高中英语必修五-unit1课文详解

⾼中英语必修五-unit1课⽂详解必修五 Unit 1 Great Scientists 伟⼤的科学家
steam engine 蒸汽机
characteristic n.特征；特性
radium n.镭
put forward 提出
theory n。

理论；学说
infect vt.传染；感染
infectious adj.传染的
cholera n.霍乱
scientific adj.科学的
examine vt.检查；诊察；考察
conclude vt. & vi.结束；结论；议定
conclusion n.结论；结束；议定
draw a conclusion得出结论
analyse vt.分析
repeat vi & vt.重复；重做n.
defeat vt. N.打败；战胜；使受挫
attend vt.照顾；护理；出席；参加
expose vt.(与to连⽤)暴露；揭露；
使曝光
deadly adj.致命的
cure n. vt.治愈；痊愈；治疗
outbreak n.爆发；发作（疾病或战争）
control vt.& n.控制；⽀配
absorb vt.吸收；使专⼼
severe adj.严重的；严厉的；严
格的；剧烈的
valuable adj.贵重的；有价
值的
clue n.线索；提⽰
pump n.泵；抽⽔机
pub n.酒馆；酒吧
blame vt.责备；谴责；把…归咎
于；
n.过失；责备immediately adv.⽴即；马上
handle n.柄；把⼿； vt.
处理
germ n.微⽣物；细菌addition n.加；增加；加法in addition也；另外
link vt.连接；联系 n.联
系；环link…to…将…和…连接或联系起来
announce vt.宣布；通告certainty n.确知；确信；
确实
instruct vt.命令；指⽰；
教导
virus n.病毒construction n.建设；结构；建筑物
apart from 除…之外；此外creative adj.有创造⼒的；独创的
co-operative adj.合作的positive adj.积极的；肯定的
be strict with对…严格的revolutionary adj.⾰命的calculation n.计算；计算
结果
lead to通向；导致movement n。

移动；运动；动作
make sense有意义backward adv. & adj.向后
地（的）；相反地（的）；退步地（的）
loop n.圈；环
complete adj.完整的；完成
的
privately adv.私下地；秘
密地
spin vi. & vt.(使)旋转；
纺（线）
brightness n.明亮；亮度；
聪颖
enthusiastic adj.热情的；
热⼼的
cautious adj.⼩⼼的；谨慎
的
reject vt.拒绝；不接受；
丢弃
point of view态度；观点；
看法
logical adj.和逻辑的；合乎常
理的
II．Reading JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
John Snow was a well-known doctor in London — so famous, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria to ease the birth of her babies.约翰斯诺在伦敦是⼀位著名的医⽣，的确，如此出名以致于由他护理维多利亚⼥王⽣孩⼦。

【注释：attend v.出席；到场；注意；照看attend to处理；注意倾听；
专⼼于；照料； attend school/ class/ church/ a wedding/ a meeting/ a lecture/ a movie; attend on/ upon sb.伺候某⼈；照顾某⼈； eg. 1) I’ll attend to the
matter.我来处理此事。

2) He was very tired after the long run, and expected someboday to attend
on him.长袍之后他感到⾮常疲劳，很想有个⼈来照顾⾃⼰⼀下。

▲辨析： attend, join, join in, take part in (1) attend是正式⽤语，⼀般指参加会议、典礼、婚礼、葬礼及去听课、听报告等；（2）join指加⼊某党派、某组织、某社会团体以及参军等，如：He joined the football club two years ago.
(3) join in通常指参加某种活动，尤其指其他⼈⼀起参加某项活动，如： I hope you’ll all join in the discussion. (4) take part in 指参加群众性活动、会议、劳动、游⾏等，往往参加者持有积极地
态度，并起到⼀定的作⽤，有时可与join in互换，如： Will you take part in the English evening 试题：
—— Who is ______ the patient —— Maybe his sister.
A. taking care
B. looking for
C. joining in
D. attending on】
But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed
to cholera.但当他想到要帮助受霍乱侵扰的普通民众，他就感到受到激励（或感受到神灵的召唤）。

