german word beginning
英语的发展史（中英文版）
英语的发展史（中英文版）一种民族语言，包括词汇，的发展与民族的历史密切可关。
要了解英语语汇的发展史,不可避免地跟整个英语的发展史,乃至英国的历史密不可分。
不列颠群岛的最早居民是凯尔特人,又称不列颠人。
公元前55年,罗马人在凯萨大帝的率领下侵入不列颠群岛,凯尔特人被罗马人赶入威尔士和苏格兰的深山之中。
直到公元410年,罗马占领时期才告结束。
随后,来自德国北部平原的三个日耳曼部落盎格鲁人,撒克森人和朱特人开始来到不列颠定居。
英语就是盎格鲁—撒克森人的语言。
语言史学家一般把英语的历史分为三个时期:1、古英语时期,2、中古英语时期,3、现代英语时期。
1、古英语时期，又称盎格鲁-萨克森时期公元450—1100年，日尔曼部落在不列颠定居后,名自占领一些地区。
盎格鲁人占领了泰晤士河以北的英格兰的大部分地区和苏格兰的低地,朱特人占领了肯特郡一带地区,撒克森人占领了泰晤士河以南的大部分地区。
各个部落建立了一些小王国,出现了英国历史上的七国时代。
直到公元830年,阿尔弗雷德大王才统一了整个英格兰地区。
由于全国长期没有统一,所以古英语时期存在着多种方言,主要方言有四种:西萨克森语,肯特语,莫西亚语和北恩布里亚语。
这四种方言都曾一度占主导地位。
西撒克森语保存下来的手搞最多。
其它方言在形成英语的过程中也起过很重要的作用。
古英语的词汇有着浓厚的日尔曼语族的特点。
这主要表现为复合法是重要的构词方法。
复合词在古英语词汇中占有显著的地位。
据统计,在史诗《贝奥武夫》3183行诗句中,竟有1069个复合词。
有些复合词中不重读部分,渐渐失去了独立地位,而演变成了词缀,如for-, in-, -ful 等派生法在古英语中也广泛使用。
共有二十四个名词后缀、十五个形容词后缀,-dom, -hood, -ship, -ness, -the, -ful,- ish 等词缀都可溯源到古英语时期。
古英语时期的诗歌有一种特殊的修辞手法,即头韵(alliteration),由此产生的许多短语一直保留到现在,如night and main,friend or foe, a labour of love。
牛津版五年级英语知识点总结
牛津版五年级英语知识点总结鸟欲高飞先振翅，人求上进先读书。
（学习英语），需要把生疏的单词片语和句型语法不断的熟识和娴熟，使之成为我们的一种习惯。
下面是我给大家整理的一些（五年级英语）的学问点，盼望对大家有所关心。
学校五年级英语学问点：名词复数的不规章变化1、特定名词不规章变化child---children，foot---feet，tooth---teethmouse---mice，man---men ，woman---women留意：与man 和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men 和-women。
如：an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
2、单复同形如：deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japaneseli，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin但除人民币元、角、格外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。
如：a dollar，two dollars; a meter，two meters3、集体名词，以单数形式消失，但实为复数。
如people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle，the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。
如：The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳英勇的。
4、以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不行数名词，是单数。
b. news 是不行数名词。
(英语语言简史)
No need to register. Input anything as your nickname and password, and press the button "join"心灵鸡汤英语科普文章选散文，小品文诗歌报刊文摘演讲培根美文集格言,名人名言Home 报刊文摘A Brief History of the English Language (英语语言简史)Old English, until 1066Immigrants from Denmark and NW Germany arrived in Britain in the 5th and 6th Centuries A.D., speaking in related dialects belonging to the Germanic and Teutonic branches of the Indo-European language family. Today, English is most closely related to Flemish, Dutch, and German, and is somewhat related to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish. Icelandic, unchanged for 1,000 years, is very close to Old English. Viking invasions, begun in the 8th Century, gave English a Norwegian and Danish influence which lasted until the Norman Conquest of 1066.Old English WordsThe Angles came from an angle-shaped land area in contemporary Germany. Their name "Angli" from the Latin and commonly-spoken, pre-5th Century German mutated into the Old English "Engle". Later, "Engle" changed to "Angel-cyn" meaning "Angle-race" by A.D. 1000, changing to "Engla-land". Some Old English words which have survived intact include: feet, geese, teeth, men, women, lice, and mice. The modern word "like" can be a noun, adjective, verb, and preposition. In Old English, though, the word was different for each type: gelica as a noun, geic as an adjective, lician as a verb, and gelice as a preposition.Middle English, from 1066 until the 15th CenturyThe Norman Invasion and Conquest of Britain in 1066 and the resulting French Court of William the Conqueror gave the Norwegian-Dutch influenced English a Norman-Parisian-French effect. From 1066 until about 1400, Latin, French, and English were spoken. English almost disappeared entirely into obscurity during this period by the French and Latin dominated court and government. However, in 1362, the Parliament opened with English as the language of choice, and the language was saved from extinction. Present-day English is approximately 50% Germanic (English and Scandinavian) and 50% Romance (French and Latin).Middle English WordsMany new words added to Middle English during this period came from Norman French, Parisian French, and Scandinavian. Norman French words imported into Middle English include: catch, wage, warden, reward, and warrant. Parisian French gave Middle English: chase, guarantee, regard, guardian, and gage. Scandinavian gave to Middle English the important word of law. English nobility had titles which were derived from both Middle English and French. French provided: prince, duke, peer, marquis, viscount, and baron. Middle English independently developed king, queen, lord, lady, and earl. Governmental administrative divisions from French include county, city, village, justice, palace, mansion, and residence. Middle English words include town, home, house, and hall.Early Modern English, from the 15th Century to the 17th CenturyDuring this period, English became more organized and began to resemble the modern version of English. Although the word order and sentence construction was still slightly different, Early Modern English was at least recognizable to the Early Modern English speaker. For example, the Old English "To us pleases sailing" became "We like sailing." Classical elements, from Greek and Latin, profoundly influenced work creation and origin. From Greek, Early Modern English received grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. Also, the "tele-" prefix meaning "far" later used to develop telephone and television was taken.Modern English, from the 17th Century to Modern TimesModern English developed through the efforts of literary and political writings, where literacy was uniformly found. Modern English was heavily influenced by classical usage, the emergence of the university-educated class, Shakespeare, the common language found in the East Midlands section of present-day England, and an organized effort to document and standardize English. Current inflections have remained almost unchanged for 400 years, but sounds of vowels and consonants have changed greatly. As a result, spelling has also changed considerably. For example, from Early English to Modern English, lyf became life, deel became deal, hoom became home, mone became moon, and hous became house.Advantages and Disadvantages of Modern EnglishModern English is composed of several languages, with grammar rules, spelling, and word usage both complimenting and competing for clarity. The disadvantages of Modern English include: an alphabet which is unable to adequately represent all needed sounds without using repeated or combined letters, a limit of 23 letters of the 26 in the alphabet which can effectively express twice the number of sounds actually needed, and a system of spelling which is not based upon pronunciation but foreign language word origin and countless changes throughout history. The advantages of Modern English include: single consonants which are clearly understood and usually represent the same sounds in the same positions, the lack of accent marks found in other languages which permits quicker writing, and the present spelling displays European language origins and connections which allows European language speakers to become immediately aware of thousands of words.Modern English WordsBritish English, known as Standard English or Oxford English, underwent changes as the colonization of North American and the creation of the United States occurred. British English words changed into American English words, such as centre to center, metre to meter, theatre to theater, favour to favor, honour to honor, labour to labor, neighbour to neighbor, cheque to check, connexion to connection, gaol to jail, the storey of a house to story, and tyre for tire. Since 1900, words with consistent spelling but different meanings from British English to American English include: to let for to rent, dual carriageway for divided highway, lift for elevator, amber for yellow, to ring for to telephone, zebra crossing for pedestrian crossing, and pavement for sidewalk.American English, from the 18th Century until Modern TimesUntil the 18th Century, British and American English were remarkably similar with almost no variance.Immigration to America by other English peoples changed the language by 1700. Noah Webster, authorof the first authoritative American English dictionary, created many changes. The "-re" endings became "-er" and the "-our" endings became "-or". Spelling by pronunciation and personal choice from Websterwere influences.Cough, Sought, Thorough, Thought, and ThroughWhy do these "ough" words have the same central spelling but are so different? This is a characteristicof English, which imported similarly spelled or defined words from different languages over the past1,000 years.CoughFrom the Middle High German kuchen meaning to breathe heavily, to the French-Old English cohhian, tothe Middle English coughen is derived the current word cough.SoughtFrom the Greek hegeisthai meaning to lead, to the Latin sagire meaning to perceive keenly, to the OldHigh German suohhen meaning to seek, to the French-Old English secan, to the Middle English sekken,is derived the past tense sought of the present tense of the verb to seek.ThoroughFrom the French-Old English thurh and thuruh to the Middle English thorow is derived the current wordthorough.ThoughtFrom the Old English thencan, which is related to the French-Old English word hoht, which remained thesame in Middle English, is derived the current word thought.ThroughFrom the Sanskrit word tarati, meaning he crossed over, came the Latin word, trans meaning across orbeyond. Beginning with Old High German durh, to the French-Old English thurh, to the Middle Englishthurh, thruh, or through, is derived the current word through.(责任编辑： lance来源：如果您在我网站发现错误，请先标出来错误，然后同时点击“CTRL”与“ENTER”按钮，将错误通知我们。
德语学习方法(Germanlearningmethods)
德语学习方法（German learning methods）德语学习方法(German learning methods)Recommended German introduction - German beginners pay attention: German primary listening course for German Beginners: German initial listening course, a total of 100 courses, the course is MP3 audio, each class is equipped with German text, including many scenes dialogue. The novelty of this German primary listening course is that German grammar points are explained in a variety of examples. German primary listening course, MP3 are read two times, the ordinary speed again, slowly again, is German entry or beginners good German listening learning materials Oh ~ ~!Look at the German language syllabus:Elementary German Conversation tutorial (mp3+ text):The primary tutorial chose German Conversation in daily lives need hundreds of the most commonly used words, grammar is simplified, and the basic grammar and common words and sentence patterns into a simple dialogue. Each lesson from simple dialogue, words and phrases, and replace the practice example of communicative grammar explanation, let you learn at a glance, pure, authentic German learned without teacher.Open your mouth, speak German, German dialogueSpeaking German from the beginning of the common sentences around, select the daily use of high frequency, fresh, pure nearly 200 spoken short sentences. These short sentences are authentic and representstereotyped expressions that are widely used in today's society. They have strong expressiveness and appeal, vivid and vivid. Speaking in German, each short sentence has 2 to 3 sets of short conversations, very close to life. You may as well experience it carefully!German, 900 German, common language, situational dialogue and German Vocabulary900 German sentences of German language, situational dialogues and German vocabulary 900 German sentence contains 30 choreographed learning units including German, conversational aspects; 30 classic *30 learning unit, 900 German sentence, the most practical spoken German sentence; 36 different scenes will focus words and language analysis, 2000 a summary of important German words!German cartoon, German version, Lion KingGerman German animated version of the lion king "the lion king" (The Lion King K nig der? L? Wen), "the Walt Disney Company"thirty-second classic animated film. The protagonist is a lion named Simba. I believe we all have a good understanding of this classic cartoon. It's easier and easier to read the German version of the lion king. Come and see it, heheGerman learning video, street interviewGerman learning video, street interviews, pure German pronunciation, accompanied by German subtitles, English subtitles, is not bad German learning materials, oh, I wish you all happy learning ~ Viel Spass~~~ German initial listening, German novice, fast forwardGerman listening German novice catchy contains German pronunciation rules of grammar