unit10 中英对照翻译

Viruses and viral diseases
Viruses are the smallest of the pathogens, being approximately 1/500th the size of bacteria. Because of their small size, they are visible only under an electron microscope and were identified in humans only in the 1930s. Not until the1960s were viruses effectively grown outside of the body in tissue cultures.
病毒和病毒性疾病
病毒是最小的病原体，大小只有细菌的1 /500。

由于其体积小，它们只在电子显微镜下可见和在1930年代的被人们鉴定出来。

直到20世纪60年代，人们才得以在人体之外用组织培养的方式使病毒生长。

At the present time over 150 viruses are known to cause diseases in humans. The role of viruses in the development of various cancers and chronic disease is still unclear. In fact, viruses themselves are perhaps the most unusual of the microorganisms that infect humans.
目前有150以上种病毒是已知的能导致人类疾病的。

病毒在各种癌症和慢性疾病的发展中的作用仍不清楚。

事实上，病毒本身也许是最不寻常的能感染人类的微生物。

Essentially, a virus consists of a protein structure that contains the nucleic acids ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). They have no capacity for carrying the normal cell functions of respiration and metabolism. Some scientists even question whether or not
viruses should be considered living organisms. Viruses cannot reproduce on their own; rather, they must exist in a parasitic relationship with the cells they invade.
基本上，一个病毒是由一个蛋白质结构包含核酸的核糖核酸（RNA）或脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）构成。

它们没有携带呼吸和代谢的正常细胞功能的能力。

一些科学家甚至质疑病毒是不是应该归类为生物。

病毒自身不能繁殖；确切来说，它必须与被其入侵的细胞形成寄生的关系而存在。

Once viruses attach themselves to host cells, they inject their own RNA and DNA,causing the host cells to begin reproducing new viruses. Once they take control of the cell, these new viruses overrun it until it fills to capacity and bursts, putting thousands of new viruses into circulation to begin the process all over again. This whole reproduction process may take as little as 20 seconds!
一旦病毒附着到宿主细胞，它们会注入自己的RNA和DNA，造成宿主细胞开始复制新的病毒。

一旦它们控制了细胞，这些新的病毒会大量蔓延，直至整个细胞无法包容而破裂，成千上万的新病毒进入循环，开始新一轮的扩张。

这整个复制过程可能只需花20秒！
Because viruses cannot reproduce outside of living cells, they are particularly difficult to culture in a laboratory, making detection and study of the organism extremely time-consuming. Treatment is also difficult because many viruses withstand heat, formaldehyde, and large doses of
radiation with little effect on their structure. In addition, some viruses may have incubation period (the length of time required to develop fully) measured in years rather than hours or days. Termed slow viral infections, these viruses infect the host and remain in a semidormant state for years, causing a slowly developing illness. AIDS is the most recent deadly example of a slow-acting virus.
因为病毒不能再活体细胞以外繁殖，在实验室中培养特别困难，使得对病毒的发现和研究非常耗时。

（疾病）治疗也很困难，因为许多病毒耐热，耐甲醛，大剂量的辐射对它们的结构影响不大。

此外，有些病毒有潜伏期（完全成熟需要的时间）不是以小时或天来计算，是以年为单位来计算。

（它们）被称为慢性病毒感染，这些病毒感染宿主并且(在宿主中)保持在一个半休眠状态多年，造成一个缓慢发展的疾病。

艾滋病是一种最致命的慢性疾病例子。

Drug treatment for viral infections is limited. Drug that are powerful enough to kill viruses also kill the host cells. However , some drugs are available that block stages in viral reproduction and do not damage the host cells.
病毒感染的（疾病的）治疗是有限的。

药物是强大到足以杀死的病毒（同时）也杀死宿主细胞。

然而，还是有一些药物能阻断病毒的繁殖阶段，而不对宿主细胞造成伤害。

Another form of virus protection exists within our own bodies. When exposed to certain viruses, the body begins to produce a protein
substance known as interferon. Although interferon does not destroy the invading microorganisms themselves, it sets up a protective mechanism to aid healthy cells in their struggle against the invaders. Although interferon offers a promising new area of antiviral activities, it should be noted that not all viruses stimulate interferon production.
另一种形式的病毒防御方式存在于我们自己的身体。

