asylum procedure and decisionmaking process
Artificial Intelligence and Decision Making
Artificial Intelligence and DecisionMakingArtificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly growing field that has the potential to revolutionize decision making across various industries. AI is a computer system that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as learning, problem-solving, and decision making. With the advancements in AI, machines are becoming more efficient and accurate in decision making. However, the use of AI in decision making raises ethical concerns and challenges that need to be addressed. One of the significant benefits of AI in decision making is its ability to analyze vast amounts of data quickly and accurately. This enables organizations to make informed decisions based on real-time data insights. AI algorithms can process data much faster than humans, and they can identify patterns and trends that humans may miss. This can lead to more efficient decision making, increased productivity, and cost savings. Another benefit of AI in decision making is its ability to reduce the risk of human error. Humans are prone to making mistakes, and these mistakes can have significant consequences, especially in critical decision-making situations. AI systems can be designed to minimize the risk of errors by using algorithms that are based on data-driven models. This can lead to more accurate decision making, minimizing the risk of costly mistakes. However, the use of AI in decision making raises ethical concerns and challenges. One of the main concerns is the potential for bias in AI decision making. AI algorithms are only as unbiased as the data they are trained on. If the data used to train the AI system is biased, the system will produce biased results. This can lead to discrimination against certain groups of people and perpetuate existing inequalities in society. Another ethical concern is the lack of transparency in AI decision making. AI systems are often complex and difficult to understand, making it challenging to identify how they arrived at a particular decision. This lack of transparency can make it difficult for individuals to challenge decisions made by AI systems. It can also lead to a lack of accountability, as it is challenging to identify who is responsible for decisions made by AI systems. Furthermore, the use of AI in decision makingraises concerns about job displacement. As AI systems become more advanced, they can replace human workers in various industries. This can lead to job losses and economic disruption, especially in industries that rely heavily on manual labor. In conclusion, the use of AI in decision making has the potential to revolutionize various industries by improving efficiency, accuracy, and productivity. However, it also raises ethical concerns and challenges that need to be addressed. To ensure that AI is used ethically and responsibly, it is essential to address issues such as bias, transparency, and job displacement. By addressing these challenges, we can harness the benefits of AI while minimizing its potential negative impacts.。
Ethical Obligations and Decision Making in Accounting (1)
Values:
Basic beliefs that guide or motivate attitudes or actions Values of a profession (i.e. Accounting) are embedded in its codes of ethics “Golden Rule” prescribes that we should treat others the way we want to be treated
Trustworthiness
Trustworthiness: being honest, acting with integrity, being reliable, and exercising loyalty in dealing with others.
Honesty: is the most basic ethical value and means that we should express the truth as we know it and without deception. Integrity: strength and courage of ones convictions. Reliability: following through with ones promises/commitments. Loyalty: not violating confidence placed in us.
A Word about Whistleblowing
• Loyalty is the one value that should NEVER take precedence over other values. • “Dogs are loyal to their master while cats are loyal to the house.”
Decision_Making(决策)
Unit -5 Decision Making
1/15/2011
Marketing
1
What Is Decision-making? DecisionThe process of identifying and selecting a course of action to deal with a specific problem, or to take advantage of an opportunity. A decision is a choice made from alternatives.
6
Identify the problem
A problem is a discrepancy between an existing and a desired state of affairs . Most of the time , problems are not obvious. Managers must be careful not to confuse a real problem with the symptoms of the problem Identifying the problem is a subjective matter. What is a problem to one manager may not be a problem to another
1/15/2011 Marketing 15
Implement the Decision – Take Action.
Must consider carefully how implementation will affect people and their functions. An effective way to enlist support in implementation is to involve the people affected in the decision making process. In general successful implementation depends on the manager’s communication skills and sensitivity about people’s reaction to change.
浙江省住院医师规范化培训结业考核妇产科
浙江省住院医师规范化培训结业考核临床实践能力考核规程（妇产科）为规范浙江省住院医师规范化培训临床实践能力考核考试站的标准化建设，提高考核质量，维护公平公正，逐步实现住院医师规范化培训考核水平的同质化，特制订本规程。
一、适用范围本规程适用于浙江省住院医师规范化培训结业考核——妇产科专业临床实践能力考核评估。
二、制定依据根据国家《住院医师规范化培训内容与标准（试行）》、《妇产科住院医师培训细则》和《住院医师规范化培训考核实施办法（试行）》等要求，结合我省住院医师规范化培训的实际，特制订本规程。
三、考核对象按照《住院医师规范化培训管理办法（试行）》规定要求招录的住院医师学员、符合国家有关规定的在读临床医学专业学位研究生，在规定时间内，在培训基地完成妇产科专业住院医师规范化培训的相关内容，培训过程考核合格，并取得《医师资格证书》。
四、考核内容根据国家《妇产科住院医师培训细则》的要求，重点考核住院医师对妇产科多发病、常见病的独立诊治能力。
临床实践能力考核包括：病史采集、体格检查、辅助检查应用和结果判断、诊断及鉴别诊断、医疗文书书写、病例分析、临床思维及决策、妇产科专科技能操作、医患沟通和人文关怀等。
综合评估住院医师综合应用医学知识和诠释判断疾病特征的能力、接受咨询并解释患者疑问的能力、临床基本技能和操作掌握情况、人际沟通和交流能力。
五、考核形式及考站设置住院医师规范化培训临床实践能力结业考核采取客观结构式临床考核（OSCE）的方式，采用在标准化病人、真实病人或在医学模拟人（模具）上实际操作。
共设置临床结果判读（Medical Data Interpreting）；病人接诊（Patient Interviewing）；医疗文书书写（Medical Documents Writing）；临床思维与决策（Clinical Reasoning and Decision Making）；临床技能操作（Bedside Procedure Skills Performing）等五个考站。
Recruitment process
Recruitment processThe recruitment and selection is the major function of the human resource department and recruitment process is the first step towards creating the competitive strength and the strategic advantage for the organizations. Recruitment process involves a systematic procedure from sourcing the candidates to arranging and conducting the interviews and requires many resources and time. A general recruitment process is as follows:Identifying the vacancy:The recruitment process begins with the human resource department receiving requisitions for recruitment from any department of the company. These contain: • Posts to be filled• Number of persons• Duties to be performed• Qualifications required•Preparing the job description and person specification.•Locating and developing the sources of required number and type of employees (Advertising etc).•Short-listing and identifying the prospective employee with required characteristics.•Arranging the interviews with the selected candidates.•Conducting the interview and decision makingAdvertising the vacancyAdvertisements to recruit personnel are ubiquitous, even thought, they typically generates less desirable recruits than direct applications or referrals—and do so at greater expense. However, because few employers can fill all their vacancies with direct applications and referrals, some form of advertising is usually needed.Moreover, an employer can take many steps to increase the effectiveness of this recruitment method. The two most important questions to ask in designing a job advertisement are, What do we need to say? And to whom do we need to say it?Perhaps the biggest problem with most advertisements is that they are oftenwritten to be overdemanding in terms of the actual skill requirements that areneeded for the work, decreasing the number of legitimate applicant more thannecessary. Some have estimated that roughly half of the labor shortage in certain engineering fields can be traced to this problem.Conducting interview and decision makingEvaluating the quality of a source is most important in decision making, because there are few rules about the quality of a given source for a given vacancy, it is generally a good idea for employers to monitor the quality of all their recruitment sources. One means of accomplishing this is to develop and compare yield ratios for source. Yield ratios express the percentage of applicants who successfully move from one stage of the recruitments and selection process to the next. Comparing yield ratios for different sources help determine which is best or most efficient for the type of vacancy being investigated. Data on cost per hire are also useful in establishing the efficiency of a given source.1.Identify vacancy2.Prepare job description and person specification3.Advertising the vacancy4.Managing the response5.Short-listing6.Arrange