knowledge and the most simple, basic expression of German sentence, read the Chinese, read each sentence in German, German and German easy contact scenes and required each scene of the German dialogue statement. German primary listening, MP3 pronunciation, pure and authentic, learners should try to imitate the standard pronunciation of the recording, I wish you all happy learning ~!German initial listening course for German beginnersGerman primary listening course, a total of 100 courses, the course is MP3 audio, each class is equipped with German text, including many scenes dialogue. The novelty of this German primary listening course is that German grammar points are explained in a variety of examples.German dialogueGerman simple dialogue contains 15 German topics, each German sentences are accompanied by Chinese explained, is not bad in the German speaking beginners learning materials, such as the German dialogue includes German self introduction, occupation, residence, language learning time, date, weather, food, a common topic movement in daily life.German VocabularyGerman classification, vocabulary, English and German, this topic sums up the common vocabulary in daily life. The word is in the form of German and German contrast. German verbs, as well as the corresponding examples, are not bad German vocabulary learning materials ~!Advanced German listening | German video | Hamburg tripAdvanced German listening | German video | Hamburg trip with intermediate language level good German learners. Every German video are equipped with the corresponding original German and Chinese translation is quite poor German learning materials, can learn from the German Hamburg video, thus improving the learner's listening proficiency in german!Alles Gute German instructional video"ALLES GUTE" (domestic translation "wish you well") is the classic audio-visual material for CCTV TV teaching and GOETHE INSTITUT. Content from the German daily life, all the real shooting, very practical, is the German "all over the United States". After each class, there are key grammar and key content review, is currently a rare German audio-visual materials! It also includes a recording of the visa issue of the German Embassy, which should be helpful for the successful review and visa Yvonne Catterfeld German songsGerman beauty and type of singer Yvonne Catterfeld, a German music genre with G serious style, was elected as the German major media of Germany's most influential young idol. At the age of 24, she has been very influential. Yvonne Catterfeld swept down Devon's popular decline. She skillfully passed herGerman English pronunciation skills and crossed a major barrier to German songs. German songs can also be tender. Every German song, MV, is accompanied by German lyrics.German listening and German listeningGerman and German spoken German text contains daily oral expressions in German speaking countries currently the most practical and most concise and vivid examples, by using the occasion and functional classification, easy to find the title with a variety of similar expressions, German dialogue close to the real life. For example: get up wash his breakfast wearing classes (discussion questions class discussion class and so on).German vocabulary Deutscher WortschatzGerman commonly used vocabulary "Deutscher Wortschatz" is the commonly used Chinese vocabulary translated into German, a word translation, suitable for beginners to learn German use, rapid accumulation of German vocabulary.German cartoons, Baba Baba"Baba Papa" is a French comic book series, the first book wasborn in 1970. Baba dad just has won the British literary critics praise authority, and has been widely praised in the same year of the Bologna book fair. So, Baba father soon in Europe all issued.1975 the Federal Republic of Germany, Baba Dad changed into cartoons, and in 1981 in the United States premiere. The German version of Baba dad a total of 30 sets.German audio course Deutsch--Warum nicht?Deutsch - warum nicht? German course "Deutsch - warum nicht"? Good～") is divided into four series of journalism students introduced Andreasand his female companion invisible fairy story. Follow the adventures of both of them, and learn German as easily as you can! Each series has 26 lessons. Dialogue, practice and audio files can be downloaded. Thiscourse covers the European language reference framework, A1 to B1 level, suitable for beginners and scholars.German listening materials DownloadGerman listening materials download this topic collection of anumber of German listening materials, are accompanied by German text, isa good German listening materials, German learners will be of great help.German songs, German songsThe topic selection of the most popular and most valuable pieces of German learning 34 songs, learning in music, one after another beautiful German song, a song of your heart feel exotic tunes, a long-term preservation of familiar melody in your heart...... Listen and learnfrom the feelings of great shock, wonderful notes, in a relaxed and elegant music learn German German lyrics are German control.German Edition crayon new German cartoonsGerman Edition crayon new small German cartoon feature is topractice German listening, speaking good materials, vivid, wonderful, clear German version of crayon, small German cartoons will make your German level unconsciously increase!German reading - Little Prince (German Chinese comparison)San Dirk Quberi, French author of the little prince. This novel is translated into German and Chinese and is rich and interesting and is a good German reading material.German listening, short stories, German short stories, short and easy to understand are good German listening materials.Business German summaryInclude the company's transfer; company conversion and merging;trust and cooperation; and expand the company's progress; the advantages of the company and the auxiliary sources; the establishment of the company; shareholder partners employees; agency grant; consultation; inquiry; order; request cost budget; advertising, exhibition, recommendation and other matters; goods, samples the number of species, and style; request the cheapest price quotation.German jokes are funny. Come on, everybody!Talk in German -- a collection of situational dialoguesMr. Wang's daily life in germany. How does Mr. Wang use German in different situations? Each sentence is in Chinese and german.German 6000 INTERMEDIATE VocabularyGerman, German, 6000 intermediate vocabulary includes a lot ofprofessional vocabulary, compound words, and some special fixed collocation.Chinese and German comparison - Peacock Flying SoutheastPeacock Flying Southeast, five miles a wandering. Classical Chinese famous narrative poetry, Chinese, German version.A Chinese aphorism; a moral contrastChinese ancient sayings and aphorisms are broad and profound. Canyou translate them into German? Chinese German language authority.Reading German -- a letter from an unknown womanThe famous novelist R went to the mountains for a three day outing and returned to Vienna early this morning to buy a newspaper at the railway station. He glanced at the date and remembered that today was his birthday.......A great collection of German Basic conversations, including many German expressions used in everyday communication. Common expressions for many scenes, including greetings, directions, phone calls, and farewell.A week in German, a quick crash in German, one week in a week, including 7 days of sentence pattern learning. It consists of 3 parts. Each part has several sentences in German and Chinese, and corresponding explanations are given at the same time.Shanghai International Studies University German video course, Shanghai International Studies University exquisite course. There are typical sentence patterns, with the standard pronunciation of foreign teachers.German university four grade exam Highlights - listening part from the beginning of 2001 contains multiple sets of university level four exams, each equipped with mp3. It after the standard answer and resolve questions.German beginners must know the vocabulary, learning German shouldlay a good foundation. Besides grammar, vocabulary is also a part of accumulation. We provide part of the word to improve your Germanlearning efficiency.German history, German history. From the origin of Germany untiltoday's germany. The long history is condensed in the short 14 chapters.Just have a sweet tooth! German chocolate cake + chocolate cake, Schwarzwald, Tiramisu...... Germany's sweets culture is not to be underestimated! Come and have a look.Study in Germany, professional tips, go to Germany to study, what to learn? E-commerce? Computers? Enterprise management? Chemistry? Physics? Biology? Or any other major? Don't worry, we will provide you with a variety of professional detailed explanations, so that you will nolonger be confused in your professional choice.Germany scholarship collection in Germany students some are very concerned about money issues. Is there a scholarship to study in Germany? What are the scholarships? We have provided you with detailedinformation on the scholarship.German primary grammar, one week crash German, primary grammara week crash, mainly including 7 days of grammar learning, every day includes 3 parts.Each part has several sentences which are in contrast with Germanand Chinese, and have corresponding grammatical knowledge at the same time. Allows you to master German grammar quickly.The German Conversation Foundation, the German Conversation Foundation, covers most of the basic conversations involved in Germanlife and is very practical. A number of practical sentence patterns are designed for dialogue, so that German beginners can master it easily.German pronunciation, twenty-one days German pronunciation. Give you some pronunciation rules every day, and you have the text and vocabulary. Let you master German pronunciation easily.The German verb, a quick verb, is very important in German. It plays a central role in the sentence. The German verb is speeded up to the students in a week. A series of examples from easy to difficult and detailed notes are good for the students to learn and improve.German listening topic - Green fairy tales, Green fairy tales, with generations of children grow up, the German version of the Green fairy tale, have you heard? Read with the text, take you into the fairy tale world.German speaking feature - the voice of Germany slow version, voiceof Germany is Germany's only foreign radio station, located in the original seat of the German government bonn. The main task of the voice of Germany is to show Germany's diverse political, economic and cultural life through media to friends interested in Germany all over the world, and to introduce Germany's views on major international issues German sentence patterns - the most common expressions express the daily communication, the most frequently used words in German speaking countries are more than 60, and the basic sentence patterns are lessthan ten. Therefore, learners can start with the most basic expressions and cross the barriers of communication and learning in a relatively short time.German sentence patterns - situational sentences crash daily communication, the German people in the country most frequently used more than 60 words, the basic sentence patterns of lessthan ten. Therefore, learners can begin with the most basic everyday expressions and cross the barriers of communication and learning in a short period of time.German DSH exam collection DSH exam name is "the German university entrance examination of foreign applicants". It is organized separately by German universities, but the basic pattern is unified. The emphasis is on the students' oral and written understanding, handling and expression of the articles provided.。
四季的英文单词的起源与发展
AUTUMN
In 16th Century, Americans began to use “fall” instead of “autumn”, in order to show the fall.
So you can use any one of the two words to describe it if you like.
Spring in old English as a noun, means the place where the water is coming from the earth.
This definition was later extended to express the meaning of "source, origin", in addition to "rising", it is a symbol of rebirth, thriving.
Winter
WINTER
“Winter” is borrowed from Germanic. The writing of “winter” in German, Dutch and English is same and the wording of the Swedish and Danish is “vinter”. Its origin is unknown, but probably derived from the Indo-European "wed-“. And it is the meaning of wet, therefore “water”, “wet” in English head
From this, winter is the White Season .
