英语词汇学chapter8 Meaning and Context
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• 他对上级下达的任务，常常是应付了事，置若罔闻。 • 这类事情不好应付，得想个万全之策才行。
15
• Indicating referents (表明指示物)
– In conversation, in order to avoid repetition, pronouns (I, you, he, this, that)are often used instead of a noun or noun phrase. contexts can help identify the referents of pronouns.
The grammatical structure of context alone, however, although indicative of the differences in the meanings of word in various structures, is not sufficient to indicate all the individual meanings of a given word.
• Extra-linguistic context refers to a particular time, space, or culture in which a word appears.
7
Linguistic context
• Linguistic context can be further divided into – Lexical context – Grammatical context – Verbal context in its broad sense
• The extra-linguistic context may extend to include the entire cultural background, which is often found to affect the meaning of words. Because of cultural difference, the same lexical item may not mean the same thing to people of different countries.
receive become cause
start
get+NP: get a big apple; get an interesting book get+AP: get very angry; get incredibly cold get…to do…: I got him to do the job. get+ING: Get going!
6
Two types of contexts
• The meaning s of words, especially those of polysemous words may be viewed as determined either by linguistic (verbal) contexts or extralinguistic (non-verbal) contexts.
8
• Lexical context
– the lexemes that co-occur with the word in question. The meaning of the word is affected or determined by the neighboring lexemes.
– The skillful operation of this machine is hard to learn.
– The army’s operation in that country were very successful.
3
4
Meaning and Context
• Two types of contexts
• Some appreciative word may acquire unfavorable meaning in certain contexts.
• 听完二乐子的满口秽言，小李不无讽刺的说：“你真是出口成章！”
• Some derogatory word may acquire appreciative meaning in certain context.
• (1)a sheet of paper • (2)a white paper (government document) • (3)a term paper • (4)today’s paper • (5)examination paper
9
• Grammatical context
– In some cases, the meaning of a polysemous word may be determined by the grammatical structure (not specific words) in which it occurs.
In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. This is called linguistic context or co-text. In a broad sense, it includes the physical situation where a word is employed. This is called extralinguistic or non-linguistic context.
– Linguistic context – Non-linguistic context
• Three functions (role) of context
– Eliminating ambiguity – Conveying emotional overtones – Indicating referents
– Linguistic (verbal) context (言语)
• Linguistic context refers to words, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, or whole books in which a word appears.
– Extra-linguistic (non-verbal) context (非言语）
5
Context
No matter how many meanings a word may have, there will be no risk of misunderstanding, when it occurs in a particular context.
Then what is a context?
11
Extra-linguistic context
• The actual speech situation refers to the situation in which a word is used. In everyday life, word meaning is more often dependent on the actual situation in which a word is used. – He was placed third in the ion of context
• Eliminating ambiguity • Conveying emotional overtones • Indicating referents and the
range of the meaning of a word
13
Eliminating ambiguity (消除歧义)
Betty, Mary and Alice are classmates. Betty told Mary that Alice was angry.
Chapter VIII
MEANING AND CONTEXT
1
Overview
• Two types of contexts • The vital role of context in determination of
word meaning • Suggested Ways for the Correct
Ambiguity refers to a word, a phrase, a sentence with more than one possible meaning. Ambiguity may be caused by different things.
•Polysemy may cause ambiguity. Mary baked a birthday cake for her mother.
‘John got three rotten teeth pulled out.’ 1
• Conveying emotional overtones (传达情感寓意)
– Practically every emotionally neutral lexical item can in certain contexts acquire emotional overtones.
Comprehension of Word Meaning
2
What is the meaning of the following sentence?
• This is a difficult operation.
– The doctor will perform an operation on her for a diseased lung.
10
• Verbal context in its broad sense
– In addition to lexical and grammatical context, the verbal context, in its broad sense, may cover an entire passage, or even an entire book, and even in some cases the entire social or cultural setting.
– Landlord
• in Western countries means ‘one who rents out house for money’. • Chinese: one who owned a lot of land and collected money by renting out
land without working.
• 当他听完高一民关于利用激光侦破走私光盘的设想后，不禁猛地拍了 高一民一掌说：“好一个大野心家，我怎么没发现你呀！”
• Some neutral word can in certain contexts acquire favorable or unfavorable emotional overtones.
•Homonymy may cause ambiguity. The ball was attractive.
•Grammatical structure may cause ambiguity. Visiting relatives may be boring.
鸡
不
吃
了。
Ji
bu
chi le.
Chick Neg eat Aux
‘The chicken does not eat.’
‘I don’t eat chicken any more.’
约翰 拔
了 三 颗 蛀 牙。
Yuehan ba le san ke zhu ya.