interviews7.Conducting interview and decision makingSources of recruitmentThe recruitment process is immediately followed by the selection process i.e. the final interviews and the decision making, conveying the decision and the appointment formalities.Every organization has the option of choosing the candidates for its recruitment processes from two kinds of sources: internal and external sources. The sources within the organization itself (like transfer of employees from one department to other, promotions) to fill a position are known as the internal sources of recruitment. Recruitment candidates from all the other sources (like outsourcing agencies etc.) are known as the external sources of recruitment .In general ,relying on internal sources offers a company several advantages .First ,it generates a sample of applicants who are well known to a firm. Second, these applicants are relatively knowledgeable about the company’s vacancies, which minimizes the possibilities of inflated expectation about the job. Third, it is generally cheaper and faster to fill vacancies internally. With all these advantages, you might ask why any organization would ever employ external recruiting methods. There are several good reasons why organizations might decide to recruit externally. First, for entry-level positions and perhaps even for some specialized upper-level positions, there ever not be any internal recruits from which to draw. Second, bringing outsides may expose the organization to new ideas or new of doing business. Using only internal recruitment can result in a workforce whose members all think alike and who therefore may be poorly suited to innovation. Finally, recruiting from outsides source is good way to strengthen one’s own company and weaken one’s competitors at the same time.SOURCES OF RECRUITMENTFactors affecting recruitmentThe recruitment function of the organizations is affected and governed by a mix of various internal and external forces. The internal forces or factors are the factors that can be controlled by the organization. And the external factors are those factors which cannot be controlled by the organization. The internal and external forces affecting recruitment function of an organization are:FACTORS AFFECTING RECRUITMENTRecruitment policy of an organizationIn today’s rapidly changing business environment, a well defined recruit ment policy is necessary for organizations to respond to its human resource requirements in time. Therefore, it is important to have a clear and concise recruitment policy in place, which can be executed effectively to recruit the best talent pool for the selection of the right candidate at the right place quickly. Creating a suitable recruitment policy is the first step in the efficient hiring process. A clear and concise recruitment policy helps ensure a sound recruitment process.It specifies the objectives of recruitment and provides a framework for implementation of recruitment program. It may involve organizational system to be developed for implementing recruitment programs and procedures by filling up vacancies with best qualified people.COMPONENTS OF THE RECRUITMENT POLICY•The general recruitment policies and terms of the organization•Recruitment services of consultants•Recruitment of temporary employees•Unique recruitment situations•The selection process•The job descriptions•The terms and conditions of the employmentFACTORS AFFECTING RECRUITMENT POLICY•Organizational objectives•Personnel policies of the organization and its competitors.•Government policies on reservations.•Preferred sources of recruitment.•Need of the organization.•Recruitment costs and financial implications.A recruitment policy of an organization should be such that:•It should focus on recruiting the best potential people.•To ensure that every applicant and employee is treated equally with dignity and respect.•Unbiased policy.•To aid and encourage employees in realizing their full potential.•Transparent, task oriented and merit based selection.•Weight age during selection given to factors that suit organization needs.•Optimization of manpower at the time of selection process.•Defining the competent authority to approve each selection.•Abides by relevant public policy and legislation on hiring and employment relationship.Integrates employee needs with the organizational needs.Recent trends in recruitmentThe following trends are being seen in recruitment:OUTSOURCINGIn India, the HR processes are being outsourced from more than a decade now. A company may draw required personnel from outsourcing firms. The outsourcing firms help the organization by the initial screening of the candidates according to the needs of the organization and creating a suitable pool of talent for the final selection by the organization. Outsourcing firms develop their human resource pool by employing people for them and make available personnel to various companies as per their needs. In turn, the outsourcing firms or the intermediaries charge the organizations for their services.Advantages of outsourcing are:pany need not plan for human resources much in advance.2.Value creation, operational flexibility and competitive advantage3.turning the management's focus to strategic level processes of HRMpany is free from salary negotiations, weeding the unsuitableresumes/candidates.pany can save a lot of its resources and time•POACHING/RAIDING“Buying talent” (rather than developing it) is the latest mantra beingfollowed by the organizations today. Poaching means employing a competent and experienced person already working with another reputed company in the same or different industry; the organization might be a competitor in theindustry. A company can attract talent from another firm by offering attractive pay packages and other terms and conditions, better than the current employer of the candidate. But it is seen as an unethical practice and not openly talkedabout. Indian software and the retail sector are the sectors facing the mostsevere brunt of poaching today. It has become a challenge for human resource managers to face and tackle poaching, as it weakens the competitive strengthof the firm.•E-RECRUITMENTMany big organizations use Internet as a source of recruitment. E- recruitment is the use of technology to assist the recruitment process. They advertise jobvacancies through worldwide web. The job seekers send their applications orcurriculum vitae i.e. CV through e mail using the Internet. Alternatively jobseekers place their CV’s in worldwide web, which can be drawn byprospective employees depending upon their requirements.Advantages of recruitment are:o Low cost.o No intermediarieso Reduction in time for recruitment.o Recruitment of right type of people.o Efficiency of recruitment process.Recruitment vs. selectionBoth recruitment and selection are the two phases of the employment process. The differences between the two are:1. Recruitment is the process of searching the candidates for employment and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organization WHEREAS selection involves the series of steps by which the candidates are screened for choosing the most suitable persons for vacant posts.2. The basic purpose of recruitments is to create a talent pool of candidates to enable the selection of best candidates for the organization, by attracting more and more employees to apply in the organization WHEREAS the basic purpose of selection process is to choose the right candidate to fill the various positions in the organization.3. Recruitment is a positive process i.e. encouraging more and more employees to apply WHEREAS selection is a negative process as it involves rejection of the unsuitable candidates.4. Recruitment is concerned with tapping the sources of human resources WHEREAS selection is concerned with selecting the most suitable candidate through various interviews and tests.5. There is no contract of recruitment established in recruitment WHEREAS selection results in a contract of service between the employer and the selected employee.。
TOEFL托福阅读真题整合
