初中英语语法 情态动词和被动语态

课题：情态动词、被动语态、感叹句
教学目标：通过对情态动词、被动语态、感叹句的讲解和练习，掌握这三块知识。

教学重点：情态动词can, may, must; 一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态；感叹句
教学难点：现在完成时，感叹句
一、情态动词
考点突破：
1.情态动词的类型
①只作情态动词的有:must；can(could)；may(might)；
②可作情态动词也可作实义动词的有:need；
③可作情态动词也可作助动词的有:will(would)；shall (should)；
④具有情态动词的某些特征的有:have to；ought to。

2.情态动词的特征
①有一定的词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须和行为动词或系动词连用，构成谓语。

②无人称和数的变化(have to例外:用于第三人称单数时用has to)。

如:
We must stay here. 我们必须呆在这儿。

We have to walk home.我们不得不步行回家。

He has to walk home.他不得不步行回家。

③后接动词原形，即不带to的不定式。

如:
She may lose her way. 她可能迷路了。

④具有助动词的作用，可用来构成否定句、疑问句及用于简明答语。

如:
—Can you sing an English song?你会唱英语歌吗?
—Yes,I can.是的，我会。

3.几个重要情态动词的用法
（1）can和could的用法及区别
情态动词can和could的三个基本用法:
A.都可表示能力，意思是“能，会”，can的否定形式是can’t (cannot)，意思是“不能，不会”。

在过去时态中则对应用could和couldn’t。

如:
My brother can’t fly a kite.我弟弟不会放风筝。

Could you swim at the age of six?你6岁时会游泳吗？
B. 都可表示推测，意思是“可能”，一般用于否定句和疑问句中，can的否定式can’t意思是“不可能”。

这种用法中could本身可以作为一个情态动词使用，而不是can的过去式；could用于表示过去的推测时则是can用于过去时中。

如:
What can your sister be doing now?你妹妹现在可能在干什么呢？
You could be right，but I don’t think so.
C. can和could都可以用来表示请求许可，意思是“能，可以”。

此时can 一般用于平辈、熟人之间；could语气较为委婉客气，一般用于向老师、父母和长辈请求许可。

注意:这种用法中，答句都用can的适当形式。

如:
—Could I watch TV now，dad?爸爸，我现在可以看电视吗？
—No，you can’t. You must finish your homework first.不，不可以。

你必须先完成你的作业。

（2）can与be able to的用法及区别
两者都表示能够；可能。

be able to可以用于各种时态，can没有将来时和完成时。

如: They will be able to tell you the news soon.
can和它的过去式could还可表示请求和猜测。

如:—Could I have the television on? 我可以打开电视吗？(表示请求)
—Yes,you can.／No,you can’t. / No , you’d better not.
He couldn’t be a bad man. 他大可能是坏人。

(表示推测或怀疑)
（3）may与might的用法及区别
二者都可以表示“请求，许可”，might的语气较为委婉。

如:You may go home if you finish your homework. …就可以回家了。

May I use your pen?对may开头的问句进行回答时，肯定回答用Yes，please.或Certainly/OK/Sure等；否定回答用Please don’t.或No,you mustn’t./No,you can’t.
（4）may和can的用法区别
may和can都可以表示推测，can用于否定句和疑问句，may用于肯定句和否定句。

两者都可用于否定句，但含义不同:can’t是“不可能”，may not意思是“可能不”。

如: It can’t be true.这不可能是真的。

It may not be true.这可能不是真的。

（5）have to与must的用法及区别
二者都是“必须”的意思，have to表示客观的需要，must表示说话人主观上的看法，即主观上的必要。

如:
My brother was very ill，so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.
我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。

(客观上需要做这件事)
He said that they must work hard. (主观上要做这件事)
注意: 以must开头的疑问句，否定回答用needn’t或don’t have to
—Must I go there with you？
—No,you needn’t./don’t have to. 不，你不必。