【注释：①inspire (1)影响或触动： eg. The falling leaves inspired her with sadness.落叶触动了
她的伤感. (2) ⿎励；激励 eg. 1) inspire sb. with hope激起某⼈的希望 2) I was inspired to work harder than ever before.我受激励⽐以往任何时候都更加努⼒地⼯作。

②expose to使易受；使
受 eg. exposed themselves to disease使他们受到疾病的影响； exposed their children to classical music. 使他们的孩⼦们受到古典⾳乐的影响。

考题：
1. As we all know，women do not________their faces in public in some Middle Eastern countries.
A．cover B．keep C．expose D．protect
2．The more one is________the English-speaking environment，the better he or she will learn the language. A．exposed to B．filled in C．caught on D．kept up
3．The reason why people carry umbrellas in hot summer days is that ____ to strong sunlight may be harmful to the skin. A．contributing B．exposing C．contributed D．being exposed 】
This was the most deadly disease of its day. 这在当时是最为致命的疾病。

【注释：deadly adj. 致命的；死⼀般的；绝对的；完全的如：deadly weapons致命武器；a deadly pallor.死⼈般的
苍⽩；deadly enemies.不共戴天的仇敌；：deadly concentration.绝对专⼼】Neither its cause, nor its cure was understood.其原因及治疗⽅法都不为⼈知道。

【注释：neither和相关连词nor 连⽤,
连接并列主语（1）、并列谓语（2）、并列宾语（3） eg. （1）Neither we nor they want it. 我们和
他们都不要它。

（2） She neither called nor wrote. 她既没打电话也没写信来。

（3） I got neither the gift nor the card.我既没得到礼物，也没得到贺卡。

考题：
(2008辽) 1. Bill wasn’t happy about the delay of the report by Jason，and _____.
A．I was neither B．neither was I C．I was either D．either was I
2. If Joe’s wife won’t go to the party，________.
A．he will either B．neither will he C．he neither will D．either he will 】So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.
所以每当这种疾病爆发的时候，就有数以千计的感到恐惧的⼈死掉。

【注释：every time这是由名词词组
充当连词，引导时间状语从句，类似这种⽤法的名词短语有：不定代词+time,如：any time; each time;
介词+time 如：by the time…；序数词+time,如： the first/last time…; the +瞬间名词，如：the minute, the moment, the instant “⼀…就…”； the +时间名词，如： the day, the night, the month, the time…eg. 1) She demands sweets from me every
time/each time she sees me. 2) The truck will have arrived
by the time you have all the things packed up. 3) The first time he did the experiment, he succeeded.
4) I’ll give him your message the minute/ the moment/ the instant he arrives. 5) He bought a
computer the day/ the time he got his salary. 考题：
1. Don’t stop________you meet with a word you don’t understand.
A．at the time B．each time C．by the time D．Sometimes
2. ________you talk with someone or write a message，you show your skills to others.
A．At times B．Some time C．Every time D．The time】
John Snow wanted to use his knowledge to help solve this problem.约翰斯诺想⽤
他的知识来帮助解决这个问题。

He knew it would never be controlled until its cause was found.他知道直到找到原因才能控制该疾病。

He got interested in two theories explaining how cholera killed people.他对
霍乱如何让⼈丧⽣的两种理论感兴趣。

【注释：explaining how cholera killed people是现在分词作定
语，其逻辑主语是two theories.】The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air without reason. 第⼀种认为霍乱在空⽓中不合理地进⾏繁殖.【注释：without reason没道理；不合
理 eg. Tom is a very clever boy, but he said that without reason.】A cloud of dangerous gas would float around until it found its victims.⼀层危险的⽓体到处漂浮，直到它找到
载体（⼊侵对象）。

The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals, from the stomach the disease attached the body quickly and soon the affected person was dead.第⼆种认为⼈们在吃饭的时候将这种疾病吸收到体内，然后，
从胃⾥该疾病很快就攻击⾝体，很快被感染的⼈就会死掉。

【注释：absorb vt.(1) To take in; assimilate:
吸⼊；同化：They are immigrants who were absorbed into the social mainstream.他们是被社会的主
流同化了的移民。