TOEFL托福阅读真题整合托福阅读真题1__ 31Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent. In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II.In 1943 the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem of housing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, but in some locations, including New York City, controls continued. Under New York's controls, a landlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenants continue to renew their leases. In places such as Santa Monica, California, rent controls are more recent. They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's, which, combined with California's rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record levels. In 1979 Santa Monica's municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to the levels charged in 1978. Future rents could only go up by two-thirds as much as any increase in the overall price level.In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1) promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing, (2) allocating existing scarce housing among competing claimants, and (3) rationing use of existing housing by potential renters.One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability —rents. Consider some examples. In a recent year in Dallas, Texas, with a 16 percent rental vacancy rate but no rent control laws, 11,000 new housing units were built. In the same year, in San Francisco, California, only 2,000 units were built. The major difference? San Francisco has only a 1.6 percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws. In New York City, except for government-subsidized construction, the only rental units being built are luxury units, which are exempt from controls. In Santa Monica, California, new apartments are not being constructed. New office rental space and commercial developments are, however. They are exempt from rent controls.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The construction of apartments in the United States.(B) Causes and effects of rent control(C) The fluctuations of rental prices(D) The shortage of affordable housing in the United States.2. The word They in line 9 refers to(A) the tenants(B) their leases(C) places(D) rent controls.3. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica,California?(A) rapid population growth(B) inflation(C) economic conditions during wartime(D) record-high housing prices4. The phrase roll back in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) credit(B) measure(C) vary(D) reduce5. The word stimulating in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) experimenting with(B) identifying(C) estimating(D) encouraging6. It can be inferred that the purpose of rent control is to(A) protect tenants(B) promote construction(C) increase vacancy rates(D) decrease sales of rental units7. The word depressed in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) saddened(B) created(C) lowered(D) defeated8. The information in the last paragraph supports which of the following statements?(A) San Francisco has eliminated its rent control laws.(B) Rent control leads to a reduction in the construction of housing units(C) Luxury apartments are rarely built when there is rent control(D) There is a growing need for government-subsidized housing.9. According to the passage , which of the following cities does NOT currently have rent controls?(A) Santa Monica(B) Dallas(C) San Francisco(D) New York City10. The word stringent in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) straightforward(B) strict(C) expanded(D) efficient11. According to the passage , which of the following is NOT exempt from rent control?(A) Luxury apartments(B) Commercial development(C) Moderately priced apartments(D) Office space.__ 31 BDCDD ACBBB C托福阅读真题232By 1776 the fine art of painting as it had developed in western Europe up to this time had been introduced into the American colonies through books and prints, European visitors andimmigrants, and traveling colonists who brought back copies (and a few original) of old master paintings and acquaintance with European art institutions.By the outbreak of the Revolution against British rule in 1776, the status of the artists had already undergone change. In the mid-eighteenth century, painters had been willing to assume such artisan-related tasks as varnishing, gilding teaching, keeping shops, and painting wheel carriages, houses, and signs. The terminology by which artists were described at the time suggests their status: limner was usually applied to the anonymous portrait painter up to the 1760's; painter characterized anyone who could paint a flat surface. By the second half of the century, colonial artists who were trained in England or educated in the classics rejected the status of laborer and thought of themselves as artists. Some colonial urban portraitists, such as John Singleton Copley, Benjamin West, and Charles Wilson Peale, consorted with affluent patrons. Although subject to fluctuations in their economic status, all three enjoyed sufficient patronage to allow them to maintain an image of themselves as professional artists, an image indicated by their custom of signing their paintings. A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens andHamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.Although the colonists tended to favor portraits, they also accepted landscapes, historical works, and political engravings as appropriate artistic subjects. With the coming of independence from the British Crown, a sufficient number of artists and their works were available to serve nationalistic purposes. The achievements of the colonial artists, particularly those of Copley, West, and Peale, lent credence to the boast that the new nation was capable of encouraging genius and that political liberty was congenial to the development of taste — a necessary step before art could assume an important role in the new republic.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) European influence on colonial American painting(B) The importance of patronage to artist(C) The changing status of artists in the American colonies in the eighteenth century(D) Subjects preferred by artists in the American colonies in theeighteenth century.2. The word outbreak in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) cause(B) beginning(C) position(D) explanation3. The word undergone in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) led to(B) transformed(C) preferred(D) experienced4. According to the passage , before the American Revolution the main task of limners was to(A) paint wheel carriages(B) paint portraits(C) varnish furniture(D) paint flat surfaces5. I t can be inferred from the passage that artists who were trained in England(A) considered artists to be superior to painters(B) barely painted portraitists(C) were often very wealthy(D) imitated English painters6. The word consorted in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) made decisions(B) studies(C) agreed(D) associated7. The word sufficient in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) adequate(B) temporary(C) friendly(D) expensive8. According to the passage , artists such as Copley, West and Peal signed their paintings(A) increased the monetary value of the paintings(B) made it more difficult for other artists to copy the paintings(C) supported the artists' image of professionalism(D) distinguished colonial American artists from European artists9. The author mentions James Bowdoin III and William Byrd in line 17 as examples of which ofthe following?(A) Art gallery owners who displayed only European art(B) Art collectors who had a profound influence on American attitudes toward art(C) Artists who gave financial support to other artists(D) Patrons whose helped to encourage artisans to become artists10. With which of the following would the author be most likely to agree?(A) Countries that have not had a political revolution are unlikely to develop great art.(B) The most successful art collectors are usually artists themselves.(C) The value of colonial American paintings decreased after the Revolution.(D) Colonial artists made an important contribution to the evolving culture of the new nation.__ 32 CBDBA DACBD托福阅读真题3__ 33Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing auniversity to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember.On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question What will I do after graduation? A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long- range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to What will I do after graduation that will lead to successful career?1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) A tool to assist in making complex decisions.(B) A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions(C) Research on how people make decisions(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making2. The word essential in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) introductory(B) changeable(C) beneficial(D) fundamental3. The word pertinent in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) relevant(B) preceding(C) insightful(D) responsive4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?(A) Listing the consequences of each solution(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution(C) Deciding which consequences are most important(D) Writing down all possible solutions5. According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that(A) has the fewest variables to consider(B) uses the most decision worksheets(C) has the most points assigned to it(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 bymeans of(A) describing a process(B) classifying types of worksheets(C) providing historical background(D) explaining a theory7. The author states that On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds atonce (lines 17-18) to explain that(A) most decisions involve seven steps(B) human mental capacity has limitations(C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice8. The word succinct in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) creative(B) satisfactory(C) personal(D) concise9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage(A) Proponents (line 5)(B) Optimal (line 5)(C) Variables (line 17)(D) Long-range goals (line 25)10. The word it in line 24 refers to(A) worksheet(B) problem(C) distinction(D) decision11. The word revise in line 26 is closest in meaning to。
