核能专业英语

核能专业英语
公司内部档案编码：[OPPTR-OPPT28-OPPTL98-OPPNN08]
第一课
词汇：
•Concept概念, conception概念, conceive构想、理解
•Isotope同位素, isomer同质异能素
•element, atom, nucleus, nucleon
–element, elements,
–molecule, molecules, molecular
–atom, atoms, atomic,
–nucleus['nju:klis，'nu:klis]原子核, nuclei, nuclear,
–nucleon['nju:klin]核子, nucleons, nucleonic核子的
–particle, particles,
•fissile易裂变的, fissionable可以发生裂变的
•fertile可裂变的，fertile materials增殖材料
•fission, fusion, decay
•inner, innermost / outer, outermost
•chain reaction
•fragment碎片
Expression：
•times
–A is ten times B.
•varies inversely as
•E equals m times c squared. E = mc2
•the n-th power of a: an
•result in / result from
•is accompanied by / correspond to
•The discovery of fission was made in Germany in 1938 by Hahn......
•Be composed of 由…组成
•Binding energy 结合能
•Discrete excited states 不连续的激发态
•Electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射
•Ev：electron-volt
•Conservation of mass/energy 质量/能量守恒
练习：
•电子带负电，质子带正电。

•Electron is negatively charged，proton is positively charged。

•在任何质量变化的反应中，质量的减少与能量的释放相伴，而质量的增加与能量的吸收相随。

•In any reaction in which mass changes，a decrease of mass is accompanied by the release of energy，and an increase of mass
corresponds to the absorption of energy。

•电荷间的静电斥力与它们之间距离的平方成反比。

•The force of electrostatic repulsion between like charges varies inversely as the square of their separation。

•通常，原子核存在于能量为基态的平衡态或者说稳定的条件下。

•Normally atomic nuclei exist in an equilibrium or stable condition known as their ground state of energy。

•原子的质量并不等于组成它的粒子质量之和。

•The mass of atom is not equal to the sum of the masses of its constituent particles。

•E=mc2：E is equal to m times c squared。

•1u = ×10-27kg One u equals times 10 to minus 27 kg。

第二课
词汇：
•Qualitative定性的, quantitative定量的
•matter exposed to beta particles暴露在β粒子中的物质
•in addition to ......除了
•in competition with与什么竞争
•present no shielding problem不产生防护问题
•cross section截面
•special theory of relativity狭义相对论
•potential scattering势散射
•principle原则、主义, principal首要的、主要的
•compound nucleus formation复合核的产生 (deformation 变形)•ionization 电离
•irradiate 辐照
•spectrum of energies 能谱
•transition 转换 transmit 传输，传导
练习：
•有一种辐射叫做韧致辐射。

•There is a kind of radiation called bremsstrahlung。

•除了X射线辐射以外，有一种辐射叫做韧致辐射。

•In addition to the X-rays，there is another radiation called bremsstrahlung。

•除了由电子变换轨道引起的X射线辐射以外，还有一种类似的辐射叫做韧致辐射。

•In addition to the X-rays due to the transitions in the electronic orbits，a similar radiation called bremsstrahlung
produced。

•γ光子与物质的相互作用
•Gamma ray interactions with matter。

•光电效应，康普顿散射，电子对效应。

•Photoelectric Effect，Photon-electron Scattering(Compton Effect)，Electron-Positron Pair production
•γ光子与物质的相互作用包括光电效应，康普顿散射和电子对效应。

•The interactions between Gamma ray and matter include Photoelectric Effect、Compton Effect and pair production。

•与结合能相比，
•In comparison with the energy of binding of the structure
•入射能量越高，其作用效果就越明显。

•The higher is the energy of projectile，the greater is the effect。

•与结合能相比，入射能量越高，其作用效果就越明显。

•The higher the projectile energy in comparison with the energy of binding of the structure，the greater is the effect。

•Gamma辐射有着比beta粒子要强得多的穿透力从而存在着严重的防护问题。

•Gamma radiation has a much greater penetration power in matter than beta particles，and consequently(因此) presents a serious shielding problem。

