unit 4syntax

Any syntactic string of words ranging from sentences over phrasal structures to certain complex lexemes.
an apple ate an apple Mary ate an apple

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there is no definable “Centre” or “Head” inside the group, usually including the basic sentence, the prepositional phrase, (verb + object) construction, (be + complement) construction.
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1.3 Relation of Co-occurrence
共现关系
Countable Noun： articles plurals *adverb Verb： noun adverb *adjective

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2. Grammatical construction and its constituents
Coordination two or more categories of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and, but and or .

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Coordination of NPs:
[NP
the lady] or [NP the tiger] go to the library] and [VP read a book ] down the stairs] and [PP out the do analysis
Eye drops off shelf Eye drops off shelf drops off off shelf shelf
Eye drops off shelf
Eye drops Eye drops
off shelf off shelf
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The ______ smiles. man boy girl *do
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It also refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a single word of a particular set.

Bracketing is not as common in use, but it is an economic notation in representing the constituent/phrase structure of a grammatical unit.

(((The) (girl)) ((ate) ((the) (apple))))
Word-level
Phrasal
N=noun A=adjective V=verb P=preposition Det=determiner Adv=adverb Conj=conjunction
NP=noun phrase AP=adjective phrase VP=verb phrase PP=preposition phrase S=sentence or clause
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two dogs Head (My brother) can drink (wine). Head Swimming in the lake (is fun). Head modifier (The pepper was) hot beyond endurance. Head modifier
??englishbelongstosvotypeenglishbelongstosvotypethoughthisdoesnotmeanthatthoughthisdoesnotmeanthatsvoistheonlypossiblewordsvoistheonlypossiblewordorderorder3??我吃饭我吃饭我饭吃吃我饭吃饭我我饭吃饭吃我吃饭我饭吃我吃饭我吃饭我??吃我饭??句法学句法学syntaxis??syntaxis??thestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguageformsentencesinalanguagearecombinedto4??orthestudyoftheorthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsbetweenelementsinsentencestructuresinsentencestructuresinterrelationships??syntacticrelationscanbeanalysedintosyntacticrelationscanbeanalysedintothreekinds
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Subordinate clauses

There are three basic types of subordinate clauses: complement clauses adverbial clauses relative clauses
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John believes [that the airplane was invented by an Irishman]. (complement clause) Elizabeth opened her presents [before John finished his dinner]. (adverbial clause) The woman [that I love] is moving to the south. (relative clause)
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2.2 Constituents and Phrase Structure

Constituent is a part of a larger linguistic unit. Several constituents together form a construction:
Girl（Noun） the girl (NP) ate the apple (VP) The girlate the apple (S)

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He kicked the ball. (verb + object) construction (Neither constituent stands for the verbobject sequence.) John seemed angry. (be + complement) construction (After division, the connective construction no longer exists.)

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1. Syntactic relations 句法关系

Syntactic relations can be analysed into three kinds: relations of position 位置关系 relations of substitutability 替代关系 relations of co-occurrence 共现关系

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1.1 Relations of Position 位置关系

The boy kicked the ball NP1 NP2 Subject Object
The boy kicked the ball.
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Positional relations are also called Horizontal Relations or simply Chain Relations. 链状关系
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Ambiguity
A
new model for getting rich online Two Philippine Ships Collide---One Dies Eye drops off shelf Wanted: a man to wash dishes and two young waitresses
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SVO, VSO, SOV, OVS, OSV, and VOS.
English
belongs to SVO type, though this does not mean that SVO is the only possible word order. 我吃饭 我饭吃 饭吃我 吃饭我 吃我饭 吃饭我
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句法学
Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.

The
strong man tallest boy pretty girl
smiles.
yesterday. last week. the day before.

He went there
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The pretty girl smiles. The beautifully girl smiles. The pretty girl bad.
2.3 Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions 向心结构 和 离心结构 very late I got up late this morning. these two old stone bridges The boy smiled
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The boy smiled. Simple sentence (Neither constituent can substitute for the sentence structure as a whole.) He hid behind the door. Prep. phrase (Neither constituent can function as an adverbial.)
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2.4 Coordination and Subordination
Endocentric constructions fall into two main types： Coordination and Subordination


the lady or the tiger
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Coordination
Mary Mary
ate an apple.
Mary ate Mary ate an Mary ate an apple. Mary +ate an apple

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2. Grammatical construction and its constituents 2.1 Grammatical Construction

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Immediate Constituent Analysis (IC Analysis) The girl ate the apple
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Phrase Structure
Tree diagram
NP Det N V
S
VP NP
Det
N
The girl ate the apple
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Bracketing
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The boy kicked the ball. Boy the ball kicked the. The ball kicked the boy.
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The boy kicked the ball Boy the ball kicked the The ball kicked the boy

Coordination of VPs:
[VP

Coordination of PPs:
[PP

Coordination of APs:
[AP
quite expensive] and [AP very beautiful]
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Subordination

Head， modifiers.
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The man smiles. The girl smiles. The humorous smiles.
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1.2 Relation of Substitutability
替代关系

The Relation of Substitutability refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure.
Unit Four From Word to Text syntax
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Basic sentence types: Quirk





SVC SVA SV SVO SVOC SVOA SVOO S—— subject V—— verb O—— object C —— complement A—— adverbial