7. Words and word-formation processes
7. Words and word-formation processes7.1 Word-formation processes7.1.1 Coinage/Invention7.1.2 Borrowing7.1.3 Compounding7.1.4 Clipping/Abbreviation7.1.5 Blending7.1.6 Backformation7.1.7 Conversion7.1.8 Acronyms7.1.9 Derivation7.2 Multiple processes7.1 WORD-FORMA TION PROCESSES7.1.1 Coinage/Invention 新造词语/发明法-the invention of totally new terms1. The most typical sources are invented trade names for one company‟s products which become general terms (without initial capital letters) for any version of that product.2. It may be that there is an obscure technical origin (e.g. te(tra)-fl(uor)-on1) for such invented terms, but after their first coinage, they tend to become everyday words in the language.Aspirin, Nylon, Zipper, Kleenex, Teflon, Xerox, Kodak, memory stick2, digital camera, spyware3, mouse potato4, cyber citizen7.1.2 Borrowing 借词法-Taking over of words from other languages1. The English language has adopted a vast number of loan-words from other languages.alcohol5(Arabic), boss6(Dutch), croissant7(French), lilac (Persian), piano (Italian), pretzel8 (German), robot9(Czech), tycoon10(Japanese), yogurt (Turkish), zebra (Bantu)2. Other language borrow terms from English.借用的方法有以下几种类型：◆借词（loanword）：形式和意义都是借用的混合借词（loanblend）：借词的一部分来自本国语，另一部分来自外来语，但是意义全都是借来的。
2020-2021学年牛津译林版初中英语八年级下册Unit4知识复习学案
Unit 4 A good read【考点精讲】一、核心词汇1．Germany n．[考点点拨] Germany名词，意为“德国”。
German作形容词，意为“德国（人）的”，作名词，意为“德国人”。
常见的国家名称和某国人的单复数形式：国家名称某国人单数某国人复数Germany German GermansAmerica American AmericansAustralia Australian AustraliansCanada Canadian CanadiansFrance Frenchman FrenchmenFrenchwoman FrenchwomenEngland Englishman EnglishmenEnglishwoman EnglishwomenChina Chinese ChineseJapan Japanese Japanese法国人、英国人复数形式是将a改为e，而德国人复数形式并不是将a改为e，中国人、日本人单复数形式相同。
2．stomach n．[考点点拨]s tomach意为“腹部，胃”，虽然是以ch结尾，但是由于“ch”是发/k/音，所以其复数形式是在词尾直接加“-s”。
如：The stomachs of starving people often distend.饥民的腹部常鼓得大大的。
3．either adv.[考点点拨] either意为“也”，用于否定句，且要放在句末。
如：Millie can't skate. I can, t either.米莉不会滑冰，我也不会。
too作“也”讲时，用于肯定句末尾，或作为插入语放在句中，前后用逗号隔开。
如：Tom can swim. I can swim too.汤姆会游泳，我也会。
You，too，may have a try.＝You may have a try too.你也可以试一试。
also在书面语中比too更为正式，用于肯定句中。
德国名牌（Germanbrand）
德国名牌（German brand）Yici DEUTZ (the world's first engine factory)Vorwerk Vorwerk, a carpet factory that started at the beginning of its development, has become a large multinational group that covers many business areas and has branches around the worldLeica Leica (one of the most famous camera brands in the world)Zeiss Carl Zeiss (Carle Cai Si (Carl Zeiss) is an innovative technical leader in the fields of optics, precision engineering and electronic observation.)Billion Infineon Infineon Technologies (one of the leading global semiconductor company)RAPOO Rapoo (wireless peripherals technology experts, is committed to the global PC users to provide high performance, high quality computer peripherals products)Maico, one of the oldest and largest hearing diagnostic companies in the world, is one of the largest hearing diagnostic companies in the worldInterton (one of the leading companies in the world of hearing aid technology)Aodesheng hearing aids Audioservice (in a leading position in the world of hearing aids)Volkswagen Fuchs (the world's largest independent lubricantproducer)Malaysia tire Continental (world's third largest tire manufacturer, Europe's largest auto parts supplier)Meyer MEYER (specializing in the production of high-end men's trousers, which is rich in tradition, but also full of elegance and modern style)Fraas V.FRAAS (V.F company has formed its own unique technology, no pollution in the conditions of production, to achieve zero pollution of international environmental standards, became the first European environmental protection enterprise certificate)Sen Sen beer Weihenstephan (founded the University of science and technology of Sen Sen technology center, constantly cultivate world-class beer brewers)Rimowa (from the trunk and started to expand to a professional photography box, industrial box and custom box in three major areas, there has been, in countless Hollywood movies and even in the Porsche sports car brand and Lufthansa also invited RIMOWA for their exclusive design)NUK (the famous brand of world high quality baby products produced by MAPA, Germany, enjoys a high reputation in the world baby products market)HAUBER (HAUBER hauber fashion company become involved in all manufacturers group of women's Series)CAMEL ACTIVE (the logo of "really wearing" fashion brands)Biggs Best Care (with profound medical background and unique beauty chain marketing is famous in the world, 35 countries and regions in the world, with hundreds of thousands of beauty salon)THOMAS SABO (Germany and other European countries have identified their leading position in sterling silver jewelry design)MARCCASNE Ma Cassini (known as "rational beauty")OSRAM OSRAM (OSRAM is known for its excellent light source products, has become one of the world's two largest light source manufacturers, is a wholly owned subsidiary of SIEMENS)Maybach Maybach, the legendary brand of "Maybach" - symbolizes perfection and expensive carsGMG (a new super sports car brand)Passat Passat (car brand, Passat has a long history, feeling more like a gentleman from the German traditional family)Dortmund Deuter (Europe's most famous bag production and design business)Dr. Martin Dr. Martens (this brand of shoes sells very well all over Europe)Deliffe Doliva (adhering to the strict German industry attitude, each drop of olive essence comes from Italy Tuscany special virgin olive oil, world famous olive oil brand)Allmilmo (leading the international love MIMO kitchen product design trend, and to design the personalized and excellent style known in the world)Meissen, the ancient porcelain of Europe, is called "white gold" by the European aristocracyAccor ARTDECO (ARTDECO has the most professional and the most complete makeup, hand and foot care and skin care products)S.Oliver (Germany's largest, leading fashion retailer)FISSLER Fissler, one of the world's oldest and oldest pot brands,It's also one of the most expensive pots in the worldRoters LOTOS (the world's most expensive glasses supplier)Goldwell GOLDWELL (technology in Germany leading position in the industry)Sagitar Sagitar (or orthodox inheritance of German gene and PQ35 platform is a masterpiece, leading in the peer models, many technical details and even reached the level of luxury car)Grosee (design of high quality, precious, fashion jewelry and leather design, noble, elegant lady with charming temperament)Global Trek&Trave1 (the world's highest visibility, tourism, business, sports and function of men's casual fashion)Jiabao Gabor (done by the fine process of the footwear industry in Germany and excellent quality, also will be the trend of transformation and daily business concept of the perfect combination, make customers comfortable walking at the same time filling fashion)SOTX SOTX (professional sports fields set sportswear, feather network equipment and other products in one of the world famous brand)Sha Leroy Salewa (the world's leading outdoor sports brand)SAP, the world's largest provider of business management and collaborative business solutions, and the third largest independent software provider in the worldCypress kitchen Nobilia (German cypress kitchenware with the market share of the first performance) to become the European kitchen industry leaderAnd TIBHAR (more than 100 in the world and products within the scope of national sales. And in France is the first brand of table tennis is one of the most influential throughout Europe. The brand currently and brand is to various countries and regions around the world to expand)Lt Joola (the world's top tennis Master International Table Tennis Federation, International Olympic Committee ping-pong equipment suppliers, and achieved good results by using the developed equipment be too numerous to enumerate)Walker Volkl (tennis top international brands, from German fanatical pursuit of high quality)FALKE (the largest and oldest underwear brand in Europe)Katie Tony Cardydony (noble, refined and fashionable symbol)WMF, the most famous kitchen table brand in Germany, is famous for its high quality and varietyOFFERMANN (in Germany, OFFERMANN is the oldest leather and product brand)Caram CALAMAR (world famous leisure clothing brand series, represents a classic, simple European style fashion)Cool kuhle fashion brand of young upstart, leading the young upstart's urban frontier life with "fashion and simplicity" styleHenkel Henkel (set up three global business units: detergent and household care, cosmetics / beauty products and adhesive technology)Odbo (creative and design covering clothing, leather goods,shoes, watches, glasses, umbrellas, etc.) has been standing in Germany and Europe's major markets, and other world-class brandsSchwarzkopf Schwarzkopf (World professional salon brand one of the top three: Wella, L'OREAL, Schwarzkopf)BMW life BMW Lifestyle (try to accurately grasp the latest trends in clothing evolution, the use of European advanced fabrics, the traditional materials and artistic performance combined)Global record company universalclassics (the world's largest record (audio, video products, publishing, distribution) group in twentieth Century)Ariel Bilang (technical advantages that Ariel has quickly become one of Europe's largest washing powder brand in a few short years)Wella Wella (professional companies, one of the main salon and special products in the global retail market has a considerable share of music (Dallmayr) because of its coffee Meyer is the royal family favorite for Bayer)Grant GrandosCoffee coffee (the famous coffee brand in Germany)KreisKaffee KreisKaffee, the world's first vacuum bag, has been developed as instant coffee, which is well received in Europe and the Soviet UnionOpel Opel (Opel's logo is "lightning" pattern, which shows the car like wind power, and also show its research achievements in aerodynamics)Dunlop DUNLOP (the world's first tire DUNLOP, DUNLOPhigh-performance tires for the world's many famous manufacturers and high-performance car modification company)Rice technology Miji (German rice technology will always be committed to improving the quality of life of kitchen life products research and development)Zwilling ZWILLING (one of the oldest brands in the world, Cutlery Tableware Design, Zwilling of Germany is not only a symbol of elegant taste of life. Hardness is close to diamond's "M66 collection tool", and is one of the top cutting tools in Germany so farSennheiser Sennheiser (from the family business into a giant enterprise, the world-renowned audio field in all areas in the world market, dealers, production, sales and research business, the world recognized leader in professional microphone and headset manufacturer)Bertelsmann Bertelsmann (Bertelsmann direct group through the club and online business sales of media products and services, in the global market ahead)Bayer Bayer, a research based international group, focuses on pharmaceutical care, crop science, and innovative materialsBASF BASF (global leading chemical company)Thyssen Krupp (Thyssen Krupp has made outstanding contributions, the European steel industry and machine manufacturing industry is a microcosm of the German heavy industry is Germany's fifth largest industrial company)Deutsche Post Deutsche Post (Germany's State Post Office, is the leading European logistics company, and focus on becoming the world's first)Deutsche Bank Deutsche Bank (integrated bank, the world's largest financial sector in Europe and plays a pivotal role in the world, Deutsche Bank is the world's most active warrants issued one of the turnover accounted for nearly 40% of the European market)Munich reinsurance Munich Re Group (in more than 150 countries in the world engaged in non life insurance and life insurance two types of insurance business)Metro Metro, the global wholesale market leader, Metro International Management Organization Limited in Dusseldorf, Germany, controls global salesDeutsche Telekom Deutsche Telekom (the largest independent Telecom Company in Europe)Allianz Allianz, one of the largest insurance companies in the world, is also the premier financial institutionFilin Geer voehringer, the largest European touring car furniture manufacturerMARCCAIN (Mei Kaien of Germany's top brand, a very international brand)Betty Barclay (only in the most advanced shopping malls to find BETTY BARCLAY series clothing)Angell AIGNER (AIGNER is famous for leather materials and design, and gradually extended to men and women fashion, accessories, watches, glasses, perfume, etc.)Mondi MONDI (design and production of the first knitting series of twenty styles in Germany market, in addition to MONDI represents a brand, but also represents a unique fashion style, not only provides full dress and configuration, is admired by fashion)BOSCH BOSCH (founded in 1886, BOSCH group ranked 94 in the world's top 500, BOSCH group is the world's leading automotive technology, industrial technology, consumer goods and building intelligent technology manufacturers)Lufthansa Lufthansa Group (Lufthansa is Federal Republic of Germany's largest international airline, now, Lufthansa has become one of the world famous big airline freight even ranked first)Shuya Schiesser (fine fabric and safe color technology, personal comfort draping, 130 years underwear expert is adepiction of the details are shining with exquisite quality life, enjoy life for people and equipment)Dove