Chapter 8 planning and decision making
Planning levels
term strategic planning tactical planning operational planning
long-term, 2-5 years short-term, less than 2 years short-term, less than 1 year
How managers decide? ---DECIDE (an acronym)
D --- define problems precisely E --- enumerate two groups of decision factors C --- collect relevant information I --- identify the best alternative D --- develop and implement a detailed plan E --- evaluate the decision
Where do we want to be? understand the interrelation between organizational goals and individual objectives evaluate employee performance
Step 4: action program:
Decisional roles
Gather and distribute information Decide how organizational resources will be used to meet planned objectives
W8W9lectures_DecisionMakingAndMotivation
C i ti th h lWeek 9 lectureCommunicating through complex decision makingReceiverDecodemessageSender Form message Encode message Transmit MessageCommunication Process Model appears rationale, but is it?Receive encodedmessage Text: p. 326-7Encode feedback FormfeedbackDecode feedback TransmitFeedback NoiseReceive feedback We are going to focus on ‘noise’ that makes already complex decision-making situations, even more difficult!Overview⏹What ‘noise’ occurs in the communication process?⏹What ‘noise’ occurs in the decision-making process?–Individual decisions–Team decisions⏹What are some general solutions that employees & managers can engage in to overcome these ‘noise’ problems?⏹When is employee involvement in decisions appropriate?Definitions⏹Communication–The process by which information is transmitted andunderstood between two or more people.Text: p. 326, 234⏹Decision-making–Conscious process of making choices among one or morealternatives with the intention of moving toward some desiredstate of affairsNoise in the communication process:(1) verbal vs non-verbalText: p. 327, 330OverloadedZoneRichMediaRi hNoise in the communication process: (2) Media richnessText: p. 331-333OversimplifiedZoneNonroutine/AmbiguousRichness Situation Routine/clear LeanNoise in the communication process:(3) Formal vs informal communication channels⏹Early research findings–Transmits information rapidly in all directions–More active in homogeneous groups; in cluster chain pattern–Transmits some degree of truth⏹Strengthens vs weakens cultureB fitText: p. 342-333⏹Benefits –Supplements information–Sense-making⏹Limitations–Reliability & validity–If company information is slower than grapevine, disempoweringNoise in the decision-making process: ModelCommunication Stages of perceptual process ResponseFeeling/thinking/actionAttention & selectionOrganizing RetrievalInterpretation Individual & team decision ‐making biasesNoise in individual decisions: (1) Bounded awareness(selected attention) & bounded rationality⏹“How could I have missed that?”⏹Bounded awareness = when individuals do not attend toimportant available information⏹Focus limits awareness⏹ExamplesText: in addition read about ‘boundedrationality’ p. 238–Video clip–Car drivers–Industry level: music, photography, newspapers–Slow changes not recognised eg EnronText: p. 79-82 Noise in individual decisions: (2) Perceptual errors⏹Serial position effect–Primacy–Recency–Application: law, conferences⏹Halo–Application: surveys, interviews, personality, marketing, Highperforming organisations–Example: team processes & performance⏹Projection–"He who fights with monsters should look to it that he himself does not become a monster. And when you gaze long into an abyss the abyssalso gazes into you."Text: p. 75-8 Noise in individual decisions: (3) Stereotyping -schemas⏹Stereotyping -schemas•Categorises& ordersinformation•Need to anticipate, stereotypes -schemas fill provide closure⏹Social identity theory: contrast in-&out-groups to boost self-esteem⏹To minimise:•Diversity awareness training•Meaningful interaction•Decision-making accountabilityText: p. 79 Noise in individual decisions: (4) Attribution errors⏹Fundamental distinction in social psychology: trait vs situation⏹Fundamental attribution error–Attributing own actions to external factors and other’s actions to internal factors–Cultural differences: east vs west⏹Self-serving bias–Attributing our successes to internal factors and our failures to external factors–Why? Protect self-esteem–Women vs men differencesNoise in individual decisions: (5) Self-fulfilling prophecy “Nothing is easier than self-deceit. For what each man wishes, that he alsobelieves to be true” (Demosthenes).Text: p. 80-82Supervisorformsexpectations⏹Self-fulfilling prophecy effect is strongest (contingencies):1.At the beginning of the relationship (e.g. employee joins the team)2.When several people have similar expectations about the person3.When the employee has low rather than high past achievementExpectationsaffect supervisor’sbehaviourSupervisor’sbehaviour affectsemployeeEmployee’s behaviour matches expectations Noise in individual decisions: (6) Satisficing⏹Optimal vs good enough⏹Examples–Nurse making decision about roster–Survey responses Text: p. 239y p•Non-opinion•Socially desirable responses•Same response on similar questions•Tendency to agree to questionsNoise in individual decisions: (7) Escalation of commitment ⏹= repeat bad decision, or moreresources to failing course of action⏹Causes:1.Self-justification2.Prospect theory effect3Perceptual blindersText: p. 242-33.Perceptual blinders4.Closing costs⏹Overcoming1.Separate decision choosers fromevaluators.2.Establish a preset level toabandon the project.3.Involve several people in theevaluation process.Noise in team decisions: (1) groupthink (Janis, 1972)⏹The tendency in highly cohesive teams to valueconsensus at the price of decision quality⏹More common when the:–team is highly cohesiveText: p. 307–team is isolated from outsiders–team leader is opinionated–team faces external threats–team has recent failures–team lacks clear guidance⏹Examples: Bay of Pigs, Northern RockPreventing groupthink1.“Critical evaluator” or devil’s advocate role (swap each meeting)2.Leaders not express opinions3.Multiple, independent groups on same problem p ,p g p p4.Examine multiple alternatives5.Input from people external to the team, within & betweenmeetingsNoise in team decisions: (2) group polarisationSocial supportPersuasive Team discussionprocessesHigh risk High riskText: p. 307Persuasive arguments ShiftingresponsibilityIndividual opinionsbefore meeting Individual opinionsafter meetingLow risk Low riskFurther reading if interested:Inevitable illusions by Piattelli-Palmarini 1994⏹7 deadly sins:1.Overconfidence2.Illusory correlations (magical thinking) –correlations and causality3.Predictability in hindsight44.Anchoring5.Ease of representation6.Probability blindness7.Reconsideration under suitable scriptsGeneral solutions: (1) Decision-making tools⏹Purpose =⏹Examples:–Fishbone diagram–Root-cause analysis (why-why diagram)Tools in courseworky (y y g )–Scenario planning (eg Team Agreement, ‘what will we do whenthere is a social loafer?’)Known to self Unknown to selfKnown to othersGeneral solution: (2) increasing self-awareness (blind area in Johari window) through feedback seekingFeedback (monitoring Feedback (monitoring vs vs direct inquiry)Text: p. 83-84 + courseworkUnknown to others Open area BlindareaHidden area UnknownareaDisclosureGeneral solutions: (3) Self-reflection⏹“active, persistent, and careful consideration of any belief orsupposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds thatsupport it and the further conclusions to which it tends” (Dewey1933, p. 4)⏹Deliberate:–probing, analyzing, synthesizing, problem-solving & connecting /d i idCoursework toolsordering ideas –whilst being coached / mentored by professionals⏹ 3 types (Schon, 1983)–Knowing in action–Reflection in action–Reflection on action⏹Application–Who?