第三课
词汇：
•to illustrate为了说明
•counterpart配对物
•rest energy / inherent energy静止能量
•special relativity狭义相对论
•linear momentum / angular momentum 线动量/角动量
•magnitude大小、数量、量级 / direction方向、趋势
•recoil反作用、弹回
•as sketched in 如图所示
•diminish in strength with distance强度随着距离减小
•is proportional to成比例的 vary inversely as 与…成反比•elastic scattering弹性散射/ inelastic scattering非弹性散射
•in contrast with......和…形成对比
•penetrate 穿透
•kinetic energy 动能
•moderator 慢化剂
•an array of 一排、一群、一批
•account for 考虑
练习：
•和带电粒子相比，中子作为电中性的粒子，不需要很高的能量就能穿透原子核。

•in contrast with charged particles, neutrons as neutral particles need not have high energy to penetrate the nucleus.
•严格地讲，我们必须考虑所有的狭义相对论效应，包括粒子速度引起的质量增加。

•Strictly speaking, we should account for all effects of special relativity, including mass increase with particle speed.
•让我们通过一些计算来说明这些观点。

•Let us illustrate these ideas by some calculations.
•当中子减速到和慢化剂原子的热振动相当的能量区域时，它们会在碰撞中失去或者获得能量。

•As neutrons slow into energy region that is comparable to the thermal agitation of the moderator atoms, they may either lose
or gain energy on collision.
第四课
词汇：
•Melt熔化, freeze冻结, volatilize挥发, boil沸腾, sublimate升华, solidify凝固
•in one form or another 各种形式的
•in excess of超过
•disperse分散，传播
•impurity不纯，杂质
•aluminium铝
•magnesium镁
•zirconium锆
•beryllium铍
•stainless steel不锈钢
•uranium 铀； uranium dioxide 二氧化铀；
•plutonium 钚
•helium 氦
•compensate 补偿
•adequate 充分的
•thermodynamic 热力学的
•eliminate from排除
•buildup 累积
练习：
•它既可以以纯铀，也可以储如UO2和UC的化合物形式在反应堆中使用。

•It can be used in reactor either as pure uranium or as a compound such as UO2 or UC.
•对一个热反应堆的慢化剂的要求，也就是低质量数、非常小的中子俘获截面和大的散射截面，将选择限制于很少的材料之间。

•The requirements of the moderator for a thermal reactor, namely low mass number, very low neutron capture cross-section and high scattering cross-section, limit the choice to only a few
materials.
•将水在动力反应堆中用作慢化剂的主要问题与其不适宜的热力学性质有关。

•The main problem associated with the use of water as moderator in a power reactor concerns its rather unfavorable thermodynamic characteristics.
•重水大部分物理性质和热力学性质与水相似。

•Heavy water is similar to water in its most of physical and thermodynamic properties.
•一些气体冷却剂由于这样或那样的原因可被排除在考虑范围之外。

•Some gaseous coolants can be eliminated from consideration for one reason or another.
•氦是惰性的，有良好的热力学性质，不存在放射性危险，所以它可被认为是理想的气体反应堆冷却剂.
•Helium is inert, has good thermodynamic properties and does not pose a radioactive hazard, so it might be regarded as the ideal gaseous reactor coolant.
•燃料包壳材料需要非常低中子俘获截面、良好的热导率和高温下良好的强度以经受热应力，燃料解体和包壳内部裂变产物气体压力的累积。

•The fuel cladding materials require a very low neutron capture cross-section, good thermal conductivity and good strength at
high temperature to resist thermal stresses, deformation of fuel and buildup of fission product gas pressure inside the cladding.
第五课
词汇：
•self-sustaining自持式
•chain reaction链式反应
•explosive爆炸的
•depend on依据，依靠
•concentration浓缩，浓度
•more dense than比…更密集、浓厚
•lie(lies, lay, lain, lying) in
•The secret that capitalists exploit labor lies in surplus value.
•lie to(lies, lied, lied, lying)
•argument争论，辩论，论据
•use sth up/ use up sth 用尽
•enriched uranium ； depleted uranium
•breeding ratio 增殖率
•fraction 小部分 a fraction of
•subdivide 细分 subdivide into
练习：
•一个稳定自持链式反应的必要条件是一次裂变产生的中子之一会导致第二次裂变，从中产生的一个中子继续导致第三次裂变，余此类推。

