、分开drill press：钻床drop delivery:堕送装置due date：交货期d ye：染料earning:收益、利润E-business：电子商务economic and knowledge-based era:知识经济时代economic batch quantity:经济批量economic globalization：经济全球化ECRS(eliminate combine rearrange simplify):取消、合并、重排、简化EDM: electron discharge machining：放电加工effectiveness:效果efficiency:效率ejector:斜槽、导轨electrical engineering：电气工程electricity: 电、电学、电流、电气electronic data interchange：电子数据交换E-Manufacturing：网络化制造engulf：吞没EOS:电子订货系统electronic ordering system ergonomically：工效学地ergonomics:工效学exaggerated:过大的、许多的explosion:爆炸法eyestrain:视觉疲劳,眼睛疲劳fabrication：制造facility:设备、设施factory layout：工厂布局family：簇fatigue：疲劳fatigue：疲劳feat：合适的feed grinding machine: 进给式磨床feedback：反馈feedback:反馈file：锉刀final product:最终产品fish bone diagram：鱼骨图fitness for use：适用性fixed position layout:定位布局fixture：固定设备、夹具flapped operation：节拍式加工flexible manufacturing system：柔性制造系统flow diagram：线路图flow process chart：流程程序图fluctuate: 波动forcible：强制的、有说服力的trunk：躯干torso forearm:前臂upper arm:大臂forecast:预测forge:锻造fo rg e：锻造formulate：阐述、制定fortification：防御工事forward-looking:有远见的fo und ry：铸造friction: 摩擦frustration：挫折fuel：燃料fully automated：全自动化gang process chart：联合程序图garment industry:制衣业gauge：计量器general packet radio service geographic information systems geometry：几何形状GIS:地理信息系统GPRS:通用分组无线业务GPS:全球定位系统global positioning system gravity feed：重力自流进料group technology：成组技术hand in hand :合作hard ware：硬件harmonious society:和谐社会haul: 拖、拉health-care delivery: 卫生保健服务high-tech：高科技hindrance：妨碍histogram：直方图hoist：起重机human factor：人因human-centered design：以人为中心设计hybrid layout：混合式布局hypotenuse:斜边（hypothesis:假设）identical:相同的idleness:空闲IE engineers:工业工程师（IEs）IE graduates:工业工程毕业生（IEs）impede：妨碍，阻止implicitly:隐含地incentive：鼓励inclined plane:斜面inclusive design：全方位设计inconsistency:不一致independent demand: 独立需求independent variable:自变量inevitable：不可避免的inspection：检测Institute of Industrial Engineers：工业工程师学会(IIE) instructor：讲师、教练instrument：仪器、器械intangible:无形的integrated equipment：集成设备interchangeability:互换性interface：界面、接口intermediary:中间人intermittent：间歇的internal combustion engine：内燃机International Accreditation Forum：国际认证论坛International Organization for Standardization:国际标准化组织（ISO）inventory control：库存控制Inventory：库存inventory:清单、库存invoicing:开发票item:物料项目jig：夹具job shop production：车间任务型生产judgment method:判断方法jumbled：混合的、混乱的knuckle：指关节wrist：腕关节elbow：肘关节lag:落后，延迟lathe：车床layout：布局lead time：提前期Lean Production (LP)：精益生产literature:文献loading:装载locomotive：火车头logistics:物流long and short-term memory：长短时记忆lot for lot:批对批lot size:批量low-volume, high-variety production:多品种、小批量生产lubricant：润滑剂luggage：行李machine cell：机器单元machine tool：机床magnetism：磁学maintainability：可维护性maintaining:维护malfunction：故障manipulate:处理，使用，操纵man-machine process chart：人机程序图manufacturing industry:制造业manufacturing resources planning:制造资源计划market share:市场占有率master production scheduling:主生产计划material handling ：物料搬运material requirements planning:物料需求计划mechanical engineering：机械工程mechanized：机械化的mental demand:脑力需求metal-working job shop :金工车间method study:方法研究methodology:方法metrics：度量m ilitary：军事的milling machine：铣床mission:使命、任务、目标MIT: 麻省理工学院Massachuse tts Institute o f Te chno lo g y molecular:分子的momentum：动量monetary：货币的、金融的morale：士气、纪律motion analysis：动作分析motion economy principles：动作经济原则motivation:激励multi-disciplinary：多学科性质的muscle：肌肉muscle：肌肉musculoskeletal disorder：肌骨失调navigation：导航netting:净需求计算normative：标准的notch: V型凹槽、切口nutrition：营养observe value：观察值offset:偏置法operation analysis：作业分析operation management:运作管理operation process chart: 工艺程序图opportunity：缺陷机会order fulfillment: 订单执行order lots：订单批量、订货量orient：定向otiose：无效的、多余的outlets:品牌直销购物中心overengineer：高于工程要求的package：包装pallet：托盘parameter:参数pareto chart：排列图part period cover:零件周期批量participation:参与partition：分割parts feeder：送料器physical science ：自然科学（natural science）physiology：生理学pivot：轴、支点、中心点plot:以图的形式表示Pmts: predetermined motion time system：预定动作时间系统portable powered tool：便携式电动工具portray：描绘POS:销售时点系统point of sale systempositioning device：定位装置positioning：定位potentiality:潜能practitioner：开业者pre-assessment:预评估precondition :前提prediction:预言preliminary：预备的、初级的pre-positioned：预放在工作位置上proceed:行进、继续进行process analysis：程序分析process layout：工艺布局procurement：采购product layout：产品布局product life cycle: 产品生命周期production line:生产线production planning:生产计划production process：生产过程production scheduling：生产调度production system：生产系统productive：有生产价值的、多产的productivity :生产率profitability:收益率psychology：心理学pull production:拉动式生产Pythagorean theorem:勾股定理qualitative method:定性方法quality of conformance：符合性质量quality of design：设计质量quantitative method:定量方法rapid changeover:快速换模raw material：原材料rectangular：矩形的cube：立方体registrar:注册人员reliability:可靠性repetition:重复、复制品repetitive strain injury：重复性劳损replenishment:补充、补给re p ro ach：责备、谴责reputation:声誉requirement:需求reservation：预定resharpen：重磨retailer:零售商revenue：收入、税收RFID:无线射频技术radio frequency identificationrough cut capacity:粗能力计划saturation：饱和scatter diagram：散布图scheduling:调度、排程scheme：计划、设计screwdriver：螺丝刀seasonal patterns:季节模式semi-automatic(automated)：半自动化sem inar:研讨班senso ry：感觉的service system:服务系统setup time：生产准备时间Shakespeare industry :莎士比亚产业sheet:薄板状的shroud：罩、遮蔽物simple lever:单杠杆simultaneously:同时地six sigma methodology: 六西格玛法socialize joint distribution:社会化共同配送specialization: 专业化specialty:专业specification：规范specs：规范、规格stamp：冲压standard data：标准资料standard deviation：标准偏差standardization: 标准化static electricity:静电学statistic：统计的statistical:统计学的steam engine:蒸汽机stock：库存sto re :仓库strategic planning:战略规划Stratfo rd-o n-Avo n, as we all kn o w, has only one Shake sp e are－b ut there are two distinctly se p arate and branches.subassembly:组件、部件substandard：低于标准的suite：软件包industry－William