当（身体）暴露给某些病毒，身体开始产生一种蛋白质的物质称为干扰素。

虽然干扰素不消灭入侵的微生物本身，它建立了一个保护机制，帮助健康细胞抗击侵略者的斗争。

虽然干扰素提供了一个很有前景的抗病毒活性研究的新领域，但值得注意的是，并非所有的病毒都能刺激干扰素的产生。

Here , let’s take a look at some of the most common viral infection.
现在，让我们来看一看一些最常见的病毒感染（例子）。

The Common Cold
On an everyday basis, perhaps no ailment is as bothersome as the runny nose, itchy eyes, and generally uncomfortable feeling associated with the common cold. Cold-related symptoms are responsible for more days lost from work and more uncomfortable days spent at work than any other ailment.
普通伤风
就日常的情况来说，也许没有那一种疾患比伴随伤风而来的流涕，眼部发痒和整个身体的不适感更令人苦恼；因伤风相关的症状引
发的病假和工作中的不适比其他疾患都要多。

Cause by any number of viruses (some experts claim there may be over 100 different viruses responsible for the common cold itself), colds are endemic (present to some degree) among people throughout the world. Current research indicates that otherwise healthy people carry cold viruses in their noses and throats a majority of the time. These viruses are held in cleck until a person’s resistance is lowered. Thus, in the true sense of the word, it is possible to “catch” a cold from the air-borne droplets of another person’s sneeze or from skin to skin or mucous membrane contact. In fact, recent studies indicate that the hands may be the greatest avenue of cold and other viral transmission. It should be obvious that covering your mouth with a tissue or handkerchief when sneezing is better than covering it with your bare hand, particularly if you next use your hand to touch food in a restaurant, shake your friend’s hand , or open the door.
引起伤风的病毒为数众多（一些专家称可能会有超过100种不同的病毒可以引起普通伤风），在世界各地，伤风都是困扰人群的地方病（一定程度上持续存在）。

最近的研究表明,健康的人大部分时间携带伤风病毒在他们的鼻子和喉咙中。

这些病毒通常被抑制着，等到宿主的抵抗力下降时才会发作。

因此，在现实的世界中，可能是从另一个人的喷嚏飞沫的空气传播或从皮肤和皮肤或粘膜接触伤风。

事实上，最近的研究表明，手可能是伤风和其他病毒传播的最大的途径。

这应该是显而易见的，包括你在打喷嚏时用纸巾或手帕捂住你的嘴比你用赤裸的手覆盖它更好，特别是如果你等下用你的手在餐厅触摸食物，握你的朋友的手，或开门。

Although numerous theories exist as to how to “cure”the cold, including taking megadoses of vitamin C, there is little hard evidence to support any of them. T he best rule of thumb is to keep your resistance level high. Also, avoiding people with newly developed colds(colds appear to be most contagious during the first 24 hours of onset )appears to be advisable. Once you contract a cold, bed rest, plenty of fluids, and aspirin for relief of pain and discomfort are the most “tried and true”remedies.Depending on the nature of the symptoms, several over-the-counter preparations have proven effective on a short-term basis.
虽然关于如何“治好”伤风有众多说法，其中包括服用大量的维生素C，但哪一种都没有过硬的证据。

最好的方法是保持你高的抵抗力水平。

同时，避开新患上伤风的人（伤风在发病24小时内是最具传染性的似乎是明智的。

如果你患上了伤风，那么就卧床休息，多喝水，服用阿司匹林缓解疼痛和不适，这就是屡试不爽的应对方法。

根据症状的类型，一些非处方药已被证明在短期的基础上是有效的。

Influenza
Among otherwise healthy people, influenza, or “flu”, is usually not serious. Symptoms, including aches and pains, nausea, diarrhea, fever,
and coldlike ailments, generally pass very quickly. However, in combination with other disorders, or among the elderly(people over the age of 65), those with respiratory or heart disease, or the very young (children under the age of 5),the flu can be very serious.
流感
在其他的健康人群中，流行性伤风，或称“流感”，通常是不严重的。

