(完整word版)中考英语语法重点：句子成分、基本句、状语、宾语、定语从句、it

一、句子成分：
1.主语：
主语（Subject）是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。

主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。

例如:
The sun rises in the east。

（名词）
He likes dancing. （代词）
Twenty years is a short time in history。

（数词）
Seeing is believing. （动名词）
To see is to believe. （不定式）
What he needs is a book. （主语从句)
2. 谓语
谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。

动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。

谓语的构成如下:
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。

如：
He practices running every morning。

The plane took off at ten o'clock。

2、复合谓语:
（1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成，或由各种时态构成。

如：
You may keep the book for two weeks.
He has caught a bad cold.
（2）由系动词加表语构成。

如:
We are students.
注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致
3．表语
表语（Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份,它一般位于系动词（如be， become， get, look, grow， turn, seem等）之后.例如：
He is a teacher。

注意：系动词（Linking verb）用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等
常见的系动词有： be， sound（听起来）， look（看起来）， feel（摸起来）,smell（闻起来），
taste（尝、吃起来）， remain（保持，仍是）， feel（感觉）….
It sounds a good idea。

The sound sounds strange.
Her voice sounds sweet。

Tom looks thin。

The food smells delicious.
The food tastes good。

The door remains open。

Now I feel tired。

He became mad after that.
4。

宾语
宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。

例如:
1）动作的承受者——动宾
I like China。

（名词）
He hates you。

（代词）
2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词——介宾
They live in the old house.
Are you afraid of the snake？
3）双宾语—-间宾（指人）和直宾(指物）
He gave me a book yesterday.
Give the poor man some money。

5。

宾语补足语
英语有些及物动词，除了要有宾语之外，还要在宾语之后加上宾语补足语对宾语进行补充说明，才能使句子的意义完整，构成主－动－宾－补这一句型。

宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。

在复合宾语中，宾语与它的补足语之间存在着逻辑上（即意义上）的主谓关系。

可以担当补足语的有名词、形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词等。

这样的及物动词有相当的数量，常见的有：appoint(任命）,believe（相信)，call（称),catch（发现），elect（选举）,feel（感到）,find(发现）,like（希望）,hear(听到)，keep（保持），leave（听任）,discover（发现），make(使),need（需要）,prefer（宁愿)，prove（证明)，see（看见），warn（警告)等。

They elected me captain of the team。

他们选我当队长。

You may leave the child in my care。

你可以把孩子交给我照管。

区别:
I saw him cross the street and enter a bookstore.
I saw him crossing the street when the accident happened.
划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语。

Please tell us a story.
My father bought a new bike for me last week.
分析一下划横线的句子成分。

I bought a book yesterday.
We often speak English in class
Our teacher of English is an American
Time is up。

The class is over.
The soup tastes sweet。

The man got mad.
6。

状语
用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。

通常表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等.状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式，形容词短语。

名词短语来担当。

其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。

…地,总是，在…的时候，在…地方，如果…，用…方法等等
She is always losing her keys
John drove too slowly.
In the evening, I will discuss this with you at home。

7. 定语
用于修饰名词或代词。

可以担任定语的有形容词、代词、名词、数词、名词所有格、副词、不定式、分词和分词短语、介词短语及从句等等。

定语的位置很灵活，凡有名词和代词的地方都可以有定语.“……的”
the children’s books
an old wooden boat
8. 同位语
对句子的某一成分作进一步解释，说明，与前面名词在语法上处于同等地位。

同位语常常置于被说明的词的后面。

可以作同位语的有名词，代词，数词和从句等。

Chen Junhao， a boy from Jiangmen， likes Kobe Bryant very much.
二、基本句：略
三、复合句：
分类：并列句、状语从句、宾语从句、定语从句
做题方法：当句子中有两个主语、两个谓语，即表明句子为复合句，如果复合句中需要填连接词，则需要理解两个句子的意思，理解他们的逻辑关系,才能得知填什么连接词。

1.状语从句：
分类：
时间状语从句when， as， while， before， after, since， till，not……until, as soon as 等连词来引导。

原因状语从句because， since, as, for, now that, etc.
条件状语从句if, unless（除非），
目的状语从句in order that, so that, so that
结果状语从句so…that，, such…that，
让步状语从句though， although, even if， even though, however, whatever,
比较状语从句as…as，so…as, than，
地点状语从句where, wherever
时间状语从句
时间状语从句常用when/ as/ while, before, after, since， till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。

例如：
It was raining hard when I got to school yesterday.
While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang。