increasingly hostilesupply chain：供应链symmetrical：对称、匀称synchronous：同步的synthesize：综合tangible:有形的team spirit：团队精神Te chn ical Co m m itte e（TC）176:品质保证技术委员会template：模板template：模型thermal process:热处理thermal：热量的，热的third-party logistics:第三方物流threbligs：动素time study：时间研究time-series analysis:时间序列分析tolerance：容许偏差tote bin：搬运箱trade-off: 权衡transaction:业务、交易transformation：转换transmission:传送transportation:运输trivial：琐碎的tune:调整turbine:涡轮机、汽轮机two-hand process chart：双手程序图underengineer：低于工程要求的unloading:卸载unpredictable：不可预测的use r-ce nte re d:用户为中心的variable:变量vessel:管道vibration：振动vicinity：邻近visionary:远景warehouse:仓库warehouse：仓库、仓储weld：焊接wholesaler:批发商work measurement：作业测定work piece：工件work related upper limb disorder:工作引起的上肢功能障碍work sampling：工作抽样work unit：工件workhead：工作台、机台workholder：工件夹具wo rk-in-p ro ce ss：在制品workshop:车间、研讨会workstation：工作站。
毕业论文外文文献翻译-上市公司内在价值分析论文文献翻译-中英文论文对照翻译
中文2340字题目：《上市公司内在价值分析》外文原文The intrinsic value of the listed companies is analyzed First, about the intrinsic value. Along with the development of China's capital market, China's stock market will be gradually maturing, the value investment will account for the dominant position in China's stock market in the future, the value of the securities market is when the market price of the securities investment below its intrinsic value when buying, and hold for a long time or when the stock market price is higher than its intrinsic value to a certain extent when selling. Therefore, for the value of China's stock market investment primary problem is to determine theintrinsic value of the shares of listed companies. To risk investment at the same time, the needs of the enterprise merger and reorganization of assets in the capital operation, the urgent need for China's strong operability of value evaluation system of thecompany. Benjamin graham in "securities analysis" in the book are intrinsic value is summarized in the summary of the concept:1, the intrinsic value is unable to determine the specific numerical, difficult to grasp the concept.2, intrinsic value according to the company history data to calculate returns, but can only be used for your reference. Because earnings figures from history is unable to estimate the uncertainty of future earnings.3, although can't get an accurate number of the intrinsic value, but the intrinsic value can express and use it in a range of approximation to determine share price is overvalued or undervalued.4, often deviate from the stock market price of real value.5, when the real value of the market price deviating from the securities market will be the trend of self correcting. But for some overvalued or undervalued securities value often lasts for very long period of time.Second, to assess the intrinsic value of the company's main methods at home and abroad are:(a) asset value based methodIt is the way through the study of the valuation of the company's assets to evaluate the value of the company. Current international book value of assets valuation standards are onthe replacement cost method and the liquidation value, etc. 1, book value methodBased on the theory of the accounting book value method is a kind of method According to the balance sheet net assets and make appropriate adjustments But the result may not represent the profitability, the characteristic is easy but not accurate. 2, the replacement cost methodReplacement cost method refers to the current price level to build a evaluation, and to be identical or similar assets cost characteristic is now based on the point value of the assets Did not think of the future asset returns.3, the liquidation valueLiquidation value method is based on the company's total assets minus the value of total liabilities, after market to liquidate characteristic is only considered assets value without considering the organization's intangible assets and goodwill (goodwill) is suitable for the bankrupt enterprise.(2) cash flow (DCF) methodThe cornerstone of discounted cash flow method is present value rule. The value of any asset is equal to the total present value of all cash flows in the future. Cash flow for the assets valuation varies. For stock, cash flow is dividends. For bonds,cash flow is the interest and principal. For a practical project, cash flow is the after-tax net cash flows. The discount rate will depend on the degree of risk of the cash flow forecast, the higher risk assets, the higher the discount rate. On the contrary, the lower the risk assets, the lower the discount rate. Depending on the source of the cash flow, can be used to assess the intrinsic value of the company mainly has the following three:1, the dividend discount methodDividend discount method and the company's future is expected dividend discount the value of the company now. Dividend method theoretically can accurately calculate the real value of the assets, but in practice it is difficult to operate. Because mostcorporate dividend distribution is irregular and not quantitative, some enterprises in its root is not hair dividends for a long time, so it is difficult to predict its dividend payments and calculate its value.2, corporate free cash flow discount methodFree cash flow is refers to the company after pay for business expenses and income tax, to all companies, includingcreditors rights requirement to pay cash before all of the cash flow.3, equity free cash flow discount methodFree cash flow of equity is to point to in the performance of the company to repay the debt, compensate for capital expenditure, increase working capital and other financial obligations after left that part of the cash flow.Theoretically to have earnings assets, cash flow (DCF) method can accurately calculate the most the real value of the assets, cash flow (DCF) method is considered to be the most scientific, most professional literature method to estimate the most mature company.Equal to the value of the enterprise to present value of expected future cash flows discounted by the appropriate discount rate, so this kind of method to estimate the future cash flow of the asset to the company, and to choose the reasonable discount rate, features is difficult, and complicated operation.