•The condition that is necessary to a stable, self-sustain chain reaction is that one of the neutrons produced in one fission
proceeds to cause the second fission from which one neutron goes on to cause the third one, and so on.
•下面简单的论证说明了这个观点。

•The following simplified argument illustrate this point.
•如果增殖系数远小于1，则只有一小于部分可利用的铀被用掉。

•If breeding ratio is much less than 1, only a fraction of the available uranium is used up.
•相似的利用了Th232-U233的增殖过程的想法应用于反应堆，
•Similar ideas apply to reactors making use of 232Th-233U breeding process.
•在即为增殖又为动力生产设计的反应堆里，其堆芯可以被细分为两个区域。

•In reactors designed for breeding as well as power production, the core may be subdivided into two regions.
第六课
词汇：
•Withstand抗拒，忍受
•Erosion腐蚀
•Vacant真空
•Fabrication制造
•phenomenon/phenomena现象
•yield生产
•entitle/name/call命名
•consumption 消费、消耗量
•
练习：
•动力反应堆被设计成能经受高温效应、流动的冷却剂腐蚀和核辐射。

•The power reactor is designed to withstand the effect of high temperature, erosion by moving coolant and nuclear radiation.
•首要的和最重要的考虑是能量的产生，它和燃料的消耗直接相关。

•The first and most important consideration is energy production, which is directly relation to fuel consumption.
•反应堆通过控制棒位置的调节被引入满功率和运行温度和压力（的状态）。

•The reactor is brought to full power and operating temperature and pressure by control rod position adjustments.
•既然在一年的运行循环之中不能再加入燃料，那么那些需要被消耗的燃料一开始就必须被装入。

•Since no fuel is added during the operating cycle of the order of a year, the amount to be burned must be installed at the
beginning.
第七课
词汇：
•Conduction传导, convection对流, radiation热辐射
•Conductivity 传导率
•impart sth to sb向某人传授…把…分给某人
•convert A to B 把A转换成B
•transmit传送，传达
•in the vicinity of/near在附近，接近，大约
•bear in mind 记住
•nucleate boiling核态沸腾
•film boiling膜态沸腾
•subcooled boiling过冷沸腾
•gradient 梯度
•thermohydraulic 热工水力学
•the rate of heat flow 热流率
•slop of temperature 温度的斜率 temperature gradient 温度梯度
练习：
•对流致冷取决于许多因素，诸如流速，流动通道的形状和大小，冷却剂的热学性质，换热面积和表面与冷却剂的温差。

•Convective cooling depends on many factors such as fluid speed, the size and shape of flow passage, the thermal properties of
the coolant, as well as the area exposed and the temperature
difference between surface and coolant.
•热，作为一种能量形式，有三种传递方式：热传导，热对流和热辐射。

•Heat, as one form of energy, is transmitted by three methods——conduction, convection and radiation.
•热流率与温度的斜率，也就是温度梯度成正比。

•The rate of heat flow is proportional to the slop of
temperature, . the temperature gradient.
第十课
词汇：
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC)： ASME 锅炉与压力容器规
范
Core support barrel：A circular cylinder, including a external ring flange at the top, supports the lower support structure.堆芯吊篮Austenitic stainless steel奥氏体不锈钢
Nil-ductility transition temperature脆性转变温度
Charpy impact test 摆锤冲击实验
Threshold detector 阈探测器
练习：
1. What is the reactor vessel comprised of
The reactor vessel system is comprised of the reactor vessel assembly, supports, level indication and surveillance specimens.
2. Describe the structure of the reactor vessel.
The reactor vessel is a large cylindrical vessel which serves to contain and support the core and internals (堆内构件).
3. What does the reactor vessel assembly consist of
The reactor vessel assembly consists mainly of a removable hemispheric upper closure head(半球形上封头), a vessel flange(容器法兰), three shell section(upper, inter-mediate and lower) and a hemispheric bottom head(底封头).
4. What’s the relationship of the reactor vessel flange, core barrel and the reactor fuel
The vessel flange is a forged ring with a machined ledge on the
inside surface to support the core barrel(堆芯吊篮), which in turn supports the reactor internals and the core. The reactor fuel is supported by the core barrel。