–When?General solutions: (4) Active listening strategiesSensing• Postpone evaluation• Avoid interruptions• Maintain interestText: p. 338-340ActiveListeningEvaluation• Empathise• Organise informationResponding • Show interest • Clarify the message General solutions: (5) Specific notes for teams⏹Team design–diversity–optimal team size–effective teams have structureTeam process:Coursework⏹Team process: –effective teams have goals–coordinate for participation–cognitive conflictEmployee Involvement Model Potential InvolvementOutcomes (why?)Contingencies (when?): h i hi h l EmployeeInvolvement •Better problem identification•More/better solutionsgenerated•Best choice morelik lText: p. 245-246when is higher employee involvement better?likely •Higher decisioncommitmentKnowledge Source Decision Commitment Risk ofConflictDecision Structure Summary for communicating through complex decision making⏹ 1.⏹ 2.⏹ 3.M ti ti &i thWeek 9 lectureMotivating & empowering the workforceDefinition & overview⏹Defining motivation–The processes that account for an individual’s willingness to exert high levels of effort to reach organisational goals, conditioned bythe effort’s ability to satisfy some individual need.–Effort: a measure of intensity or drive.–Direction: toward organisational goalsg g–Need: personalized reason to exert effort⏹Overview–Identify the range of motivation theories–Explain the broad principles of expectancy theory–Which motivation theories have the most & least empirical support?–Feedback & goal setting theory: what is effective? Why?Context of motivating employees: Current challenges⏹Revised employment relationship–Due to globalisation, technology, restructuring–Potentially undermines trust and commitment⏹Flatter organisations–Fewer supervisors to monitor performanceFewer supervisors to monitor performance⏹Changing workforce–Gen-X/Gen-Y bring different expectationsOthers eg•4 drive theory•OrganisationaljusticeHierarchy ofneeds (Maslow, Equity theorySocialcognitivetheory(Bandura,1977, McClelland(1974):theoryReinforcementTheory X & Y (McGreggor, 1960) Timeline( 1943)qu ty t eo y(Adams, 1965)1997)Goal setting(Locke &Latham, 1990)Expectancytheory (Vroom,1964)(1974): theoryof needsHerzberg(1959)Motivation –Hygienetheorye o ce e t(Skinner,1953)Expectancy theoryText: p. 145-148Feedback & goal setting⏹Conscious process: goals will affect action (Ryan, 1970)⏹Feedback & goals (feed-forward) intertwined processes–Discrepancy –equilibrium⏹Specific, difficulty goals shown to increase performance–> 40 000 participants across 8 different countriesText: p. 149-154–Varied types of research: lab, simulations, field; experimental, quasi-experimental, and correlational designs.–Range timespans: 1 min to 25 yrs–All levels of analysis: individuals, teams, departments,organisations–Outcomes: quantity, quality, time spent, costs, job behavior etc–Goals are assigned, self-set or \through participationGoal setting cycleModerators(goal commitment / importance, self-efficacy, feedback, taskcomplexity)Willingness to commit to new challengesGoals (difficult, specific)p y)Mechanisms(direction, effort,persistence,strategies)Performance Satisfactionwithperformance &rewardsGoal Difficulty and PerformanceHighr f o r m a nc e Area ofOptimal G lTa sk P e Low Moderate Challenging ImpossibleGoal Difficulty Goal DifficultyUnpacking goal setting⏹Types of goals–Difficult goals better than ‘do your best’ goals (no external referent, discrepancy)–Goal specificity reduces ambiguity⏹Contingencies / moderators–Goal commitment / importance: drives effort p–Self-efficacy : set higher goals, more committed, better strategies, respond better negative feedback–Feedback: link to reveal progress–Task difficulty: proximal goals needed, tight deadlines energises⏹Personality -> goals –> performance?Practitioner vs academic summariesSMART goals:•Specific •Measureable•Achievable•Related Commitment•Time-framed Specific ChallengingTaskPerformanceCharacteristics of Effective FeedbackEff ti SpecificEffective FeedbackRelevantTimelyCredible Sufficientlyfrequent Multisource (360-degree) Feedbackl dCustomer ProjectLeaderSupervisorEvaluated Employee Co Co--Worker Subordinate Co Co--WorkerSubordinateSubordinatePreferred Feedback Sources⏹Depends on the situation⏹Non-social sources (gauges, printouts)–Better for goal progress–Considered more accurate, less damagingSocial sources (supervisor co-workers)⏹Social sources (supervisor, co workers)–Better for “good news” feedback–Improves self-image and esteem⏹Combining feedback sources–Top-down (reactive, adaptive)–Bottom-up (proactive)From theory to practice: integrate OB theory with HRM practicesS i f 1. Recognise individual differences2. Match people to jobs7. Check the8. Don’t ignore money Suggestions for motivating employees3. Use goals4. Ensure goalsare perceivedas attainable5. Individualise rewards6. Link rewards to performance system for equity Summary for motivation⏹ 1.⏹ 2.⏹ 3.Week 10 tutorial preparation⏹Team: Prepare 5 min presentation for debate⏹Team debate "Do we downsize a layer of management?“⏹No tutorial preparation needed, BUT THERE IS THE PROFILE SURVEYWeek 10 reminder⏹Complete your 2nd Team PROFILES survey⏹Details available on WebCT on Monday 28th Sept⏹Survey open Monday 28th Sept to 5pm Thursday 1st Oct⏹Why?–Information for your Graduate Attributes assignment–Need to complete to pass the course。
老托福阅读100篇passage33试题及答案
老托福阅读100篇passage33试题及答案为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来老托福阅读100篇passage 33试题及答案，希望大家喜欢!老托福阅读100篇passage 33试题及答案PASSAGE 33Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend andremember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question What will I do after graduation? A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to What will I do after graduation that will lead to successful career?1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) A tool to assist in making complex decisions.(B) A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions(C) Research on how people make decisions(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making2. The word essential in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) introductory(B) changeable(C) beneficial(D) fundamental3. The word pertinent in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) relevant(B) preceding(C) insightful(D) responsive4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?(A) Listing the consequences of each solution(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution(C) Deciding which consequences are most important(D) Writing down all possible solutions5. According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that(A) has the fewest variables to consider(B) uses the most decision worksheets(C) has the most points assigned to it(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of(A) describing a process(B) classifying types of worksheets(C) providing historical background(D) explaining a theory7. The author states that On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds atonce (lines 17-18) to explain that(A) most decisions involve seven steps(B) human mental capacity has limitations(C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice8. The word succinct in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) creative(B) satisfactory(C) personal(D) concise9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) Proponents (line 5)(B) Optimal (line 5)(C) Variables (line 17)(D) Long-range goals (line 25)10. The word it in line 24 refers to(A) worksheet(B) problem(C) distinction(D) decision11. The word revise in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) ask(B) explain(C) change(D) predictPASSAGE 33 ADADC ABDBB C托福阅读怎么抓住定位词首先介绍一下，什么是定位词?其实很简单，打个比方，你和朋友约好了去酒吧，朋友和你说酒吧在沈阳新东方正对面，这个酒吧你是不知道地点的，也就是你的目的地;而新东方却很熟知，那么你只需找到新东方便可以找到酒吧了。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语第二章课文翻译
第二章第一篇To say that we live in an age of electronics is an understatement. From the omnipresent integrated circuit to the equally omnipresent digital computer, we encounter electronic devices and systems on a daily basis. In every aspect of our increasingly technological society—whether it is science, engineering, medicine, music, maintenance, or even espionage—the role of electronics is large, and it is growing.谈论关于我们生活在一个电子学时代的论调是一种空泛的论调。
从无处不在的集成电路到同样无处不在的数字计算机，我们在日常活动中总会遇到电子设备和电子系统。
在我们日益发展的科技社会的方方面面——无论是在科学、工程、医药、音乐、维修方面甚至是在谍报方面——电子学的作用是巨大的，而且还将不断增强。
In general, all of the tasks with which we shall be concerned can be classified as "signal-processing “tasks. Let us explore the meaning of this term一般说来，我们将要涉及到的工作被归结为“信号——处理”工作，让我们来探究这个术语的含义吧。