(3) p/e ratio methodIf we can estimate the target company's future sustainable yield, and there is a stock market average p/e ratio of industry, with the company's after-tax profitmultiplied by the industry average p/e ratio can be relatively simple to calculate the value of company is roughly, p/e ratio method and feasible, but the underlying premise is that the local stock market is a strong form efficiency market, the company's market value is equal to the intrinsic value, otherwise the calculation results with the company's actual intrinsic value will probably have a great error.(4) other methodsDisperse aggregation have comparable transactions, comparable companies,valuation method, the target company's stock price history analysis, M&A multiplier, leveraged buyouts, leveraged capital adjustment method and income multiplier method, etc. Usually investment Banks in enterprise merger, acquisition and reorganization method.(5) economic value added (EVA) discountEconomic value added of the most basic form is surplus income of the company. In other words, if investors get the expected return on investment is equal to the investors investment benefit, the company's residual income is equal to zero, the investment is equal to the value of the investment. If the company to produceeconomic value added, will be the future of the company after discounting Eva plus the company's total investment should be equal to the intrinsic value of the company. Three, the intrinsic value of traditional analysis principle of evaluationIntrinsic value traditional analysis principle, blend in a variety of financial and management theory, has formed a relatively complete theory system, and has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people in the practice, good results have been achieved. Mr Buffett has applied intrinsic value traditional analysis principle and deepen to perfection, investment in the real world has been a huge success. But the inherent value of traditional analysis principle also has some defects, need to be further improved.From the method level, intrinsic value is the main defect of traditional analysis principle did not form a unified analysis framework:(1) the qualitative analysis of the system, but the lack of a unified, simple and strict causal analysis framework.(2) quantitative analysis only financial consequences, not back to the cause of the results.(3) there is no established between qualitative and quantitative analysis of causal relationship, no unified framework will combine qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis.(4) the qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, and lack of causal logic closely relationship between value estimate.This article for the analysis of the intrinsic value of listed companies is only a preliminary, in the future we can consider to case studies of companies in different industries, to improve the intrinsic value causal analysis principle and procedures. Because the industry characteristics of different companies in different industries, and the characteristics of the company, applied research can have a good feedback.Existing programs just ~ a preliminary plan, it needs a large number of case studies to be revised. Motivation for example: we are on the selection of select only the macro, industry and enterprise motivation taxonomy. In the follow-up study, we canaccording to the need of analysis, selection of different classification, building the intrinsic value of the different causal analysis table. Based on the analysis of cases, mainlyaccording to the enterprise actual profit index, adopted in the subsequent study, can choose different according to different industry special cash flow indicator, this depends on the analysis for the industry's understanding.文献译文《上市公司内在价值分析》一、关于内在价值随着中国资本市场的发展，中国股市将逐步走向成熟，价值投资将在未来中国股市中占主导地位，证券市场的价值投资就是当证券的市场价格低于它的内在价值时买入，并长期持有或当证券的市场价格高于它的内在价值一定程度时卖出。
企业价值评估研究英语作文
企业价值评估研究英语作文1. Value assessment of enterprises is crucial for understanding their worth in the market and making informed decisions about investments and partnerships.2. Different methods can be used to evaluate the value of a company, such as discounted cash flow analysis, market multiples, and asset-based approaches.3. It's important to consider both quantitative and qualitative factors when assessing the value of a business, including financial performance, market conditions, competition, and management team.4. The value of a company can fluctuate over time due to changes in the market, industry trends, regulatory environment, and internal factors like operational efficiency and strategic decisions.5. Investors and stakeholders use enterprise valueassessments to determine the potential return on investment, assess risks, negotiate deals, and make strategic decisions about the future direction of the company.6. Inaccurate or incomplete value assessments can leadto misinformed decisions, missed opportunities, financial losses, and even legal disputes.7. Enterprises should regularly conduct value assessments to stay competitive, identify growth opportunities, optimize resources, and attract potential investors or buyers.8. The process of enterprise value assessment requires collaboration among various stakeholders, includingfinancial analysts, accountants, industry experts, and company executives.9. Ultimately, the value of a company is not just about its financial worth, but also its brand reputation, customer loyalty, employee satisfaction, and overall impact on society.。