症状：包括疼痛，恶心，腹泻，发烧，和类伤风疾病，通常会好的很快。

然而，结合其他疾病，或在老年人（65岁以上的人）中，那些有呼吸或心脏疾病的，或非常年轻的人（5岁以下的儿童），流感可以很严重。

To date, there are three varieties of flu virus, with many different strains within each variety. The “A”form of the virus is generally the most virulent, followed by “B”and “C”varieties. Although you may contract one form of the disease and develop immunity to it, you will not necessarily be immune to other forms of the disease. There is little that can be done to treat the flu once is has infected someone. Some vaccines have proven effective against certain strains of flu virus, but they are totally ineffective against others. In spite of minor risks, it is recommended that people over the age of 65, pregnant women, people with heart disease, and those with other illnesses be vaccinated.
到目前为止，有三个品种的流感病毒，在每个品种中有许多不同的病毒株。

“A”形式的病毒通常是最致命的，其次是“B”和“C”品
种。

虽然你可能染上某一种伤风并对它产生了免疫，但你也不一定对其他种类的伤风也能免疫。

有一点是可以治疗一旦已经感染流感的人。

一些疫苗已被证明是有效的抗流感病毒的某些菌株，但他们对其他病株是完全无效。

尽管会有一些小风险，对于年龄超过65岁的老年人，孕妇，心脏病患者和其他一些疾病的的患者，仍然建议都打预防针。

Infectious Mononucleosis
An affliction of college-aged students, often jokingly referred to as the “kissing disease’” is mononucleosis. The symptoms of this disorder include sore throat, fever, headache, nausea, chills, and pervasive sense of weakness or tiredness in the initial stages. As the disease progresses, lymph nodes may become increasingly enlarged, and jaundice, spleen enlargement, aching joints, and body rashes may occur.
传染性单核细胞增多症
单核细胞增多症常常被大学生痛苦地戏称为“接吻病”。

这种疾病的症状包括喉咙痛，发烧，头痛，恶心，畏寒，和在初始阶段普遍的虚弱或疲劳感。

随着疾病的发展，淋巴结可能变得日益扩大，可能发生黄疸、脾脏肿大，关节痛，和身体皮疹。

Theories on the cause and treatment of mononucleosis are highly controversial. Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, mononucleosis is readily detected through a blood test that measures the percentage of specific
forms of white blood cells. Because many viruses are transmitted through body fluids, many people once believed that young people passed the disease on by kissing. Although this is a possible cause, mononucleosis is not believed to be highly contagious. It does not appear to be easily contracted through normal everyday personal contact. Multiple cases among family members are rare, as are cases cases between intimate partners.
对单核细胞增多症的病因和治疗的理论都是非常有争议性的。

由EB（Epstein-Barr）病毒引起的单核细胞增多症很容易通过血液中白细胞的百分比的具体形式检测出来。

因为许多病毒通过体液传播，许多人曾经认为，年轻人通过亲吻传染（这种）疾病。

虽然这是一个可能的原因，但是单核细胞增多症被认为不具有高度传染性。

单核白细胞增多症看起来并不会通过日常人与人之间的普通接触而传染上。

在家庭成员中出现多人发病的情况少见，亲密伴侣之间也是如此。

Treatment of mononucleosis is often a lengthy process that involves bed rest, balanced nutrition, and medication to control the symptoms of the disease. Gradually, the body develops a form of immunity to the disease and the person returns to normal active levels. The danger of relapse from returning prematurely to classes, work, and other activities is very real. Also, medical authorities disagree over whether you can “catch “ mononucleosis more than once. Recently, a growing number of health authorities have theorized that in some instances we may never actually
get rid of the disease completely. Although symptoms may disappear , the disease itself may lie dormant until a person’s resistance is down , at which time may reappear.
治疗单核细胞增多症往往是一个漫长的过程，需要卧床休息，均衡的营养，和药物来控制的疾病的症状。