A signal is any physical variable whose magnitude or variation with time contains information. This information might involve speech and music, as in radio broadcasting, a physical quantity such as the temperature of the air in a room, or numerical data, such as the record of stock market transactions. The physical variables that can carry information in an electrical system are voltage and current. When we speak of "signals", therefore, we refer implicitly to voltages or currents. However, most of the concepts we discuss can be applied directly to systems with different information-carrying variables. Thus, the behavior of a mechanical system (in which force and velocity are the variables) or a hydraulic system (in which pressure and flow rate are the variables) can often be modeled or represented by an equivalent electrical system. An understanding of the behavior of electrical systems, therefore, provides a basis for understanding a much broader range of phenomena. 信号就是其与时间有关的量值或变化包含信息的任何物理变量。
Decision Making in the Presence of Noise
1
by compact, closed-form formulas of low computational complexity. From these formulas, we gain qualitative insights into the Bayesian optimal decision. We observe, for example, that no algorithm that bases its decision solely on the information contained at the level-k nodes of the tree (as the Shannon algorithm does) is Bayesian optimal. We also give an example to show that the optimal decision sometimes depends not only on the information contained at the nodes, but also on knowledge of the expected amount of noise present in the data. Thus, an algorithm that is aware of the imperfection of its data can do better than one that is not. It is tempting to apply these insights to chess in order to obtain improved algorithms, and we are hopeful that workers on chess will nd our results enlightening. Nevertheless, we should point out a number of important di erences between our games and the problem of playing chess. In our games, uncertainty arises from two underlying sources of randomness. The instance of the game to be played is chosen at random (as in card games such as bridge or poker), and the information about the chosen game that is given to the player is also chosen at random. Thus, a player is presented with probabilistic, partial information about the true underlying game. The di culty the player faces is in knowing which game is being played, not how to play the game once it is known. In chess, on the other hand, the underlying game tree is xed, and the player's information is computed by a deterministic procedure of low computational complexity. The barrier to optimal play is not the lack of accurate information but the apparent intractability of the computational problem of making good use of that information. An important research problem is to clarify the relationship between probabilistic and computational sources of uncertainty in decision problems.
Behavioral Economics and Decision-Making
Behavioral Economics and Decision-Making Behavioral economics is a subfield of economics that studies how people make decisions, particularly in situations where their choices are influenced by psychological and social factors. This field of study has gained increasing attention in recent years, as it has become clear that traditional economic models do not always accurately predict human behavior. In this essay, I will explore the key concepts of behavioral economics and decision-making, and discuss their relevance in today's society.One of the key concepts in behavioral economics is the idea of bounded rationality. This refers to the fact that people are not always able to make fully rational decisions, due to limitations in their cognitive abilities and information processing. For example, people may have limited attention spans, and may not be able to fully consider all the relevant information when making a decision. Additionally, people may be influenced by biases and heuristics, which can lead them to make decisions that are not fully rational.Another important concept in behavioral economics is the idea of loss aversion. This refers to the fact that people tend to place a higher value on avoiding losses than on achieving gains. For example, people may be more willing to take risks in order to avoid losing money than they would be to make the same amount of money in a safe investment. This can have important implications for decision-making, as people may be more likely to make decisions that avoid losses, even if those decisions are not in their best interests in the long run.A related concept in behavioral economics is the idea of framing effects. This refers to the fact that people's perceptions of a decision can be influenced by the way it is presented to them. For example, people may be more likely to choose a product if it is presented as having a discount, even if the actual price is the same as a similar product that is not advertised as being on sale. This can have important implications for marketing and advertising, as companies may be able to influence consumers' choices by framing their products in a certain way.Another important concept in behavioral economics is social norms. This refers to the unwritten rules and expectations that govern behavior in a particular society or group. For example, people may be more likely to recycle if they believe that it is a social norm in their community. This can have important implications for policy-making, as policymakers may be able to encourage certain behaviors by promoting social norms that support those behaviors.Finally, behavioral economics also considers the role of emotions in decision-making. This is an important area of study, as emotions can have a powerful influence on our choices. For example, people may be more likely to make impulsive purchases when they are feeling stressed or anxious. Additionally, people may be more likely to make charitable donations when they are feeling empathetic towards the people or causes they are supporting.In conclusion, behavioral economics is a fascinating field of study that has important implications for our understanding of decision-making. By studying the ways in which people make choices, we can gain insights into why people behave the way they do, and how we can encourage more positive behaviors. As our society becomes more complex and interconnected, the insights of behavioral economics will become increasingly important in shaping policy and improving our lives.。
decision making 决策相关英文课件
– Decision-making by precedent – Decision is repetitive and routine – Specific approach may already exist for worked out how to handle them
Source: Robbins, S, De Cenzo, DA, Coulter, M & Woods, M 2012, Management: Essentials, Pearson, Frenchs Forest.
Decision making conditions
• Degree of certainty and uncertainty
Monitor and evaluate results
Bounded Rationality Model
Assumptions: • Decisions makers are rational within bounds of time and ability to process information • Decision makers satisfice
How well does each destination fit your decision criteria for a holiday destination?
Steps 6-8
Step 6: Selecting an alternative
• Select the alternative that generated the highest score
Step 4: Developing alternatives
联合国译员口译词汇
*decolonization 非殖民化 *decompression load 减压载荷［集装箱］ *deduction for internal reproduction 减去内部复印（费） (dfir) *deductive value [Customs] 倒扣价格 *deepening and consolidation of 加深和巩固国际缓和 international detente *deeply concerned at 深为关切 *deferred bond 延期付息债券；递延债券 *deferred expenditures 递延费用 *deferred payment 延期付款
*debt payable 应偿债务 *debt receivable 到期债务 *decapitation strike 摧毁要害部门的打击 *decentralized system 分权制 *decision [EC] 决定［对指定成员国政府，企业等具有约束力］ *decision-making procedure 决策程序 *decision sui generis 自成一类的决定 *declaration at the customs 报关
*deputy chief of branch 副组长 *deputy chief of division 副司长 *deputy chief of office 办公室副主任 *deputy chief of protocol 礼宾处副处长 *deputy chief of section 副科长 *deputy chief of service 副处长 *deputy comptroller [UNICEF] 副财务司长 *deputy controller [DAM] 副财务主任 *deputy controller [UNICEF] 副财务司长 *deputy co-ordinator 副协调员 *deputy director 副主任；副司长f unit [EC] 副处长 *deputy high commissioner (DHC) 副高级专员 *deputy legal liaison officer 法律事务副联络干事 *deputy managing director [IMF] 副总裁 *deputy observer 副观察员 *deputy permanent representative 副常驻代表 *deputy regional representative 副区域代表
管理学双语(整理版)PPT04-Decision making
Describe the eight steps in the decision-making process.
The Manager as Decision Maker
Discuss the assumptions of rational decision making. Describe the concepts of bounded rationality, satisficing, and escalation of commitment.
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
The Manager as Decision Maker (cont’d)
Contrast the three decision-making conditions.
Explain maximax, maximin, and minimax decision choice approaches.
6–5
The DecisionMaking Process
Exhibit 6.1
6–6
Step 1: Identifying the Problem
• Problem
A discrepancy between an existing and desired state of affairs.