国际贸易中英文术语
银行担保 banker's guarantee
跟单信用证赔偿单 document．ry credit letter of indemnity
信用证预先通知书 preadvice of a credit
价格／销售目录 price ／sales catalogue
参与方信息 party information
农产品加工厂证书 mill certificate
家产品加工厂证书 post receipt
邮政收据 post receipt
重量证书 weight certificate
保险赁证 insurance certificate
保险单 insurance policy
保险申报单(明细表) insurance declaration sheet (bordereau)
保险人发票 insurer's invoice
承保单 cover note
货运说明 forwarding instructions
许可贸易 license trade 商标、专利技术、专有技术以许可协议形式进行的贸易
期货贸易 forward trade 通过国际期货市场进行远期商品买卖
承包工程 contract project 承包国外工程技术项目或劳务项目的进出口设备和货物
国际招标 international bid 通过国际招标形式进行的一种进出口贸易
直接支付估价单 direct payment valuation
临时支付估价单 rpovisional payment valuation
国际贸易中英文术语及缩写
一般贸易ordinary trade易货贸易barter trade 国家之间不通过货币媒介直接交换货物补偿贸易compensation trade 利用外资进口国外技术或设备,用产品偿还协定贸易agreement trade 根据各国政府间签订的贸易协定和清算协定进行的贸易进料加工processing with imported materials 进口原材料、零部件，加工成品后再出口来料加工processing with customer's materials 由国外厂商提供原材料、零部件，由国厂商按外商要求加工装配，成品交外商销售，加工方收工缴费出料加工outward processing 由国厂商提供原材料、零部件，国外厂商按要求加工装配，成品返销，加工方收取工缴费寄售贸易consignment trade 寄售人氢货物运到国外,委托代销人销售国际租赁international lease 根据国际租赁契约，出租人将设备租凭给他国承租人使用边境贸易frontier trade 边境城镇与接壤国家边境城镇之间及边民互市贸易转口贸易entrepot trade 经过转口国进行的进出口贸易许可贸易license trade 商标、专利技术、专有技术以许可协议形式进行的贸易期货贸易forward trade 通过国际期货市场进行远期商品买卖承包工程contract project 承包国外工程技术项目或劳务项目的进出口设备和货物国际招标international bid 通过国际招标形式进行的一种进出口贸易国际展览international exhibition 通过国际展览会和国际博览会等形式进出口货物国际拍卖international exhibition 通过国际拍卖进行的一种贸易国际货款进口international loan 国际金融机构或外国政府提供贷款项目的进口归还贷款出口reimburse loan 国家批准的国际贷款项目通过出口产品来归还贷款外商投资企业进口imports by foreign-invested enter-prises 根据国家有关规定,外商投资企业进口货物外商投资企业出口exports by foreign-invested enter-prises 根据国家有关规定,外商投资企业出口货物国际援助international aid 国际组织或外国政府提供无偿援助的进出口货物捐赠donation 台港澳同胞、华侨、民间团体和个人捐赠给我国的物资赠送present 外国组织或个人赠送给我国组织或个人的物资其它贸易other trade 国际贸易中使用的上述贸易方式之外的贸易方式分析证书certificate of analysis一致性证书cettificate of conformity质量证书certificate of quality测试报告test report产品性能报告product performance report产品规格型号报告product specification report工艺数据报告process data report首样测试报告first sample test report价格／销售目录price ／sales catalogue参与方信息party information农产品加工厂证书mill certificate家产品加工厂证书post receipt邮政收据post receipt重量证书weight certificate重量单weight list证书cerificate价值与原产地综合证书combined certificate of value adn origin移动声明Ａ．ＴＲ．１movement certificate Ａ．ＴＲ．１数量证书certificate of quantity质量数据报文quality data message查询query查询回复response to query订购单purchase order制造说明manufacturing instructions领料单stores requisition产品售价单invoicing data sheet包装说明packing instruction部运输单internal transport order统计及其他管理用部单证statistical and oter administrative internal docu-ments 直接支付估价申请direct payment valuation request直接支付估价单direct payment valuation临时支付估价单rpovisional payment valuation支付估价单payment valuation数量估价单quantity valuation request数量估价申请quantity valuation request合同数量单contract bill of quantities-BOQ不祭价投标数量单unpriced tender BOQ标价投标数量单priced tender BOQ询价单enquiry临时支付申请interim application for payment支付协议agreement to pay意向书letter of intent订单order总订单blanket order现货订单sport order租赁单lease order紧急订单rush order修理单repair order分订单call off order寄售单consignment order样品订单sample order换货单swap order订购单变更请求purchase order change request订购单回复purchase order response租用单hire order备件订单spare parts order交货说明delivery instructions交货计划表delivery schedule按时交货delivery just-in-time发货通知delivery release交货通知delivery note装箱单packing list发盘／报价offer／quotation报价申请request for quote合同contract订单确认acknowledgement of order形式发票proforma invoice部分发票partial invoice操作说明operating instructions铭牌name／product plate交货说明请求request for delivery instructions订舱申请booking request装运说明shipping instructions托运人说明书(空运) shipper's letter of instructions(air)短途货运单cartage order(local transport)待运通知ready for despatch advice发运单despatch order发运通知despatch advice单证分发通知advice of distrbution of document．商业发票commercial invoice贷记单credit note佣金单commission note借记单debit note更正发票corrected invoice合并发票consolidated invoice预付发票prepayment invoice租用发票hire invoice税务发票tax invoice自用发票self-billed invoice保兑发票delcredere invoice代理发票factored invoice租赁发票lease invoice寄售发票consignment invoice代理贷记单factored credit note银行转帐指示instructions for bank transfer银行汇票申请书application for banker's draft托收支付通知书collection payment advice跟单信用证支付通知书document．ry credit payment advice跟单信用证承兑通知书document．ry credit acceptance advice跟单信用证议付通知书document．ry credit negotiation advice银行担保申请书application for banker's guarantee银行担保banker's guarantee跟单信用证赔偿单document．ry credit letter of indemnity信用证预先通知书preadvice of a credit托收单collection order单证提交单document．presentation form付款单payment order扩展付款单extended payment order多重付款单multiple payment order贷记通知书credit advice扩展贷记通知书extended credit advice借记通知书debit advice借记撤消reversal of debit贷记撤消reversal of credit跟单信用证申请书document．ry credit application跟单信用证document．ry credit跟单信用证通知书document．ry credit notification跟单信用证转让通知document．