武大硕士英语读思研英译汉重点句子.

第一课：
1. 所有的人都会生儿育女，组成家庭或社会，发展一种语言以及适应他们周围环境的这种倾向特别具有欺骗性，因为它带来了一种期望，这种期望就是这些行为的形式以及围绕这些行动的态度与价值观念将是相似的。

(段二倒6排
The tendency for all people to reproduce, group into families or societies, develop a language ,and adapt to their environment is particularly deceiving because it leads to the expectation that the forms of these behaviors and the attitudes and values surrounding them will also be similar.
2. 力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望，研究者发现脸部的某些看得见的表情，即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌肉组合，我们人类成员都是一样的。

但是这似乎无济于事，只要我们意识到一个人生长的文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑, 决定了在何种场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。

(段三正1句
Promising are the cross-cultural studies seeking to support Darwin’s theory that facial expressions are universal and researchers found that the particular visible pattern on the face, the combination of muscles contracted for anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, happiness is the same for all members of our species, but this seems helpful until it is realized that a person’s cultural upbringing determines whether or not that emotion will be displayed or suppressed, as well as on which occasions and to what degree.
3. 由于似乎没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础，所以我们必须把每交往当作个别案例来处理，寻求任何共同的认知和交流方法并以此作为出发点。

(段四正1
Since there seems to be no universals of “human nature” that can be used as a basis for automatic understanding, we must treat each encounter as an individual case,
searching for whatever perceptions and communication means are held in common and proceed from there.
4. 来自具有明显的区别的文化的代表们见面时，他们都身着西装，讲英语，使用相同的招呼礼仪，这种表面上的相同有很大的迷惑性。

(段五倒3
A look-alike facade id deceiving when representatives from contrasting cultures meet, each wearing western dress, speaking English, and using similar greeting rituals.
5. 相信相似性的神话比设想存在差异更让人觉得舒服，因为后者要求试探性的设想和行为并且乐意接受由于“不知”而产生的焦虑。

(段六正1—09年
The confidence that goes with the myth of similarity is much more comfortable than the assumption of differences, the latter requiring tentative assumptions and behaviors and a willingness to accept the anxiety of “not knowing”.
6. 然而，只有设想存在着差异时，才可能会去调整反应和解释，以适合“眼前发生的事情”。

否则，很可能错误地解读符号和以自我民族为中心去判断眼前的情形。

(段六正2
Only with the assumption of differences , however, can reactions and interpretations be adjusted to fit “what ’s happening. ” Otherwise someone is likely to misread signs and judge the scene ethnocentrically.
7. 正如一个学习英语的人所表达的那样，相似性的假设这个的绊脚石是一个“麻烦”，不仅仅是对于来访的外国人，就连这个外国人接触的东道国的人也都是个问题。

(段七正1
The stumbling block of assumed similarity is a “troublem, ” as one English learner expressed it, not only for the foreigner but for the people in the host country with whom the international visitor comes into contact.
9. 词意多变的现象，尤其再加上了语调起伏和音调元素, 就更难以掌握，以致于常常被置之不理.(段八正7 The variations in possible meaning, especially if inflecting and tonal qualities are added, are so difficult ot cope with that they are often waved aside.
10. 当一个日本人被问到“你不想要喝点茶吗? ”，他(或她听出了句子的字面意思，然后回答“不”，意思是他(或她想要。

其实“是的，我不想要”也许是一个更好的回答，因为这种前后矛盾的回答方式可以暗示主人这之中可能存在误解。

(段八倒8
When a Japanese hears “won ’t ”he or she listens to the literal meaning of the sentence and answers ,””meaning that wants some. ”” Would be a better reply because this tips off the host or hostess that there may be a misunderstanding.
11. 当然，在一些文化中，拒绝主人前两次提供的茶点是礼貌的行为。

但是，许多外国客人最终会感到饥饿，因为他们的美国主人从不主动第三次提供茶点——另外一种“不”就意味着“是”的情况。

(段八倒4
Also, in some culture ,it is polite to refuse the first or second offer of refreshment, many foreign guests have gone hungry because their US host or hostess never presented the third offer---another case of “no ”meaning “yes ”.
12. 更困难的是如何正确理解那些远未意识到的其他文化中的潜在规则，如对时空关系的处理和尊重礼节的点点滴滴。