As he walked along the lake, he sang happily.
He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China.
区别：
(1)when与while、as
1） when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬间动词。

并且when有时表示“就在那时”.例如：
When she came in， I stopped eating。

她进来时，我停止吃饭。

(瞬间动词)
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him。

当我住在农村时，我常常为他担水。

（延续性的动词）
We were about to leave when he came in。

我们就要离开,就在那时他进来了。

（瞬间动词)
2）While引导的从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应)。

并且while有时还可以表示对比，可以理解为但、却、而。

例如:
While my wife was reading the newspaper， I was watching TV。

(was reading是延续性的动词，was reading和was watching同时发生）
I like playing football while you like playing basketball。

我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球。

(对比）3）As表示“一边……一边”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。

例如:
We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。

(as表示“一边……一边”）
As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了.
⏹条件状语从句
条件状语从句通常由if, unless=if …not引导.例如：
What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?
Don’t leave the building unless I tell you to。

注意：
（1）If 和when双面孔:
区分if和when引导宾语从句和状语从句的不同:
When引导时间状语从句的时候意为“当…的时候",引导宾语从句的时候意为“什么时候”；
If 引导条件状语的时候意为“如果”,引导宾语从句意为“是否"。

( ）1. —Mike wants to know if ___ a picnic tomorrow．
—Yes. But if it ___, we'll visit the museum instead
A。

you have; will rain B. you will have; will rain
C. you will have； rains
D. will you have; rains
( ）2。

—Do you know when he ___ back tomorrow？
—Sorry， I don’t。

When he ___ back， I’ll tell you
A. comes； comes B。

comes； will come
C。

will come； comes D. will come; will come
(2）主将从现
在时间状语从句里,通常不用将来时态，用一般时态表示将来的动作或状态。

例如:
I will tell him everything when he comes back.
I'll see the movie with you if I am free tomorrow.
变形：He wouldn't believe it until he saw it with his own eyes。

⏹原因状语从句
（1）原因状语从句通常由because, since， as引导。

例如：
He didn’t come to school because he was ill。

As it is raining， we shall not go the zoo.
Since you can’t answer the question，I’ll ask someone else.
（2)because表示直接原因,语气最强。

Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。

回答由why提出的问题,只能用because。

As和since语气较弱,一般用来表示明显的原因。

由as和since引导的原因状语从j 句多放在句首。

例如:
---———Why aren't going there?
-—--—-Because I don’t want to.
As he has no car, he can't get there easily。

Since we have no money， we can't buy it.
（3）because和so不能同用在一个句子里.正如although、though、even though、even if不能与but 连用一样。

⏹结果状语从句
(1）结果状语从句由so…that, such…that, so that引导.例如：
He is so poor that he can't buy a bike for his son.
She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her。

My pencil fell under the desk, so that I couldn’t see it。

（2）so…that与such.。

.that区别:
1）在由so。

.that引导的结果状语从句中,so是副词,与形容词连用。

其结构是: “.。

.so + 形容词（副词）+ that + 从句”。

例如:
He was so glad that he couldn’t say a word.
The hall is so big that it can hold 2,000 people。

Mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her.
2）在由such…that引导的结果状语从句中，such是形容词，它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名词，也可以是不可数名词;名词前面可以带形容词,也可不带。

如果是单数可数名词，前面需加不定冠词a或an。

例如：
It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything。

He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling。

He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the mid-term。

（3）如果名词前由many, much， little, few等词修饰时,只能用so, 不用such。

例如：Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses。

He has so little time that he can’t go to the cinema with you。

⏹目的状语从句
目的状语从句通常由so that, in order that引导.例如:
We started early so that we could catch the first train。

He studies hard so that he could work better in the future.
We used the computer in order that we might save time.
⏹让步状语从句
（1)让步状语从句通常由although， though等连词引导。

例如：
Though he is young， he knows a lot.
Although I am tired, I must go on working。

（2）although（though)与but不能用在同一个句子中。

例如：
我们不能说：Though it was raining hard， but he still went out。

应该说：Though it was raining hard, he still went out。

或It was raining hard， but he still went out.
⏹地点状语从句
地点状语从句常常由where来引导.例如：
Go where you like。

Where there is a will， there is a way.
2.宾语从句
在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。

1．连接词
1）陈述句充当宾语从句时，用that引导,that无词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。

如：He said that he could finish his work before supper．他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。

2）一般疑问句充当宾语从句时,用if或whether引导,意为“是否”.如:
I don't know if ／whether he still lives here after so many years．我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。

但在具有选择意义，有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether，如：
I don't know whether he does any washing or not．我不知道他洗不洗衣服。

