(完整word版)研究生英语系列教程_多维教程_探索

Unit 1 Travel Language
Text
1 The Academie Francasie has for decades been the watchdog over the French language. A few years ago, French sensitivity to the influx of English words became so great that law for the purification of French was adopted。

The law covers even technical applications。

For example，in theory, it is now compuslory in France to refer to the Boeing 747 as a gros-porteur, leasing as credit-bail，etc。

the list is very long and detailed and applies to all facets of life. Mr. Chirac，the French President, might well expand on this list and come up with some new French terms for words such as “internet” or “byte stream” just to name a couple。

The mind boggles at what the world might face。

2 Unfortunately （or perhaps not)，the English language is not so protected. Quite apart from the unforgivable deviations from the king’s English prevlent in America，where “honour" is commonly written as “honor” and “night” as “nite," many well-tested has also been give new meanings，making communication somewhat difficult. For example, the boot of a car has become to be called a trunk – a word reserved in England for the main part of a tree。

The bonnet is a hood，good old nappies are diapers，and a baby's matinee jacket is a vest。

It’s obvious that the two countries are indeed separated by what once was a common language! From an American point of view, of course, it could be argued that the British speak English with a speech deficiency.
3 Even worse English, however, is in use。

Anyone who travels in foreign countries and observes it on menus and posters，in hotels，and indeed in everyday life can testify that what used to be the king’s lingo has become in these places but a poor relation thereof. Allow me to elaborate.
4 The travel writer Perrot Phillips has taken pains to highlight some of his experiences, which I feel should not be withheld from a wider readership。

He refers to a Dutch bulb catalogue which promised customers “a speedy execution” and to an East Berlin cloakroom sign that requested gue sts to “please hung yourself here.” One hopes that nobody took the advice literally。

5 To these I can add some of my own experiences, encountered in long years of traveling the world. There was, for example，the observation in an Ostend novelty shop that “revolting new ideas" were being marketed，and the boast of some Bombay bakers that “we are No。

1 loafers，best values in whole town.”
6 I realized how far Christinanity had come when I read in Hong Kong the following call by a dentist：The teeth they are extracted here by the latest Methodists.
7 I fear it can not be answered with certainty whether these actually illustrate a progressive use of English or are simply reflections of local usages。

I feel quite strongly，however, that the Haifa Medical Association should have prevented one of its members from claiming on his brass plate that he is a “Specialist in Women and Other Diseases.”
8 Hotels seem to revel in their multilingual signs. One supposes these signs were designed to facilitate the use of modern services in otherwise sterile and barely functional establishments。

Nevertheless，the unsuspecting guests confronted in a Brussels hotel with the following instruction for the use of the life (elevator）might well prefer to walk：“To move the life, push button to wishing floor. If the cabin should enter more persons，each one should push number of wishing floor. Driving is then going alphabetically by natural order。

Button retaining pressed position shows received command for visiting station。

” The less sophisticated notice in Istanbul
（“To call room service，please to open door and call ROOM SERVICE”）at least does not confront the guest with electronics that might not always work。

9 In Turkey，the delight in “straight talk” expresses itself in th e by—now—famous Ankara brochure which advises，“Visit our restaurant where you can eat Middle East foods in an European Ambulance。

” A note on a Swiss menu that “Our wines leave nothing to hope for” was equally inviting.
10 Eastern European courtesies have never left the once grand hotels of the former Austro—Hungarian empire。

A notice in the hotel rooms that “the honoured guests are invited to take advantage of the chamber maids from 12—14 o'clock" might, however, result in some unplanned traffic jams。

A recent Moscow exhibition's announcement drew attention to “a showing of 300 paintings by Russian artists, most of whom were executed in the last ten years” –hardly a welcoming thought to the occasional visitor。

11 A Bangkok laundry's advertisement to the visiting public (“Leaving your clothes here and enjoy yourself”）could also be seen as a invitation to extracurricular activities in that Far Eastern capital of fun。