(段十
It is more difficult to note corrently the unspoken codes of the other culture that are further from awareness, such as the handling of time and spatial relationships and subtle signs of respect of formality.
13. 如果一位教授认为来自印度尼西亚、墨西哥和一些其他国家的每名学生都“爱讨价还价”，那么可能会不公平地把这些国际学生的迟疑或请求理解为他们试图利用优先对待。

(段十一倒4
A professor who expects everyone from Indonesia, Mexico, and many other countries to bargain may unfairly interpret a hesitation or request from an international student as a move to manipulate preferential treatment.
14. 在眼前展现一个可预知的，给个人确定方向的世界，这的确是文化的基本功能之一。

思维定式是过度概括的、第二手的信念，提供概念基础，在此基础上“弄清楚”我们身边发生事情，无论这些信念是否正确，是否符合实际情形。

(段十二正3
Indeed, this is one of the basic functions of culture: to lay out a predictable world in which the individual is firmly oriented. Stereotypes are overgeneralized, secondhand beliefs that providde conceptual bases from which to “make sense” out of what goes on around us, whether or not they are accurate or fit the circumstances.
15. 在异国他乡，运用它们会增强我们的安全感，在心理上是必要的--只要我们无法容忍歧义，无法容忍因不能了解并处理那些超出我们理解的人或情况而感到的无助。

(段十二倒5
In a foreign land their use increase our feeling of security and is psychologically necessary to the degree that we cannot tolerate ambiguity or the sense of helplessness resulting from inability to understand and deal with people and situations beyond our comprehension.
16. 程式化思维之所以难以消除是因为本民族它在本民族文化中根深蒂固，已成为神话或公理，同时也因为它有时使偏见合理化了。

(段十三正5
Stereotypes are not easy to overcome in ourselves or to correct in others, even with the presentation of evidence, they persist because they are firmly established as myths or truisms by one’s own national culture and because they sometimes ra tionalize predudices.
17. 一旦深深牵涉到感受和情绪时，直接评价导致的交流中止就会更加突出；而正是此时最需要通过聆听去进行理解。

(段十六
Communication cutoff caused by immediate evaluation is heightened when feelings and emotions are deeply involved; yet this is just the time when listening with understanding is most needed.
18. 不应该通过价值判断的重重密障，而应该换位去观察和聆听，不然只会妨碍我们去公正的理解.(段16 Look and listen empathetically rather than through the thick screen of value judgments that impede a fair understanding.
19. 适度的警惕和积极的态度可以使人满怀精力去应对挑战，但是由于适度的压力不断积累造成高度的兴奋，就会很快耗尽身体储备的能量；不论这个人是否愿意，必然会产生防备心理。

(段十七正3
Moderate arousal and positive attitude prepare one to meet challenges with energy , but high arousal caused by a buildup of continued moderate stress, depletes the body ’s energy reserve quickly and defense must be used whether or not the person wills it.
20. 如果长期呆在国外，并且又不能降低自己的戒备心理，就难免会产生“文化休克”现象。

其结果可能会导致疾病的发生，此时身体必须要休息和恢复。

(段十七倒4
If the stay in a foreign country is prolonged and the newcomer cannot let down his or her high alertlevel, the culture shock phenomenon occurs. Illness may result ,the body forcing needed rest and recuperation.
21. 除非他们采取防卫措施，比如回到他们自己的文化或自我当中，剔除或忽视这种刺激，或者变得具有攻击性或抱有敌意，否则他们的自尊所受到伤害会达到不可忍受的地步。

这些防卫中的任何一种都不会带
来积极有效的交流。

(段十八倒5
Their selfesteem is often intolerably undermined unless they employ such defenses as withdrawal into their own reference group or into themselves, screening out or
misperceiving stimuli, or becoming aggressive or hostile. None of these defenses leads to effective communication.
第三课：
1. 这种心态认为把所有的原料放在一起搅拌混合，最后变成一种均匀的的混合物。

(段一正1
This mentality assumes all ingredients can be whipped together into one smooth misture.
2. 个继子女有一定距离，这些都是很正常的。