/不一定。

在否定结构中:not have to表示“不必”，mustn’t表示“禁止”。

如:
You don’t have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告诉他。

You mustn’t tell him about it. 你不可以把这件事告诉他。

（6）should表示“应该”；shall与第一人称连用表示征求别人意见，或提出建议。

（7）need既是情态动词又是实义动词。

作为情态动词，主要用于否定句和疑问句中表示“必须，必要”（后接动词原形）。

如:
—She needn’t go there right now. 她不需要现在去那儿。

—Need I come? 那需要我过去吗？—Yes,you must. / No, you needn’t.
作实义动词:表示需要，要求，常用结构:need+n./to do sth.
She needs some food and drink.
We need to repair the road in two weeks.
母题训练和中考预测：
( )1. (2014广东)— you come with me to Lang Lang’s piano concert this evening?
— I’d love to, but I have to study for my math test.
A. Should
B. May
C. Must
D. Can
( )5. —May I play computer games now, Mom?
—No. You finish your homework first.
A. must
B. can
C. could
D. may
( )2. (2013广东) —Someone is knocking at the door.Is it Ann?
— It be her. She is giving a performance at the theater now.
A. may
B. must
C. can’t
D. mustn’t
( )6. My uncle come back from Hong Kong to see me this weekend, but he hasn’t decided yet.
A. may
B. can
C. would
D. must
( )3. (2012广东)— I swim here?
—I’m sorry. Children swim alone here.
A. Must；can’t
B. May；must
C. Can；mustn’t
D. Can’t；can
( )7. — I finish my homework now?
—No, you .Your work is over today.
A. Can’t; must
B. Must; don’t have to
C. May; couldn’t
D. Couldn’t; could
( )4. (2010广东)—I saw Kevin in the supermarket this morning.
—No, it him. He moved to Canada last week.
A. can be
B. must be
C. can’t be
D. mustn’t be
( )8. — Look at the boy playing basketball on the ground. Is it George?
— It be him. He told me he would play basketball after class, but he’s not sure.
A. mustn’t
B. must
C. can’t
D. may
课堂小测：
( )5. (2014北京)—Must I hand in my homework now, Mr.Smith?
—No, you .
A.can’t
B.shouldn’t
C.wouldn’t
D.needn’t
( )6. (2014扬州)—Excuse me, may I keep the book a little longer?
—Sorry.You return it today.
A.must
B.mustn’t
C.can
D.can’t
( )7. (2014黔西南州)—Is the man over there Mr.Brown?
—It him.He has gone to Brazil to watch the 2014 FIFA World Cup .
A.may not
B.can’t be
C.shouldn’t
D.mustn’t
( )8. (2014东营)After you read the article “ Why fast food is slowly killing you ”, you stop eating fast food.
A.can
B.may
C.have to
D.should
()9. (2014铜仁)—Must I water the flowers now, mum?
—No, you .You do it later.
A.mustn’t; must
B.mustn’t; may
C.needn’t; may
D.needn’t; must
( )10. (2014连云港)— I know by what time you want the project to be done?
—By the day after tomorrow. you finish it on time?
A.May; Can
B.Must; Need
C.Could; Must
D.Need; Would
中考模拟演练：
( )5. People wait until the traffic lights become green.That’s the traffic rule.
A.Must
B.can
C.need
D.may
( )6. —Is the long-haired man Bruce?
—No, it be him.He’s in New York now.
A.can’t
B.mustn’t
C.needn’t
D.may not
( )7. —Look, someone left a book.
—Oh, yeah! This book be Kitty’s.Only she likes to read this kind of books.
A.Can
B.must
C.may
D.might
( )8. —Must we take out the rubbish now?
— .You can do it after class.
A.Yes, you must
B.No, you can’t
C.Yes, you may
D.No, you needn’t ( )14. —Amy,I hear you’ve got many foreign coins. I have a look?
—Of course, I’ll fetch them for you.
A.May
B.Must
C.Should
D.Need
( )15. —Mr.Wang,can I finish my homework tomorrow?
—Sorry,you .
A.can’t
B.don’t
C.needn’ t
D.won’t
二、被动语态
考点突破：
考点1：有关被动语态的基本知识
1．被动语态概述
语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。

英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。

如：
He opened the door. (主动语态)
The door was opened. (被动语态)
2．被动语态的构成
被动语态由“(助动词)be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。

被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。

疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。

3.被动语态的用法
在被动语态中，主语是动作的承受者，主要用于下列几种情况：
(1)不知道动作的执行者是谁。

如：
This watch is made in China.
(2)没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。

如：
More trees must be planted every year.
(3)强调或突出动作的承受者时。

如：
Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world. (强调汉语的使用广泛)
(4)句子的主语是动作的承受者。

如：
Many houses were pulled down by the earthquake.
拓展知识点：
1.不及物动词及连系动词不能用于被动语态。

常见词有：happen，take
place，look，sound，feel，smell，taste，become等
如: The story happened on a cold night.
The food tasted delicious.
2.在主动语态中省“to”的动词不定式，在被动语态中要加“to”。