12 In Rome，a laundry advertised a similar invitation：Ladies, leave your clothes here and spend the afternoon having a good time。

13 It should not surprise the traveller that nightspots advertise their wares in Europe in many and diverse language. The German preoccupation with Majorca led a Munich nightclub to copy a trilingual Palma announcement that dancing was going on in what is indeed a surprising way. The notice read，“Baile! Baile! Baile!” in Spanish, “Tanz! Tanz! Tanz!” in German，and “Balls! Balls！
Balls！” in what was meant to be English. We are spared the upper Bavarian version of the activity。

14 The Black Forest Germans, on the other hand, are known to be rather prudish in their outlook, but is it really necessary to post a sign: “It is strictly forbidden on our Black Forest camping site that people of different sexes, for example men and women，live together in one tent unless they are married with each other for that purpose。

”
15 I am told that for the otherwise unsuspecting tourist, the following sign proved a real crowd puller. Parrot Phillips claims it to be true that in an Austrian hotel room he found the sign：“If service required，give two strokes to the maid and three to the valet。

”
16 There are undoubtedly more and varied versions of the use of English，unprotected as our language is from the interference of emerging and ambitious entrepreneurs. Nevertheless, I prefer seeing English develop as the lingua franca around the world rather than being suffocated for the sake of so-called purity by some ill—advised legislative process。

Exercises
B部分
1 Some people are very sensitive about what others might think of them.
2 Between Christmas and New Year’s day, many stores have a long list of goods on sale。

This is known as New Year’s sale。

3 Statistics reveal that traveling during one’s vocation is becoming prevalent as mon ey and spare time increase.
4 A deficiency in educational resources puts at risk the intellectual development of our children.
5 The applicant’s documents required for immigration were withheld by the local police station because of his criminal record.
6 During the interview, Mary told the interviewer that she would like to do something interesting but Tom said with certainty that he would choose the job which pays well.
7 It is important that the elevators be functional before the Spring Festival。

8 In spite of a good harvest, farmers were confronted with many difficulties in selling their grain，which they alone could not overcome.
9 Foreign language learners should know that the way of expressing courtesy will be quite different from country to country。

10 You will be spared the fine if you tell us who else was involved。

11 One evening, I was running after a robber in the nearby woods。

Suddenly, I was hit by a stroke of a heavy thing from behind and lost my consciousness。

12 A survey shows that ambitious companies will provide the customer with high—quality goods as well as first—class services.
13 Some scientists and doctors claim that purified water, which is popular in the market, may be harmful to children。

14 This book is worth buying for it highlights all the famous American writers and their works.
It is a very demanding job to be a soap—opera writer because the novelty of a soap—opera wears off quickly.
C部分
1. People who are sensitive in character my have difficulty in making friends.
2。

He is loved by his students, for he is not only a learned person but also has a sense of humor. 3。

Many discoveries resulted from the sensitivity of scientists to seemingly common things.
4. The Chinese government has issued a law that nine years of education is compulsory for every child。

5. Many teenagers have no weekends nowadays。

They undertake extra training or remedial classes under the compulsion of their parents。

6. Those who plan to study abroad have to take a compulsory examination of language proficiency。

7. Many new and tall buildings have big posters on their front windows saying “For lease or Sale” but the real estate prospects are still quite bleak。

8。

In order to make some money Mr. Wilson moved his family to the first floor and started to lease the ground floor.
9。

Sometimes, leasing an apartment can be cheap and easy for a person who wants to settle
down in a new place。

10. Because he was driving his car at a speed of over 180 miles an hour, a tiny rock was enough to deviate his car off the road。

11. Long time tension and pressure may cause people to behave deviantly。

12. The investigation shows that the air crash was caused by a deviation from normal airport procedure。

13. The prevalence of complaints about the bad weather all over the world may make people aware how serious air pollution is。

