药学英语上册考点整理

Introduction
1、Pharmacy:①药学；②药店。

Pharmacodynamics(药物效应学)
Pharmacology(病理学)
Pharmacokinetic (药物代谢动力学)<ADME>
Pharmaceutics(药剂学)
2、Plural forms
-a(-ae) : mocosa →mucosae formula →formulae(处方)
-um(-a) : bacterium →bacteria spectum →spectra(光谱)
-us(-i) : fungus →fungi coccus →cocci(球菌)
4、Cell : basic living unit of structures & functions of the body
①general cell structures & components
②general mechanisms for changing nutritions to energy
③deliver end products into their surrounding fluid
④almost all have the ability to reproduce
Notes:
(1)WEBSITES:CDA. FDA. WHO.
(2)ADME:Absorbtio(吸收) →Distribution(分布) →Mechanism(代谢) →Excretion(排出)
(3)formula prescription recipe 中药处方
UNIT 1 TEXT A
1、Physiology(生理学):Phisiology isa the functions of living matter.It is concerned with how an organisn performs its varied activities.
Pathology（病理学）:Pathoology is the science of disease.
Pathophysiology(病理生理学):Pathophysiology is the study of functional changes in the body which occur in response to disease or injury.
2、人体组成分级、类别
cells(细胞)→tissues(组织)→organs(器官)→organ systems(系统)→organism(人体)
3、The principle types of tissues
epithecal(上皮组织) connective(结缔组织) nervous(神经组织) muscular(肌肉组织)
4、Cardiovavascular system(心血管组织)
①组成：1）the heart 心脏2）blood vessels 血管3）associated tissues 相关联的组织
②心脏结构：four chambers,two atria(心房) and two venticles(心室).
③血循环过程
1）Pulmonary circuit(肺循环): The right ventricles pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it absorbs oxygen from the air.
2）Systemtic circuit(体循环): The left ventricles pumps oxygenated blood returning from the lungs to the rest of body to supply the tissues.
5、Anabolism(合成代谢)
Catabolism(分解代谢)
6、内分泌和神经系统
特点和区别：1）The nervous system uses electrical signals to transmit information very rapidly to specific cells. 2）The endocrine system secretes chemical agents,homones,which travel in the bloodstream to the cells upon which they
exert a regulary effect.
7、Homeostasis （稳态）：
①定义：1)The process of stabilization of the internal environment/2)Maintanance of relatively constant chemical/physical conditions of the internal environment[stabl e≠rigidity]
②作用：Homeostasis regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable,constant condition of properties like temperature or pH.
8、How to regulate the internal environment(one example)
P5[Taking one example,the beating``````]
Notes:
Body Fluids 体液
Extracellular fluid (ECF) 细胞外液→internal environment（内环境）
Intracellular fluid (ICF) 细胞内液
UNIT 3 TEXT B
1、Antibiotic: chemical produced by a microorganism that kills or inhibits the growth of another microorganism.
分类：①(?) 1）Antibacterial antibiotics(抗菌抗生素) 2）Antineoplastic antibiotics(抗癌抗生素)
②
1）cell wall inhibitors
2）protein synthesis inhibitors
3）folic acid inhibitors
4）DNA synthesis inhibitors
5）RNA synthesis inhibitors
2、cross-infection(交叉感染)
Super-infection(双重感染)
3、不良反应：1）anaphylactic shock(过敏性休克)
2）gastrointestinal disorder 肠胃失调；sore mouth 口腔溃疡；
cramps 痉挛；diarrhea 腹泻；anal itch 肛痒
UNIT 4 TEXT B
1、Adverse drug reactions(ADR):unwanted effects caused by normal therapeutic does.
2、Type A 和Type B 的区别
1）Type A:①a consequence of the drug’s main pharmacological effect/predictable from pharmacological(药理学的) effect;②dose-related and usually mild;③usually due to incorrect dosage.
2）Type B:①not predictable from the drug’s main pharmacological action;②not dose-related and severe with considerable mortality(死亡率);③The underlying pathophysiology (潜在的病理)of type B reactions is poorly if at all understood,and often has a genetic or immunological (免疫学的)basis;④occur infrequently(罕见的).
3、Type C、D、E的概念
Type C ：continuous reactions due to long-term drug use
Type D ：delayed reactions
Type E ：end-of-use reactions
3、Phase I/II/III Trials
①Early(phase I/II) tials are important for assessing the tolerability and dose-response relationship of new therapeutic agents.
