温室效应的论文有关温室效应的论文

温室效应的论文有关温室效应的论文浅谈温室效应与碳排放税
摘要:世界各国都对温室气体排放问题十分关注,因为它不仅关乎本国的利益,
而且会影响到我们赖以生存的地球。

1997年149个国家和地区的代表通过了旨在
限制发达国家温室气体排放量以抑制全球变暖的《京都议定书》。

规定到2010年,所有发达国家二氧化碳等6种温室气体的排放量,要比1990年减少5.2%。

对于中
国来说,应该积极利用发展绿色经济这一机遇,改变经济结构。

发达国家对天气候变暖的历史责任巨大,应该由他们对发展中国家进行支持资金和技术转移来实现他们的历史义务和现实义务,而不是让发展中国家承担更多的减排成本,增加发展中国家的负担。

对于发展中国家而言,征碳税应该是较好的应对方式,但不是解决问题的最佳办法。

关键词:温室效应;京都议定书;碳排放税
不久前在岛国马尔代夫总召开了全球首个“海底内阁会议”,看上去很有创意,但活动的最终目的是向全世界发出减少温室气体排放的请求。

因为,一旦气候变暖,气温只需再上升2摄氏度,马尔代夫就将在地球上消失了。

金融危机的阴霾还没有散去,一场更大的危机其实离我们更近,那就是大气温室效应。

一、关于大气温室效应和《京都议定书》
customer qualification preliminary examination of the material of
the borrower for the loan person, determine whether you meet the loan conditions (standard specification for details of the conditions the
fifth chapter "5.1 loans and borrower conditions"). 3. agree loan person decides to accept, according to interviews ... First, the jurisdiction of the head office, branches and risk management, operational management
should be strengthened on the Bank personal loan monitoring, inspection, management and guidance. Second, related personnel irregularities, according to qilu bank credits operational responsibility and accountability for implementation and the qilu bank employee violations of regulations dealing with regulations and other relevant rules of punishment and accountability. 9. According to file, and related system file 9.1 according to file a, and loan General II, and personal loan management provisional approach 9.2 related system file qilu Bank personal loan management approach 10. records table single records table single 1: personal loan customer talk record records table single 2: personal borrowing applications records table single 3: personal loan income proved records table single 4: personal loan survey declared table records table single 5: authorized Attorney (sample) records table single 6: Personal most high borrowing support with application approval table records table single 7: personal single pen cycle borrowing application approval table records table single 8: drawing applications records table single 9: qilu Bank personal most high borrowing support with single records table single 10: arrived (quality) bet real right proved storage listing records table single 11: stop paid notice records table single
温室效应主要是由于现代化工业社会过多燃烧煤炭、石油和天然气,这些燃料
燃烧后放出大量的二氧化碳气体进入大气造成的。

近50多年来,大气中产生温室效应的气体已经发现近30种,其中二氧化碳起重要的作用。

人为的温室气体排放趋势,主要取决于人口增长、经济增长、技术进步、能效提高、各种能源相对价格等诸多
因素的变化。

国际著名能源机构——国际能源局认为在经济增长平缓,对化石燃料使用没有采取强有力的限制措施的情况下,到2010年化石燃料仍将占世界商品能源的3/4左右,其消费量可能超过目前水平的35%,同能源使用相关的二氧化碳排放量可能增长30%-40%。

到21世纪中叶,发达国家仍将是大气中累积排放的二氧化碳的主要责任者,也是温室效应的主要责任者。

世界各国都对温室气体排放问题十分关注,因为它不仅关乎本国的利益,而且会影响到我们赖以生存的整个地球。

为了人类免受气候变暖的威胁,1997年12月,《联合国气候变化框架公约》第3次缔约方大会在日本京都召开。

149个国家和地区的代表通过了旨在限制发达国家温室气体排放量以抑制全球变暖的《京都议定书》。

《京都议定书》规定,到2010年,所有发达国家二氧化碳等6种温室气体的排放量,要比1990年减少5.2%。

《京都议定书》建立了旨在减排温室气体的三个灵活合作机制——国际排放贸易机制、联合履行机制和清洁发展机制。

以清洁发展机制为例,它允许工业化国家的投资者从其在发展中国家实施的并有customer qualification preliminary examination of the material of the borrower for the loan person, determine whether you meet the loan conditions (standard specification for details of the conditions the fifth chapter "5.1 loans and borrower conditions"). 3. agree loan person decides to accept, according to interviews ... First, the jurisdiction of the head office, branches and risk management, operational management should be strengthened on the Bank personal loan monitoring, inspection, management and guidance. Second, related personnel irregularities, according to qilu bank credits operational responsibility and accountability for implementation and the qilu bank employee violations of regulations dealing with regulations
and other relevant rules of punishment and accountability. 9. According to file, and related system file 9.1 according to file a, and loan General II, and personal loan management provisional approach 9.2
related system file qilu Bank personal loan management approach 10. records table single records table single 1: personal loan customer talk record records table single 2: personal borrowing applications records table single 3: personal loan income proved records table single 4: personal loan survey declared table records table single 5: authorized Attorney (sample) records table single 6: Personal most high borrowing support with application approval table records table single 7: personal single pen cycle borrowing application approval table records table single 8: drawing applications records table single 9: qilu Bank
personal most high borrowing support with single records table single 10: arrived (quality) bet real right proved storage listing records table single 11: stop paid notice records table single
利于发展中国家可持续发展的减排项目中获取“经证明的减少排放量”。