14。

It is very interesting that some styles of clothes that were prevalent in the last century have again become a fashion now。

15。

Nowadays the tradition of three generations of a family living under the same roof is no longer prevalent in many cities of China.
16。

All the children in kindergarten are required to drink at least one glass of milk a day because rickets can result from a diet deficient in vitamin D。

17。

The demerits of the present educational system are revealed by college graduates who are deficient in practical experience。

18。

There is no need to read the whole novel. Sometimes people may benefit a lot from reading just a few extracts.
19. It is reported that some peasants have made a fortune by extracting poison from snakes they
raised。

20。

Examples extracted from our daily life are vivid and easy for people to understand。

21. Two U.S. Army experts were sent from Germany to join the air force officers in the search for answers to the mystery that confronted them.
22。

More than twenty years’ confrontations between the two countries have solved by diplomatic negotiations.
23。

Although he was confronted with many difficulties in setting up a new company, he did not give up。

24. The proverb “Spare the rod and spoil the child" means that discipline is necessary for children; otherwise they may grow up to be spoiled。

25。

You need to bring a spare tire with you just in case your car breaks down in the middle of somewhere.
26。

Could you spare me a few minutes？I have something important to talk with you.
27。

I couldn’t believe he had a stroke last month because he can walk like a normal person now。

28。

People feel sorry for some young women who think that a happy life means to spend their time at home watching TV and stroking their pets.
29。

It is really amazing that he could write complicated Chinese characters with one stroke.
改错
1 If our friends cannot take us, we must make alternative arrangements to get to the airport.
2 No one in this department has ever accused the governor of taking advantage of his position；he is hard-working and considerate。

3 The pet dog died when it was fifteen，not of old age, but of a head injury when it fell down a flight of stairs。

4 Casualties are said to be very high and in some villages, where older and less substantial buildings predominate，it is said that not a house remains standing.
5 It was an accepted custom in western countries for men to open the door for women and always to let ladies go first on social occasions。

6 Early industrial people used three times as much energy as their agricultural ancestors；modern people are using three times as much as their industrial ancestors.
7 Geothermal sources，though in a sense free, in order to be maintained, would end up using more energy than they produced.
8 Ever since the invention of the two-day weekend，where—to-go—for—the-holiday has been a live topic for people in this city.
9 When we speak of leisure nowadays, we are not thinking of securing time or opportunity to do something；time weighs less heavily on your hands，and the problem is how to fill it.
10 There is absolutely no reason for saying that there are no regularities in Nature with which our
statements of natural law correspond.
完形填空
Whatever else people do when they come together –whether they play，fight，or make automobiles – they talk。

We lie in a world of language. We talk to our friends，our associates, our wives and husbands，our bosses，our teachers, our parents and in—laws. We talk to bus drivers and total strangers. We talk face to face and over the telephone，and everyone responds with more talk. Television and radio further swell this torrent of words。

Hardly a moment of our waking lives is free from words, and even in our dreams we talk and are talked to. We also talk when there is no one to answer. Some of us talk aloud in our sleep. We talk to our pets and sometimes to ourselves。

We are the only animals that do so.
The possession of language, more than any other attribute, distinguishes humans from other animals。

To understand our humanity we must understand the language that makes us human。

According to the philosophy expressed in the myths and religions of many peoples, it is language that is the source of human life and power。

To some people of Africa，a newborn child is a kuntu, a “thing"，not yet a muntu, a “person." Only by the act of learning does the child become a human being. According to this tradition, we all become “human" because we all come to know at least one language.
翻译
在过去,当探险者或商人们走出家园到外面的世界去寻找新的领地、市场或原材料资源时，他们通常与跟他们打交道的当地人说的不是同一种语言.遇到这种情况时,他们一般采取以下三种方法之一来对付,吕口：(1）外
来人学习说当地主人的语言（或反之)，（2)他们使用当地作为贸易用的第三种语言，或（3）产生一种新的语言——这种语言是由使用者的不同母语的一些成分合成的.在说不同语言的人群中用来作为他们共同的交际工具的语言叫混合语（交际语）。

