Conformity and Obedience服从与遵守
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style of their behavior.
– “Consistent dissent” approach – “The color study” Why? Draws attention aware from majority Unlikely to yield Confidence of minority
– Fact = Majority Rules – Opinion = Minority & Majority influence
• The relative effects of majority and minority viewpoints depend on how conformity is measured.
– Direct, public measures vs. more indirect, private measures of conformity.
• Benefits of minority influence • Why?
Obedience
• Behavior change produced by the commands of authority
• Why?
How ?
• Does minority influence work just like the process of conformity?
• Dual Process Approach
– Because of their power and control, majorities elicit public conformity through normative pressures.
• Asia • Africa • South America
Non-Conformists
• Asch’s study = 63% did not conform!!!
Minority Influence
• Def. Process by which dissenters produce change
• Moscovici: Nonconformists derive power from the style of their behavior.
– “Consistent dissent” approach – “The color study” Why?
Minority Influence
• Def. Process by which dissenters produce change • Moscovici: Nonconformists derive power from the
• Remember:
– Compliance is a behavior change elicited by a direct request
– Conformity is a change of perceptions, opinions, or behaviors in ways that are consistent with group norms
The Continuum of Social Influence
Milgram’s Research: Forces of Destructive Obedience
• Conducted his experiments during the time that Adolph Eichmann was being tried for Nazi war crimes.
• Conceptual IV: Social Pressure • IV: Public v. Private • DV: Percent agreeing w/majority response • Results?
– Men conformed less – Women conformed more
Majority Influence and Culture
• Cultures differ in the extent to which people adhere to social norms.
• What determines whether a culture becomes individualistic or collectivistic?
– The complexity of the society. – The affluence of the society. – The heterogeneity of the society.
Individualistic / Collectivistic
• US • Australia • Great Britain • Canada • Netherlands
– Because seen as seriously committed to their views, minorities produce private conformity, or conversion.
Majority vs. Minority Influence
• Relative impact of each depends on whether the judgment that is being made is objective or subjective.
• Limitation = “Us” not “Them”
Minority Influence
• Hollander: Minorities influence by first accumulating idiosyncrasy credits.
– “First conform, then dissent” strategy.
• Why?
Majority Influence and Gender Differences
• Sex differences appear to depend on:
– How comfortable people are with the experimental task.
– Type of social pressure people face.
• Results?
– Men conformed more to feminine qs – Women conformed more to masculine qs – No difference on neutral items
Majority Influence and Gender Differences
• Symbols of authority
• His unorthodox methods have been the subject of much ethical debate.
Obedience
• Video “Obedience”, 1969 • Milgram’s Experiment
Conformity and Obedience
Dr. Sanchez
Majority Influence and Gender Differences
• IV: Masculine, Feminine, or Stereotype Neutral Q’s
• DV: Percent agreeing w/majority response
– “Consistent dissent” approach – “The color study” Why? Draws attention aware from majority Unlikely to yield Confidence of minority
– Fact = Majority Rules – Opinion = Minority & Majority influence
• The relative effects of majority and minority viewpoints depend on how conformity is measured.
– Direct, public measures vs. more indirect, private measures of conformity.
• Benefits of minority influence • Why?
Obedience
• Behavior change produced by the commands of authority
• Why?
How ?
• Does minority influence work just like the process of conformity?
• Dual Process Approach
– Because of their power and control, majorities elicit public conformity through normative pressures.
• Asia • Africa • South America
Non-Conformists
• Asch’s study = 63% did not conform!!!
Minority Influence
• Def. Process by which dissenters produce change
• Moscovici: Nonconformists derive power from the style of their behavior.
– “Consistent dissent” approach – “The color study” Why?
Minority Influence
• Def. Process by which dissenters produce change • Moscovici: Nonconformists derive power from the
• Remember:
– Compliance is a behavior change elicited by a direct request
– Conformity is a change of perceptions, opinions, or behaviors in ways that are consistent with group norms
The Continuum of Social Influence
Milgram’s Research: Forces of Destructive Obedience
• Conducted his experiments during the time that Adolph Eichmann was being tried for Nazi war crimes.
• Conceptual IV: Social Pressure • IV: Public v. Private • DV: Percent agreeing w/majority response • Results?
– Men conformed less – Women conformed more
Majority Influence and Culture
• Cultures differ in the extent to which people adhere to social norms.
• What determines whether a culture becomes individualistic or collectivistic?
– The complexity of the society. – The affluence of the society. – The heterogeneity of the society.
Individualistic / Collectivistic
• US • Australia • Great Britain • Canada • Netherlands
– Because seen as seriously committed to their views, minorities produce private conformity, or conversion.
Majority vs. Minority Influence
• Relative impact of each depends on whether the judgment that is being made is objective or subjective.
• Limitation = “Us” not “Them”
Minority Influence
• Hollander: Minorities influence by first accumulating idiosyncrasy credits.
– “First conform, then dissent” strategy.
• Why?
Majority Influence and Gender Differences
• Sex differences appear to depend on:
– How comfortable people are with the experimental task.
– Type of social pressure people face.
• Results?
– Men conformed more to feminine qs – Women conformed more to masculine qs – No difference on neutral items
Majority Influence and Gender Differences
• Symbols of authority
• His unorthodox methods have been the subject of much ethical debate.
Obedience
• Video “Obedience”, 1969 • Milgram’s Experiment
Conformity and Obedience
Dr. Sanchez
Majority Influence and Gender Differences
• IV: Masculine, Feminine, or Stereotype Neutral Q’s
• DV: Percent agreeing w/majority response