Dove (nearly 50 years of history in the beauty industry, Dove is the world's most famous female brand, Unilever is the most valuable brand)Hansgrohe (the world's top brand Hansgrohe bathroom worldwide)Kadewei Kaldewei (the first European brand plate bathtub, shower tray manufacturers, is currently the only manufacturer, the world can produce 3.5 mm thick steel bathtubs occupied 60% of the German market and 40% of the European market, European kadewei all use five star hotel bath)Grohe GROHE (Europe's largest, the world's leading manufacturer of bathroom products, accounting for about 8% of the global market share)ARTINI (yatianni by flashing fashion jewelry, eternal light women's unique temperament, internal and external dissemination of intoxicating charming charming)Lange nge&Sohne (a famous German leisure table, Lange watch hundred years has been one of them the envy of everyone)Audi Audi (Audi automobile company is the Volkswagen subsidiary, headquartered in Germany Ingolstadt, about 450 thousand cars)Porsche Porsche (world famous car brands)Lagerfeld (LAGERFELD successfully combines the elegance of ready-made clothes with the elegance and elegance of Haute Couture), becoming a classic in the fashion industryEscada Escada (the world's top fashion brands from Germany)Ttiumph Triumph (Ttiumph not only leads the global underwear market, but also has become the first brand in Asia for more than 40 years)Volkswagen Volkswagen, one of the world's leading auto makers, is one of the world's leading auto makersMercedes - Benz Mercedes-Benz (one of the ten companies in the world, Germany the largest car company by sales, according to the second output, but also the world's most famous, the largest bus and heavy truck manufacturer, Benz Corp is the world's oldest manufacturers, manufacturers are operating style consistent from beginning to end)BMW BMW (BMW is the world famous automobile enterprises, is also considered to be the forerunner, luxury car manufacturing industry and production of world-renowned aircraft engines, SUV and motorcycle enterprise group, ranked the world's top 20 automotive companies)Merck Merck, the world's leading pharmaceutical company, ranks first in global pharmaceutical companiesBeck beer Beck's (Beck beer playing its mainstream role in the European bar)Rodenstock RODENSTOCK (a long history in the world and enjoy academic leadership of optometry, optical company is Germany's most famous one)Boss HUGO BOSS (the world's most famous suit the production and vendors)Schneider Schneider (Schneider electric company as an electrical company, specialized in electrical industry has a long history and great strength, transmission and distribution, industrial control and automation is the two major areas of Schneider electric hand in hand)Eupa International Group EuPA (depending on the global international research and development team and management team, has now become a world renowned marketing one multinational group, the main products of iron, toaster annual output ranks the first, the global coffee machine annual output ranked the world's top five)BOLN Baolan (one of the largest manufacturing enterprises is the world professional Yuba)NIVEA NIVEA (one of the top cosmetics brands in the world)SIEMENS Siemens (one of the largest electrical engineering and electronics companies in the world)Puma puma (PUMA Puma has developed into a large multinational companies, many products, sales all over the world, for the vastnumber of sports enthusiasts to provide the best sports goods)Adidas Adidas (in the world of sporting goods), adidas has always represented a special status symbol, and this symbol is called "the three line of victory". Since its founding in 1948, Adidas helped countless athletes to create success, the achievements of many feats. Therefore, Adidas can also be regarded as the best example of public trust and respect。
英国文学术语 Terms
Lecture 1Epic:1 prevailing form in old English Lit. 2. p2 verse lit. in oral form, author unknown 3 p4 a long poem about a tribal hero 4 alliteration as the device 5 example: BeowulfAlliteration: usu. the repetition of initial consonants in a sequence of words. Example: landscape-lover, lord of language. (Tennyson) It was once a required element in the poetry of Germanic languages (including Old English and Old Norse) and in Celtic verse (where alliterated sounds could regularly be placed in positions other than the beginning of a word or syllable). Such poetry, in which alliteration rather than rhyme is the chief principle of repetition, is known as alliterative verse. In Old English poetry, it is employed in a line divided into 2 halves with 4 stresses. (source: Baldick, 5). Beowulf is an example.Romance:p10 1 Prevailing form of medieval lit., 2 verse or prose, 3 adventures of knights, 4 devotion to a lady 5 devotion to the church and king, expose vices praise virtues 6 example: Sir Gawain and the Green KnightHeroic couple t: It was introduced by Chaucer from France to English, and first used in his The Legend of Good Women,then fully developed in The Canterbury Tales. Heroic couplet was characterized by rhymed lines in the iambic pentameter. Allegory: a story or visual image with a second distinct meaning partially hidden behind its literal or visible meaning. The principal technique of allegory is personification, whereby abstract qualities are given human shape. (source: Baldick, 5)Popular Ballad: Ballads flourished in Scotland from the 15th century onward. It is a folk song or oral literary piece, usu. telling a local story or legend with vivid dialogue, in an impersonal tone. Ballads are normally composed in quatrains with alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, with the second and fourth lines rhyming.Lecture 2The Renaissance: 1 Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. The Renaissance was slow in reaching England. The reign of Henry VIII (1509—1547) marked the real flourishing of the Renaissance. 2 the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek Culture, It was the revival of painting, sculpture and literature. Oxford Reformers, the religious reformers at Oxford University, together with scholars and humanists introduced the Bible and classics that were popularized. 3 The literary giants at that time were Shakespeare, Spenser, Jonson, Sidney, Marlowe, Bacon and Donne. 4 The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. It was, in essence, an attempt of the humanist thinkers and scholars to get rid of the feudalist ideas; recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church; and to introduce new ideas in the interest of the rising bourgeoisie.Humanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. The Greek and Roman civilization was based on the conception that man is the measure of all things. Therevival of ancient culture not only restored the medieval reverence for classics, but also presented the human values in the works. Humanists saw that human being were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and they had the right to explore and enjoy the world, emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. This point of view presented a way to break away from the feudal and Catholic burden of spending a lifetime on preparing souls for the future life. The best representatives of the English humanists are Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare.Reformation: The Medieval religious Reformation came from the Continent. A German Protestant, Martin Luther (1483-1546) initiated the Reformation. It was marked by rejection or modification of much of Roman Catholic doctrine and practice and establishment of Protestant churches. Luther believed that every time Christian was his own priest and was entitled to interpret the Bible for himself. In this sense, reformation is an extreme manifestation of Renaissance individualism. Faith was alone thought competent to save and salvation was regarded a direct transaction with God, without the intermediation by church priests or sacrament. Rituals were simplified. The Protestant movement was seen as a means to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption and superstition of the Middle Ages.This movement was not initiated in England until a later time, when both the king Henry VIII and the common English people had determined to break away from Rome. When Henry VIII declared himself through the approval of the Parliament as the Supreme Head of the Church of England in 1543, the Reformation in England was in its full swing. The religious reformation was actually a reflection of the class struggle waged by the new rising bourgeoisie against the feudal class and its ideology. Much of the poetry of Spenser and Milton breathes the Reformation spirit.The Petrarchan Sonnet: Originally invented in Italy, it was introduced to England by Sir Thomas Wyatt in the 16th century. It is built in 2 parts. The first part is known as “Octave” ,consisting of 8 lines , and the last six lines are “sestet”. There is a break in thought after the eighth line. The octave always rhymes abbaabba, while the rest six lines are cdecde or cdc cdc. Milton uses this but avoids the break in the middle and employs the rhyme cdcdcd in the last 6 lines.The Shakespearean sonnet:It was first used by the Earl of Surrey. It consists of three quatrains of four lines each and a final independent couplet. Its rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg.Spenserian stanza: It is a stanza of nine lines, with the first 8 lines in the iambic pentameter, the last line in the iambic hexameter. Its rhyme scheme is ababbcbcc.University Wits: They were a professional set of pre-Shakespearean dramatists. They were called so because nearly all of them were educated at Oxford or Cambridge University. “Wit” was the synonym for “scholar”.They were usually actors as well as dramatists. They understood full well the requirements of the stage and rightly felt the need of the audience. They revised oldplays and wrote new ones. They made rapid progress in dramatic technique. Their dramatic writings laid the foundation for William Shakespeare.The writers belonging to this group are: John Lyly, Robert Greene; George Peele; Thomas Lodge; Thomas Lodge; Thomas Nashe; Thomas Kyd; and Christopher Marlowe, who was the central man.Blank verse: Surrey introduced blank verse into English poetry in his translations. Blank verse was characterized by unrhymed lines in the iambic pentameter. (In contrast with heroic couplet which is rhymed.)Lect. 4Flat & Round Characters. Flat Characters are those who embody or represent a single characteristic, trait, or at most a very limited number of such qualities. Flat characters are also referred to as type characters, as one-dimensional characters, or when they are distorted to create humor, as caricatures. Flat characters have much in common with the kind of stock characters who appear again and again in certain types of literary works (e.g. the rich uncle of domestic comedy, the hard-boiled private eye of the detective story, the female confidante of romance. ) Round characters are just the opposite. They embody a number of-qualities and traits, and are complex multidimensional characters of considerable intellectual and emotional depth who have the capacity to grow and change. Major characters in fiction are usually round characters, and it is with the very complexity of such characters that most of us become engrossed and fascinated. The terms round and flat do not automatically imply value, judgments.Metaphysical Poets: txt bk p182Conceit: The word "conceit" originally means "concept" or "idea", and later came to mean "fanciful idea". It is in this sense that the word is used in discussion of poems. A conceit is a metaphor or simile that is made elaborate (far-fetched), often extravagant. Some would use the term to mean any fanciful poetic image. The difference between a conceit and a metaphor or simile is largely of degree. A metaphor or simile appeals mainly to the reader's five senses and is easier to understand; a conceit appeals mainly to the reader’s intellect and so is difficult to comprehend. A conceit may strike the reader as weird at first glance, but proves appropriate in the end. The use of conceit is especially popular in the 17th century and the metaphysical poetry is characterized by conceits. A ready example would be the one from the poem "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning." by John Donne, in which two lovers’ souls are compared to the legs of the compasses.18th centuryCited from my earlier teaching plans Enlightenment:1. a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century; 2. a struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism in equality and prejudices; 3. assertion: chief means of bettering the society is to enlighten or educate people. Enlighteners were bourgeois democratic thinkers; 4. trust in man’s reason to solve problems and establish social norms and wipe out darkness of superstition, prejudice and barbarity. 5. Pope, Addison and Steele, Defoe and Richardson; radical ones: Swift, Fielding, Smollett, Goldsmith and Sheridan.Neo-classicism: 1. time: glorious revolution to 1730’s, neo-classicism in poetry, Pope. prose (essays) of Addison and Steele; fiction of Defoe and Swift, 40-50’s Richardson, Fielding and Smollett; 2. attempt to revive classical qualities of balance, proportion and restraint, follow classical rules: p86 plays: rimed couplet instead of blank verse, tree unities; poetry falls into lyric, epic, didactic, satiric or dramatic; prose: precise, direct and flexible. 