这个名称是由在地中海地区使用的中世纪时的贸易语言派生而来的.这种贸易语言主要基于日耳曼语（意大利语、法语和西班牙语),但也包括了一些希腊语、阿拉伯语和土耳其语的成分。

在当今世界,将英语称为最主要的交际语是合适的，因为英语是大部分说不同语言的人的交际工具。

1 One theory refers to the sensitivity to the target language as being one of the most important factors in language learning.
2 In order to help students in their study of English，the library has decided to lease the original editions of English films。

3 On weekends，if one shop puts up discount notices, other shop, big or small, will come up with more discount notices.
4 When ungrammatical expressions of a language become prevalent in society, they will gradually become accepted by the public.
5 The closing of the company was not caused by a shortage of capital but by management deficiency.
6 Advertisements usually highlight the product or service they advertise to attract customers。

7 It is argued that we should withhold the speed of language change；otherwise we may have to learn a new language every twenty years.
8 I am grateful to him because every time I encountered difficulties in my study he would help me。

9 It will take great pains to improve/change the financial situation of the factory.
10 Those who advocate the purification of a language protect the language for the sake of their culture.
Unit 2 Lies and Truth
Text
1 What is truth? – and the opposite question that goes with it：what makes a lie? Philosophers, teachers, and religious leaders from all cultures and periods of history have offered many answers to these questions. Among Euro-North—American writers，there is general agreement on two points。

The first is t hat what we call a “lie” must be told intentionally – that is, if someone tells an untruth but they believe it to be true，we don’t consider them a liar. The second point is that practically everyone lies, and lies frequently。

But there the agreement ends.
2 One rather extreme point of view is that lying is always bad and that we should try to find ways avoid doing it。

The reason is that lying hurts not only the listener, but also the liar. Each lie makes the next one easier to tell, and the liar comes not only to disrespect herself，but to mistrust others，whom she believes will lie as easily as she。

In a society，where lying is common，trust becomes impossible, and without trust，cooperation can not exist。

Furthermore，by lying to people, we remove their power to make important choices about how to spend money, what future career to take, what medical treatment to take。

3 Toward the opposite extreme is the position that although some lies are evil, many others are not – in fact，they are necessary to hold our society together. We lie in harmless ways to protect
other's feelings and to better our relationship. These are not lies that try to hurt others。

We laugh at the boss’s joke which we have heard before and which she doesn’t tell very well; we pretend interest in a friend’s story of something uninteresting that happened to him. If someone asks us a question that is very personal and is none of their business，we may lie in response。

Sometimes we lie to protect the reputation or even the life of another person。

On a larger scale，government may protect national security by lying。

4 Each person seems to have some point at which they draw the line between an acceptable lie and a bad lie。

Obviously, this point varies from individual to individual and from culture to culture.
A sometimes painful part of growing up is realizing that not everyone shares your own individual definition of honesty。

Your parents and your culture may teach you that liars suffer，but as you go through life, you find that often they don't：in fact，dishonest people often seem to prosper more than honest ones. What are you to do with this realization? It may make your moral beliefs look weak and silly in comparison, and you may begin to question them. It takes a great deal of strength and courage to continue living an honest life in the face of such reality.
5 There are many ways to categorize lies, but here is a fairly simple one：
6 Little white lies: This is our name for lies that we consider harmless and socially acceptable. They are usually told to protect the liar or the feelings of the listener。

Most of them would be considered social lies，and they include apologies and excuses：“I tried to call you，but your line was busy.” “You're kidding! You don't look like you’ve gained a pound.” Some people, however，would consider it acceptable to lie to save themselves from responsibility in a business transaction: “After I got home，I noticed that it was broken, so I’m returning it and would like my money back."
7 Occasionally a “li ttle white lie" may have a very profound effect on the lives of the listeners，and may even backfire. Author Stephanie Ercsson tells of the well—meaning U.S。