(段二正1—09/07年
It is quite normal for a stepparents to have close bonds with one stepchild, be working on bonds with another, while experiencing a distant relationship with an older child.
3. 这个家庭融合方式的结果，是把原料和调料(即仪式, 价值观, 偏好置于高压之下完全混合起来.(段九正1 This family cooking style results in ingredients and spices(that is rituals values and preferences being put under pressure to meld together completely.
4. 尊重他人的所有物是很重要的，因为这教会人要尊重他人；这也给回到另一个家的孩子传达了一种归属感。

“你也许在你爸爸的家里，但你仍然在这里有一个位置。

”(段十二倒5
Respecting one another ’s possessions is important because it teaches people to honor others; it is also communicates belonging to the child who is spending time at the other home. You may be at your dad’s house, but you still have a place here.
5. 我推荐一种瓦罐煨汤式的方法。

选择这种方式的继亲家庭明白，时间和低温能导致一种有效的融合。

(段十三正2
I recommend a Crockpot cooking style. Stepfamilies choosing this style understand that time and low heat make for an effective combination.
6. 当原料的汁液开始流到一起，瑕疵被净化掉，每种原料中有益的、令人满意的品质都添加到了口味里。

(段十三倒5
As the juices begin to flow together , imperfections are purified, and the beneficial ,desirable qualities of each ingredient are added to the taste.
7. 温火慢炖的状态会让你此时此刻放松心情，享受你的继亲家庭走向融合的每一小步所带来的喜悦，而不是逼迫家庭成员向前冲。

(段十五倒4
A slow-cooking mentality invites you to relax in the moment and enjoy the small steps your stepfamily is making toward integration ,rather than pressuring family members to move ahead.
8. 作为一个瓦罐煨汤式的继父，你会过分担心为什么没有迅速地与青春期的继女相处融洽。

(段十七正1 As a crockpot stepfather, you donnot worry excessively about why you are not immediately bonding with your teenage stepdaughter.
9. 如果他们接收了你，那你就要公开地回报他们的爱。

如果她仍跟你保持距离或是很冷淡，那你就找到把握规则，继续生活的方法。

但是不要坚持认为孩子会自动接受你的权威和抚爱。

(段十七倒4
If she remains distant or standoffish, find ways of managing rules and getting through life. But do not insist a child automatically accept your authority or physical affection.
10. 但是瓦罐煨汤式的家长却懂得继父母对于最小的继子来说是“爹地”，对于稍大点的孩子来说是“James”,对于青春期的孩子却是“James先生”。

(段十八正4
But a crockpot adult would understand that a stepparent can be “”to his youngest stepchild/next oldest/teenager.
11. 瓦罐煨汤式的继亲家庭了解孩子们对其亲生父母的感情和心理依恋，他们不会强迫孩子们改变这种依恋。

(段十八倒3
Crockpot stepfamilies recognize the emotional and psychological attachment children have to biological parents and do not force them to change those attachments.
12. 在继亲家庭的融合过程的早期，容许父母在没有继亲成员情况下，与自己的子女单独呆在一起，保持
各自家庭的传统和仪式，这可能是有帮助的。

(段十九正2
Early in a stepfamily’s integration process it can be helpful to maintain separate family traditions and rituals by giving parents permission to spend time with their children without the step relations present.
13. 象这样的小家庭的活动有助于孩子得到与自己生父或生母和亲兄弟姐妹在一起，不受打扰的时间，尊重他们得到自己最爱的人的关注的需要。

(段十九倒5
Such a mini-family activity helps children get uninterrupted time with their biological parent and siblings, honoring their need for attention from the ones they love most.
14. 小家庭活动也许不像是一个好的解决方法，因为他们试图将自己继亲家庭当作嫡亲家庭来驾驭。

承认自己的继亲家庭正在融合一种过程中，将有助于他们认识到：就目前而言，这也许是问题的最好解决办法。

(段二十四
Mini-family activities might not feel like a good solution because they were trying to steer their family as they would a biological family, accepting their stepfamily as one in the integration process would help them to see that for now , this was the best solution.
第四课：
1. 近来，政府对人力资本的投资有加大的趋势，但较之2001年全世界高3.1%的标准，则投资比例仍然偏低。