5. How to monitor the water level within the reactor vessel
The water level within the reactor vessel for the system 80+ design
is monitor using inadequate core cooling monitoring system (ICCMS, 堆芯冷却监测系统) and Shutdown Reactor Coolant Level Monitor(SRCLM, 停
堆冷却剂水位监测).
ICCMS servers to monitor vessel temperature and water level inventory continuously during normal, Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA, 冷却剂流
失事故) and post-LOCA.
SRCLM servers to monitor the water level in the reactor vessel during refueling operation.
factors influence the cooldwon time from operating temperature to refueling temperature
This duration is dictated solely by the rate of change of decay heat generation, and the capacity of the shutdown cooling system.( Plant heatup rate is limited by the heat input from the pumps.)
7. How to test the reactor vessel material and Why to test Surveillance specimens are provided for preirradiation testing(辐照前测试) to establish the baseline properties, and for irradiation exposure(辐照) within the reactor to determine the changes which occur in these properties as a result of neutron irradiation(中子辐照).
Pre-irradiation testing：Standard and pre-crack charpy impact specimens(标准的和断裂前的摆锤冲击样品) ; Drop weight specimens (落锤样品) ; Tensile and compact tension specimens (拉伸及紧凑拉伸样品). 8. Please list the materials investigated
9. Please list the functions of the reactor vessel internals
Providing the structure support for the core and fuel located within the reactor vessel ;
Guiding the primary coolant through the core ;
Providing for the alignment of the core with the CEAs, CEMDs, and instrumentation ;
Serving as a shield to protect the reactor vessel from radiation damage.
10. What does the reactor vessel internals consist of
Core support barrel assembly and Upper guide structure assembly
11. Please list the components of the core support barrel.
It consists of the core support barrel, the lower support structure, snubbers (缓冲器) and the core shroud assembly.
第11课
词汇：
Feed pump 给水泵：the pump forcing the condensate from condenser to steam generator.
Pressurizer 稳压器
Containment 安全壳：A term used in power plant to cover the pumps, heat exchangers, valves and other equipment, which accompany with the primary system.
Reactor vessel 反应堆容器：The vessel in which the core, moderator, coolant and control rods are situated.
Primary coolant system 主冷却剂系统
Chemical shim 化学补偿：Changes in reactivity or in reactor
conditions are compensated for by varying the concentration of boric acid in the coolant.
Hot shutdown 热停堆
ASME：American Society of Mechanical Engineers 美国机械工程师协会
ANS：American Nuclear Society 美国核协会
Boil dry time 蒸干时间：the time of evaporating all water in the
steam generator to steam
Thermal shock 热冲击
练习：
1.Describe the coolant circulation in the reactor vessel.
The core is cooled by water which flows downward through an annulus around the core and then upward through the core, then the core is cooled. The heated water leaves the core through one of several pipes, each of which leads to a steam generator (SG).
The cooled water leaving the steam generator is returned to the core
by a large coolant pump, and the steam produced flows to a turbine
(汽轮机) , which drives the electrical generator.
2.What’s the function of the control rod
Control rods are provided to control the nuclear reaction, to change power level, and to shut the reactor down。

