新编简明英语语言学教程 第二版 戴炜栋3 Morphology
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e different stress patterns from the noncompounded word sequence, e.g. red ‵coat （红外套） green ‵house （绿色房子） black ‵bird （黑色的鸟） hot ‵dog (热的狗) black ‵smith catch ‵word pig ‵pen
Closed class words----grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns.
Morpheme（词素）--the minimal unit of meaning
Morphological（形态学的） rules
The rules that govern the formation of words: in general, English words are formed through six ways. Derivation/Affixation派生/词缀: to add a prefix or a suffix to a word or a root to change either the part of speech or the meaning, or both of the original word. e.g. play—replay, read----reader
Some points about compounds
When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category, e.g. postbox, landlady（女房东）, icy-cold, blue-black… When the two words fall into different categories, the class of the second or final word will be the grammatical category of the compound, e.g. head-strong（固执）, pickpocket（扒手）…
Word Structures
A root（词根）is that part of the word left when all the affixes (inflectional & derivational) are removed, e.g. “desire” in “desirable”, “care” in “carefully”, “nation” in “internationalism”, “believe” in “unbeliev(e)able”…
Allomorph['ælə,mɔrf] (词素变体)
Some morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as “dog, bark, cat”,etc. In other instances, there may be some variation, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme.
Inflectional morphemes-屈折词素--- the morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on; they never change their syntactic category, never add any lexical meaning, e.g. a) number: tables apples cars b) person, tense: talk/talks/talking/talked c) case: John/John’s
1） Kate found a red coat in her aunt’s closet. 2) Kate found a Redcoat in her aunt’s closet.
The
(英国军人) ‵greenhouse （温室） ‵blackbird(画眉,燕八哥) ‵hotdog （热狗） ‵blacksmith (铁匠) ‵catchword (时髦语) ‵pigpen（猪舍）
‵redcoat
meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts. Compare：
Free morpheme & bound morpheme
Free morpheme（自由词素）----is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc. Bound morpheme(粘着词素)----is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They cannot stand by themselves, such as “-s” in “dogs”, “al” in “national”, “dis-” in “disclose”, “ed” in “recorded”, etc.
Affix
Prefix ---- morphemes that occur only before others, e.g. un-, dis, anti-, ir-, etc. Suffix ---- morphemes that occur only after others, e.g. -ful, -er, -ish, -ness, -able, -tive, tion, etc.
---Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g. 1-morpheme boy, desire 2-morpheme boy+ish, desir(e)+ble 3-morpheme boy+ish+ness, desir(e)+bl(e)+ity 4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness, un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity 5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+ness 6-morpheme anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism （反对国家对教会不予承认论）
Compounding合成: putting two words or roots together to form a new word with a certain syntactic relationship within the newly formed word e.g. blackboard----The board is black. ladylike---sb is like a lady.
e.g. The indefiniteness morpheme a bag an apple Each of the underlined part is called an allomorph of indefinite morpheme. e.g. The plural morpheme map----maps [s] dog----dogs [z] watch----watches [iz] mouse----mice [ai] ox----oxen [n] tooth----teeth sheep----sheep Each of the underlined part is called an allomorph of plural morpheme.
简明语言学教程新编简明语言学教程大学简明物理第二版morphologyex语言学戴炜栋morphology语言学概论应用语言学英语语言学
Chapter 3 Morphology
Definition: Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
* Conversion转化: to change the part of speech of a word without any change in its form. e.g. a new carpet-------to carpet the room * Abbreviation 缩略 Clippings: examination-----exam, influenza----flu Acronyms: Federal Bureau of Investigation --- FBI Blendings: motor hotel----motel, breakfast lunch----brunch * Back-formation 逆成 eg. burglar----burgle, editor----edit * Jingles 重叠 e.g. inf. diner---din-din
Open class word and closed class word
Open class words----content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, e.g. beatnik （奇装异服言行乖僻的人, 垮了的一代）(a member of the Beat Generation), email, internet, “ 做秀，时装 秀…” in Chinese.
N(noun) → V(verb) - Af(affix) e.g. teacher → teach-er
Derivational morpheme & inflectional morpheme
Derivational morphemes-派生词素--- the morphemes which change the category (grammatical class of words), or add some lexical meaning, e.g. modern---modernize, length---lengthen, fool---foolish, order --- reorder, agree--- disagree, etc.