3）特殊疑问句充当宾语从句时用who what which whose where when how much等疑问词.如:
Could you tell me who knows the answer,please?你能告诉我谁知道答案吗？
He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class．他问我们班上谁的书法最好。

The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room．老师问我们房间里有多少人。

2．时态
含宾语从句的复合句，主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容:
1）主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词根据需要选用相应的任何时态.如：
I don't know when he will come back．我不知道他将何时回来.
He tells me that his sister came back yesterday．他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了.
2)如主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要,选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。

如：
①The children didn’t know who he was不知道他是谁.
3）如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等,不管主句用什么时态，从句时态都用一般现在时。

如:
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun．老师说地球绕着太阳转。

3．语序
无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序,即“主句＋连词＋宾语从句（主语＋谓语＋……）”句式。

根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分，可分为以下两种：1）连接词＋谓语。

连接词在从句中作主语。

如:
Could you tell me who knows the answer,please？你能告诉我谁知道答案吗？
The small children don't know what is in their stockings．这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西？
2)连接词＋名词＋谓语.如：
The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room．老师问我们房间里有多少人。

Could you tell me what I should do with the money ?你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗？4．注意：
（1）if和when既可以引导宾语从句，也可以引导状语从句,if和when引导宾语从句时,分别意为“是否”和“何时”，其时态应和主句时态相呼应；它们引导状语从句时，意思分别为“如果，假如”和“当……时候”，当主句时态是一般将来时时，其时态用一般现在时。

如:—Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ？你知道他明天什么时候回来吗?
—Sorry,I don’t know。

When he comes back，I’ll tell you．当他回来了，我将告诉你。

—I don't know if he will come．我不知道他是否会来。

—He will come if it doesn't rain．如果不下雨,他会来的。

（2）宾语从句的同义句转换:
Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon. →Li Ming hopes to be back very soon。

We decided that we would help him。

→We decided to help him。

3.定语从句
一、who引导的定语从句,who在从句中做主语(口语中也可做宾语)，修饰表示人的先行词。

二、whom引导的定语从句，whom在从句中作宾语,修饰表示人的先行词,口语中可以省略.（介词后 whom不能省略）
The person （whom） you just talked to is Mr. Li。

=The person to whom you just talked is Mr。

Li. （介词后 whom不能省略）
三、whose引导的定语从句,whose在从句中作定语，修饰表示人或物的先行词。

四、which引导的定语从句，which在从句中做主语，也可做宾语，或介词的宾语，修饰表示物的先行词. The room in which there is a machine is a workshop。

(介词后面的which不能省略）
= The room where there is a machine is a workshop. (先行词在从句中作状语）
五、that引导的定语从句，that在从句中做主语或宾语、修饰表示人或物的先行词。

作宾语时可省略,不能放在介词后面作宾语。

（that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which)
The house (that//which） we live in is not large. =The house in which we live is not large.= The house where we live is not large .
六、只能用that的情况小结:
△1. 在there + be 的句型中，句子的主语是先行词，而且又是物。

There are two novels that I want to read. 我要读的有两本小说。

There is no work that can be done now. 没有什么工作现在能做的了。

△2。

当先行词为主句的表语
This is the book that was bought yesterday.这就是昨天买的书。

Our school is no longer the school that it used to be.我们的学校不再是以前的学校.
△3。

以Here is (are)开头的句子时.
Here is a film that will move anyone。

这是一部将使任何人受感动的电影。

Here are two books that I will buy。

这是我要买的两本书.
4. 当先行词是way等词时,关系代词用that或者in which在定语从句中作方式状语时,在口语中，可省略。

This is the way that my father did this work.这就是我父亲做此工作的方式。

She admired the way in which I answered the questions. 她羡慕我回答问题的方式。

△5。

当先行词被the last ,* the very 和the only修饰时.
This is the very pen that I am looking for。

这正是我找的钢笔。

The only book I want to read is missing。

我唯一想看的书不见了。

The last student that came in is her twin brother 。

△6。

当先行词被序数词、数词、形容词最高级修饰时。

You are the first person that I want to ask for.你是我要见的第一个人。

This is the second book that I have ever written.这是我写的第二本书.
△7。

当先行词为anything、everything、nothing、anybody、nobody 、all, 或被all、every， no ， some，few ， little, much， both等修饰时，但用something时，用which或者that均可
Everything we have seen in China is moving.我们在中国看见的东西件件感人。

This is all that I want to say at the meeting.这就是我在会上要说的。

△8。

当先行词既指人又指物时.
The professor and his achievement that I heard about are admired by them .
Let’s talk about the persons and the things that we can remember.
△9. 当先行词是疑问代词who时。