3.What’s the function of the containment
Containment structures are required now in all countries to contain potential release of radioactivity from the plant and to protect against external natural or man-made forces such as earthquake, floods, tornadoes, tsunamis, fires and even airplane crashes.
4.What’s the function of components classified into Safety class 2 to fulfill a safety function ( to shutdown the reactor; to provide cooling for the core or the containment; to cool another safety system; to contain and control radioactivity that may be released in an accident, etc.).
5.How to control the reactor power distribution and reactivity
Fuel loading pattern
Burnable absorber rod depletion
Chemical shim reactivity control
Patterns of CEA insertion and withdrawal.（反应性引入或移出方式）
6.Please list the advantages using control rod only to change
operating power level
The ability to change power level using control rods only (without adjusting boron concentration) has been provided, simplifying reactivity control and reducing liquid waste processing requirement.
7.What are improvements of system 80+ steam generator
Steam generators include Inconel 690（因康镍690合金）, improved steam dryer efficiency (蒸汽干燥效率) and 17% increase in overall heat transfer area, and a 10% increase in tube plugging margin(管堵塞裕量).
Steam generators also has a 25% larger secondary feedwater inventory to extend the " boil dry time "(蒸干时间) and improve system response to upset condition. And the operating hot leg temperature has been reduced from 327℃to 324℃.
Steam generator improvements also including larger and repositioned manways（人孔）, a standby recirculation nozzle, and a redesigned flow distribution plate（流量分配挡板）have been made to facilitate maintenance, and to maintain long term integrity.
8.Please list advantages of using ring-forging.
Pressure vessel is ring-forged（锻造环）reducing the numbers of weld and overall complexity, thus reducing the fabrication time; Also eliminating concern for thermal shock（热冲击）.
9.Please list the advantages of interior-periphery refuel strategy. reducing neutron leakage;
improving fuel economy;
reducing irradiation of the pressure vessel.
10.How to accomplish(实现)the reactivity insertion
CEA withdrawal;
Dilution of reactor coolant boron concentration;
Reduction of reactor coolant temperature;
11.What information can we find from the flux distribution
The flux distribution(注量率分布) in the reactor core is used in the calculation of other important core parameters such as peak liner heat rates (峰值线性热率), axial power distributions, azimuthal tilts (方位角偏差) and limits to departure from nucleate boiling (DNB). （堆芯中子注量率用于计算堆芯其他重要的参数，如峰值线性热率，轴向功率分布，（中子通量）方位角偏差以及对脱离泡核沸腾（DNB）的限制等。

）
第12课
词汇：
Burnable absorber rod 可燃吸收棒
Doppler Feedback Effect 多普勒反馈效应
Spacer grid 定位格架
Creep 蠕变
Swelling 肿胀
Reactivity worth 反应性价值
Magnetic pulse welding 磁力脉冲焊
练习：
1. How to achieve negative reactivity in reactor
CEA insertion；
Increasing reactor coolant boron concentration；
Increasing reactor coolant temperature；
2. What factors would influence the reactivity during normal operation
Position of CEA； coolant average temperature； coolant boron concentration。