(段一倒4
Recent trends in investment in government human capital investment are favorable but the investment proportion is still low by world standards rising to in
2. 然而，有证据表明教育和技术构成的真正回报率非常高。

这种不平衡是现行政策曲解的一种症候，而且这种曲解阻碍了中国经济发展。

(段二正2—09年
However, evidence indicates that the true rate of return to education and skill formation is high and that the imbalance is symptomatic of a serious distortion of current policy that retards economic development in china.
3. 当经济学家最初衡量经济发展的根源时，从前一直被认为是无法解释的剩余因素，现在被称为人力资本。

(段三正1
When economists first began to measure the sources of economic growth, what previously had been considered an unexplained residual became identified as human capital.
4. 有些人认为，“人力资本”这一术语意味着个性的丧失，使人们联想到一个将人与机器等同的不人道社会。

事实上，恰恰相反，这一概念承认人的重要性。

(段四正1
The term “hp ” suggests to some a depersonalization of individuals and is associated in the popular mind with a dehumanizing society that equates men with machines.
5. 技能广还便于劳动者在出现新的机会时跨工种、跨行业、跨地区流动，有助于人们重新分配人力资源和物质资源，使其投入到生产力更高的领域中去，甚至使人们预见到这些机会的存在。

(段七正6
Great skill also facilitates worker mobility across occupation, industries and regions in response to new opportunities, it helps people reallocate resources, both human and physical, toward more productive opportunities exist.
6. 教育对中国各地区全因素生产力所造成的影响证明：中国内地教育水平的低下，阻碍了政府最近对内地加大投资政策的实施。

(段九倒5
The impact of education on total factor productivity in regions in china shows that the recent policy of promoting investment in noncoastal areas of china was thwarted by low level of education in the noncoastal regions.
7. 当我们思考在中国的适当投资策略以及各地区发展的时候，十分重要的是要知道，优化人力资本和实物资本投资组合将推动最高速度的发展。

(段十正1
When we think about an appropriate investment strategy in china, and the development of its regions, it is very important to understand that optimizing over the full portfolio of investment---both human and physical capital
8. 出身地是决定一个人成年后技能水平的最重要的因素之一，这是中国社会同代人和隔代人之间不平等的重要根源。

(段十一正5
The place of a person’s birth is one of the most important determinants of that person’s adult skill level. This is a
powerful source of inequality in Chinese society across people at a point in time and across generationgs.
9. 残存的户籍政策加剧了这种不平等。

这种政策向跨区流动人员的子女征收高达他们家庭总收入百分之十的借读费。

(段十一正8
This source of inequality is reinforced by the vestiges of hk policy that charges children of interregional immigrant above normal fees that are as large as 10 of total family income just for the right to attend school.
10. 各地区每个学生的费用支出相差很大，它与各省人均GDP 的正比关系是很显然的，而且是可精确估算的。

(段十二正1
The regional variation in cross section per pupil expenditure is enormous and the positive relationship with provincial GDP per capita is fairly clear and precisely estimated.
11. 在中高等教育阶段普遍征收学费是合理的，将有限的教育资源分配给那些最有可能从教育获益的人。

(段十三正1
A policy of charging fees for access to education, which is widespread in secondary and higher levels, can be justified as a way to ration scarce resources to those who might benefit most from education.
12. 在中国经济中教育回报率的实证数据表明了什么？对政府的活动进行量化评估，剔除坏的投资保留好的投资，实事求是地执行政策，这是至关重要的。

(段十五正1—08年
What does the empirical evidence on the rate of return to education in the Chinese economy show? It is important to evaluate government activities on a quantitative basis, to screen the bad investments from the good ones and to conduct policy an a factually informed basis.
13. 单靠鼓励物力资本投资来提高内地生产力的政策是不均衡的。

这种政策的效率远低于对两者同时投资的均衡政策。

(正十七倒6
An imbalanced policy that seeks to improve productivity in noncastal regions by encouraging investment in physical capital alone is much less efficient than a policy that invests in a more balanced fashion in both.
14. 一个自由的市场会使得像越来越多地主宰中国资本市场和产品市场的那样一种激励机制发挥作用，大大地促进技能培训。

