国贸Chapter 9

Sea Trans.
Land Bridge Trans. Int’l Multimodal Trans.
ICT
Rail Trans. Land Trans. Air Trans. Road Trans. Pipe Trans. Postal Trans.
1. Ocean/Sea/Marine Transport
6.1. Modes of Transport
(International Cargo Transportation)
Inland Trans. Water Trans. Costal Trans. Inshore Trans. Ocean-going Trans. River-sea Combined Trans. Container Trans.
Chapter 9
International cargo transport
• What are the major types of transportation? • Can you describe the advantages and disadvantages of the modes of transportation you have mentioned? • What should we consider when choosing a certain mode of transportation?
Ocean Freight
Freight is a special unit used in calculating charges that must be paid for shipping the cargo. Freight is collected in different ways. Shippers should be familiar with them in order to estimate and reduce, if possible, the cost of transport. Ocean freight may be broadly divided into liner freight and charter freight.
1) Liner terms/gross terms(班轮条件): the freight includes loading and unloading charges. The ship owner shall be responsible for loading and unloading. 2) Free in( 船 方 管 卸 不 管 装 ): the ship owner bears the unloading ) charges, not loading charges. 3) Free out(船方管装不管卸): the ship owner bears the loading charges, not the unloading charges. 4) Free In and Out(船方装卸均不管): the ship owner bears no unloading and loading charges. 5) Free In and Out and Stowed and Trimmed（船方不管装卸、理舱和平 舱）: the ship owner is neither responsible for loading and unloading nor for stowed and trimmed charges.
Disadvantages: The low passage of ocean transport. Vulnerable to bad weather and less punctual compared with road or air transport.
Types of Shipping Services
Charter freight
The freight rate for charter is usually charged by quantities of the goods carried and fluctuates with market conditions of supply and demand.
Operational Procedure of Ocean Transport for Export
备货报验 货证齐全 保 险 托运订舱 货物集中港区 报关单据 装船通知 报关放行 装 船
审核装运条款
签发装货单
签发收货单
换取已装船提单
制单结汇
WorldWorld-famous Shipping Companies
How to calculate . 6. Select relevant freight list/freight tariff Determine the freight basis and class of the goods Find the basic freight in the freight grades list according to the sailing route, port of shipment and destination Find the types of receivable surcharges Add surcharges to basic rate to get actual freight freight = actual freight x freight ton
The charter of a ship for a definite period of time.
The ship owner is responsible for providing seaworthy ship and the related charges. The renter has the right to dispatch the ship, but bear all expenditures in transit, such as charges for fuels, port and loading & unloading.
Charter Transport
Voyage Charter Time Charter Bareboat Charter
The charter or hiring of a vessel and crew for a single voyage
single trip charter . 单航次租船 return trip charter 来回程航次租船 consecutive voyages 连续航次程租
Liner Freight
Basic freight rates
1）Weight重量法 for items marked with “W” in the tariff, the freight ） 重量法: 重量法 thereon are to be calculated per metric ton on weight (weight ton). 2) Measurement体积法 for items marked with “M”, the freight is to be 体积法: 体积法 calculated per cubic meter on measurement of the cargo (measurement ton). 3) Ad Val.从价法 for items marked with “AD Val.”, the freight is to be 从价法: 从价法 calculated on the basis of the price or value of the cargo concerned. For some valuable goods like gold, silver, expensive fur, usually 1-5% of the price. 4) Weight or Measurement， W/M or Ad val ，W/M plus ad val（选择法） ， （选择法） 5）Per Head、Per Unit（按件法） ） 、 （按件法） 6）Open Rate 议定法 ）
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 澳大利亚国家航运公司 美国总统轮船（中国）有限公司 波罗的海航运公司 中国远洋集装箱运输有限公司 长荣香港有限公司上海办事处 香港航运有限公司 现代商船株式会社上海代表处 川崎汽船（中国）有限公司 上海天海货运有限公司 东航船务有限公司 日本邮船有限公司 东方海外货柜航运有限公司 上海国际轮渡有限公司 中海发展股份有限公司 中外运（集团）总公司 澳国航运 ANL 美国总统 APL 波罗的海 BOL 中远集运 COSCON 香港长荣 EMC 香港海运 HKMSH 现代商船 HMM 川崎汽船 KLINE 天海货运 TMSC 东航船务 TOHO 日本邮船 NYK 东方海外 OOCL 国际轮渡 SFCO 中海发展 CSD 中外运 SINOTRANS
(1) Features of ocean transport (2) Operational modes of ocean transport (3) Freight Rates
Features of Ocean Transport
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Advantages: The easy passage since about 70% of the earth is covered by water. Large capacity. The unit distribution cost reduced. Good adaptability to cargoes of different size, weight, shape, etc.
1) Liner Transport（班轮运输） （班轮运输）
A passenger or cargo vessel that operates over a regular route according to an advertised time-table. Features
fixed route, ports, schedule and relatively fixed freight loading and unloading charges included in freight simple procedures and ideal for cargo of small quantity
2) Charter Transport 租船运输 （Tramp Shipping)不定期船运输 不定期船运输
The practice of paying money to a shipping company to use their boats. Much cheaper than that of the liner. Shippers may choose direct route. Widely used in transporting bulk cargoes.
Surcharges
bunker surcharge/bunker adjustment factor (B.A.F.燃料附加费 ) devaluation surcharge/currency adjustment factor (C.A.F.货币 贬值附加费) transshipment surcharge direct additional heavy lift additional port additional/port surcharge port congestion surcharge deviation surcharge(绕航附加费)
A ship without crew and ship’s master
The charterer is responsible for crewing, provisioning and fuelling, maintaining and even paying different taxes or duties within a period of time, usually a number of years