Closed class words----grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns.
Morpheme（词素）--the minimal unit of meaning
Morphological（形态学的） rules
The rules that govern the formation of words: in general, English words are formed through six ways. Derivation/Affixation派生/词缀: to add a prefix or a suffix to a word or a root to change either the part of speech or the meaning, or both of the original word. e.g. play—replay, read----reader
Some points about compounds
When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category, e.g. postbox, landlady（女房东）, icy-cold, blue-black… When the two words fall into different categories, the class of the second or final word will be the grammatical category of the compound, e.g. head-strong（固执）, pickpocket（扒手）…
Word Structures
A root（词根）is that part of the word left when all the affixes (inflectional & derivational) are removed, e.g. “desire” in “desirable”, “care” in “carefully”, “nation” in “internationalism”, “believe” in “unbeliev(e)able”…
Allomorph['ælə,mɔrf] (词素变体)
Some morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as “dog, bark, cat”,etc. In other instances, there may be some variation, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme.
Inflectional morphemes-屈折词素--- the morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on; they never change their syntactic category, never add any lexical meaning, e.g. a) number: tables apples cars b) person, tense: talk/talks/talking/talked c) case: John/John’s
1） Kate found a red coat in her aunt’s closet. 2) Kate found a Redcoat in her aunt’s closet.
The
(英国军人) ‵greenhouse （温室） ‵blackbird(画眉,燕八哥) ‵hotdog （热狗） ‵blacksmith (铁匠) ‵catchword (时髦语) ‵pigpen（猪舍）
‵redcoat
meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts. Compare：
Free morpheme & bound morpheme
Free morpheme（自由词素）----is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc. Bound morpheme(粘着词素)----is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They cannot stand by themselves, such as “-s” in “dogs”, “al” in “national”, “dis-” in “disclose”, “ed” in “recorded”, etc.
Affix
Prefix ---- morphemes that occur only before others, e.g. un-, dis, anti-, ir-, etc. Suffix ---- morphemes that occur only after others, e.g. -ful, -er, -ish, -ness, -able, -tive, tion, etc.
---Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g. 1-morpheme boy, desire 2-morpheme boy+ish, desir(e)+ble 3-morpheme boy+ish+ness, desir(e)+bl(e)+ity 4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness, un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity 5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+ness 6-morpheme anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism （反对国家对教会不予承认论）
Compounding合成: putting two words or roots together to form a new word with a certain syntactic relationship within the newly formed word e.g. blackboard----The board is black. ladylike---sb is like a lady.
e.g. The indefiniteness morpheme a bag an apple Each of the underlined part is called an allomorph of indefinite morpheme. e.g. The plural morpheme map----maps [s] dog----dogs [z] watch----watches [iz] mouse----mice [ai] ox----oxen [n] tooth----teeth sheep----sheep Each of the underlined part is called an allomorph of plural morpheme.
简明语言学教程新编简明语言学教程大学简明物理第二版morphologyex语言学戴炜栋morphology语言学概论应用语言学英语语言学
Chapter 3 Morphology
Definition: Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
* Conversion转化: to change the part of speech of a word without any change in its form. e.g. a new carpet-------to carpet the room * Abbreviation 缩略 Clippings: examination-----exam, influenza----flu Acronyms: Federal Bureau of Investigation --- FBI Blendings: motor hotel----motel, breakfast lunch----brunch * Back-formation 逆成 eg. burglar----burgle, editor----edit * Jingles 重叠 e.g. inf. diner---din-din
Open class word and closed class word
Open class words----content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, e.g. beatnik （奇装异服言行乖僻的人, 垮了的一代）(a member of the Beat Generation), email, internet, “ 做秀，时装 秀…” in Chinese.
N(noun) → V(verb) - Af(affix) e.g. teacher → teach-er
Derivational morpheme & inflectional morpheme
Derivational morphemes-派生词素--- the morphemes which change the category (grammatical class of words), or add some lexical meaning, e.g. modern---modernize, length---lengthen, fool---foolish, order --- reorder, agree--- disagree, etc.