ry credit transfer advice跟单信用证更改通知书document．ry credit amendment notification 跟单信用证更改单document．ry credit amendment汇款通知remittance advice银行汇票banker's draft汇票bill of exchange本票promissory note财务报表financial statement of account报表报文statement of account message保险赁证insurance certificate保险单insurance policy保险申报单(明细表) insurance declaration sheet (bordereau)保险人发票insurer's invoice承保单cover note货运说明forwarding instructions货运代理给进口代理的通知forwarder's advice to import agent货运代理给出口商的通知forwarder's advice to exporter货运代理发票forwarder's invoice货运代理收据证明forwarder's certificate of receipt托运单shipping note货运代理人仓库收据forwarder's warehouse receipt货物收据goods receipt港口费用单port charges document．入库单warehouse warrant提货单delivery order装卸单handling order通行证gate pass运单waybill通用(多用)运输单证universal (multipurpose) transport document．承运人货物收据goods receipt, carriage全程运单house waybill主提单master bill of lading提单bill of lading正本提单bill of lading original副本提单bill of lading copy空集装箱提单empty container bill油轮提单tanker bill of lading海运单sea waybill河提单inland waterway bill of lading不可转让的海运单证(通用) non-negotiable maritime transport document．nbsp(generic)大副据mate's receipt全程提单house bill of lading无提单提货保函letter of indemnity for non-surrender of bill of lading货运代理人提单forwarder's bill of lading铁路托运单(通用条款) rail consignment note (generic term)陆运单road list-SMGS押运正式确认escort official recognition分段计费单证recharging document．公路托运单road cosignment note空运单air waybill主空运单master air waybill分空运单substitute air waybill国人员物品申报crew's effects declaration乘客passenger list铁路运输交货通知delivery notice(rail transport)邮递包裹投递单despatch note (post parcels)多式联运单证(通用) multimodal／combined transport document．nbsp(generic) 直达提单through bill of lading货运代理人运输证书forwarder's certificate of transport联运单证(通用) combined transport document．nbsp(generic)多式联运单证(通用) multimodal transport document．nbsp(generic)多式联运提单combined transport bill of lading／multimoda bill of lading订舱确认booking confirmation要求交货通知calling foward notice运费发票freight invoice货物到达通知arrival notice(goods)无法交货的通知notice of circumstances preventing delvery (goods)无法运货通知notice of circumstances preventing transport (goods)交货通知delivery notice (goods)载货清单cargo manifest载货运费清单freight manifest公路运输货物清单bordereau集装箱载货清单container manifes (unit packing list)铁路费用单charges note托收通知advice of collection船舶安全证书safety of ship certificate无线电台安全证书safety of radio certificate设备安全证书safety of equipment certificate油污民事责任书civil liability for oil certificate载重线证书loadline document．免于除鼠证书derat document．航海健康证书maritime declaration of health船舶登记证书certificate of registry船用物品申报单ship's stores declaration出口许可证申请表export licence, application出口许可证export licence出口结汇核销单exchange control declaration, exprotT出口单证(海关转运报关单)(欧共体用) despatch note moder TT1出口单证(部转运报关单)(欧共体用) despatch note model T1T2出口单证(原产地证明书) despatch note model T2T5管理单证(退运单证)(欧共体用) control document．nbspT5铁路运输退运单re-sending consigment noteT2L出口单证(原产地证明书)(欧共体用) despatch note model T2L出口货物报关单goods declaration for exportation离港货物报关单cargo declaration(departure)货物监管证书申请表application for goods control certificate货物监管证书申请表goods control certificate植物检疫申请表application for phytosanitary certificate植物检疫证书phytosanilary certificate卫生检疫证书sanitary certificate动物检疫证书veterinary certifieate商品检验申请表application for inspection certificate商品检验证书inspection certificate原产地证书申请表certificate of origin, application for原产地证书certificate of origin原产地申明declaration of origin地区名称证书regional appellation certificate优惠原产地证书preference certificate of origin普惠制原产地证书certificate of origin form GSP领事发票cosular invoice危险货物申报单dangerous goods declaration出口统计报表statistical doucument, export国际贸易统计申报单intrastat declaration交货核对证明delivery verification certificate进口许可证申请表import licence, application for进口许可证import licence无商业细节的报关单customs declaration without commercial detail有商业和项目细节的报关单customs declaration with commercial and item detail 无项目细节的报关单customs declaration without item detail有关单证related document．海关收据receipt (Customs)调汇申请application for exchange allocation调汇许可foreign exchange permit进口外汇管理申报exchange control declaration (import)进口货物报关单goods declaration for implortation销货物报关单goods declaration for home use海关即刻放行报关单customs immediate release declaration海关放行通知customs delivery note到港货物报关单cargo declaration (arrival)货物价值申报清单value declaration海关发票customs invoice邮包报关单customs deciaration (post parcels)增值税申报单tax declaration (value added tax)普通税申报单tax declaration (general)催税单tax demand禁运货物许可证embargo permit海关转运货物报关单goods declaration for customs transitTIF国际铁路运输报关单TIF formTIR国际公路运输报关单TIR carnet欧共体海关转运报关单EC carnetEUR1欧共体原产地证书EUR 1 certificate of origin暂准进口海关文件ATA carnt欧共体统一单证single administrative document．海关一般回复general response (Customs)海关公文回复document．nbspresponse (Customs)海关误差回复error response (Customs)海关一揽子回复packae response (Customs)海关计税／确认回复tax calculation ／confirmation response (Customs)配额预分配证书quota prior allocation certificate最终使用授权书end use authorization政府合同government contract进口统计报表statistical document．import跟单信用证开证申请书application for document．ry credit先前海关文件／报文previous Customs document．messageMC SM国际贸易术语英文缩写A/W 全水路All Water B/L 海运提单Bill of Lading B/R 买价Buying Rate BAF 燃油附加费Bunker Adjustment Factor C&F 成本加(海)运费Cost and Freight C.C 运费到付Collect C.S.C 货柜服务费Container Service Charge C.Y. 