3. Please list the barriers against the release of fission products.
(1) The ceramic pellets operate well below the melting point, then retain most of the fission products within the structure of the fuel;
(2) Hermetically sealed Zircaloy-4 cladding tube contains the released fission products.
4. Describe the reactor core configuration simply.
The reactor core consists of an array of mechanically identical fuel assemblies in an arrangement that approximates a right circular cylinder. The core is comprised of : control element assemblies, in-core instrumentation assemblies, neutron sources and reactor internals.
There are no internal shrouds or channels, then simplifies the reactor design and permits flexibility in fuel arrangement.
5. Why does the structure materials in active core zone use zircaloy
All of the structural materials in the active core zone, including the CEA guide tubes and the spacer grids, are zircaloy, which minimizes the enriched uranium requirements of the core.
6. What does the fuel rod consist of
Each fuel rod consists of slightly enriched dish-end(端面呈蝶形) UO2 pellets, upper and lower spacer discs (隔热垫片), a cladding tube, upper and lower end caps, and a helical compressing spring.
7. How to reduce fuel clad strain(疲劳)
The cladding tube is slightly cold-worked (冷加工) Zircaloy-4. The ratio of clad thickness to outer diameter (包壳厚度与外径之比) is large enough to provide adequate margin in limiting the maximum
short-term cladding stress (包壳应力) to less than the yield strength (屈服强度).
Considering clad creep (包壳蠕变) and fuel-clad interaction effect, net unrecoverable circumferential strain (净无法复原圆周形变) will not exceed 1%.
8. Describe the guide of the CEA in reactor vessel.
Zircaloy guide tubes are welded to the spacer grids and mechanically attached to the end fittings. The guide tubes are a key feature of the fuel assemble
9. Please list the functions of the CEA guide tubes.
Guiding the CEAs over their entire length of travel within the core ;
Spacing for in-core instrumentation and neutron sources ;
Forming the longitudinal structure of the assembly and offering simple, rugged construction
10. Please list the functions of the helium inside the fuel rod tube Reduce clad stresses and strains because of a smaller differential pressure across the cladding and a reduction in pellet-clad interaction.
Improve gap thermal conductivity;
Lower fuel pellet temperature, which is beneficial not only with respect to clad integrity at steady state condition, but also in the case of transients where peak clad temperature is important.
11. Describe the fuel assembly structure simply.
12. List the types of CEA used in System80+ and their functions. There are three types of CEAs:(1) 12-element full-strength CEA;(2) 4-element full-strength CEA;(3) 4-element part-strength CEA (PSCEA) . (1) 12-element full-strength CEA：It contains boron carbide (B4C) as the strong neutron absorbing materials . The B4C in the CEA fingers has a density of approximately 73 percent of the theoretical density.
(2) 4-element full-strength CEA：It contains silver-indium-cadmiumas the strong neutron absorbing material, which could provide strong neutron absorber worth (中子吸收体价值), and servers as regulating banks (调节棒束) in conjunction with 12-element CEAs .
(3) 4-element PSCEA：It consists of Inconel 625 tube loaded with Inconel 625 slugs (金属块) over the full active length and serves as reactivity and axial shape control (反应性和轴向功率分布控制) for daily load follow maneuvering (日常跟踪负载操作).
13. What does the CEDM consists of
CEDM consists of coil stack assembly (线圈束组件), position
indication Assembly(位置指示组件), upper pressure housing (压力壳), latching member (销爪组件) and driveshaft.
14. What’s function of the shroud of CEDM
Enclosing the reed switch position transmitter assemblies ;
Providing additional structure support for the CEDM;
Serving as a lifting device for removal of the coil stack assembly
for inspection of the pressure.
15. Please list the neutron sources used in the reactor core
Neutron sources are a combination type consisting of Californium -252 ( 252Cf ) as the startup portion and Antimony/Beryllium ( Sb-Be ) as the sustainer.
16. Why use burnable absorber rods
Burnable absorber rods are provided in two stage:
In the initial fuel cycle to provide a more negative core moderator temperature coefficient (负堆芯慢化剂系数) ;
In higher enrichment UO2 fuel cycle to improve core thermal margin by flattening the radial power distribution (径向功率分布) over cycle, then to enable extended burn-up of the fuel .
第13课
词汇：
Coupling 联轴节
Diffuser 扩压段
Economizer 节热器
Blowdown fluid 下泄流
Feedwater 给水
Steam quality 蒸汽干度
练习：
1.Describe the reactor coolant circulation in the SG.
Reactor coolant enters the inlet plenumvia the inlet nozzle, flows up through the tubesheet and U-bend heat transfer tubes, then returns through the tubesheet to the outlet plenum (出口水室) and exits via two outlet nozzles.
2.Describe the feedwater circulation in the SG.
Feedwater enters the economizer region via two main feedwater nozzles and introduced into a distribution box of rectangle cross section. The distribution box forms a half ring around the cold leg portion of the tube bundle.
Feedwater leaves the box through uniformly distributed holes at the bottom and then flows radially inward across the tubesheet beneath a flow distribution baffle, which is designed to provide a uniform
axial mass flux (质量流密度) at the economizer inlet.
As the feedwater continues upward, it is heated at or near saturated conditions when reaches the economizer outlet, It then flows into the evaporator section.
By bring the relatively cold feedwater into contact with the primary outlet of the tube bundle, and preheating it, the overall SG leg mean temperature difference is increased, allowing the plant to operate more efficiently.
Water removed by the steam separator recirculates into the evaporator section through an annular downcomer formed by the pressure shell and the tube bundle shroud.
3.Describe the recirculating water distribution.
About 60% of the recirculating water enters the bundle at the tubesheet on the hot leg side and about 40% enters through an opening in the shroud at the top the economizer section on the cold leg side. 4.Why introduce partial feed flow into downcomer
Distribution of the recirculating water in this
manner will:①Reduce the density difference between the hot
leg(evaporator) side and the cold leg (economizer) side at the level
of the economizer discharge ;②Minimize the potential for lateral density wave instabilities (降低潜在的横向密度波的不稳定性).
Another provision is that at full power, about 10% of feedwater flow
is admitted through the downcomer feedwater nozzle into the downcomer.
A degree of subcooling is obtained in the downcomer, promoting an increased Circulation Ratio.
Circulation Ratio (CR, 循环倍率)
Generally, CR is ~ 5 to 1. Even without subcooling in the downcomer, CR of to 1 is expected in the System 80+. Another advantage of the introduction of feedwater into downcomer is that this will retard boiling of the recirculation flow entering the evaporator region, further improving hydraulics(水力学特性) in this region.
CR = mass flux of steam/water mixture
5.How to separate the water contained in the steam
6.How to control the RCS pressure
The pressurizer used in RCS provides a means of maintaining the RCS pressure by compensating for volumetric changes in the RCS in conjunction with the Chemical and Volume Control System (CVCS,化容控
制系统) during various modes of system operation . heatup, maneuvering and cooldown) .
在各种模式下（如热上升、操控及冷却），RCS中的稳压器与化容控制系统一起,通过补偿冷却剂系统的体积变化，提供了一种保持冷却剂系统压力的方法。