3. Imitation of ancient writers;4. Treatment of town-life;5. Pope, Dryden, Addison, Swift, JohnsonDecorum: is the fittingness of a literary genre with its characters, actions, the style of its narration and its dialogue to each other. For example the highest and most serious genre, epic and tragedy, presented characters of the highest social classes, speaking in the “High style”. This theory has its root in Horace’s Art of Poetry.EssayAny short composition in prose that undertakes to discuss a matter, express a point of view, persuade us to accept a thesis on any subject, or simply entertain is an essay. The essay differs from a "treatise" or "dissertation" in its lack of pretension to be a systematic and complete exposition, and in being addressed to a general rather than a specialized audience; as a consequence, the essay discusses its subject in non-technical fashion, and often with a liberal use of such devices as anecdote, striking illustration, and humor to augment its appeal.A useful distinction is that between the formal and informal essay. The formal essay, or article, is relatively impersonal; the author writes as an authority, or at least as highly knowledgeable, and expounds the subject in an orderly way. Examples will be found in various scholarly journals, as well as among the serious articles on current topics and issues in any of the magazine addressed to a thoughtful audience. In the informal essay ( or "familiar" or "personal essay" ), the author assumes a tone of intimacy with his audience, tends to deal with everyday things rather than with public affairs or specialized topics, and writes in a relaxed, self-revelatory, and sometimes whimsical fashion.The Greeks Theoparastus and Plutarch and the Romans Cicero and Seneca wrote essays long before the genre was given what became its standard name by Montaigne’s French Essais in 1580. The title signifies "attempts" and is meant to indicate the tentative and unsystematic nature of Montaigne’s commentary on topics such as "Of Illness" and "Of Sleeping", in contrast to formal and technical treatises on the same subjects. Francis Bacon, late in the sixteenth century, inaugurated the English use of the term in his own Essays; most of them are short discussions such as "Of Truth"; "Of Adversity", "Of Marriage and the Single Life" (formal essays). Alexander Pope adopted the term for his expository compositions in verse, the Essay on Criticism and the Essay on Man, but the verse essay has had few important exponents after the eighteenth century. In the early eighteenth century Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steel’s Tatler and Spectator, with their many successors, gave to the essay written in prose its standard modern vehicle, the literary periodical (informal essays) (earlier essays had been published in books).In the early nineteenth century the founding of new types of magazines, and their steady proliferation, gave great impetus to the writing of essays and made them a major department of literature. This was the age when William Hazlitt, Thomas De Quincy, Charles Lamb, and later in the century, Robert Louis Stevenson brought English essay－and especially the personal essay－toa level that has not been surpassed. Major American essayists in the nineteenth century include Washington Irving, Emerson, Thoreau, James Russell Lowell, and Mark Twain. In our own era many periodicals pour out scores of essays every week. Most of them are formal in type; Virginia Woolf, George Orwell, E. M. Forster, James Thurber, E. B. White, James Baldwin, Joan Didion, Susan Sontag, and Toni Morrison, however, are notable twentieth-century practitioners of the informal essay.*Graveyard School / Poets”: A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, in moods which range from elegiac pensiveness to profound gloom. The vogue resulted in one of the most widely known English poems, Thomas Gray’s “Elegy written in a country churchyard”. The writing of graveyard poems spread from England to Continenta l literature in the second part of the century and also influenced some American poets.Lecture 17Aestheticism (art for art's sake)A term applied to the point of view that art is self-sufficient. It need serve no ulterior purpose, and should not be judged by moral, political or other nonaesthetic standards. Aestheticism in England was influenced greatly by Pre-Raphaelites, Ruskin, and Pater and French symbolist poets. Oscar Wilde was one of its major representatives.It appeared in the late Victorian period. The predecessor of it was the Pre-Raphaelists, who were opposed to the materialism and commercialism and wanted to go back to the medieval age. The movement was influenced by the French symbolists, who used symbols to present an ideal world of which the real world is but a shadow. The first important figure of the movement was Walter Pater, who suggests that the sole duty of an aesthete is to develop his aesthetic sensibility, enjoy all possible varieties of artistic and sensuous experience, and “burns always with a hard gemlike flame. This movement covered a wide range of poets, writers and artists, varying in their attitudes towards life and art.modernismA movement of experiment in new techniques in writing. Modernist fiction represented a trend drifting away from the tradition of the 19th century realism. It put emphasis on the description ogoometimes it is called modern psychological fiction. Lawrence is a typical representative of it.或: It is a rather vague term which is used to apply to the works of a group of poets, novelists, painters, and musicians between 1910 and the early years after the World War Ⅱ. The term includes various trend or schools, such as imagism, expressionism, dadaism, stream of consciousness, and existentialism. It means a departure from the conventional criteria or established values of Victorian age. Its basic themes are alienation and loneliness.Modernism and Postmodernism. The term Modernism is widely used to identify new and distinctive features in the subjects, forms, concepts; and styles of literature and the other arts in the early decades of the 20 th century, but especially after World War I . The specific features signifiedby "modernism" (or by the adjective modernist) vary with the user, but many critics agree that it involves a deliberate and radical break with some of the traditional bases not only of Western art,. but of Western culture in general. Important intellectual precursors of modernism, in this sense, are thinkers who had questioned the certainties that had supported the traditional ways of conceiving the human self-thinkers such as Friedrich Nietzsche, Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, and James G. Frazer, whose The Golden Bough stressed the correspondence between central Christian tenets and pagan, often barbaric, myths and rituals.Literary historians locate the beginning of the modernist revolt as far back as the 1890s, but most agree that what is called high modernism, marked by an unexampled range and rapidity of change, came after the First World War. The year 1922 alone was signalized by the simultaneous appearance of such monuments of modernist innovation as James Joyce's Ulysses, T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land, and Virginia Woolf' s Jacob's Room, as well as many other experimental works of literature. The catastrophe of the war had shaken faith in the moral basis, coherence, and durability of Western civilization and raised doubts about the adequacy of traditional literary modes to represent the harsh and dissonant realities of the postwar world. T. S. Eliot wrote in a review of Joyce's Ulysses in 1923 that the inherited mode of ordering a literary work, which assumed a relatively coherent and stable social order, could not accord with "the immense panorama of futility and anarchy which is contemporary history". Like Joyce and like Ezra Pound in his Cantos, Eliot experimented with new forms and a new style that would render contemporary disorder, often contrasting it to a lost order and integration that had been based on the religion and myths of the cultural past. In The Waste Land, for example, Eliot replaced the standard syntactic flow of poetic language by fragmented utterances, and substituted for the traditional coherence of poetic structure a deliberate dislocation of parts, in which very diverse components are repeated by connections that are left to the reader to discover, or invent. Major works of modernist fiction, following Joyce's Ulysses and his even more radical Finnegans Wake, subvert the basic conventions of earlier prose fiction by breaking up the narrative continuity, departing from the standard ways of representing characters, and violating the traditional syntax and coherence of narrative language by the use of, stream of consciousness and other innovative modes of narration. Gertrude Stein–often linked with Joyce, Pound, Eliot, and Woolf as a trail-balzing modernist–experimented with automatic writing (writing that has been freed from control by the conscious, purposive mind) and other modes that achieved their effects by violating the norms of standard English syntax and sentence structure. Among other European and American writers who are central representatives of modernism are the novelists Marcel Proust, Thomas Mann, AndreGide, Franz Kafka, Dorothy Richardson, and William Faulkner; the poets Stephane Mallarmee, William Butler Yeats, Rainier Maria Rilke, Marianne Moore, William Carlos Williams, and Wallace Stevens; and the dramatists August Strindberg, Luigi Pirandello, Eugene O' Neil, and Bertolt Brecht. Their new forms of literary construction and rendering had obvious parallels in the violation of representational conventions in the artistic movements of expressionism and surrealism, in the modernist paintings and sculpture of Cubism, Futurism, and Abstract Expressionism, and rhythm by the modernist musical composers Stravinsky, Schoenberg, and their radical followers.A prominent feature of modernism is the phenomenon called the avan-garde; that is, a small, self-conscious group of artists and authors who deliberately undertake, in Ezra Pound's phrase, to "make it new". By violating the accepted conventions and proprieties, not only of art but of socialdiscourse, they set out to create ever-new artistic forms and styles and to introduce hitherto neglected, and sometimes forbidden, subject matter. Frequently, avant-garde artists represent themselves as "alienated" from the established order, against which they assert their own autonomy; a prominent aim is to shock the sensibilities of.the conventional reader and to challenge the norms and pieties of the dominant bourgeois culture.The term Postmodernism is often applied to the literature and art after World War II, when the effects on Western morale of the first war were greatly exacerbated by the experience of Nazi totalitarianism and mass extermination, the threat of total destruction by the atomic bomb, the progressive devastation of the natural environment, and the ominous fact of over-population. Postmodernism involves not only a continuation, sometimes carries to an extreme, of the countertraditional experiments of modernism, but also diverse attempts to break away from modernist forms which had, inevitably, become in their turn conventional, as well as to overthrow the elitism of modernist "high art" by recourse to the models of "mass culture in film", television, newspaper cartoons, and popular music. Many of the works of postmodern literature–by George Luis, Borges, Samuel Beckett, Vladimir Nabokov, Thomas Pynchon, Roland Barthes, and many others–so blend literary genres, cultural and stylistic levels, the serious and the playful, that they resist classification according to traditional literary rubrics. And these literary anomalies are paralleled in other arts by phenomena like pop art, op art, the musical compositions of John Cage, and the films of Jean-Luc Godard and other directors. An undertaking in some postmodernist writings-prominently in Samuel Beckett and other authors of the literature of the absurd-is to subvert the foundations of our accepted modes of thought and experience so as to reveal the meaninglessness of existence and the underlying "abyss", or "void", or "nothingness" on which any supposed security is conceived to be precariously suspended. Postmodernism in literature and the arts has paralleled with the movement known as poststructuralism in linguistic and literary theory; poststructuralists undertake to subvert the foundations of language in order to show that its seeming meaningfulness dissipated, for a rigorous inquirer, into a play of conflicting indeterminacies or else to show that all forms of cultural discourse are manifestations of the ideology, or of the relations and constructions of power, in contemporary society.Stream of consciousnessIn literature, the thought or feelings of a character without regard to the logical argument or narrative sequences. The writer attempts the stream of consciousness to reflect all the forces, externals or internals, influencing the psychology of a character at a single moment. The representatives are James Joyce and Virginia Wolf, William Failkner.