Army sergeant who told a lie about one of his men who had been killed in action. The sergeant reported the man as “missing in action,” not killed, so that the military would continue sending money to the dead man’s family every month. What he didn’t consider was that because of his lie, the family continued to live in that narrow space between hope and loss，always watching for the mail or jumping when the telephone or the doorbell rang。

They never were able to go through the normal process of sorrowing for，and then accepting，the death of their father and husband。

The wife never remarried。

Which was worse, the lie or the truth？Did the sergeant have the right to do what he did to them?
8 What we really mean when we call an untruth a “little white lie” is that we think it was justifiable。

Into this category fall many of the lies told within the walls of government. A person may lie to government，or a government official may lie to the public, and believe that by doing so, he becomes a hero。

Clearly, however，one person’s “little white lie” is another person's “dirty lie.” That brings us to the second category：
9 Dirty lies: There are lies told with intent to harm the listener or a third party and to benefit the liar。

Into this category fall the lies of some dishonest salespersons，mechanics，repairmen; husbands or wives who are having an affair with someone else；teenagers who lie to get out of the house in order to do things that their parents would die if they knew about it; drug addicts who beg family members for money to support their habit. Dirty lies my be told to improve one person’s reputation by destroying another’s，to hurt a colleague's chances of promotion so that the liar will be advanced。

10 Lies of omission：Some people believe that lying covers not only what you say，but also what you choose not to say。

If you’re trying to sell a car that burns a lot of oil，but the buyer don’t ask about that particular feature，is it a lie not to tell them? In the United States，a favorite place to withhold the truth is on people’s income tax returns. The government considers this an unquestionable lie, and if caught, these people are severely punished。

If omission can be lying，history books are great liars. Until recently，most U。

S。

history textbooks painted Christopher Columbus purely as a hero，the man who “discovered America，” and had nothing to s ay about his darker side. Moreover，most Native American and African—American contributors to science，technology，invention，literature, art，discovery，and other areas of civilization used to be omitted form children’s schoolbooks。

Many people considered this a lie, and today’s history books usually mention at least some of it, though not as much as some people might like.
11 False promises：This category is made up of promises that the promiser knows are false, that he has no intention of keeping even as the world leave his lips。

While some are fairly harmless and social, others are taken more seriously and can hurt the listener: “I’ll never do it again, I promise.” Advertisers and politicians suffer from terrible stereotypes because of the false promises of some of their number：“Lose 50 pounds in two weeks。

” “Read my lips: No new taxes。

” Probably everyone would agree that if we make a promise but have no intention of keeping it，we lie. But what if we really do plan to keep it, and then something happens to prevent it？Consider the journalist who promises not to indentify his resources, but then is pressured by his newspaper or by the law。

How far should he go to keep his word？If he breaks his promise, is he dishonest？
12 Lies to oneself: This is perhaps the saddest and most pathetic kind of lying. These are the lies
that prevent us from making needed changes in ourselves：“I know I drank/spent/ate too much yesterday，but I can control it any time I really want to。

” But there is a fine line between nor mal dreams and ambitions on the one hand，and deceiving ourselves on the other，and we have to be careful where we draw it. It’s common for young people to dream of rising to the top of their company, of winning a Nobel Prize, of becoming famous or rich; but is that self-deception，or simply human nature？Were they lying to themselves? More likely，they really believed that such a future was open to them, because they had seen it happen to others。