(2) To endure; accommodate:忍耐；忍受 eg. We couldn't absorb the additional hardships.我们不能忍受额外的困苦. (3) 吸引；使专⼼；使全神贯注eg. The writer was absorbed in
his writing that he forgot to flick the ashes from his cigar.作家全神贯注地进⾏写作,忘了弹去
雪茄烟的烟灰。

be absorbed into被…吞并；兼并be absorbed in专⼼于；全神贯注于试题： 1) She was so ____ in her job that she didn’t hear anybody knocking at the door. A. attracted
B. absorbed
C. drawn
D. focused
2. _______ in her new novel，the young writer kept thinking and writing for a dozen hours
in her study.
A．Having deeply absorbed B．Deeply absorbing C．Deeply having been absorbed D．Deeply absorbed】
He believed in the second theory but needed to prove he was correct.他相信第
⼆种理论，可是需要证明是对的。

So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, John Snow was ready to test these two theories.所以在1854年，当另⼀场霍乱爆发袭击伦敦的时候，约
翰斯诺准备测试这两个理论。

【注释：hit (1)打，击 eg. 1) The boy hit the other boy and was naturally punished by the headmaster."这男孩打了另⼀个男孩,理所当然地受到校长的处罚。

(2) 受影响 eg.
1) Price increases hit everyone's pocket.物价上涨冲击了每个⼈的钱袋。

2) Strike waves hit
several Western European countries.罢⼯的浪潮袭击了好⼏个西欧国家。

】 As the disease spread quickly through the poor neighbourhoods, John Snow began to gather the information.
当疾病迅速在贫穷的邻⾥间传播的时候，约翰斯诺开始收集相关信息。

【注释：spread传开，传播：事件
范围扩⼤，在更⼤的领域被⼈知晓或蔓延eg. 1) The word spread fast.消息散布得很快. 2) The fire spread from the factory to the houses near by.⽕从⼯⼚蔓延到附近的房舍。

】He found that in two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people had died in 10 days.他发现在两个特别的街道，霍乱爆发的是如此严重，以致于在10天之内有500
多⼈死亡。

He determined to find out why.他决定搞清楚为什么。

He marked on a map where all the dead people had lived.在⼀张地图上他标出了所有死亡⼈的居住地。

【注释：where all the
dead people had lived是定语从句，由关系副词where引导。

】Here it is:这就是：
The map gave a valuable clue
about the cause of the disease.
这份地图提供了有关该疾病原因有价值
的线索。

Many of the deaths were
near the water pump in Broad
Street (especially numbers
16,37,38and 40 Broad Street).许
多死亡靠近宽街的⽔泵（尤其是宽街第
17、37、38和40号房⼦） John Snow
also saw that some houses (such
as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8
and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. 约翰斯诺也注意到⼀些房⼦（如宽街第20、21号和剑桥⼤街第8、9号房
⼦），He discovered that these families worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.他发现这些⼈家在剑桥⼤街7号酒店⼯
作，They were given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the Broad Street pump.给他们提供的是免费的啤酒，所以他们不喝来⾃宽街⽔泵的⽔。

It seemed the water was to blame.似乎⽔就是罪魁祸⾸。

【注释：blame (1)起因是：是…起因或某事的根源的 eg.
1) A freak storm was to blame for the power outage.停电的起因是⼀场特⼤暴风雪. (2) be to blame 应受谴责 eg. 1) The children were not to blame.孩⼦们不应受到谴责。

2) The driver was not to blame for the traffic accident.那次交通事故不应该责怪司机。

3) I am to blame.是我不好。

(3)blame sth. on sb. 将某事归咎于某⼈ eg. Don't blame it on him, but on me.别怪他,该怪我。

(4)blame sb. for sth.因某事⽽指责某⼈ eg. They blamed the secretary for the delay of the plan.他们怪罪秘书造成计划延误。

▲辨析： blame, fault, guilt (1) blame强调对某种可以解释的失误或不良⾏为的谴责或惩罚： eg. The police laid the blame for the accident squarely on the driver's shoulders. 警⽅公正地把事故的责任归于司机。

(2) fault是指引起或没能阻⽌某有害事件发⽣⽽应承担的责任：eg. The student failed the examination, but not through any fault of his teacher. 这个学⽣考试不及格，但不是由于⽼师的过失。