或It refers to thought and feelings exactly as they pass through mind, rather than giving them the ordered structure as usual. It coined by William James in <principles of psychology> to denote the flow of inner experiences. Another phrase for it is “interior monologue”. The representatives are James Joyce and Virginia Wolf, William Failkner.Stream of consciousness: “Stream-of-Consciousness” or “interior monologue”, is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels brokethrough the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant, misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced reality. The modern American writer William Faulkner successfully advanced this technique. In his stories, action and plots were less important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time sequences were often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer. A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique.Stream of consciousnessIn literature, the thought or feelings of a character without regard to the logical argument or narrative sequences. The writer attempts the stream of consciousness to reflect all the forces, externals or internals, influencing the psychology of a character at a single moment. The representatives are James Joyce and Virginia Wolf, William Failkner.或It refers to thought and feelings exactly as they pass through mind, rather than giving them the ordered structure as usual. It coined by William James in <principles of psychology> to denote the flow of inner experiences. Another phrase for it is “interior monologue”. The representatives are James Joyce and Virginia Wolf, William Failkner.existentialismIt's a feature developed during 20C 20S-30S that man is unique and isolated in an indifferent or hostile universe, responsible for his own ations and free to choose his destiny. Existentialism: in existentialist philosophy, existence is the only thing we are certain of; man’s life begins and ends in nothingness, and life is inexplicable, meaningless, and dangerous. The nature of our existence is decided by the choices we make to determine its nature. There are many variations of this philosophy, including even a Christian one, but its main appearance in literature is in the “Theatre of the Absurd”.Symbolism: Symbolism is the writing technique of using sy mbols. It’s a literary movement that arose in France in the last half of the 19th century and that greatly influenced many English writers, particularly poets, of the 20th century. It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one i mage or even one word. It’s one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation.。
词汇学名词解释2
词汇学名词解释21、英语词汇概述：（8%）（1）英语词汇的谱系关系及其历史发展：英语的谱系关系；英语的三个发展阶段。
（2）英语词汇的构成：基本词汇与专⽤词汇；英语词汇中的本族词与外来词。
（3）英语词汇的三⼤特点：数量⼤、来源⼴、变化多。
‘Indo-European’印欧语系With Vikings’ invasion, many Scandinavian words at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German.1. Word词--- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 2．Vocabulary词汇—— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.3. basic word stock 基本词汇is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary, yet it is the most important partof it. These words have obvious characteristics.（1）All national character全民性. Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language。
The history of English language(英汉双语)
英语属于西日耳曼语支，起源于盎格鲁-弗里西亚方言，是在日耳曼人入侵时被引入不列颠的。
English is a West Germanic language that originated from theAnglo-Frisian dialects, broughtto Britain by Germanic invaders最初的古英语由多种方言组成，晚期西撒克逊语最终成为了统一英语的语言。
现代人所认识的英语，很大程度上和公元1400年的书面中古英语相似。
这种转变是由历史上两的入侵，他们在公元八、九世纪征服并使部分不列颠岛成为他们的殖民地。
第二次是十一世纪时来自诺曼人的入侵，他们讲的古诺曼语最终发展为英语的一种变体，称为盎格鲁-诺曼语。
Middle English differed from Old English because of two invasions which occurred during the Middle Ages. The 1st invasion was by peoples who spoke North Germanic languages. They conquered and colonized parts of Britain during the 8th and 9th centuries A.D. The 2nd invasion was by the Normans of the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and eventually developed an English form thereofcalled Anglo-Norman.Proto-English英语诞生于日耳曼人的语言，主要包括盎格鲁语，撒克逊语，弗里西语，朱特语。
这其中还可能含有法兰克语，之后又融合了拉丁语。
The languages of Germanic peoples gave rise to the English language( the best known are the Angles, Saxons, Frisii, Jutes and possibly some Franks,) . Latin loan wordsentered the vocabulary.Old English – from the mid-5th century to the mid-11th century人们现在所讲的古英语是长期以来多个殖民部落的方言融合而形成的。
BBC的德语初级学习资料
Simple introductionsThere are two handy phrases to know when meeting people:Sind Sie ...? Are you ...? Ich bin ... I am ...By adding a name after each phrase, you can form a simple question or answer Saying 'my'In German, there are different ways to say my, depending on who you're talking about. When you're talking about a man, you use mein.When you're talking about a woman you use mein e.Here are some examplesDas ist meine Frau. Das ist meine Tochter. Das ist mein Mann. Das ist mein Sohn. Das ist mein Freund. Das ist mein Kollege This is my wife.This is my daughter.This is my husband.This is my son.This is my (male) friend. This is my (male) colleague.Saying 'your'Ihr is a very common word in German, and can have several meanings.It can mean your when addressing someone formally. In this case it's always written with a capital letterWhen addressing someone informally, you use dein.Wo wohnt Ihr Freund, Herr Paul? Where does your friend live, Mr Paul?Wo wohnt dein Freund, Heike? Where does your friend live, Heike?It can be used as an informal you when referring to more than one person. The verb will end with -t.Kommst du? Are you coming? (one person, informal)Kommt ihr? Are you coming? (more than one person, informal)Finally, ihr can be used to mean her or their. The meaning is obvious from the context.Das ist Claudia. Peter ist ihr Freund. This is Claudia. Peter is her friend.Hier wohnen Peter und Claudia. Das ist ihr Haus This is where Peter and Claudia live.This is their house.Ihr means your (formal) and ihr can mean her or their. Click on 'Start the activity' and use these words correctly to finish the phrase. You'll need to drag the right one into the gap.Saying 'you'Every time you talk to someone in German, you'll need to know which word for you to use, du or Sie.You use du for people with whom you're on first-name terms, such as family, close friends and children. Du is also used in informal situations, in particular among young people.Sie is more formal and is used with people who you would address with their surname.When you address someone as du or Sie, the verb changes as well.Sind Sie Herr Schmidt? Are you Mr Smith?Bist du Peter? Are you Peter?Using 'Sie'Sie is a very common word in German, and can have several meanings.It can be used as the formal word for you. In this case Sie always begins with a capital letter and the verb will end with -en.Wo wohnen Sie? Where do you live?Brauchen Sie Benzin? Do you need petrol?It can also mean she, or it when it refers to a feminine noun. In this case sie begins with a small letter, except at the beginning of a sentence, and the verb will end with -t.Wo wohnt sie? Where does she live?Braucht sie Benzin? Does she need some petrol?Haben Sie eine Luftsäule? Have you got an air pump?Ja, sie ist gleich links von der Einfahrt. Yes, it's just left of the entrance.Finally, sie can be used to mean they. Again, it begins with a small letter, but the verb will end with -en.Wo wohnen sie? Where are they living?Brauchen sie Benzin? Do they need petrol?Saying 'it'As in English you can refer back to something that has already been mentioned by saying it.In German you use a different word depending on whether the word is masculine, feminine or neuter.With der words, ie. masculine words, you use er:Hier ist der Ku'damm Here is the Ku'dammEr ist hier It is hereWith die words, ie. feminine words, you use sie:Hier ist die Kirche Here is the churchSie ist hier It is hereWith das words, ie. neuter words, you use the word es:Hier ist da s Branderburger Tor Here is the Brandenburg GateEs ist hier It is hereMasculine and feminineJobs in German can be masculine or feminine, like the people doing them. When a job is done by a woman, very often an -in ending will be added.Ich bin Lehrer I'm a teacher (male)Ich bin Lehrer in I'm a teacher (female)Ich bin Polizist I'm a police officer (male)Ich bin Polizist in I'm a police officer (female)Ich bin Mechaniker I'm a mechanic (male)Ich bin Mechaniker in I'm a mechanic (female)When you say what you do in German, you don't need to use the word a.Regular verbsWhen you look up a verb in a German dictionary, it normally ends in -en. This form is known as the infinitive.wohn en to livekomm en t o comeTo show who is doing something you need to change the verb ending.ich komm e I comeich wohn e I livedu komm st you come (informal)du wohn st you live (informal)Sie komm en y ou come (formal)Sie wohn en you live (formal)Lots of German verbs follow this regular pattern.Irregular verbsMany verbs follow the same pattern when changing their endings. They are regular verbs. But there are some very frequently needed ones that work differently.Here are some of the most useful ones: sein, haben and können.sein to beich bin I amdu bist you are (informal)er/sie/es ist he/she/it iswir/sie/Sie sind w e/they/you (formal) areSind Sie Frau Möller? A re you Mrs Möller?Bist du Student? Are you a student?haben to haveich habe I havedu hast you have (informal)er/sie/es hat he/she/it haswir/sie/Sie haben w e/they/you (formal) haveHast du Lust? Would you like to?Haben Sie ein Zimmer frei? D o you have a room available?können to be able toich kann I candu kannst you can (informal)er/sie/es kann he/she/it canwir/sie/Sie können we/they/you (formal) canKann ich helfen? Can I help you?Was kann ich noch tun? W hat else can I do?Asking questionsAs in English you can start a question with a question word. Here are some common questionwords.Try guessing the meanings before displaying the translationsWas...?Wann...?Wo...?Wer...?Wohin...?Wie viel...?What...?When...?Where...?Who...?Where to...?How much...?Changing vowelsMost German verbs follow a regular pattern. Only the endings change to show who is doing something.Ich komm e aus England I come from EnglandDu komm st aus Schottland You come from ScotlandBut there are some German verbs where the spelling and pronunciation changes depending on who or what you're talking about. In these examples the middle vowel changes.f a hren» Wie oft fähr t der Bus?» Welcher Bus fähr t zum Flughafen Tegel? to leaveHow often does the bus leave? Which bus goes to Tegel Airport?spr e chen» Sie spr e chen Englisch.» Du spr i chst sehr gut Deutsch. to speakYou speak English (formal).You speak German very well (informal).This change also happens to some nouns in the plural.As in English, the question word comes at the start of the sentence, followed by the verb.Was sind Sie von Beruf? W hat's your job?Was ist das? What's that?Wo wohnen Sie? Where do you live?Wohin, bitte? Where to, please?Sometimes when asking a question, there is no question word. You can simply change the word order of the sentence, just as you do in English.Try asking the questions before displaying themDas ist ein TaxiDas ist der Ku'damm Wir sind da That is a taxiThat's the Ku'damm We're thereIst das ein Taxi?Ist das der Ku'damm? Sind wir da?Is that a taxi?Is that the Ku'damm? Are we there?Saying 'the'German nouns, whether referring to people or objects, are either ma sculine, feminine or neuter.When you look up words in the dictionary you will see this marked as m, f, n respectively. Each type of noun has a different word for the.der is used with masculine nounsder Ku'damm t he Ku'dammder Bruder the brotherdie is used with feminine nouns.die Straße the streetdie Freundin the (female) frienddas is used with neuter nouns.das Rathaus t he town councildas Kind the childIt's a good idea to learn nouns with the appropriate word for the as you go along, as gender is important when building up sentences.At times you'll hear the words den and dem also meaning the. You'll see and hear these forms when they appear at certain positions in the sentence, eg. after verbs and prepositions. Using 'den'In German, some words take different forms depending on where they appear in a sentence. See howDer englisch e Käse ist gut.Der warm e Apfelstrudel ist unsere Spezialität. The English cheese is good.The warm apple strudel is our speciality.Ich nehme den englisch en Käse.Ich nehme den warm en Apfelstrudel. I'll take the English cheese.I'll take the warm apple strudel.After verbs such as nehmen, to take, möchten, to want or haben, to have, you use den instead of der. Similarly, you use einen instead of ein. accusative in that position will take an -en ending. See howDas ist ein neu er Mantel. T his is a new coat.Ich möchte einen neu en Mantel. I'd like a new coat.The form is known as the accusative case, and it also occurs after certain prepositions. This only happens with masculine words in the singular. Feminine and neuter words don't change.See howDie rot e Tasche ist schön. Das klein e Auto ist schön. Hier ist ein großes Bier. The red bag is nice. The small car is nice. Here's a large beer.Ich nehme die rot e Tasche. Ich nehme das klein e Auto. Ich nehme ein großes Bier. I'll take the red bag. I'll take the small car. I'll take a large beer.Saying 'a'In German there are two different words for a: ein with der and das words, ie. masculine and neuter words, and eine with die words, ie. feminine words.ein Kaffee a coffeeeine Currywurst a curried sausageein Bier a beerIt's easy to confuse the word for a with the word eins. Eins is only used for the number one, ie. when you are counting.eins, zwei, drei,... one, two, three,...Ein Bier, bitte. One beer, please.Zwei Bier, bitte. Two beers, please.Drei Bier, bitte. Three