常见的有感官动词feel ,
listen to，hear，watch，see ，notice, look at, observe等，及使役动词let，make，have。

如：He made the girl stay at home.
(变为被动语态)→The girl was made to stay at home.
考点2：一般现在时的被动语（am/ is/ are+ 及物动词的过去分词）
Russian is also taught in their school. (肯定句)
The windows of our house are cleaned once a week．(肯定句)
→The windows of our house aren’t cleaned once a week．(否定句，在is, am, are后加not)
→Are the windows of our house cleaned once a week?(一般疑问句，把is, am, are提句首)
母题训练和中考预测：
( )1. (2012广东)Hot water in the students’ flats from 5 p.m.to 7 p.m.now.
A.supplies
B.is supplied
C.supplied
D.was supplied
( )2. — Claudia, are you going to Jeff’s birthday party on Saturday?
—Unless I .
A.will be invited
B.am invited
C.was inviting
D.invited
考点3：一般过去时的被动语态（was/ were+ 及物动词的过去分词）
Beijing was liberated in January，1949. (肯定句)
These photos were taken on the Great Wall. (肯定句)
→These photos weren’t taken on the Great Wall.(否定句，在was, were后加not)
→Were these photos taken on the Great Wall? (一般疑问句，把was, were提句首)
母题训练和中考预测：
( )1. (2013广东) It last week that the haze(雾霾) in Beijing caused many problems.
A. reports
B. reported
C. is reported
D. was reported
( )3. I little time to get ready for the test, so I wasn’t confident at that time.
A.gave
B.didn’t give
C.was given
D.wasn’t given
( )2. (2009广东)The new library building last week.
A.was completed
B.is completed
pleted
D.has completed ( )4. —Hey, Molly. You on the phone just now. But you weren’t here and the man
left a phone number.
—Oh! I was in the library.
A. wanted
B. are wanted
C. were wanted
D. have wanted
考点4: 一般将来时的被动语态（will/ shall/ be going to + be + 及物动词的过去分词）
A new school library will be built next year. (肯定句)
→A new school library won’t be built next year.(否定句，在will后加not)
→Will a new school library be built next year?(一般疑问句，把will提句首)
A new school library is going to be built next year.
→A new school library isn’t going to be built next year.(否定句，在is／am／are后加not)
→Is a new school library going to be built next year?(一般疑问句，把is／am／are提句首)
母题训练
( )1. (2014广东)Although Flight MH370 has been missing for months, I do believe it
some day in the future.
A.will find
B.won’t find
C.will be found
D.won’t be found
（） 3. (2008广东)More than two schools in the city next year.
A.are built
B.were built
C.have built
D.will be built
中考预测
( )5. Don’t worry about the clothes. They by your sister soon.
A.will wash
B.washed
C.were washed
D.will be washed
( )6. Each time tourists travel to Beijing, they the Forbidden City.
A.will be shown up
B.will be shown around
C.will show around
D.will show to
考点5：一般现在时带情态动词的被动语态（情态动词+be + 及物动词的过去分词）(1)肯定句式（主语+情态动词+be原形+过去分词）
The computer must be repaired now. 电脑必须立刻修。