(3) guilt适⽤于情节严重、故意的不良⾏为并强调道德上的过失：eg. The case was dismissed because the prosecution did not have sufficient evidence of the defendant's guilt.案⼦被撤消了，因为指控对被告罪⾏没有⾜够的证据. 考题：
1. They blamed the failure on ，he________.
A．is not to blame B．is to blame C．is not to be blamed D．should not blame 】Next ,John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets.接下来，约翰斯诺调查这两条⼤街的⽔源。

He found that it came from the river, which had been polluted by the dirty water from London.他发现⽔是来⾃已经北伦敦污染的河流。

【注释：which had been … London.是由which引导的⾮限制性定语从句，which指代前⾯主句中具体的名词the river，另外，which也可以指代抽象概念，如：He left early, which was wise.他早早地离开，那是很明智的。

考题：
1. (09全II-17) My friend showed me around the town, ____ was very kind of him.
A. which
B. that
C. where
D. it
2. (09鲁-24) Whenever I met her, _____ was fairly often, she greeted me with
a sweet smile.
A. who
B. which
C. when
D. that
3. (09辽-23) They’ve won their last three matches, _____ I find a bit
surprising actually.
A. that
B. when
C. what
D. which
4. (08浙-8) Yesterday she sold her car, _____ she bought a month ago.
A. when
B. where
C. that
D. which ABDD】
Immediately John Snow told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the water pump so it could not be used.⽴刻，约翰斯诺要感到吃惊的宽街⼈移除⽔泵的把⼿，以使它不能再⽤。

Soon the disease began to slow down.很快，疾病传播开始缓慢下来。

John Snow had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.约翰斯诺早已表明霍乱是由细菌传播，⽽不是由云⽓传播。

In addition, he found two other deaths in another part of London that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.另外，他发现在伦敦的另外⼀个地⽅的另外两例死亡与宽街霍乱爆发有关。

【注释：in addition副词短语，单独作状语，⽤于句⾸或句中，在句末相当于as well； in addition to介词短语，⽤在句⾸或句中，后须加宾语。

如： 1) When Diane fell, she hurt her arm and , in addition, broke her glasses. 2) In addition to a good diet, she keeps on taking exercise to keep fit.】A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water so much that she had had it delivered from the pump to her house every day.⼀位妇⼥，她已经离开宽街，但，她如此喜欢那⾥的⽔，以致于她每天让⼈从那个⽔泵⾥把⽔运到家。

【注释：have sth. done. 让⼈做某事。

Have sth. to be done.(指未来）让某⼈做某事。

have sb. do sth.让某⼈做某事; have sb. doing sth.让某⼈持续不停地做某事。

Have sth. To do（指⾃⼰）有事要做。

】Both she and her daughter, who often visited her, died of cholera after drinking the water.她和她的⼥⼉，她⼥⼉常去看她，俩⼈在饮⽤了那⾥的⽔之后都死于霍乱。

With this extra evidence, John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the disease.有了这个额外的证据，约翰斯诺就能够确切地宣布：被污染的河⽔含有这种疾病。

To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all water supplies (should) be examined and new methods of dealing with polluted water be found.为了避免这种疾病再次发⽣，约翰斯诺建议所有的⽔供应源都应该进⾏检查，也应该寻找新的处理污⽔的⽅法。

The water companies were also instructed not to expose people to pulluted water anymore.指⽰⾃来⽔公司不要让⼈再接触到受污染的⽔。

Finally “King Cholera” was defeated.最终，“霍乱王”被击败了。

▲辨析：win，beat，defeat (1) win 的意思是“赢”、“获胜”、“得到成功”，作及物动词时，它的宾语往往是奖品、奖学⾦、名誉、财产、战争或运动等。

win后不能接⼈(对⼿)，如不说win sb.。

win the race/the battle/the war/a prize/the game/a
medal/success/friendship/reward赢得了赛跑/战⽃/战争/奖品/⽐赛/奖牌/成功/友谊/奖赏Our team won the game 8 to 7.我们队以8⽐7赢了那场⽐赛。