beers, please.At times you'll hear the words einen and einem also meaning a. You'll see and hear these forms when they appear at certain positions in the sentence, eg. after verbs and prepositions.Ich möchte einen Kaffee I'd like a coffeeSaying where you're fromYou can say where you come from like this:Ich komme aus ... followed by the name of the place.Ich komme aus England I come from EnglandIch komme aus Berlin I come from BerlinIch komme aus Schottland I come from ScotlandIf you want to say the place you live in you say Ich wohne in ...Ich wohne in Berlin I live in BerlinIch wohne in Deutschland I live in GermanyIch wohne in Frankfurt I live in FrankfurtAsking and talking about destinationTo ask about a destination or where you're going, you use wohin, where to.Wohin gehen Sie?Where are you going?To state the destination, you can use nach or zu.You use nach with city and country names.Ich fahre nach BerlinI'm driving to BerlinIn most other cases you use zu. Zu changes according to the word that follows it.With der or das words, zu changes to zum, which is short for zu + dem, to the:der Ku'damm »zum Ku'dammdas Rathaus »zum RathausWith die words, zu changes to zur, which is short for zu + der, to the:die Oranienburger Straße »zur Oranienburger Straßedie Galerie »zur GalerieAsking and talking about locationTo ask where something is located you use wo, where:Wo wohnst du?Where do you live?When you indicate the place where something is located you use in:Ich wohne in BerlinI live in BerlinTo state location, you can also use an.An is like the word at in English, and you use it in a similar way:Ich studiere an der Universität in BerlinI'm studying at Berlin UniversityBoth in and an can change depending on the word that follows them.With der and das words, in changes to im, which is short for in + dem, in the:das Krankenhaus» Ich arbeite im KrankenhausAn follows a similar pattern. With der and das words, an changes to am, which is short for an + dem, at the:der Potsdamer Platz» Ist das am Potsdamer Platz?With die words, in and an cause the die to change to der:die Oranienburger Straße» Ich wohne in der Oranienburger Straßedie Universität» Ich studiere an der UniversitätNumbers 1-10Here are the German numbers 1 to 10. Saying them out loud will help you learn them as well as improve your pronunciation.eins 1zwei 2drei 3vier 4fünf 5sechs 6sieben 7acht 8neun 9zehn 10Sometimes you'll hear zwo instead of zwei for the number 2. This is to help distinguish it from the number 3, drei, which sounds quite similar, especially when speaking o n the phone. Numbers 11-99The German numbers 11-30 follow a similar pattern to English:elf 11zwölf 12dreizehn 13vierzehn 14fünfzehn 15sechzehn 16siebzehn 17achtzehn 18neunzehn 19zwanzig 20Numbers 21-99 are made up slightly differently. The smaller number always comes first, followed by und, and, then the larger number.For example:ein + und + zwanzig = einundzwanzig= 21drei + und + fünfzig = dreiundfünfzig = 53einundzwanzig 21zweiundzwanzig 22dreiundzwanzig 23dreißig 30vierunddreißig 34vierzig 40fünfundvierzig 45fünfzig 50sechsundfünfzig 56sechzig 60siebenundsechzig 67siebzig 70achtundsiebzig 78achtzig 80neunundachtzig 89neunzig 90Numbers 100 and aboveTo make up numbers higher than 100 you simply add -hundert in front of the smaller numbers: hundert + eins = hunderteins 101hundert + zweiunddreißig =132hundertzweiunddreißigYou can link words with und, but it's completely optional.hundert + und + eins = hundertundeins 101hundert + und + zweiunddreißig =132hundertundzweiunddreißigFor 200 to 900, you add the number of hundreds in front of –hundert(ein)hundert 100zweihundert 200dreihundert 300vierhundert 400fünfhundert 500sechshundert 600siebenhundert 700achthundert 800neunhundert 900As you can see, because the numbers are written as one word they can be quite long! vierhundertfünfundzwanzig 425Using 'bitte'You'll hear and see the word bitte a lot in German. It can have several meanings, depending on the situation, but it's always polite.Bitte can mean pleaseKönnen Sie mir helfen, bitte? Can you help me, please?Ein Bier, bitte. A beer, please.Bitte sehr is used when handing something over.Bitte sehr, Ihr Bier.Here you are, your beer.Bitte schön is used in reply to DankeDanke Thank you.Bitte schön You're welcome.Wie bitte? or simply Bitte? is also very useful. It's the equivalent of Pardon? and you can use it to ask for repetition or whenever you don't understand somethingQuantities and portionsIn German when you're talking about a quantity, eg. a piece of... or a cup of..., you don't use the word of.ein Stück Kuchen a piece of cakeeine Tasse Tee a cup of teaein Paket Zucker a packet of sugarein Pfund Käse a pound of cheeseeine Flasche Wasser a bottle of waterIf you're requesting several items, you can just use the words for once, twice... followed by the item you want, which is always in the singular, even if you want more than one.einmal Bratwurst one fried sausagezweimal Bratwurst t wo grilled sausagesdreimal Bratwurst three grilled sausagesCompound nounsMany German nouns are formed by putting two or more shorter nouns together.Erdbeere + torte Milch + Kaffee strawberry + cake milk + coffeeErdbeertorte Milchkaffee strawberry gateau milky coffeeThese compound nouns are often linked in the middle with -e, -en, -es or -n. The word for the is usually the one corresponding to the last noun added in the compound.der Kranke + das Haus die Kinder + der Garten die Schokolade + der Kuchen sick person + housechildren + gardenchocolate + cakedas Kranke n haus der Kindergarten der Schokolade n kuchen hospitalnurserychocolate cakePluralsAll plurals use the same word for the - die .To make a noun plural in German, you usually add one or two letters to the end of the singular formMany masculine and neuter nouns, ie. der and da s nouns, add an -e to form the plural: der Salat der Wein das Packet saladwinepacketdie Salat e die Wein e die Packet e saladswinespacketsMany feminine nouns, ie. die nouns, add an -n or -en to form the plural:die Scheibe die Frau slicewomandie Scheib en die Frau en sliceswomenIf a noun already ends in -en in the singular, the ending doesn't change in the plural: ein Brötchen zwei Brötchen a bread rolltwo bread rollsder Kuchen die Kuchen cakecakesNote that some words with an a, o or u in the first syllable take an umlaut in the plural. der Apfel der Sohn der Bruder applesonbrotherdie Äpfel die S öhn e die Br üder applessonsbrothersYou'll notice there are exceptions to these rules. It's a good idea to learn these as you come across them, for example:das Kind childdie Kind er childrenSaying 'I'd like...'There are two ways to ask for something politely or to say what you want in German.Ich hätte gern...Ich möchte...Both mean I'd like..., and are always followed by a noun.When you're asking for unspecified amounts the word some is omitted.Ich hätte gern Kartoffelsalat I'd like some potato saladIch möchte Brot I'd like some breadIch hätte gern Suppe I'd like some soupSaying 'no'In German there are many ways to make a sentence negative, for example when y ou say what you don't have or don't want.neinIf you're responding to a question in the negative, you simply use nein to say no. You can use nein on its own.Ist die Tagliatelle mit Fleisch? I s the tagliatelle made with meat?Nein. No.kein, keine, keinenThese words are used in negative sentences, and change the word a to not...any or no.You simply add the letter 'k' before ein, eine, or einen, depending on whether the noun is masculine, feminine or neuter.Ich habe ein Bier I've got a beerIch habe kein Bier I haven't got a beerIch möchte eine Suppe I'd like some soupIch möchte keine Suppe I wouldn't like any soupAt times you'll hear the words keinen and keinem. You'll see and hear these forms when they appear at certain positions in the sentence, eg. after verbs and prepositions.nichtNicht makes the verb negative and is used to say what you don't do. It always comes after the verb.Der Kaffee ist gut The coffee's good.Der Kaffee ist nicht gut T he coffee isn't good.Es ist weit. It's far.Es ist nicht weit. It isn't far.Saying what you likeThere are several ways to say what you like and dislike in German.ich magYou can use ich mag followed by a noun:Ich mag Schokoladenkuchen. I like chocolate cake.To say what you don't like, add nicht at the end of the sentence.Ich mag Schokoladenkuchen nicht. I don't like chocolate cake.Ich mag Fußball nicht. I don't like football.Ich mag Currywurst nicht. I don't like curry sausagees gefällt mirThis literally means it pleases me. In this case, the noun comes first:Fußball gefällt mir. I like football.Das T-shirt gefällt mir. I like this t-shirt.To make the sentence negative, add nicht at the end of the sentence:Fußball gefällt mir nicht. I don't like football.Das T-shirt gefällt mir nicht. I don't like this t-shirt.gernTo say what you like to do you use gern. This always follows the verb.Ich schwimme gern. I like swimming.Ich tanze gern. I like dancing.Ich singe gern. I like singing.To say what you don't like doing, you use nicht gern.Ich schwimme nicht gern. I don't like swimming.Ich tanze nicht gern. I don't like dancing.Ich singe nicht gern. I don't like singing.Saying 'there' and 'there is/are'ThereTo say there you use da or dort - both have a similar meaning, but dort is a bit more formal and often has the sense over there. Da can also mean here.Die neue Foto-Ausstellung ist da. The new photo exhibition is there.Sie finden die Bar dort. You'll find the bar there.There is and there areTo say there is... or there are... you use the very handy phrase e s gibt. Unlike its English equivalents, es gibt doesn't change.Es gibt eine Bar gleich um die Ecke. T here's a bar round the corner.Es gibt da Toiletten. There are toilets there.Is there...? and Are there...?If you want to find out what there is, you simply turn the expression around to form a question.Es gibt ein Telefon. There is a telephone.Gibt es ein Telefon? Is there a telephone?Es gibt ein Schwimmbad. There's a swimming pool.Gibt es ein Schwimmbad? I s there a swimming pool?Es gibt da Toiletten. There are toilets there.Gibt es da Toiletten? Are there toilets there?ThereTo say there you use da or dort - both have a similar meaning, but dort is a bit more formal and often has the sense over there. Da can also mean here.Die neue Foto-Ausstellung ist da. The new photo exhibition is there.Sie finden die Bar dort. You'll find the bar there.There is and there areTo say there is... or there are... you use the very handy phrase e s gibt. Unlike its English equivalents, es gibt doesn't change.Es gibt eine Bar gleich um die Ecke. T here's a bar round the corner.Es gibt da Toiletten. There are toilets there.Is there...? and Are there...?If you want to find out what there is, you simply turn the expression around to form a question. Es gibt ein Telefon. There is a telephone.Gibt es ein Telefon? Is there a telephone?Es gibt ein Schwimmbad. There's a swimming pool.Gibt es ein Schwimmbad? I s there a swimming pool?Es gibt da Toiletten. There are toilets there.Gibt es da Toiletten? Are there toilets there?Saying 'I need'To say what you need in German, you use the verb brauchen, literally to be in need of....You only use brauchen with nouns:Ich brauche ein Bier. I need a beer.Sie brauchen eine Tankstelle Y ou need a petrol station.Du brauchst Benzin. You need petrol.The verb endings change depending on who you are talking to. They follow the same regular pattern as verbs like kommen and wohnen.To say what you need to do, you use müssen, which has irregular forms.However, if you want to express what you don't need to do or don't have to do, you do use brauchen with the word nicht.You also add the word zu, to, before the main verb.Ich brauche nicht zu tanken. I don't need to fill up.Sie brauchen nicht zu arbeiten. Y ou don't need to work.Saying 'must' and 'can'When you're giving instructions or showing how to work something, you use müssen, to haveto ... or to need to ....Müssen is mostly followed by another verb in the infinitive, ie. the dictionary form.Sie müssen aufpassen You must be carefulSie müssen duschen You must have a showerSie müssen die Wohnung reinigen You have to clean the flatThe forms of müssen change depending on who you are talking about. It's an irregular verb and the forms are:ich muss I have todu musst you have to (informal)er/sie/es muss he/she/it has towir/sie/Sie müssen w e/they/you have to (formal)When you're giving someone permission you use dürfen, to be allowed to....Dürfen is followed by another verb in the infinitive, ie. the dictionary form.Sie dürfen im Hof rauchen. Y ou can smoke in the yard (ie. you're allowed to)Sie dürfen hier parken. You can park here (ie. you're allowed to)The forms of dürfen change depending on who you are talking about. It's an irregular verb and the forms are:Ich darf Kaffee trinken. I can drink coffee (ie. I'm allowed to)Du darfst hier essen. You can eat here (ie. you're allowed to)Er darf kommen. He can come (ie. he's allowed to)Wir dürfen ausgehen. We can go out (ie. we're allowed to)If you want to tell someone what he or she isn't allowed to do, you add nicht to the sentence. Nicht always comes immediately before the second verb.Sie dürfen hier nicht rauchen. Y ou can't smoke here (ie. you're not allowed to)Ich darf nicht fahren. I can't drive (ie. I'm not allowed to)When you want to say if someone can or is able to do something, you use können. Its forms also change depending on who you're talking about.AgreeingThere are several ways to indicate that you agree with what someone has just told you.Genau is frequently used. It literally means Exactly, but is also used in conversation to mean Indeed or Of course.In Ordnung, which literally means In order, is used with the meaning of OK.Ich verstehe means I understand.If you want to express disagreement you can say Stimmt nicht, That's wrong or Ich glaube nicht, I don't think so.Time and placeWord order in German sentences usually follows a regular pattern, just as in English - the subject, ie. the person or thing you're talking about, is followed by the verb.But if you start a sentence with a time expression, the word order changes slightly.See howEs regnet morgen.Wir machen morgen eine Wanderung. It's going to rain tomorrow. We're going hiking tomorrow.Morgen regnet es.Morgen machen wir eine Wanderung. Tomorrow it's going to rain. Tomorrow we're going hiking.The same happens when the sentence starts with a place expression.Try and guess how before displaying the exampleEs ist oft heißin München im Sommer. I t's often hot in the summer in Munich.In München ist e s oft heiß im Sommer. I n Munich it's often hot in the summer.Talking about the futureIn German the present tense can be used to describe an action that takes place in the future. This is similar to saying going to in English.You use this form in sentences that include a time expression, like tomorrow or next week. Es regnet It's rainingMorgen regnet es. Tomorrow it's going to rain.Die Sonne scheint. The sun's shining.Morgen scheint die Sonne. T omorrow the sun's going to shine.Es schneit. It's snowing.N？