(段十九正3
A free market that allows the same kind of incentives
15. 另一个推进发展的方式是通过资本和劳动力的自由流动，来平衡地区之间和城乡之间的人力资本和实物资本的回报率。

(段二十正1
Another policy that would promote growth is equalization of regional and urban vs rural rates of returns to human and physical capital by permitting free capital and labor mobility.
16. 消除地区工资差距，开放市场，让人口在全国自由流动寻找机会，这会加快国家整体的经济发展。

同样，集中式教育财政有利于将政府资金从中央均衡地分配给各地区和城乡，这也会加快国家整体的经济发展。

(段二十正七
Eliminating regional disparity in wages and opening up markets to allow freedom of migration and pursuit of opportunities throughout china would enhance economic development of the country as a whole. So would a centralized educational finance policy that served to allocate government funds from the center more evenly across the regions and between rural and urban areas.
17. 注重培养人力资本和更开放的劳动力流动的政策，将会弥补因开放工资体系所造成的不断加剧的不公平。

(段二十三正1
A policy fostering human capital and more open migration would serve to offset the rise in inequality produced by more open wage setting.
18. 强调实物资本而忽视人力资本的投资策略，不可能获得更均衡的投资策略能够产生出的收益。

(段九/4 An investment strategy that emphasizes physical capital over human capital fails to capture the benefits that can arise from a more balanced investment strategy.
第五课：
1. 主要涉及能源短缺、水资源缺乏、健康、气候变化、自然灾害以及强化妇女在农业、林业、生态多元化管理
领域中的权力，使之创造出可持续的生存方式等问题。

(段二—08 年 The synergies between the goals of gender equity, poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability are explored below in terms of addressing poverty among women-----including energy and water poverty, health, climate change, natural disasters and creating sustainable livelihoods by empowering women in the realms of agriculture ,forest and biodiversity management. 2. 妇女被认为是木质燃料的使用者与采集者，亦被认为是环境恶化导致能源短缺的受害者。

(段三正 2 Women were first recognized in relation to biomass energy, and as victims of environmental deterioration that caused energy scarcity. 3. 在许多发展中国家，公共土地仍是生物量能源的关键来源地。

然而，这些土地正在飞速地变成私有土地。

土地私有化使人们自由获取燃柴变得艰难，搬迁到另一个地区，该地区也会就燃柴来源的可持续管理问题，做出一些协同合作的决定。

(段六 In many developed countries, communal lands remain a crucial source of biomass energy, yet privatization of these lands continues apace---reducing free access to fuel wood, and removing yet another area where cooperative decisions could be made on sustainable management of fuel wood sources. 4. 在发达国家，与性别、环境与能源相关的研究主要为：能源领域内的平等就业机会、能源政策的决策、污染与健康、能源生产系统的选择、实现科学与技术教育的途径和家庭内的劳动分工。

(段七 In developed countries, the links between gender, environment and energy have been explored mainly in the areas of equal opportunity in the energy professions, decision making in energy policy, pollution and health, preferences for energy production systems, assess to scientific and technological education and the division of labour in the home. 5. 性别这一要素在制定减少温室气体排放的大政方略的潜在作用却越来越被忽视。

(段九正 1 The potential value of gender as a factor in deciding on policies and programs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions has received even less attention. 6. 更好地获得农业辅助系统如信贷、技术、教育、运输、扩张、营销服务的支持对提高农业生产力、促进环境可持续的实践活动是及其重要的。

然而，在很多情况下，妇女根本无法
获取这些支持。

(段十一倒 5 Improved access to agricultural support systems, including credit technology education transport extension and marketing services, is essential to improving agricultural productivity and promoting environmentally sustainable practices—yet often women have no access to these services. 7. 男女性别的区分使他们形成的知识体系相异。

这在保持、管理和改善食物及农作物的基因方面起到了决定性的作用。

(段十二正七 Gender differentiated local knowledge systems play a decisive role in conserving, managing and improving genetic resources for food and agriculture. 8. 相比之下，妇女对野生食物、加工工艺、药材等多元化生态的保护和可持续性地利用有广泛的了解，并且随着角色与职责的变化，妇女会掌握一些新的自然资源知识。