Exhibit 6.3
6–12
Evaluation of Franchise Alternatives Against Weighted Criteria
Start-Up Franchise Financial Open Franchisor Costs Support Qualifications Locations History Total
住院医师规范化培训结业考核临床实践能力考核规程 眼科
XX省住院医师规范化培训结业考核临床实践能力考核规程（眼科）为规范XX省住院医师规范化培训临床实践能力考核考试站的标准化建设，提高考核质量，维护公平公正，逐步实现住院医师规范化培训考核水平的同质化，特制订本规程。
一、适用范围本规程适用于XX省住院医师规范化培训结业考核——眼科专业临床实践能力考核评估。
二、制定依据根据国家《住院医师规范化培训内容与标准（试行）》、《眼科住院医师培训细则》和《住院医师规范化培训考核实施办法（试行）》等要求，结合我省住院医师规范化培训的实际，特制订本规程。
三、考核对象按照《住院医师规范化培训管理办法（试行）》规定要求招录的住院医师学员、符合国家有关规定的在读临床医学专业学位研究生，在规定时间内，在培训基地完成眼科专业住院医师规范化培训的相关内容，培训过程考核合格，并取得《医师资格证书》。
四、考核内容根据国家《眼科住院医师培训细则》的要求，重点考核住院医师对眼科多发病、常见病的独立诊治能力。
临床实践能力考核包括：病史采集、体格检查、辅助检查应用和结果判断、诊断及鉴别诊断、医疗文书书写、病例分析、临床思维及决策、眼科专科技能操作、医患沟通和人文关怀等。
综合评估住院医师综合应用医学知识和诠释判断疾病特征的能力、接受咨询并解释患者疑问的能力、临床基本技能和操作掌握情况、人际沟通和交流能力。
五、考核形式及考站设置住院医师规范化培训临床实践能力结业考核采取客观结构式临床考核（OSCE）的方式，采用在标准化病人、真实病人或在医学模拟人（模具）上实际操作。
共设置临床结果判读（Medical Data Interpreting）；病人接诊（Patient Interviewing）；医疗文书书写（Medical Documents Writing）；临床思维与决策（Clinical Reasoning andDecision Making）；临床技能操作（Bedside Procedure Skills Performing）等五个考站。
Decision Making in management
20
7.4.1 Types of Programmed Decisions
• Procedure - a series of sequential steps that a manager can use to respond to a structured problem. • Rule - an explicit statement that limits what a manager or employee can or cannot do. • Policy - a general guideline for making a decision about a structured problem. It may contain an ambiguous term for decision maker’s interpretation.
2
Exhibit 7-1: Decision-Making Process
3
7.1.1 The Decision-Making Process
Step 1: Identifying a Problem •Characteristics of Problems
– A problem becomes a problem when a manager becomes aware of it. – There is pressure to solve the problem. – The manager must have the authority, information, or resources needed to solve the problem.
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7.4 Programmed vs. NonProgrammed Decisions
2015年英语四级阅读练习及答案(5)
58．A
定位：根据题干信息teachers in school should可将答案定位到第一段后半部分。
如果问题有正确答案，比如可能是数学或者科学问题，那么把答案给孩子。让他批改自己的试卷。我们老师为何要浪费时间做这样无聊的事情呢?[59]我们的工作应当是在孩子找不到问题的正确答案时给予帮助。让我们结束毫无意义的评级、考试和分数吧。让我们把这些全都抛开，让孩子学到所有受教育者终有一天都要学到的东西，学着如何思忖自己的理解，如何了解已知的和未知的知识。
2015年英语四级阅读练习及答案(5)
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices markedA．,B．, C．and D．. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
[59]让他们用最适合自己的方式独立学习：如果他们需要，可以寻求老师的帮助。在我们现在这样一个复杂而又快速发展的社会，“学校里有许多知识要学，学到之后就能一生受用”的观点就是胡扯。忧心忡忡的家长和老师说：“但是如果孩子学不到必要的东西，学不到将来进入社会必须要有的东西，那该怎么办?”不要担心!如果那些东西很必要，那么以后进入社会他们就会学到的。
45-17-大学英语四级分类模拟题527_真题-无答案
大学英语四级分类模拟题527(总分192.5,考试时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Writing1.Part Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPassage OneWater shortages on planet Earth? It seems impossible. Images of our planet from outer space show vast oceans, lakes as big as small countries, and wide rivers flowing with incredible volume. How can there not be enough water? But the fact is that the world is facing the prospect of water shortages caused by population growth, uneven supplies of water, pollution, and other factors. The United Nations predicts that water shortages could hinder the economic growth of some countries and lead to food shortages and, even possibly, to international conflicts.Is there enough water for everyone in the world? According to the U.N. Commission on Sustainable Development, humans currently use about half of the 12,500 cu km (立方千米) of water that is readily available from groundwater, rivers, and lakes. So by a simple measure ofliters and gallons, there is enough water to quench (结束) the thirst of every creature and plant, every field, and every industry now existing.But water remains a fixed resource. "Given an expected population increase of about 50 percent in the next 50 years, coupled with expected increases in demand as a result of economic growth and lifestyle changes, this does not leave much room for increased consumption," the U.N. commission said. A certain amount of water must be set aside to support the environment. Humans cannot drain the world"s lakes, rivers, and aquifers (蓄水层) without causing catastrophic (灾难性的) environmental damage.The world"s population has been growing enormously. The U.N. estimates that it will be over 9 billion by 2050. The amount of water available to each person decreases as the population grows, raising the possibility of water shortages.Water shortages will **e all at once in every part of the world. Just as the world"s population is unevenly distributed by region, so is the annual supply of renewable water. Rainfall and snowfall are determined by uneven weather patterns and landscape, and as a result, some areas of the world get more precipitation (降水量) than others. This leads to the uneven distribution of water all over the world.1. What"s the purpose to mention the images of our planet from outer space in the first paragraph?A. To demonstrate the great impact of water shortages on Earth.B. To show the serious problem of water shortages on Earth.C. To explain why water shortages on Earth seem impossible.D. To present the beauty of the Earth and our love for it.2. What result will water shortages bring according to the passage?A. It will lead to population growth and uneven supplies of water.B. It will make the present vast oceans become deserts.C. It will have serious consequences for the well-being of humans.D. It will impose an intolerable economic burden on all the residents on Earth.3. What will happen if humans drain the world"s lakes, rivers and aquifers?A. The thirst of existing creature will be quenched.B. The environment will be damaged severely.C. The species diversity will not be totally mined.D. Humans" lifestyles will be changed.4. What can we know from the last paragraph?A. Uneven supplies of water are caused by uneven distributed population.B. Water shortages will break out in every country simultaneously some day.C. Some areas won"t suffer water shortages because they have more lakes and rivers.D. The annual supply of renewable water is determined by weather patterns and landscape.5. What does the author intend to convey in writing this passage?A. Water shortages have had serious effects on society.B. Water remains a fixed resource but the need for it continues increasing.C. The world has to deal with the problems arising from water shortages.D. The world is facing the danger of water shortages.Passage TwoResearchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who studyoptimization(最优化) compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are.Proponents(支持者) of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, thepertinent(相关的) considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together, The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.Since most important problems aremultifaceted(多层面的), there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can **prehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables **plex relationships. A realistic example for my college students is the question "What will I do after graduation?" A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.A decision-making worksheet begins withsuccinct(简洁地) statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long- range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to "What willI do after graduation that will lead to a successful career?"1. Of the following steps, ______ is the one that occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet.A. listing the consequences of each solutionB. calculating a numerical summary of each solutionC. writing down all possible solutionsD. deciding which consequences are most important2. According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that ______.A. has the fewest variables to considerB. uses the most decision worksheetsC. has the most points assigned to itD. is agreed to by the greatest number of people3. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of ______.A. describing a processB. classifying different typesC. providing historical backgroundD. explaining a theory4. The author"s attitude towards a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is ______.A. neuralB. approvingC. ambiguousD. biased5. The passage mainly discusses ______.A. a tool to assist in **plex decisionsB. a comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisionsC. research on how people make decisionsD. differences between making long-range and short-range decisions。