7.Please list types of heater used in the pressurizer and their
functions.
replaceable direct immersion electric heaters (可换式直接浸没型电加热器)；
On-off heaters；
8.Why introduce small continuous spray flow into pressurizer
A small continuous spray flow is maintained in order to :
Avoid stratification of the pressurizer boron concentration (避免硼浓度不均匀) ;
Maintain the temperature in the surge line and the spray lines ; Reduce thermal shock (热冲击) as the spray control valves open .
9.How to cool the water lubricated bearing(水润滑轴承)
The temperature of the water in the seal assembly is maintained
within acceptable limits by two ways :
①Seal injection water (密封注射水) from CVCS.
②Component Cooling Water System (设备冷却水系统) are also furnished to provide necessary cooling water to the pump seal water cooler (泵密封水冷却器), should seal injection fail.
10.Please list functions of anti-reverse rotation device
Anti-reverse device can withstand each of the following conditions:
①Motor starting torque (电动机启动扭矩) resulting from reverse power leads;
②Reactor coolant through the pump in the reverse direction of up to 52% of rated capacity with one motor de-energized.
③Reverse flow due to Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) of sizes up to the largest remaining pipe break (剩余管道破损的最大流量) .
第14课
词汇：
Enthalpy 焓
Prime mover 原动机
Latent heat 潜热
Header 联管箱
Balance of plant (BOP)BOP系统包括将热能转变为电能所需的热力系统或设备，以及为了提升转换系统性能所需要的处理系统或设备。

练习：
1.What does the basic circuits and components include in PWR plant
2.What are functions of turbine bypass line
Bypass line can minimize transient effects on the RCS during events such as start-up, hot shutdown, cooldown and abrupt reductions or
total shedding of the generator load (发电机完全甩负荷).
Bypass line, combined with the ability of the RCS to accept a 10% abrupt load change, enables the plant to accept up to 50% load shedding of turbine-generator rated load, without reactor trip and actuation of the safety valves.
3.How to heat the feedwater
High-pressure and low-pressure heat exchanger (高压及低压热交换器)
are used to gradually heat the condensed water as it makes its way back to the SG by drawing (extracting) small amounts of steam from various stages (级) of the turbine .
4.Please list the functions of the CVCS
①Maintain the required volume of water in the RCS, compensating for reactor coolant contraction or expansion resulting from changes in reactor coolant temperature and for other coolant losses or additions.
②Control the boron concentration in the RCS to compensate for reactivity changes associated with major changes in reactor coolant temperature, fuel burnup, and xenon (氙气) variations, and to provide shutdown margin (停堆深度) for maintenance and refueling operations.
③Maintain the chemistry and purity of the reactor coolant during normal operation and during shutdowns.
④Provide high-pressure injection water for RCP seals .
⑤Provide auxiliary pressurizer spray flow to control pressurizer pressure during the final stages of shutdown and to cool pressurizer.
5.What does the ECCS consist of
The ECCS consists of several independent sub-systems and flow path redundancy (冗余流道) which assures a very high reliability of operation and continued core cooling even in the event of a failure of any one component to carry out its design functions.
1. Passive Safety Injection Tank (非能动安注箱)
2. Active Low-pressure System
3. Active High-pressure System
6.Where does the low-pressure injection system draw water from
The low-pressure system injects water from:
①Refueling water storage tank (换料水箱) into the system over long time periods ;。