Who that you have ever seen can beat him in chess?你见过谁能在棋艺上打败他?
七、由when 引导的定语从句,修饰表示时间的先行词,when为关系副词,做定语从句的时间状语。

I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing.
( 介词＋which可以代替 when)
I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.
I remember the days which//that we spent together.做spent的宾语。

八、由where 引导的定语从句,修饰表示地点的先行词，where为关系副词,做定语从句的地点状语。

The factory where his father works is in the west of the city。

The factory in which his father works is in the west of the city。

（介词＋which可以代替where）
This is a place which/that I wanted to visit。

Shanghai is the city where I was born。

九、Why引导的定语从句，why做原因状语。

I know the reason why he came late。

（ for＋which可以代替why)
The reason why / for which he was late was that he was ill。

△十、关系代词在从句中作主语，谓语动词的数与先行词保持一致。

The student who is good at English studies hard。

The students who are good at English study hard。

十一、定语从句可分为两大类，即限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

① 限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉的话，主句的意思就不完整，意义就表述不明。

这种句型一般定语从句紧接先行词（不用逗号隔开)如：
I was the only person in my office who was invited。

② 非限制性定语从句。

它与主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词起补充、说明的作用,也就是说即便去掉定语从句，句意也不受影响。

主从句之间常用逗号分开，且：△非限制性定语从句不能用that来引导.
This was the American Civil War, which lasted 4 years before the North won in the end.
四、it作形式主语或形式宾语:
有时候为了保持句子的平衡,很多时候用it作为替代充当形式主语和形式宾语,而把真正的主语或宾语放到句子的后面，很多it的句型都属于此一类。

㈠ it作形式主语：
it作形式主语时，可以代替三种形式：
不定式、动名词和主语从句。

1. it代替不定式短语
常用于下列句型中：
It + be +形容词 + (for/of sb。

) to do sth.
It + be + 名词 + to do sth.
It takes sb. some time to do sth. 干…花了某人…时间
It’s up to sb。

to do sth。

干…是某人的职责或义务
如：
①It is everyone’s duty to obey the law。

遵守法律是每个人的义务。

②It is d ifficult for a foreigner to learn Chinese.对于一个外国人来说，学习汉语是困难的。

③It is not up to you to tell me how to do my job。

我怎样干我的工作不用你来多嘴。

◆ It be + 形容词+ for sb. to do sth.与It be + 形容词+of sb. to do sth。

：
①It’s important for us to learn English well。

②It’s kind o f you to help me。

⒉ it代替动名词短语：
记住：it's + no good/ no use/ useless/ waste of time + doing sth。

②It is a waste of time watching TV.看电视是浪费时间.
②It is no use asking him。

问他没有用.
⒊ it代替主语从句：
It is doubtful whether she will be able to come
It was clear that she had fallen in love with him.
㈡ it作形式宾语：
it作形式宾语时，可以代替三种形式:
不定式、动名词和宾语从句。

1. it代替不定式短语
think/ find/ feel/ consider/ make/ regard…+ it +形容词/名词 + 不定式短语
如：
①I find it pleasant to work with him。

②They felt it difficult to finish the work in such a s hort time。

③I think it my honor to be invited to speak here.
⒉ it代替动名词短语( 这只限于少数句型，在多数情况下用不定式时更多一些,跟it作形式主语是一样，no good/ no use/ useless/ waste of time）
①The professor considers it no good reading without understanding。

②He found it useless（ no use) arguing with him.他发现和他辩论没有用。

⒊ it代替宾语从句：
①We all thought it a pity that the conference should have been cancelled.
②I think it ridiculous that Tom went with you.
1。

______ is reported that he got seven gold medals.
A。

That B。

Word C. It D. News
2。

How long ______ to finish the work？
A. you will take B。

will you take C。

you will take it D. will it take you 3。

__________ no need for us to discuss the problem again. It has already been settled。

A。

It has B。

There has C. It is D。

There is
4.I was disappointed with the play. I had expected _____ to be much better。

A。

that B. this C。

one D. it
5.I don’t think _______ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work。

A. it B。

that C. its D。

this
6。

Does _______ matter if he can't finish the job on time?
A. this B。

it C。

he D. that
7.—---Do you need my ruler？
——--No, thanks. I’ve got _______ myself.
A。

it B。

each C。

one D。

the one 8。

—---Which person do you mean？
—-—-______ who wears a new gold watch。

A。

The one B。

One C。

Each D. It。