渐渐地，身体也会形成对疾病的免疫和恢复到正常活动水平。

因为过早地回到课堂，重返工作，或开始其他活动而出现复发的危险是实实在在的。

同时，医疗部门对你是否会不止一次“染上”的单核细胞增多症争论不止。

最近，越来越多的卫生部门认为在某些情况下我们可能永远无法真正地完全摆脱疾病。

虽然症状可能消失，但疾病本身却可处于蛰伏状态直到一个人的抵抗力下降，在这段时间可能会再次出现。

Hepatitis
One of the most highly publicized viral diseases is hepatitis. In some regions of the country and among certain segments of the populace, hepatitis had reach epidemic proportions. Massive educational programs aimed at prevention of this disease have been initiated in the hopes of prevention new outbreaks.
肝炎
一个最广为人知的是病毒性疾病是肝炎。

在国内的一些地区，以及在某些人群中，肝炎已经达到了流行病的程度。

旨在预防该疾病的大规模的教育活动已经启动，希望能防止新的疫情爆发。

Hepatitis is generally defined as a virally caused in inflammation of the liver, characterized by symptoms that include fever, headache, nausea, loss of appetite, skin rashes, pain in the upper right abdomen, dark yellow (with a brownish tinge ) urine, and the possibility of jaundice (the “disease your friends diagnose” because of the yellowing of the whites of the eyes and the skin.)
肝炎一般被定义为一个由病毒在肝脏引起的发炎，其症状包括发烧，头痛，恶心，食欲不振，皮疹，在右上腹部疼痛，暗黄色（带褐色）的尿，黄疸病的可能性（由于泛黄的眼睛的眼白和皮肤而确诊。

）At the present time, four distinct forms of hepatitis have been isolated: hepatitis A, known as infectious hepatitis; hepatitis B, formerly referred to as serum hepatitis; non-A, non-B hepatitis; and a newly discovered form of the disease called hepatitis D.
目前，肝炎被分离成四种不同的形式：甲型肝炎，被称为传染性肝炎；乙型肝炎，以前称为血清性肝炎；非甲，非乙型肝炎；和一种新发现的肝炎称为丁型肝炎
Vaccines for hepatitis are available, although they are very expensive and are not widely used. People at high risk for hepatitis B, including people who use injected drugs or who require regular blood transfusions, are most frequently recommended for vaccination. None of the vaccines appears to be effective against hepatitis D.
肝炎疫苗是有效的，尽管它们非常昂贵和不能被广泛使用。

容易
感染乙型肝炎的人，包括那些使用注射药物或需要定期输血的人，最常被推荐接种疫苗。

但它们全都不是有效的抗丁型肝炎疫苗.
Measles
Technically referred to as rubeola, measles is a viral disorder that often affects young children. Symptoms, appearing about 10 years after exposure, include an itchy rash and a high fever. German measles, or rubella, is a milder viral infection that is believed to be transmitted by inhalation, after which it multiplies in the upper respiratory tract and passes into the bloodstream. It causes a rash, especially on the upper extremities, but is not a serious health threat and usually runs its course within 3 to 4 days. The major exceptions are among newborns and pregnant women. Rubella can damage the fetus, particularly during the first trimester, creating a condition known as congenital rubella in which the infant may be born blind, deaf, retarded, or with heart defects. Immunization has reduced the incidence of both measles and German measles. Infections in children not immunized against measles can lead to fever-induced problems such as rheumatic heart disease, kidney damage, and neurological disorders.
麻疹
专业上被称为风疹的麻疹是一种病毒性疾病，通常感染年轻的孩子。

10年后病发出现的症状包括皮肤发痒和发高烧。

德国麻疹或风疹是一种比较轻微的病毒感染，据信是通过吸入方式传播，病毒被吸入
后在上呼吸道繁殖，并进入血液。

它会导致皮疹，尤其是上肢，但不是一个严重的健康威胁和通常在3到4天内迅速出完（皮疹）。

主要的例外是新生儿和孕产妇。

风疹可能伤害胎儿，尤其是在妊娠一期会引发所谓的先天性风疹，受此影响导致胎儿可能一出生就失明、耳聋、弱智或有心脏残缺。

免疫系统能减少风疹和德国麻疹的发病率。

孩子不接种抗麻疹疫苗会导致发烧引起的问题，如风湿性心脏病，肾脏损害和神经系统疾病。