Many trees should be planted on the mountains. 应该在山上种许多树。

(2)否定句式（主语+情态动词+not+be原形+过去分词）
It can not be done by Peter. 这件事不可能是彼得干的。

Waste paper should not be thrown on the road. 废纸不应该扔在路上。

(3)一般疑问句式（情态动词+主语+be原形+过去分词）
Must the trees be watered now? 这些树必须现在浇水吗？
(4)特殊疑问句式
①特殊疑问词(不作主语)+情态动词+主语+be原形+过去分词
When can my computer be repaired? 我的电脑什么时候能修好？
②特殊疑问词(作主语)+情态动词+be原形+过去分词
What must be done next? 下一步该做什么？
( )1. (2011广东)People who drink wine to drive after May Day.
A.don’t allow
B.isn’t allowed
C.mustn’t allow
D.mustn’t be allowed
课堂小测：
( )1. (2014河北)The pet dog is warm and loving, It as a daughter of my family.
A.treats
B.treated
C.is treated
D.was treated
( )2. (2014陕西)Every day, too much water in our school.We should save it.
A.is wasted
B.wastes
C.was wasted D .wasted
( )3. (2014重庆市)Keep quiet, please! Talking during the meeting.
A.is not allowed
B.is allowed
C.doesn’t allow
D.allows
( )4. (2014南昌) Many students chances to show themselves in class because the class size is too big.
A.don’t give
B.aren’t given
C.haven’t given
D.won’t give
( )5. (2014广州)He is very surprised that all the houses in the village white.
A.paint
B.painted
C.are painting
D.are painted
( )6. (2014泰安)Hurry up! Once the concert starts，nobody to enter the concert hall.
Aallows B.allowed C.is allowed D.is allowing
( )7. (2014河南)When Tim why he was late for school, he just kept silent.
A.was asked
B.asked
C.was asking
D.is asking
( )8. (2014鄂州)—The meeting because of the smog in Northern China last week.
—Oh, it’s too bad! We should take action to improve the air quality.
A.put out
B.was put out
C.put off
D.was put off
( )9. (2014杭州)To my great surprise, the famous athlete’s story differently in the newspapers.
A.was reported
B.reported
C.was reporting
D.reports
( )10. (2014宜宾)The terrorists (恐怖分子) in Xinjiang last month.
A.are caught
B.was caught
C.were caught
D.is caught
( )11. (2014宁波)I heard that Line I of Ningbo Subway last month.
A.was tested
B.is tested
C.tests
D.tested
( )12. (2014湖北咸宁)—Food safety is very important.
—So some rules to stop people from polluting food.
A.must make
B.must be made
C.must made
D.be made
( )13. (2014珠海紫荆一模) To make our city more beautiful, rubbish into the river.
A.needn’t be thrown
B.can’t thrown
C.mustn’t be thrown
D.may not thrown ( )14. (2014广东二模) It’s a rule in my class that our classroom before 6:00 p.m.every day.
A.be able to clean
B.should be cleaning
C.must clean
D.must be cleaned ( )15. (2014珠海紫荆二模) —Must we clean the classroom now?
—No,you .It after school.
A.needn’t;must be cleaned
B.mustn’t;needn’t be cleaned
C.needn’t;can be cleaned
D.don’t have to;may clean
( )16. Many interesting experiments by the students in the new lab.
A.will be carried
B.will be carried out
C.carry out
D.will carry out
( )17. (2014南京)We’re sure that the environment in our city greatly through our work in the near future.
A.improved
B.was improved
C.has improved
D.will be improved
( )18. (2014北京)A new hospital in my town next year.
A.builds
B.built
C.is built
D.will be built
( )19. (2014广东一模) More trees in and around our village.
A.will be planted
B.will plant
C.is planted
D.was planted
( )20. (2012河源) —Your job open for your return.
—Thanks.
A.will be kept
B.will keep
C.had kept
D.had been kept
中考模拟：
( )1. —Look, what have they done?
—Sorry.I think if I another chance, I’ll do it better.
A.Give
B.will be given
C.will give
D.am given
( )2. —Drunken drive is dangerous, isn’t it?
—Yeah.That why drunken drivers to prison even without causing accidents.
A.sent
B.are sent
C.send
D.are sending
( )3. It will be two days before the decision .
A.has made
B.will be made
C.was made
D.is made
( )4. —Did you go to Jim’s birthday party？—No, I .
A.haven’t invited
B.didn’t invite
C.am not invited
D.wasn’t invited
( )5. Last year, Shenzhou-10 into the space.It made us proud.
A.is sent
B.was sent
C.sends
D.sent
( )6. —Our classroom every day.
—So it is.It’s our duty to keep it clean and tidy.
A.cleans
B.is cleaning
C.is cleaned
D.will be cleaned
( )7. In order to make our hometown more beautiful, trees around the city every year.
A.plant
B.are planted
C.will plant
D.will be planted
( )8. It’s reported that the bad man the day after tomorrow.
A.is killed
B.will kill
C.is going to be killed
D.is going to kill
( )9. the trees in the park next Saturday?
A.Will, be planted
B.Will be, planted
C.Are, planted
D.Will, plant
( )10. It’s difficult for the village children to cross the river to get to school．We think a bridge over the river．
A．was built B．should be built C．has been built D．is being built
三、感叹句
考点1：感叹句表示说话人的喜悦、气愤、惊讶等强烈的情绪。