(段十二倒 5 By contrast, women retain a widely shared level of general knowledge in the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity about wild foods, craft and medicinal plants, and acquire new knowledge about natural resources as their roles and duties change. 9. 近年来，如果说人们尚未依照健康与环境的关系来实施自己的行为的话，这一（健康与环境的）关系却是得到了广泛的认识的。

(段十六正 1 The link between health and the environment has been widely recognized, if not fully acted upon, in recent years. 10. 这些污染物包括来自运输和工业方面的空气污染，化学有毒气体和工业处理中的重金属，还有废品焚化时产生的二恶英。

(段十六正 5 Including air pollutants from industrial processes, chemical toxins and heavy metals from industrial processes, and dioxins from waste incineration.
11. 气候的变化极大地加重了疫情，因为气侯的变化能使那些带菌生物大量繁殖，甚至在那些目前气温能抑制带菌生物滋生的地区繁殖。

(段十六正 9—07 年 6
Climate change is expected to increase the burden of disease considerably by allowing vectors to breed in latitudes to altitudes where current temperatures prevent them. 12. 在这个地区，妇女耕种大部分的粮食作物。

她们的农业劳动常常体现出艾滋病大规模入侵的最初迹象。

(段十八正 7 In this region, women grow most of the food, and women’s agricultural labour often shows the first signs of wider community disruption by hiv/adis. 13. 此外，现实中的男女不平等使得以妇女为一家之首的家庭极其脆弱，尤其是在土地被剥夺的地区。

(段二十倒 5 In addition, inequitable
inheritance practices leave female-headed households extremely vulnerable, especially where land grabbing occurs. 14. 灾难的降临不会因为人的社会等级或性别而有差异。

但是众所周知，穷人更容易受到环境和其它灾难的影响，更容易遭遇挫折。

他们更可能是住在灾难易发区，住在不牢固、质量差、选址差的房子里，几乎没有什么办法可以获得救助或被重新安置居所。

(段二十一 Disasters do not strike evenly by social class of gender. However, it is well established that the poor are more exposed to environmental and other disasters, and also more vulnerable to them when they occur, they are more likely to live in disaster prone areas, in vulnerable, badly built and badly sited housing, and with few resources to pay for rescue or rehabilitation. 15. 将性别融入环境分析或者进行环境分析时考虑性别因素这一前瞻性策略要获得完全的成功取决于三个方面。

(段二十四 The full success of forward-looking strategies for bringing gender into environmental analysis—and vice versa---may hinge on three major areas of activity. 16. 其次，要调整政府工作的重点。

在制定财政计划时要考虑性别平等问题，并且要使该计划有助于推进性别平等。

联合国妇女委员会在 20 多个国家中展开了针对性别的预算案。

这一预算将查明公共资源该如何分配才会使得妇女、男性都受益，并且还致力于尽量满足男女平等的要求。

在墨西哥，政府决定把相当于总预算 0.85%的资金用于促进性别平等项目。

(段二十六正 1 Second, adjusting government priorities so that awareness and promotion of gender equality are integrated into financial planning. In 20 countries so far, UNIFEM has supported the development of gender responsive budgets that examine how the allocation of public resources benefits women and men, and addresses gender equality requirements. 17. 把社会因素作为研究环境问题时的主要考虑因素是有相当难度的。

何况，性别作为又一考虑因素而加入其中，就更加具有挑战性了。

(段二十八正 1 It is difficult enough to mainstream social considerations within environmental work; adding gender as a third dimension is even more challenging. 18. 以性别为视角来讨论（环境问题）总被认为是微不足道，或者至少是对当务之急要解决的问题是无关紧要的。

(段二十八正 5 Bringing a gender perspectinv into the discussion is often dismissed as trivial—or at least not essential to priority problem solving. 19. (把性别作为环境问题的考虑要素面临的
一个挑战就是：说服专家，让他们认识到性别问题的重要性，让他们相信分析性别平衡和性别平等不仅不会弱化或延误环境分析、环境政策和环境工程，而实际上是对环境分析、环境政策和环境工程的加强和深化。

(段二十八倒 4 Part of this challenge is to convince technical experts that gender matters, and that analyses of gender balance and equity do not weaken or delay, but actually strengthen and sharpen environmental analyses, polices and programmes. 7。