(2) beat也有“赢”、“取胜”、“战胜”之意，但跟win的⽤法不同，这个动词后⾯跟的是⽐赛、竞争中的对⼿或战争中的敌⼈。

且beat还有连续敲打，(⼼脏)跳动之意。

过去式为beat，过去分词为beaten。

You beat me in the race，but I’ll beat you at tennis.赛跑你赢了我，但打⽹球我会赢你。

He was so nervous that he could feel his heart beating faster.他如此紧张，以⾄于能感到⾃⼰的⼼跳加快了。

Listen！The rain is beating against the window.听！⾬点在敲打着窗户。

(3) defeat本来⽤于描述战争中打败敌⼈，现在可与beat换⽤，以表⽰击败对⼿。

He was badly defeated/beaten in the election.他在选举中惨败。

考题： Zhang Yining________Wang Nan and won the gold medal in the 29th Olympic Games.
A．won B．defeat C．beat D．hit
重点句型：
1．Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.
【精提取】neither...nor...既不……，也不……，连接句中两个相同成分。

【巧应⽤】我既不想知道，也不关⼼。

Neither do I want to know it，____ ____ _____ ____ ____ _____. 答案：nor do I care about it
2．So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.
【精提取】every(each，any，next，first，last)time作连词使⽤，引导时间状语从句。

【巧应⽤】杰克每次来城⾥都会来看望我。

Jack ___ ___ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ he comes to town. 答案：will drop in on me every time
3．The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air.
【精提取】suggest vt.暗⽰，表明了【巧应⽤】他脸上的表情说明他⾮常⾼兴。

The look on his face ____ ____ ____ _____ _____. 答案：suggested that he was happy
4．Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.
【精提取】only＋介词短语/状语从句/副词放在句⾸时后⾯(主)句⽤倒装语序。

【巧应⽤】我只有找到⼯作才能有⾜够的钱继续⼤学的学业。

___ ___ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ _____to continue my studies at college.
答案：Only if I get a job can I have enough money
常备动词短语：
1. put forward 提出，建议；推荐；将……提前；put aside节省，储蓄，储存; put out熄灭，扑灭
put away放好，积蓄； put off延期，推迟； put up举起，张贴，公布，挂起，建造
试题：
—Why is he feeling down today
—Because the suggestion he________has been turned down.
A．put away B．put up C．put down D．put forward
2. look into注视…的内部，注视；调查； look after照看，照管；look down upon看不起
look forward to盼望； look out注意； look up to尊重试题：
(2009赣)It is reported that the police will soon ____ the case of the two missing children.
A．look upon B．look after C．look into D．look out
The building around the corner caught fire last police are now ______ the matter.
A．seeing through B．working out C．looking into D．watching over
3. make sense 有意义；有道理；讲得通； make sense of理解，明⽩; make no sense没道理，没意义；there is no sense in doing sth.做……没道理; in a sense在某⼀⽅⾯；就某种意义来说； in no sense决不试题：There are so many new words in the passage that I could hardly make any _____ of them at all. A．meaning B．use C．idea D．sense
No matter how hard I tried to read it，the sentence didn’t________to me.
A．make out B．understand C．make sense D．work out
It doesn’t make ____ to buy that expensive coat when these cheaper ones are just as good.
A．sense B．opinion C．use D．Difference
每⽇⼀背范⽂：
(2009年⾼考全国卷Ⅰ)假定你是李华，正在英国接受英语培训，住在⼀户英国⼈家⾥。

今天你的房东不在家，你准备外出，请给写⼀留⾔条，内容包括：
1．外出购物； 2．替房东还书；
3．Tracy来电话留⾔：
1)咖啡屋(Bolton Coffee)见⾯取消
2)此事已告知Susan
3)尽快回电
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使⾏⽂连贯。

，
_______________________________________________________________________________ _
Li Hua
范⽂：
，
I’m going out shopping，and won’t be back until about 5∶00 p．m..I have taken with me the two books you asked me to return to the City about 1 o’clock this afternoon，Tracy called，saying that she couldn’t meet you at Bolton Coffee tomorrow morning as she has something important to attend felt very sorry about that，but said that you could set some other time for the wanted you to call her back as soon as you are has already told Susan about this change.
Li Hua。