②Phase III clinical trials can establish the incidence of common adverse reactions and relate this to therapeutic benefit. UNIT 5 TEXT B
1、Lead compounds(先导物)
①定义
②特点
2、Strategies in the Search for New Lead Compounds
①
②
③
④
UNIT 7 TEXT B
1、Controlled-release Technology 控释技术
分类：①biodegradable polymers(可生物降解的聚合物);②maze escape(迷宫逃脱);
③transmucosal delivery(透膜传递系统);④osmotic devices(渗透装置);⑤liposomes(脂质体)
2、Liposomes 脂质体P100
3、脂质体被机体视为外来入侵物应如何解决？P101
UNIT 8 TEXT A
1、Analysis chemistry(分析化学) is concerned with the chemical characterization of matter and the answers to two important questions:what is it qualitative and how much is it quantative.
2、Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses[pl]
区别：①Qualitative analyses deal with the identification of elements(元素),ions(离子),or compounds(化合物) present in
a sample;②Quantitative analses deal with the determonation of how much of one or more constituents(成分) is present.
4、P110(In comparing qualitative versus quantitative analysis``````)介绍分析化学的应用：奥运会对违禁药品(banned
substances)的检验等
UNIT 10 TEXT A
1、USP(the United States Pharmacopoeia)美国药典
内容: ①drugs; ②biologics; ③medical devices(医疗器械);
④dietary supplements(补充剂);⑤compounded preparations(联合用药).
UNIT 11 TEXT A
1、P161 (The package insert,by legal definition``````)
2、P162(American Academy of Pediatrics``````)
Off-label use
UNIT 12 TEXT A
1、Drug development aims to produce a novel therapeutic agent which is superior in efficacy to existing remedies and
which causes less frequent or less severe adverse effects.
2、Drug development strategies
①Random screening(随机筛选)
②molecular roulette(分子轮盘赌);
③Minor structural cahnges in existing agents(在已有药物上做小的改变)
④Programmed basic research with synthesis of specific chemical(有计划地研究特定化合物合成)
⑤Clinical observation of drug action in practice(临床实验观察药物作用)
3、LD50 : the dose that kills 50% of animals(半数致死量)
ED50: the dose causing 50% of maximum pharmacological response(半数有效量)
治疗指数Therapeutic index(Ti) = LD50/ED50
4、三致反应：teratogenic effect 致畸mutagenicity 致突变carcinogenicity 致癌
5、Enteral(经肠的) oral — swallowing
The route of administration intramuscular(IM) 肌肉注射
Parenteral（非经肠的）subcutaneous(SC) 皮下注射
Intravenous(IV) 静脉注射
Intraperitoneal(IP) 腹腔注射
6、Experimental pharmacology(实验期药理学)
mouse（小鼠）→rat（大鼠）→hare（兔子）→dog →monkey
TEXT B
1、Clinical Evaluation
Phase 1 : determine whether the drug can be given to man without serious symptoms or toxicity, and whether it has the desired(强烈的) pharmacological effects.
Phase 2 : determine whether the new drug has the desired effect on patients with the appropriate disease.
Phase 3 : progression to large scale clinical trials to determine how the new drug compares in clinical practice with existing remedies,and to establish its profile of action and frequency of adverse effects.
Phase 4 : collect the information on low-frequency adverse effects.
UNIT 14 TAXT A
1、A good number of products found in the grocery or drug store are regulated by the FDA.
(①food;②drugs;③cosmetics;④the use of radiological products;⑤all of these products are honestly and informatively labeled.)
2、FDA’s goal is to ensure industry’s compliance with federal laws regulating products in commerce.
UNIT 14 TAXT B
1、FDA审评新药的根本原则：the benefits outweigh the risks(收益风险比)
2、1938年法案：Providing evidence of safety before marketing was first required.(第一次规范性规定安全性证明)
1962年法案：It was first required to show a drug’s effectiveness before marketing.(反应停事件为背景，药物上市前的有效性提出法案)
2、新药研发
Lead conpound →NCEs →animals →clinical trials →NDA
新药申请：
IND(investigational new drug application): before the clinical trials
NDA(new drug applications): after the phase III for marketing
3、Review Time: always longer than 180 workdays.Average approval time is more like 2 years.
4、Why the reviewer purge trade secrets from documents requested under the Freedom of Information Act?
5、Priorities
1)AIDS drugs; 2) drugs that offer a significant medical advance over existing therapies for any other disease.
6、be approved for marketing
Final Actions: be approvable provided minor changes are made
Be not approvable because of major problems
In the last case, the applicant can then amend or withdraw the NDA or ask for a hearing.
7、”grandfathered”:most prescription and over-the-counter(OTC) drugs that were on the market before the Federal Food,Drug,and Cosmetic Act passed in 1938.
That means they are allowed on the market without the stringent proof of safety and effectiveness required of later drugs.。