感叹句一般是由what
或how开头。

what用来强调名词，how则强调形容词、副词或动词。

1. 感叹句的基本句型
(1) What(+a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语！
What a clever boy he is! 他是个多聪明的男孩！
What cold weather it is! 多冷的天气啊！
What beautiful flowers they are! (它们是)多么漂亮的花啊！
What good news it is! 多么好的消息啊！
在感叹句中，what a/an常用来修饰单数可数名词，若该名词前面的形容词为元音音素开头，则用what an。

what是用来修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词。

但有些不可数名词（rain,surprise,breakfast,lunch等）前面有形容词修饰，从而使抽象名词具体化时，则要用what a/an。

(2) How+形容词／副词+主语+谓语！
How kind you are! 你心肠真好！
How blue the sky is! 天空是多么蓝啊！
How fast they are working! 他们干得真快啊！
How he loves his pet! 他是多么喜欢他的宠物！
how还可以修饰动词构成感叹句，但动词不提前。

如：How well she dances! 她跳的多好呀！（how 修饰动词）
2. 选用What和How的高效方法
判断感叹句的引导词是What还是How。

先把主谓+其他部分去掉，看最后一
个词是名词用what，是形容词或副词用how。

若没有主谓则看句末一词而定。

句末一词是名词用what，是形容词或副词用how。

What a smart man he is! (主谓是he is，把它们去掉，最后一词是man，名词，故用What)
How excellent he is!(主谓是he is，把它们去掉，最后一词是excellent，形容词，故用How)
What exciting news! (本句没有主谓，最后一词是news，名词，故用What) ( )1. (2014广东)— Do you know Wang Feng? He can remember 100 groups of numbers in five minutes.
—Yes. man he is!
A.What a smart
B.How smart
C.What a stupid
D.How stupid
( )2. (2013广东)Mo Yan won the Nobel Prize for Literature last
year. excellent he is!
A.How
B.What
C.What a
D.What an
( )3. (2009广东) terrible weather we had last Sunday!
A.What
B.What a
C.Such
D.How
考点:2：how 引出的特殊疑问词组
辨析：how引出的疑问词组
(1)how often 意为“多久一次”，提问频率。

表示频率的副词有always(总是), usually(通常), often(常常), sometimes/at times(有时), seldom(很少、不常), hardly(几乎不), never(决不、从来不)等；
短语有once a day/week/month/year … (每天、周、月或年……一次)；twice a day/week/month/year … (每天、周、月或年……两次)；three times a day(每天三次)；
与every开头的短语也表示频率，例如every day/week/month/year … (每天、周、月或年……)；every five minutes(每五分钟)，every two hours(每两小时)等。

(2)how far 意为“多远”，提问两地之间的距离。

表示两地间距离的短语常见的有five kilometers(五千米), a few miles(数英里), ten minutes’ walk(十分钟的步行路程), three hours’ ride(三小时的车程)等
(3)how long 有两种用法
①how long意为“多长时间、多久”，提问一段时间，这是其主要用法。

表示一段时间的短语有：“for+一段时间”意为“长达……”，如for four days(长达四天)；“since+时间点或时间状语从句”意为“自从……以来”，如since 1968/yesterday/two days ago(自从1968年/昨天/两天前以来)等。

②how long意为“多长”，提问事物的长度。

使用时要注意与how far的区别。

how far强调某两个地点之间的距离，在疑问句中一般会出现两个地点。

how long提问单个事物本身的长短，与距离无关。

如：
—How long is the Great Wall? 长城有多远？
—Around 6,700 kilometers long. 约6,700千米长。

—How long is the sofa? 沙发有多长？
—It’s two meters long. 两米长。

(4)how soon 意为“多久以后”，对“in+一段时间”提问，意为“……之后(内)”，表示从现在到将来动作发生时为止的一段时间，常与一般将来时态连用。

如in some weeks(数周后)。

(5)how much 有两种用法
①“多少钱”，对价格或价钱提问，相当于“What’s the price of sth.？”意为“某物多少钱？”。

—How much is the bike?
=What’s the price of the bike? 自行车的价格是多少？— 50.五十美元。

②“多少”，对不可数名词的数量提问，有时how much接的不可数名词可省略。

—How much bread would you like? 你要多少面包？
—Five kilos of bread. 五公斤。

(6)how many “多少”，对复数名词的数量提问，有时how many接的复数名词可省略。

—How many watches do you want? 你要几块手表？
—Two watches. 两块。

( )1. (2013广东) — is it from the village to your farm?
—About 10 minutes’ walk.
A.Howoften
B.How soon
C.How long
D.How far
( )2. (2010广东)— will you come back? —In an hour.
A.How soon
B.How often
C.How far
D.How long。