货柜场Container Yard C/（CNEE）收货人Consignee C/O 产地证Certificate of Origin CAF 货币汇率附加费Currency Adjustment Factor CFS 散货仓库Container Freight StationCFS/CFS 散装交货（起点/终点）CHB 报关行Customs House Broker CIF 成本，保险加海运费Cost，Insurance，Freight CIP 运费、保险费付至目的地Carriage and Insurance Paid To COMM 商品Commodity CPT 运费付至目的地Carriage Paid To CTNR 柜子Container CY/CY 整柜交货（起点/终点）D/A 承兑交单Document Against Acceptance D/O 到港通知Delivery Order D/P 付款交单Document Against Payment D/R 场站收据DOCK RECEIPTDAF 边境交货Delivered At Frontie DDC 目的港码头费Destination Delivery Charge DDP 完税后交货Delivered Duty Paid DDU 未完税交货Delivered Duty Unpaid DEQ 目的港码头交货Delivered Ex Quay DES 目的港船上交货Delivered Ex Ship Doc# 文件Document Number EPS 设备位置附加费Equipment Position Surcharges Ex 工厂交货Work/Ex Factory F/F 货运代理Freight Forwarder FAF 燃油价调整附加费（日本航线专用）Fuel Adjustment Factor FAK 各种货品Freight All Kind FAS 装运港船边交货Free Alongside Ship FCA 货交承运人Free Carrier FCL 整柜Full Container Load Feeder Vessel/Lighter 驳船航次FEU 40‘柜型Forty-Foot Equivalent Unit 40’FMC 联邦海事委员会Federal Maritime Commission FOB 船上交货Free On Board GRI 全面涨价General Rate Increase H/C 代理费Handling Charge HBL 子提单HouseB/L I/S 销售Inside Sales IA 各别调价Independent Action L/C 信用证Letter of Credit Land Bridge 陆桥LCL 拼柜Less Than Container LoadM/T 尺码吨（即货物收费以尺码计费）Measurement Ton MB/L 主提单Master Bill Of Loadin MLB 小陆桥，自一港到另一港口Minni Land Bridge Mother Vessel 主线船MTD 多式联运单据Multimodal Transport Document N/F 通知人Notify NVOCC 无船承运人Non Vessel Operating Common Carrier O/F 海运费Ocean Freight OBL 海运提单Ocean （or Oiginal ）B/L OCP 货主自行安排运到陆点Overland Continental Point OP 操作Operation ORC 本地收货费用（省收取）Origen Recevie Charges P.P 预付Prepaid PCS 港口拥挤附加费Port Congestion Surcharge POD 目地港Port of DestinationPOL 装运港Port of Loadin PSS 旺季附加费Peak Season Surcharges S/（Shpr）发货人Shipper S/C 售货合同Sales Contract S/O 装货指示书Shipping Order S/R 卖价Selling Rate S/S Spread Sheet Spread SheetSC 服务合同Service Contract SSL 船公司Steam Ship Line T.O.C 码头操作费Terminal Operations Option T.R.C 码头收柜费Terminal Receiving Charge T/S 转船，转运Transit-Ship T/T 航程Transit Time TEU 20‘柜型Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit 20’ THC 码头操作费（收取）Terminal Handling Charges TTL 总共Totals TVC/ TVR 定期定量合同Time Volume Contract/ Rate VOCC 船公司Vessel Operating Common Carrier W/M 即以重量吨或者尺码吨中从高收费Weight or Measurement ton W/T 重量吨（即货物收费以重量计费）Weight TonYAS 码头附加费Yard SurchargQ。
价值工程法
價值工程法價值工程法(Value Engineering,VE)又稱為價值分析（Value Analysis，VA）是一門新興的管理技術，是降低成本提高經濟效益的有效方法。
價值工程法簡介價值工程法4O年代起源於美國，麥爾斯（L•D•Miles）是價值工程的創始人。
1961年美國價值工程協會成立時他當選為該協會第一任會長。
在二戰之後，由於原材料供應短缺，採購工作常常碰到難題。
經過實際工作中孜孜不倦地探索，麥爾斯發現有一些相對不太短缺的材料可以很好地替代短缺材料的功能。
後來，麥爾斯逐漸總結出一套解決採購問題的行之有效的方法，並且把這種方法的思想及應用推廣到其他領域，例如，將技術與經濟價值結合起來研究生產和管理的其他問題，這就是早期的價值工程。
1955年這一方法傳人日本後與全面質量管理相結合，得到進一步發揚光大，成為一套更加成熟的價值分析方法。
麥爾斯發表的專著《價值分析的方法》使價值工程很快在世界範圍內產生巨大影響。
所謂價值工程，指的都是通過集體智慧和有組織的活動對產品或服務進行功能分析，使目標以最低的總成本（壽命周期成本），可靠地實現產品或服務的必要功能，從而提高產品或服務的價值。
價值工程主要思想是通過對選定研究對象的功能及費用分析，提高對象的價值。
這裡的價值，指的是反映費用支出與獲得之間的比例，用數學比例式表達如下：價值一功能／成本。
提高價值的基本途徑提高價值的基本途徑有5種，既：（1）提高功能，降低成本，大幅度提高價值;（2）功能不變，降低成本，提高價值;（3）功能有所提高，成本不變，提高價值;（4）功能略有下降，成本大幅度降低，提高價值;（5）提高功能，適當提高成本，大幅度提高功能，從而提高價值。
開展價值工作的原則麥爾斯在長期實踐過程中，總結了一套開展價值工作的原則，用於指導價值工程活動的各步驟的工作。
這些原則是（l）分析問題要避免一般化，概念化，要作具體分析。
（2）收集一切可用的成本資料。
（3）使用最好、最可靠的情報。
财务管理中企业价值评估的方法和程序
财务管理中企业价值评估的方法和程序In financial management, evaluating the value of a company is an important process that helps in making informed investment decisions and strategic planning. There are several methods and procedures used for this purpose. Let's explore them in detail.财务管理中，评估企业价值是进行明智的投资决策和战略规划的重要过程。
在此过程中，有几种方法和程序被用来评估企业的价值。
让我们来详细探讨一下。
One commonly used method for evaluating the value of a company is the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) analysis. This method focuses on estimating the present value of a company's future cash flows by discounting them back to their current value using an appropriate discount rate. The DCF analysis takes into account factors such as projected revenue growth, operating costs, and capital expenditures to determine the intrinsic value of the company.一个常用的评估企业价值的方法是折现现金流量（DCF）分析。
增值分析(value-added analysis)
增值分析(value-added analysis)➢概述增值分析是一种通过研究过程来查找问题的方法。
这种分析帮助团队对过程的每步明察秋毫，将那些真正能增加顾客价值的步骤同不增值的步骤区分开来。
➢适用场合·当绘制过程的流程图时，确保无增值活动也包含在内；·当分析流程图以查找过程中所有可能的浪费现象时。
➢实施步骤1取得或创建一个详细的过程流程图、或者过程的实施流程图。
2对每个步骤提出如下问题：·这个活动对生产输出来说是必需的吗？·它能增加顾客满意度吗？如果两个问题的答案都为肯定的话，给这步贴标签或彩码（绿色）以标明为“真正增值”(real value-adding. RV A)。
3如果前两个问题的答案都是否定的，就接着问：·这个活动是为满足组织需要吗？如果答案为肯定的，给这步贴标签或彩码（黄色），以标明为“组织性增值”(organizational value-adding, OV A)。
4如果以上所有问题答案皆为否定的，则贴标签或彩码（红色）以标明为“无增值( non-value-adding，NV A)。
5（可选）针对每个步骤，确定其消耗的额定时间和/或成本。
确定每个类别的总量以及整个过程的总量。
确定总时间或总成本中有多大比例是花在真正增值活动上。
6研究无增值活动以便减少或消除它们。
7研究组织性增值活动以便减少或消除它们。
➢示例图表5.185是对填单流程图的增值分析（这和图表5.63描述的细节流程图示例中的过程是一样的。
）图表中的每一步都归纳到三个类别中：真正增值、组织性增值以及无增值。
只看RV A步骤的话，这就是个简单、基本的满足顾客的过程：接收订单、接收原料、制造产品、向顾客确认交付日期。
与产品和原料库存、产品和原料检验相关的步骤以及等待步骤都属于NV A。
其他所有步骤只对组织增加价值，也成为减少和消除浪费的大好时机。
将这种分析方法同图表5. 43使用了同一填单过程的不良质量成本范例相比较来看，不良质量成本损失分析虽然找到一些相同的步骤，但却没有全部找出来。
价值工程与价值分析
(二)幾种不同的價值概念
1.使用價值(Use Value) 商品具有的效用﹑功能對於使用者 的貢獻或滿足程度。
2.交換價值(Exchange Value) 可以用該物品與其他任何物品交換 的特性價值。此交換價值是由供需 關系而產生的概念,亦可說是雙方共 識之均衡尺度。
3.貴重價值(Precious Value)
物品本身具有客觀公認的貴重價值,此 种價值概念亦极可能與稀有價值有某种程 度的重疊與關連。
4.稀有價值(Scarcity Value)
物品因為在世界上存在稀少而產生的價 值概念。以其存在的稀少程度又可以分類 如下: —絕無僅有的稀有價值,如名畫真品。 —絕對的少量所產生的價值,如限量發
行之紀念幣。 —相對的少量所產生的價值,如黃金﹑
價值工程與價值分析
先鋒企業管理顧問有限公司 版權所有 不得複製
一﹑價值工程(VE)與價值分析(VA)
價值工程(Value Engineering)與 價值分析(Value Analysis)兩种活動 都是對商品的價值﹑機能與成本進一 步作思考與探索,以小組活動方式,集 思廣益朝各方向尋求最佳方案,再運 用體系分工的方式達成價值提升或降 低成本的目標。
三﹑機能的分析
隨著工業技術發展與社會需 求的互動,不斷推動產品功能推陳 出新,產業內部為求維繫既有的競 爭優勢,不得不經常在機能和成本 的結構中,認真探討各項產品機能 的適當性與必要性。並且以最快 的速度完成設計變更以求早日具 備充分的競爭條件。
有關產品機能檢討的構面概如下圖所示, 內容概述如下:
成本
利潤
營業費用 管理費用
成 本
模具分攤
的
製造費用
結
人工成本
構
材料成本
物流与供应链管理中常用专业术语简写16
配送需求计划物流与供应链管理中常用专业术语简写AS/RS Automatic Storage Retrieval System自动存取仓储系统CAD computer aided design 计算机辅助设计CMI co-management inventory 共同管理库存 CRM Customer relationship management 客户关系管理DRP distribution requirement planning配送需求计划 ECR efficient consumer response有效客户反应 EDI electronic data interchange 电子数据交换EOQ economic order quantity 经济批量订购EPC electronic product code 电子产品代码ERP enterprise resource planning 企业资源计划EVA economic value added 经济附加值。