We shouldn’t be too hard on ourselves, but if we have turned a blind eye to our faults, we should take an honest look in the mirror.
13 There is no question that the terms “lying” and “honesty” have definitions that vary across culture boundaries. Members of one culture may stereotype members of another as “great liars，” “untrustworthy,” or “afraid to face the truth.” But what may lie behind these differences is that one culture values factual information even if it hurts, while another places more value on sensitivity to other people's feelings. While the members of each culture believe that of course their values are the right ones，they are unlikely to convince members of other cultures to change over。

And that’s “the truth。

”
Exercises
B部分
1 Many people in China now cannot forget what had happened in the 10—year turmoil and no one can bear going through that again。

2 If you want to quit your job, you have to move out of the apartment, which goes with the job。

3 The documents came in response to various suggestions put forward by the public。

4 I was born and grew up in a world of silence，a world of hard work and necessary patience。

5 He met with some trouble when he was reported to have had an affair with/be having an affair with his secretary。

6 We should not turn a blind eye to the fact that her marriage would not break up if love and loyalty count for anything。

7 Some people believe that some lies are necessary to hold our people together and better our relationship。

8 He has been watching for every mail as he cherishes a hope that one day his missing brother will contact him.
9 European TV was a fairly dull affair in comparison to American TV，but occasionally it was enlivened now and then by American imports。

10 I still feel it is rather difficult for us to draw a line between white lies and dirty lies。

改错
1 The first English immigrations to what is now the United States crossed the Atlantic long after Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico，the West Indies and South America.
2 We’d rather have long waits than have no shifting of the scenes, with all the actors on the stage doing nothing。

3 The teacher said that if we believed something was true and good we should hold on to it.
4 The text and dialogues below focus on cultural differences between Chinese and Western societies which can create misunderstanding if ignored。

5 When sailors are not supposed to be at work on the ship，they go ashore and look around town。

6 Abraham Lincoln once spoke of democracy by saying that he would not be a slave and nor would he be a master。

7 I didn’t mind their co ming late to the lecture, but objected to their making so much noise.
8 It’s true that the old road is less direct and a bit longer；we won't take the new one, though, because we don't feel as safe on it。

9 Don’t make the examiner spend too much time try ing to get you to say something。

10 On seeing the young girl falling into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet and went to her rescure。

完形填空
During the past ten years a great deal of attention has been given to “telling it like it is.” My impression is tha t this devotion to speaking one’s mind has more often led to hurt feelings and ruined relationships than to great joy。

I think we generally agree that never expressing real feelings and withholding all less—than-lovely thoughts about each other always leads to constructive communication。

It’s a great relief to
allow ourselves to admit our human weakness and pursue more honest relationships with others。

But we need a balance between telling it all and telling nothing.
Recently I received a letter from a mother who had been persuaded by her son to attend a weekend meeting with him. Under pressure from the group，her defenses cracked and she heard herself telling her son for the first time that he had been an accident –that she hadn't been planning to have a child。

He in turn told her that he couldn't recall a single day in his childhood that he'd been happy. “At that time"，this woman wrote，“it seemed helpful。

We cried and we made up；I thought telling the truth had been good for us。

But the trouble is，it wa sn’t the whole truth. By the time Tommy was born I did want him, and at times he was happy。

Ever since that day，we’ve both been troubled by some terrible feelings we exchanged。

” I must admit I’ve come to the conclusion that some things are better left unc overed。

Honesty is a fine policy, but we need a new sense of balance. Disclosing is not a solution to every problem nor even an end in itself。

It’s useful under some circumstances and terribly hurtful under others。

It's a good idea, I think，to bite your t ongue for ten or fifteen minutes before saying what’s on your mind。

Try to decide whether it’s going to open up new and better ways of communication or leave wounds that may never heal。

翻译
Pathological liars are persons who lie constantly and for no apparent reason. They will lie about anything. They seem to be unable to control the impulse to lie。

Studies of such people find that many of them were badly treated as children, many of them came from families in which one member was an alcoholic or was mentally ill, and many grew up in families in which the truth was simply never valued or practiced. They seem to have an usually strong need to be liked and。