superstition and financial decision making -回复
superstition and financial decision making -回复Title: The Influence of Superstition on Financial Decision MakingIntroduction:Superstition has always fascinated and intrigued humans throughout history. From avoiding black cats to wearing lucky socks, individuals often rely on superstitious beliefs to bring them luck or ward off misfortune. Surprisingly, studies have shown that these irrational beliefs can also influence our financialdecision-making processes. This article aims to explore the relationship between superstition and financial decision-making, analyzing how superstitions can impact investment choices, risk perception, and overall financial behavior.1. The Psychology of Superstition:1.1 Origin and Evolution of Superstitions:Superstitions have deep historical and cultural roots as people sought to explain the unexplainable. As we evolved, some superstitions may have ingrained themselves as part of our belief systems, affecting our decision-making abilities.1.2 Influence on the Brain:Studies have shown that superstitions activate brain regions associated with reward processing, which can result in biased decision-making. Our emotional state, largely influenced by superstitions, has the potential to impair rationality and promote irrational choices.2. Superstition and Investment Decisions:2.1 Herd Mentality:Superstitious beliefs, such as lucky numbers or "hot" stocks, can cause individuals to follow the herd. This herd mentality can lead to irrational investment decisions, eventual market bubbles, and increased volatility.2.2 Risk Perception:Superstitious individuals may perceive investing as a "game of chance" rather than a calculated risk. This perception can lead to excessive risks or avoidance of potentially profitable investments.3. Superstition and Financial Behavior:3.1 Confirmation Bias:Superstitious beliefs often lead to confirmation bias, whereindividuals actively seek information that supports their beliefs while discounting opposing evidence. This bias distortsdecision-making and impedes objective analysis.3.2 Illusion of Control:Superstition can create an illusion of control, leading individuals to believe they have an influence over random events such as market fluctuations. This false perception may result in overconfidence and excessive trading, negatively impacting investment returns.4. Mitigating the Impact of Superstition on Financial Decision Making:4.1 Awareness and Education:Educating individuals about the potential influence of superstition on financial decision-making can help them recognize and challenge irrational beliefs. This step is crucial in promoting rational decision-making and reducing the impact of superstitions.4.2 Emphasizing Objective Analysis:Encouraging the use of quantitative data, research, and sound financial principles can help individuals make more rational decisions. By emphasizing analytical thinking and risk assessment,the influence of superstition can be reduced.4.3 Seeking Professional Guidance:Consulting financial advisors who provide objective advice can limit the impact of superstitions on investment decisions. Professional guidance ensures the application of sound financial strategies and helps individuals stay focused on their long-term goals.Conclusion:While superstitions have cultural and psychological significance, it is vital to recognize their potential impact on financialdecision-making. Understanding the influence of superstition can help individuals navigate the financial landscape more objectively. By promoting awareness, education, and reliance on analysis, we can make more informed investment choices and decrease the impact of superstitious beliefs on our financial well-being.。
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Immigration and Naturalisation Service
Any questions?
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Immigration and Naturalisation Service
End of protection
The residence permit may be withdrawn or an application for extension of the period may be rejected if: • The alien has provided false information; • The alien is a threat to public order or national security; • The ground for granting asylum no longer exists; • The alien has established his main residence outside the Netherlands.
Asylum procedure and decision-making process in the Netherlands
Eugenia Pozo Morillas Directorate for Strategy and Advice
Content
National legislation in the field of asylum Asylum procedure: an overview Decision making: assessment of the asylum application Eligibility: asylum grounds End of protection Figures
Refusal/immediate granting
Extended Asylum procedure
Appeal
Granting or refusal
Appeal
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Immigration and Naturalisation Service
Special asylum procedures
1F: The Convention on Refugees does not apply to war criminals or terrorists, amongst others. Unaccompanied Minor Asylum Seekers (UMAs): no asylum, however residence up to the age of 18 Dublin procedure: another country is responsible for the application for asylum
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Immigration and Naturalisation Service
Decision making: assessment of the asylum applications
Decision making process 1. Imperative rejection grounds: No substantive assessment of the asylum application will take place
2013
Top 3 Asylum Nationalities 2013
Asylum 1st applications 1. Somali 2. Syrian 3. Iraqi
Granted asylum applications 1. Somali 2. Iraqi 3. Afghan
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Immigration and Naturalisation Service
11 Immigration and Naturalisation Service
Figures: Asylum applications
50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0
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Immigration and Naturalisation Service
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Immigration and Naturalisation Service
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CHILDRENS INTERVIEW ROOM
Immigratie- en Immigration and Naturalisatiedienst Naturalisation Service 27 juli 2012
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Immigration and Naturalisation Service
The Asylum procedure: an overview
Application and registration
Rest and preparatory period
General Asylum procedure
2. Exclusion: article 1F Refugee (Geneva) Convention: the Convention does not apply to war criminals or terrorists, amongst others 3. Credibility assessment: including facultative rejection grounds; internal and external credibility 4. Eligibility: grounds for admission
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Immigration and Naturalisation Service
Decision making: assessment of the asylum applications
Pre-decision making (information gathering process): 1. Interviews (initial and substantive) Asylum officers are trained in interviewing: » general training module (compulsory); » specialized training modules: Interviewing Vulnerable Persons (compulsory) and interviewing children (optional)
5. Family members of individuals to whom asylum has been granted (derived status) Joining the individual in the Netherlands within 3 months Under certain conditions
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Immigration and Naturalisation Service
Eligibility – asylum grounds
3. Compelling humanitarian grounds, relating to departure, as a result of which the foreign national cannot be expected to repatriate Departure within 6 months following a traumatic experience Person responsible for trauma: authorities or actual rulers 4. Repatriation would constitute an unreasonable hardship due to the general situation (categorical protection) On the basis of reports issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Proposal to the House of Representatives
Decision making: assessment of the asylum applications
Pre-decision making (information gathering process): 2. Further investigation (optional) e.g. doubt about identity and/or nationality; further investigation to the situation in the country of origin instruments: » country of origin information (special unit) » Language analysis (special unit) » DNA assessment (Netherlands Forensics Institute) » Age assessment (Netherlands Forensics Institute) » Document verification (special unit) » Individual report of the Minister of Foreign Affairs