2005年2月16日,《京都议定书》正式生效。

这是人类历史上首次以法规的形
式限制温室气体排放。

为了促进各国完成温室气体减排目标,议定书允许采取以下
四种减排方式:
第一,两个发达国家之间可以进行排放额度买卖的“排放权交易”,即难以完成
削减任务的国家,可以花钱从超额完成任务的国家买进超出的额度。

第二,以“净排放量”计算温室气体排放量,即从本国实际排放量中扣除森林所吸收的二氧化碳的数量。

第三,可以采用绿色开发机制,促使发达国家和发展中国家共同减排温室气体。

第四,可以采用“集团方式”,即欧盟内部的许多国家可视为一个整体,采取有
的国家削减、有的国家增加的方法,在总体上完成减排任务。

在2007年底的印尼巴厘岛气候大会上,各国同意启动一个为期两年的谈判计划,旨在到2009年底的丹麦哥本哈根大会上达成新的气候协议。

customer qualification preliminary examination of the material of
the borrower for the loan person, determine whether you meet the loan conditions (standard specification for details of the conditions the
fifth chapter "5.1 loans and borrower conditions"). 3. agree loan person decides to accept, according to interviews ... First, the jurisdiction of the head office, branches and risk management, operational management should be strengthened on the Bank personal loan monitoring, inspection, management and guidance. Second, related personnel irregularities, according to qilu bank credits operational responsibility and accountability for implementation and the qilu bank employee violations of regulations dealing with regulations and other relevant rules of punishment and accountability. 9. According to file, and related system file 9.1 according to file a, and loan General II, and personal loan management provisional approach 9.2 related system file qilu Bank personal loan management approach 10. records table single records table single 1: personal loan customer talk record records table single 2: personal borrowing applications records table single 3: personal loan
income proved records table single 4: personal loan survey declared table records table single 5: authorized Attorney (sample) records table single 6: Personal most high borrowing support with application approval table records table single 7: personal single pen cycle borrowing application approval table records table single 8: drawing applications records table single 9: qilu Bank personal most high borrowing support with single records table single 10: arrived (quality) bet real right proved storage listing records table single 11: stop paid notice records table single
2009年12月在丹麦哥本哈根召开联合国气候变化大会,全称《联合国气候变化公框架公约》第十五次缔约方会议。

这次大会上,192个国家的领导人商讨了《京
都议定书》一期承诺到期后的后续方案,即2012-2020年的全球减排协议。

由于发达国家和发展中国家在减排责任、资金支持和监督机制等议题上分歧严重,经过马拉松式的艰难谈判,联合国气候变化大会在达成不具法律约束力的《哥本哈根协议》后闭幕。

二、关于碳排放税和碳关税
作为应对气候变化,减少温室气体排放的重要努力,欧盟2005年正式启动了温
室气体排放权交易机制,目前已覆盖欧盟约45%的排放量,包括发电行业、一些重工业和航空业等。

但是,排放权交易机制是以限排和配额交易为基础,不同于税收手段。

减少碳排放不仅是个科学问题,更是个政治问题。

实际上,一些欧盟成员国已经在本国实施了碳排放税。

例如,瑞典20世纪90年代初就开始征收碳排放税,被视为政府增加收入的一个渠道。

在整个欧盟层面上,欧盟成员国认为征收碳排放税不仅可以督促企业和个人尽
量节约能源,有助于欧盟实现温室气体减排目标,而且所得收入也可以用于帮助发展中国家应对气候变化,作为欧盟出资的一项重要来源。

customer qualification preliminary examination of the material of
the borrower for the loan person, determine whether you meet the loan conditions (standard specification for details of the conditions the
fifth chapter "5.1 loans and borrower conditions"). 3. agree loan person decides to accept, according to interviews ... First, the jurisdiction of the head office, branches and risk management, operational management should be strengthened on the Bank personal loan monitoring, inspection, management and guidance. Second, related personnel irregularities, according to qilu bank credits operational responsibility and accountability for implementation and the qilu bank employee violations of regulations dealing with regulations and other relevant rules of punishment and accountability. 9. According to file, and related system file 9.1 according to file a, and loan General II, and personal loan management provisional approach 9.2 related system file qilu Bank personal loan management approach 10. records table single records table single 1: personal loan customer talk record records table single 2: personal borrowing applications records table single 3: personal loan income proved records table single 4: personal loan survey declared table records table single 5: authorized Attorney (sample) records table single 6: Personal most high borrowing support with application approval table records table single 7: personal single pen cycle borrowing
application approval table records table single 8: drawing applications records table single 9: qilu Bank personal most high borrowing support with single records table single 10: arrived (quality) bet real right proved storage listing records table single 11: stop paid notice records table single
国际能源机构(IEA)认为,碳的价格的上涨是为了解决气候变化问题的高科技方案在经济上具备吸引力。