简写 英文词汇 中文翻译词汇AS/RS Automatic Storage Retrieval System自动存取仓储系统CAD computer aided design 计算机辅助设计CMI co-management inventory 共同管理库存CRM Customer relationship management 客户关系管理DRP distribution requirement planningECR efficient consumer response 有效客户反应EDI electronic data interchange 电子数据交换EOQ economic order quantity 经济批量订购EPC electronic product code 电子产品代码ERP enterprise resource planning 企业资源计划EVA economic value added 经济附加值FMS flexible manufaturing system 柔性制造系统GIS geography information sysytem 地理信息系统GPS global positional system 全球卫星定位系统ISO international standars organization 国际标准组织JIT just in time 及时、准时KPI key performance indicators 关键绩效指标MRP materials requirement planning 物料需求计划MR ffl manafaturing resourse planing 希9造资源计戈U ROI return on investment 投资回报SCM supply chain management 供应链管理SCOR supply chain operations reference 供应链运作参考VMI vendor management inventory 供应商管理库存QR quick response 快速反应WMS warehouse man ageme nt system 仓库管理系统TMS transportation management system 运输管理系统AGV automatic guided vehicle 自动导向小车RFID radio frequency identify 射频识别1 分析证书certificate of analysis2 一致性证书cettificate of conformity3 质量证书certificate of quality4 测试报告test report5 产品性能报告product performance report6 产品规格型号报告product specification report7 工艺数据报告process data report8 首样测试报告first sample test report9 价格／销售目录price ／sales catalogue10 参与方信息party information11 农产品加工厂证书mill certificate12 家产品加工厂证书post receipt13 邮政收据post receipt14 重量证书weight certificate15 重量单weight list16 证书cerificate17 价值与原产地综合证书combined certificate of value adn origin18 移动声明 A.TR.1 movement certificate A.TR.119 数量证书certificate of quantity20 质量数据报文quality data message21 查询Query22 查询回复response to query105 订购单purchase order110 制造说明manufacturing instructions120 领料单stores requisition130 产品售价单invoicing data sheet140 包装说明packing instruction 150 内部运输单internal transport order190 统计及其他管理用内部单证 statistical and oter administrative internal documents直接支付估价申请 direct payment valuation request直接支付估价单 direct payment valuation临时支付估价单 rpovisional payment valuation支付估价单 payment valuation数量估价单 quantity valuation request数量估价申请 quantity valuation request合同数量单 contract bill of quantities-BOQ不祭价投标数量单 unpriced tender BOQ标价投标数量单 priced tender BOQ询价单 Enquiry临时支付申请 interim application for payment支付协议 Agreement to pay意向书 letter of intent201202203204205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 215订单 order总订单 blanket order 现货订单 sport order 租赁单 lease order 紧急订单 rush order 修理单 repair order 分订单 call off order寄售单 consignment order样品订单 sample order换货单 swap order订购单变更请求 purchase order change request 订购单回复 purchase order response 租用单 hire order备件订单 spare parts order交货说明 delivery instructions220 221 222 223 224 225 226227228229230231232233240交货计划表 Delivery schedule 按时交货 delivery just-in-time 发货通知 delivery release 交货通知 delivery note 装箱单 packing list 发盘／报价 offer ／ quotation 报价申请 request for quote合同 contract订单确认 acknowledgement of order 形式发票 proforma invoice部分发票 partial invoice操作说明 operating instructions 铭牌 name ／product plate交货说明请求 request for delivery instructions 订舱申请 booking request241 242 245 270 271 310 311315320325326327328330335装运说明 shipping instructions 托运人说明书 (空运) shipper's letter of instructions(air) 短途货运单 cartage order(local transport) 待运通知 ready for dispatch advice 发运单 dispatch order 发运通知 Dispatch advice 单证分发通知 advice of distribution of documents 商业发票 commercial invoice 贷记单 credit note佣金单 commission note借记单 debit note更正发票 corrected invoice合并发票 consolidated invoice 340 341 343 345 350 351 370380381382383384385386预付发票prepayment invoice租用发票 hire invoice 税务发票 tax invoice 自用发票 self-billed invoice 保兑发票 Delcredere invoice 代理发票 Factored invoice 租赁发票 lease invoice 寄售发票 consignment invoice 代理贷记单 factored credit note 银行转帐指示 instructions for bank transfer 银行汇票申请书 application for banker's draft 托收支付通知书 collection payment advice 跟单信用证支付通知书 documentary credit payment advice 跟单信用证承兑通知书 documentary credit acceptance advice 387 388 389 390 393 394 395396409412425426427428跟单信用证议付通知书documentary credit negotiation advice银行担保申请书 application for banker's guarantee银行担保 banker's guarantee跟单信用证赔偿单 documentary credit letter of indemnity 信用证预先通知书 preadvice of a credit托收单 collection order单证提交单 documents presentation form付款单 payment order扩展付款单 extended payment order多重付款单 multiple payment order贷记通知书 credit advice扩展贷记通知书 extended credit advice借记通知书 debit advice借记撤消 reversal of debit429 430 431 435 447 448 450451452454455456457458贷记撤消reversal of credit跟单信用证申请书 documentary credit application跟单信用证 documentary credit跟单信用证通知书 documentary credit notification 跟单信用证转让通知 documentary credit transfer advice 跟单信用证更改通知书 documentary credit amendment notification 跟单信用证更改单 documentary credit amendment汇款通知 remittance advice银行汇票 banker's draft汇票 bill of exchange本票 promissory note帐户财务报表 financial statement of account帐户报表报文 statement of account message保险赁证 insurance certificate460 465 466467468469481485 490 491 492 493 520保险单 insurance policy保险申报单 (明细表) insurance declaration sheet (bordereau) 保险人发票 insurer's invoice承保单 cover note货运说明 forwarding instructions货运代理给进口代理的通知 forwarder's advice to import agent 货运代理给出口商的通知 forwarder's advice to exporter货运代理发票 forwarder's invoice货运代理收据证明 forwarder's certificate of receipt托运单 shipping note货运代理人仓库收据 forwarder's warehouse receipt货物收据 goods receipt530 550 575 580 610 621622623624630631632港口费用单 