John pull-out Aux three CL rotten tooth
‘John pulled out three rotten teeth.’
15
• Indicating referents (表明指示物)
– In conversation, in order to avoid repetition, pronouns (I, you, he, this, that)are often used instead of a noun or noun phrase. contexts can help identify the referents of pronouns.
The grammatical structure of context alone, however, although indicative of the differences in the meanings of word in various structures, is not sufficient to indicate all the individual meanings of a given word.
• Extra-linguistic context refers to a particular time, space, or culture in which a word appears.
7
Linguistic context
• Linguistic context can be further divided into – Lexical context – Grammatical context – Verbal context in its broad sense
• The extra-linguistic context may extend to include the entire cultural background, which is often found to affect the meaning of words. Because of cultural difference, the same lexical item may not mean the same thing to people of different countries.
receive become cause
start
get+NP: get a big apple; get an interesting book get+AP: get very angry; get incredibly cold get…to do…: I got him to do the job. get+ING: Get going!
6
Two types of contexts
• The meaning s of words, especially those of polysemous words may be viewed as determined either by linguistic (verbal) contexts or extralinguistic (non-verbal) contexts.
8
• Lexical context
– the lexemes that co-occur with the word in question. The meaning of the word is affected or determined by the neighboring lexemes.
– The skillful operation of this machine is hard to learn.
– The army’s operation in that country were very successful.
3
4
Meaning and Context
• Two types of contexts
• Some appreciative word may acquire unfavorable meaning in certain contexts.
• 听完二乐子的满口秽言，小李不无讽刺的说：“你真是出口成章！”
• Some derogatory word may acquire appreciative meaning in certain context.
• (1)a sheet of paper • (2)a white paper (government document) • (3)a term paper • (4)today’s paper • (5)examination paper
9
• Grammatical context
– In some cases, the meaning of a polysemous word may be determined by the grammatical structure (not specific words) in which it occurs.
In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. This is called linguistic context or co-text. In a broad sense, it includes the physical situation where a word is employed. This is called extralinguistic or non-linguistic context.
– Linguistic context – Non-linguistic context
• Three functions (role) of context
– Eliminating ambiguity – Conveying emotional overtones – Indicating referents
– Linguistic (verbal) context (言语)
• Linguistic context refers to words, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, or whole books in which a word appears.
– Extra-linguistic (non-verbal) context (非言语）
5
Context
No matter how many meanings a word may have, there will be no risk of misunderstanding, when it occurs in a particular context.
Then what is a context?
11
Extra-linguistic context
• The actual speech situation refers to the situation in which a word is used. In everyday life, word meaning is more often dependent on the actual situation in which a word is used. – He was placed third in the ion of context
• Eliminating ambiguity • Conveying emotional overtones • Indicating referents and the
range of the meaning of a word
13
Eliminating ambiguity (消除歧义)
Betty, Mary and Alice are classmates. Betty told Mary that Alice was angry.
Chapter VIII
MEANING AND CONTEXT
1
Overview
• Two types of contexts • The vital role of context in determination of
word meaning • Suggested Ways for the Correct
Ambiguity refers to a word, a phrase, a sentence with more than one possible meaning. Ambiguity may be caused by different things.
•Polysemy may cause ambiguity. Mary baked a birthday cake for her mother.
‘John got three rotten teeth pulled out.’ 1
• Conveying emotional overtones (传达情感寓意)
– Practically every emotionally neutral lexical item can in certain contexts acquire emotional overtones.
Comprehension of Word Meaning
2
What is the meaning of the following sentence?
• This is a difficult operation.
– The doctor will perform an operation on her for a diseased lung.
10
• Verbal context in its broad sense
– In addition to lexical and grammatical context, the verbal context, in its broad sense, may cover an entire passage, or even an entire book, and even in some cases the entire social or cultural setting.
– Landlord
• in Western countries means ‘one who rents out house for money’. • Chinese: one who owned a lot of land and collected money by renting out
land without working.
• 当他听完高一民关于利用激光侦破走私光盘的设想后，不禁猛地拍了 高一民一掌说：“好一个大野心家，我怎么没发现你呀！”
• Some neutral word can in certain contexts acquire favorable or unfavorable emotional overtones.
•Homonymy may cause ambiguity. The ball was attractive.
•Grammatical structure may cause ambiguity. Visiting relatives may be boring.
鸡
不
吃
了。
Ji
bu
chi le.
Chick Neg eat Aux
‘The chicken does not eat.’
‘I don’t eat chicken any more.’
约翰 拔
了 三 颗 蛀 牙。
Yuehan ba le san ke zhu ya.
John pull-out Aux three CL rotten tooth
‘John pulled out three rotten teeth.’