在工业化国家,排放1吨二氧化碳的许可证价格需要在2020年以前达到50美元,并要在2030年前达到110美元。

在发展中国家,其价格
需要在2020年前达到30美无,并在2030年前达到50美元。

国际能源机构(IEA)认为,碳的价格的上涨是为了解决气候变化问题的高科技方案在经济上具备吸引力。

在工业化国家,排放1吨二氧化碳的许可证价格需要在2020年以前达到50美元,并要在2030年前达到110美元。

在发展中国家,其价格需要在2020年前达到30美无,并在2030年前达到50美元。

从八国集团到二十国集团,从匹兹堡到哥本哈根,金融海啸席卷全球之际,各国
首脑不仅合作探讨如何推动全球经济复苏,还力求谋划应对气候变化的长远大计。

而此间,各方交锋的焦点,无疑落在碳关税问题上。

碳关税,一般指对高耗能进口产品征收二氧化碳排放关税。

这实际上是发达国
家凭借先进的环保技术,设定特殊标准以阻碍他国产品进入本国市场,从而保护本国贸易的一种手段,本质上是“以环境保护之名,行贸易保护之实”。

在2009年6月德国波恩举行的联合国气候变化会议上,一些发达国家代表提议征收“碳关税”,即对没有实施温室气体强制减排的国家实施附加贸易关税。

同年
6月22日,美国众议院通过《限量及交易
customer qualification preliminary examination of the material of
the borrower for the loan person, determine whether you meet the loan conditions (standard specification for details of the conditions the
fifth chapter "5.1 loans and borrower conditions"). 3. agree loan person decides to accept, according to interviews ... First, the jurisdiction of the head office, branches and risk management, operational management should be strengthened on the Bank personal loan monitoring, inspection, management and guidance. Second, related personnel irregularities, according to qilu bank credits operational responsibility and accountability for implementation and the qilu bank employee violations of regulations dealing with regulations and other relevant rules of punishment and accountability. 9. According to file, and related system file 9.1 according to file a, and loan General II, and personal loan management provisional approach 9.2 related system file qilu Bank personal loan management approach 10. records table single records table single 1: personal loan customer talk record records table single 2: personal borrowing applications records table single 3: personal loan income proved records table single 4: personal loan survey declared table records table single 5: authorized Attorney (sample) records table single 6: Personal most high borrowing support with application approval table records table single 7: personal single pen cycle borrowing application approval table records table single 8: drawing applications records table single 9: qilu Bank personal most high borrowing support with single records table single 10: arrived (quality) bet real right
proved storage listing records table single 11: stop paid notice records table single
法案》,仅仅4天后又通过《清洁能源安全法案》,两项法案均授权美国政府可以对包括中国在内的不实施碳减排限额国家的进口产品征收碳关税。

埃及贸工部长拉希德2010年1月31日在达沃斯经济论坛期间的小型WTO部长会议上表示,埃及反对发达国家正在拟定的碳关税政策,将和发展中国家一起共同努力维护发展权利,在“共同但有区别的责任”原则基础上共同应对气候变化,促进人类发展。

拉希德强调,发达国家的碳关税实际上是披着绿色外衣的保护主义,碳关税的实施将严重限制发展中国家的出口,尤其是部分高耗能产品如钢材、水泥、化肥和化工产品的出口。

众所周知,高能耗产品多数由发展中国家生产,并向发达国家出口,其中“中国
制造”所占份额非常大。

一旦碳关税被发达国家所普遍采用,对发展中国家的经济发展十分不利,其中又以对中国的伤害程度为甚。

美国在新的减排法案中规定,对未达到美国碳排放标准的外国产品征收高额惩罚性关税。

customer qualification preliminary examination of the material of
the borrower for the loan person, determine whether you meet the loan conditions (standard specification for details of the conditions the
fifth chapter "5.1 loans and borrower conditions"). 3. agree loan person decides to accept, according to interviews ... First, the jurisdiction of the head office, branches and risk management, operational management should be strengthened on the Bank personal loan monitoring, inspection, management and guidance. Second, related personnel irregularities, according to qilu bank credits operational responsibility and accountability for implementation and the qilu bank employee violations
of regulations dealing with regulations and other relevant rules of punishment and accountability. 9. According to file, and related system file 9.1 according to file a, and loan General II, and personal loan management provisional approach 9.2 related system file qilu Bank personal loan management approach 10. records table single records table single 1: personal loan customer talk record records table single 2: personal borrowing applications records table single 3: personal loan income proved records table single 4: personal loan survey declared table records table single 5: authorized Attorney (sample) records table single 6: Personal most high borrowing support with application approval table records table single 7: personal single pen cycle borrowing application approval table records table single 8: drawing applications records table single 9: qilu Bank personal most high borrowing support with single records table single 10: arrived (quality) bet real right proved storage listing records table single 11: stop paid notice records table single。