port charges documents入库单 warehouse warrant提货单 delivery order装卸单 handling order通行证 gate pass运单 waybill通用(多用)运输单证 universal (multipurpose) transport document 承运人货物收据 goods receipt, carriage全程运单 House waybill主提单 master bill of lading提单 bill of lading正本提单 bill of lading original副本提单 bill of lading copy空集装箱提单 empty container bill633 635 640 650 655 700 701702703704705706707708709油轮提单tanker bill of lading710 海运单sea waybill711 内河提单inland waterway bill of ladingdocument 712 不可转让的海运单证( 通用) non-negotiable maritime transport(generic)713 大副据mate's receipt714 全程提单house bill of lading715 无提单提货保函letter of indemnity for non-surrender of bill of lading716 货运代理人提单forwarder's bill of lading720 铁路托运单(通用条款) rail consignment note (generic term)722 陆运单road list-SMGS723 押运正式确认escort official recognition724 分段计费单证recharging document730 公路托运单road cosignment note740 空运单air waybilldocument (generic)主空运单 master air waybill分空运单 Substitute air waybill国人员物品申报 crew's effects declaration乘客名单 passenger list铁路运输交货通知 delivery notice(rail transport)邮递包裹投递单 despatch note (post parcels)多式联运单证 (通用) multimodal ／combinedtransport 直达提单 through bill of lading货运代理人运输证书 forwarder's certificate of transport联运单证 ( 通用 ) combined transport document (generic)多式联运单证 (通用) multimodal transport document (generic)741 743 744 745 746 750760761763764765766 多式联运提单combined transport bill of lading ／multimoda bill of lading770 订舱确认booking confirmation775 要求交货通知calling foward notice780 运费发票freight invoice781 货物到达通知arrival notice(goods)782 无法交货的通知notice of circumstances preventing delvery (goods) 783 无法运货通知notice of circumstances preventing transport (goods)784 交货通知delivery notice (goods)785 载货清单cargo manifest786 载货运费清单freight manifest787 公路运输货物清单bordereau788 集装箱载货清单container manifes (unit packing list)789 铁路费用单charges note托收通知 advice of collection 船舶安全证书 safety of ship certificate 无线电台安全证书 safety of radio certificate 设备安全证书 safety of equipment certificate 油污民事责任书 civil liability for oil certificate 载重线证书 loadline document 免于除鼠证书 derat document 航海健康证书 maritime declaration of health 船舶登记证书 certificate of registry 船用物品申报单 ship's stores declaration 出口许可证申请表 export licence, application 790 791 792 793 794 795796797798799810。
价值评估案例分析报告
价值评估案例分析报告Title: Value Evaluation Case Analysis ReportIntroduction:This report aims to analyze a selected case study and provide a comprehensive evaluation of its value. The selected case study revolves around a company's decision to implement a new customer relationship management (CRM) software. We will assess the costs and benefits of the initiative and provide recommendations based on the results.Cost Evaluation:The cost evaluation focuses on analyzing the expenses associated with implementing the CRM software. These costs include the software license, hardware and infrastructure investments, training, and ongoing maintenance. The company invested 200,000 in purchasing the software license and hardware, with an additional 50,000 allocated for training and change management. The ongoing maintenance costs are anticipated to be 20,000 annually.Benefit Evaluation:The benefit evaluation examines the returns derived from implementing the CRM software. Key benefits include increased efficiency, improvedcustomer satisfaction, and enhanced sales and marketing capabilities. The improved efficiency leads to a reduction in operational costs, estimated to be 100,000 per year. Additionally, the enhanced sales and marketing capabilities are expected to generate an increase in revenue of 300,000 annually. Improved customer satisfaction is difficult to quantify in monetary terms, but it can contribute to retaining existing customers and attracting new ones.Value Calculation:To calculate the value generated by the CRM software, we compare the total benefits with the total costs over a five-year period. The total benefits amount to 400,000, which consists of 500,000 in cost reduction and increased revenue, offset by 100,000 in annual maintenance costs. The total costs amount to 350,000, which includes the initial investment and annual maintenance costs for five years.Value Calculation Formula:Value = Total benefits - Total costs= (400,000 - 350,000)= 50,000Conclusion and Recommendations:Based on the value calculation, the CRM software implementation is expected to generate a positive value of 50,000 over a five-year period. However, it is important to note that the value estimate may vary depending on actual results.Overall, the implementation of the CRM software is recommended based on the positive value it generates. The benefits of increased efficiency, improved customer satisfaction, and enhanced sales and marketing capabilities outweigh the costs associated with the initiative. It is advised that the company closely monitors and evaluates the results to ensure that the software realizes its potential value.Additionally, it is recommended that the company periodically reassesses the costs and benefits to identify any areas of improvement or potential adjustments in the CRM software implementation strategy. Regular monitoring and evaluation will contribute to maximizing the software's value and ensuring its long-term effectiveness.In conclusion, the value evaluation case analysis demonstrates the importance of conducting a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis before implementing any new initiative. By evaluating the costs and benefits,companies can make informed decisions that align with their strategic objectives.。