hste Woche schneit es. I t's going to snow next weekGiving datesAs in English, German uses words like first, second, third... to indicate the day of the month. To say from... to... you use vom... bis zum... plus the dates.To say on, you use am.To express the date up to the 19th, you simply add -ten to the original number.From 20th onwards, the ending is -sten.Vom vierten bis zum achten August From 4th to 8th AugustVom zwanzigsten bis zumeinunddreißigstenFrom 20th to 31stSome numbers change when taking the ending:ersten 1stdritten 3rdsiebten 7thachten 8thDates are abbreviated using a full stop.Von 4. bis zum 8. August Von 20. bis zum 31. From 4th to 8th August From 20th to 31st。
新视角研究生英语读说写2课文原文加翻译及课后答案
新视野研究生英语读说写2英语原文加翻译及课后答案1.大学课堂：还有人在听吗？Toward the middle of the semester, Fowkes fell ill and missed a class. When he returned, the professor nodded vaguely and, to Fowkes’s astonishment, began to deliver not the next lecture in the sequence but the one after. Had he, in fact, lectured to an empty hall in the absence of his solitary student? Fowkes thought it perfectly possible.在学期中间，Fowkes 因病缺了一次课。
他回到课堂的时候，教授毫无表情地向他点了点头。
接着令Fowkes大吃一惊的是，教授并没有按照顺序讲下一课，而是讲了后面一课。
难道他真的在他唯一的学生缺席的情况下对着空教室讲了一课？Fowkes认为这太有可能了。
Today American colleges and universities (originally modeled on German ones) are under strong attack from many quarters. Teachers, it is charged, are not doing a good job of teaching, and students are not doing a good job of learning. American businesses and industries suffer from unenterprising, uncreative executives educated not to think for themselves but to mouth outdated truisms the rest of the world has long discarded. College graduates lack both basic skills and general culture. Studies are conducted and reports are issued on the status of higher education, but any changes that result either are largely cosmetic or make a bad situation worse.今天美国的大学（原本是以德国的大学为模型的）受到了各方面的严厉指责。
英德词汇表 ENGLISH-GERMAN WORDLIST
WORDLIST ENGLISH – GERMANCompiled by Ingrid Ehrhardt, Sprachausbildung TU Dresden - Only for internal use at TU Dresdenabundance Fülle, Überflussabundant (adj.)reichlich (vorhanden)abutment Stützpfeileracid rain saurer Regenacidity Säuregehaltacidification Versauerungacidify versauernactivated sludge process Belebtschlammverfahrenadapt to sth (verb)sich anpassen anadjacent angrenzendaeration Sauerstoffbelüftungaffect (verb)beeinflussen, beeinträchtigenair current Luftströmungair pollution Luftverschmutzungalga plural: algae Algealkalis Basen, Alkalialtitude Höhe, Höhenlageammonia Ammoniakancient (adj.)alt, sehr alt; altertümlichaqueduct Aquäduktaquifer Grundwasserleiter, Wasser führende Schicht aquifer system Wasserführungartificial (adj.)künstlichbacterial cell Bakterienzellebactericidal action bakterizider Prozess bactericidal efficiency bakterizide Leistungsfähigkeitbacterium (pl. bacteria)Bakteriebecome clogged with mit etwas blockiert werdenbecome contaminated with mit etwas verseucht werdenbedrock Grundgestein, Felsuntergrundbiochemistry Biochemiebiodegradable biologisch abbaubarbiodiversity genetische Vielfaltborehole Bohrloch, Bohrungcanal Kanalcatalyst Katalysatorcausative agent verursachender Wirkstoffcavernous höhlenreichcesspool Klärgrube, Jauchgrubechemical (adj.)chemischchemical (noun)Chemikaliechlorine Chlorchlorinate chlorenchlorinated hydrocabon chlorierter Kohlenwassersstoffchlorination Chlorenchlorofluorocarbons (abbr.: CFC) pl. F luorchlorkohlenwasserstoffe,umweltschädliche Treibgase (Abk.: FCKW) Pl. clay Lehmclean up sanierencleanup work Sanierungsarbeitclimate change Klimaänderung, -wandelcloud Wolkecoagulant Koagulierungsmittelcoagulate koagulieren, gerinnencoagulation Koagulation, Gerinnungcoarse sand grober Sandcoastal waters (pl.)Küstengewässercombine with verbinden mitcommercial fishing kommerzieller Fischfangcommunity Gesellschaft, Gemeinschaftcompete (with) (verb)konkurrieren (mit)competition Konkurrenz, Wettbewerbcomposition Zusammensetzung(be) concerned with sich befassen mit; von etwas handeln conduit Leitungsrohrconservation Naturschutz, Bewahrung, Erhaltung conservation area Schutzgebietconserve erhalten, bewahrenconsumer Verbraucherconsumption Verbrauchconsumption per capita Pro Kopf Verbrauchcontaminant Schadstoffcontaminate verunreinigen, verschmutzen, vergiften,verseuchen, kontaminieren contamination Verunreinigung, Verschmutzung, Vergiftung,Verseuchung, Kontaminierungcontrol measures Bekämpfungsmaßnahmenconvert (verb)umbauen, umwandeln cooling process Kühlprozesscrib Rostcrop Ernte; Ertrag; Anbaukulturdamage (verb)schädigen, beschädigendamage (no plural!)Schaden, Schädendamage assessment Schadansprachedamage to the environment Umweltschädendamage to trees Baumschädendamage to wildlife Wildschadendebris Abraum, Geröll, Schuttdecline (noun)Rückgang, Minderungdecline (verb)sinken, zurückgehen; ablehnen decompose sich zersetzen, verfaulen decomposition Zersetzung, Fäulnis, Abbau, Zerfall deforestation Entwaldung, Zerstörung der Wälder,Abholzungdeliver liefern, bereitstellendemand Anforderung, Bedarfdepend on/upon abhängen vondeplete erschöpfen, vermindern, verringern deposit Ablagerung; (Lager)stättedepth Tiefedesalinate entsalzendesalination Entsalzungdesalination plant Entsalzungsanlage,Meerwasserentsalzungsanlage desalting plant Entsalzungsanlage,Meerwasserentsalzungsanlagedesert Wüstedestroy (verb)zerstörendestruction Zerstörungdetergent Reinigungsmittel, Waschmittel deteriorate sich verschlechtern, schlechter werden deterioration Verschlechterung; Verfalldilute verdünnt, wässrigdirty schmutzigdiscard (verb)ausrangierendiscolour (verb)verfärbendisease Krankheitdischarge (noun)Abfluss (von Wasser)discharge (verb)(Wasser) ausströmen/ausfließen lassen disposal Beseitigungdispose of (etwas) beseitigen, loswerden disperse (seeds) (verb)(Samen) zerstreuen, verbreiten disruptive (adj.)zerstörenddissolve (auf)lösendistinguishing feature Unterscheidungsmerkmaldistribution of species Verteilung der Artendistribution system Verteilungssystemdisturbance Störungdiversity of species Artenvielfaltdivert umleitendiversion Umleitungdosage Dosisdomestic waste Hausmüll drain entwässern, Wasser ableiten drainage Entwässerungdrainage system Entwässerungssystemdrinking water Trinkwasserdrop fallen, zurückgehendrought Dürre, Trockenheitdump (noun)Schutthaufen, Abfallhaufen, Müllplatz,Müllkippedump (verb)abladen, verklappendumping ground Müllkippe, Schuttabladeplatz durability Haltbarkeitdurable (adj.)haltbarearth-fill dam Erddamecological Ökologieecological disaster Umweltkatastropheecology ökologischecosystemÖkosystemeffluent pipe Abwasserrohreffluents Abwasser, Abwässerelevation Höheemission Emission, Ausstrahlung endangered gefährdetentomology Entomologie, Insektenkunde environment Umweltenvironmental disaster Umweltkatastropheenvironmental factor Umweltfaktorenvironmental pollution Umweltverschmutzung environmental problem Umweltproblemenvironmental resource Umweltressource environmentalist Umweltschützer embankment dam Staudammerosion Erosion, Abtragung evaporate verdunstenevaporation Verdunstungevidence (no plural!)Anzeichenexhaust gases Abgaseexcess water Überschusswasser extinct (adj.)ausgestorbenextinction Aussterbenextracellular außerhalb der Zellefall-out radioaktiver Niederschlag feature Merkmalfertile (adj.)fruchtbarfertility Fruchtbarkeit fertilization Befruchtung, Düngung fertilizer Düngemittelfine sand feiner Sandfloat treiben, schwimmen floatables Treibgutflood plain Flutebenefresh water Süßwasserfrost Frostfrost damage Frostschadenforest Waldforest conservation Walderhaltung forest fire Waldbrandform bilden, darstellenfractured (adj.) brüchigfuel oil Heizölfumes Abgasefungus plural: funguses or fungi Pilzgallon Gallone (BE: 4,55 l / AE: 3,7 l) garbage (AE) Abfall, Müllgarbage can (AE) Müll-, Abfalleimergather sammeln, sich ansammelngerm Keimget rid of entfernen, loswerdengradient Neigung, Gefällegrassland Graslandgravel Kiesgreenhouse effect Treibhauseffektground Boden, Erdbodenhabitat Habitat, Lebensraumharmful schädlichharvest (noun+verb)Ernte; erntenherbicide Unkrautvernichtungsmittelhumid feuchthumidity(Luft)Feuchtigkeithydraulic engineering Wasserbauhydroelectricity durch Wasserkraft erzeugte Energie hydrological cycle Wasserkreislaufice sheet Eisdeckeidentification Identifizierung, Bestimmungidentify identifizieren, bestimmenimpact (have an ~ on sth)Einfluss, Einwirkung (auf etw. haben) impervious undurchlässigimpound (verb)(Wasser) aufstauenimpure unrein, schmutzigimpurity Verunreinigungincinerator (Müll)verbrennungsanlageindustrial effluent Industrieabwasser(einleitungen) industrial pollution Industrieverschmutzungindustrial waste Industrieabfälle, Industriemüllinsect Insektinsecticide Insektizid, Schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel intake (noun)Zuflussrohrintracellular innerhalb der Zelleirrigate bewässernirrigation Bewässerungirrigation scheme Bewässerungsprojektirrigation system Bewässerungssystemlake See, Binnenseelandfill Mülldeponielarva (pl. larvae)Larvelayer Schichtlicence (B.E.), license (A.E.)Lizenz, Genehmigunglichen Flechtelife cycle Lebenszykluslifespan Lebensdauer limestone Kalksteinliquid flüssiglitter (noun)Abfalllivelihood Lebensunterhalt, Einkommenmain pipeline Hauptleitungmains Hauptleitungen bei der Wasserversorgung mains supply Versorgungsnetzmaintenance Wartung, Instandhaltungmanagement Bewirtschaftung, Betriebsführung management plan Betriebsplanmarine pollution Meeresverschmutzungmature (verb)reifen; entwickelnmeteorology Meteorologiemicronutrient Spurenelementmixing chamber Mischkammermoist (adj.)feuchtmoisture Feuchtigkeit (Boden)monitor (verb)kontrollieren, überwachenmoose A.E.(amerikanischer) Elchmortality Sterblichkeitmunicipal städtischnative (adj.)einheimisch; arteigen (biol.)native to (adj.)heimisch innatural conditions natürliche Bedingungennatural cycle natürlicher Kreislaufnatural water cycle natürlicher Wasserkreislaufnature conservation Naturschutznature reserve Naturreservatnatural resources Naturschätzenitrogenous compound stickstoffhaltige Verbindungnutrient Nährstoffnutrient status Nährstoffzustandobservation Beobachtungobservation point Beobachtungspunktobserve beobachtenoccurrence Vorkommenocean plastic pollution Meeresverschmutzung durch Treibgut ocean pollution Meeresverschmutzungodour Geruchorder Ordnungorganic matter organischer Stoffpermafrost Dauerfrost, Dauerfrostboden permeability Durchlässigkeitpermeable durchlässigpermeate durchdringenpest Schädlingpesticide Pestizid, Schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel plain chlorination einfaches Chlorenplant (verb)pflanzenplant (noun)Pflanze; hier:Anlageplant disease Pflanzenkrankheitplantation Plantage, Pflanzungplastic also: plastics Kunststoff, Plasteplumbing fixture Installationsteil poison (noun+verb)Gift; vergiftenpoisonous giftigpollutant Schadstoffpollute verschmutzen(be) polluted verschmutzt seinpolluter Umweltverschmutzer pollution Verschmutzung postchlorination Nachchlorenpopulation growth Bevölkerungswachstum porous Porösprecipitation Niederschlagprechlorination Vorchlorenpreservation Erhaltung, Bewahrung preserve (verb)erhalten, bewahrenpristine forest unberührter Wald, Urwald (be) prone to sth zu etw. neigen, anfällig sein für protect schützenprotection Schutzpublic supply öffentliches Versorgungsnetz pure (adj.)reinpurification Klärung, Reinigungpurify aufbereiten, reinigen radioactive radioaktivradon-contaminated (adj.)mit Radon verseuchtradon contamination Radonverseuchungrain forest Regenwaldreafforest wiederaufforsten, verjüngenreclaim wiedergewinnenrecharge anreichern, auffüllen; tech.: aufladen recreation Erholungreduce reduzieren, vermindernreforest (verb)wiederaufforsten, verjüngen reforestation Wiederaufforstung, Verjüngungrefuge Zufluchtsort, -stätte; Zuflucht, Schutz regeneration Verjüngung, Sanierungreintroduce (verb)wiedereinführen(be) related to verbunden sein mitrelease einleiten, freisetzenreplenish auffüllen, wiederauffüllen reintroduction Wiedereinführungreproduction Vermehrungreservoir Reservoirresearcher Forscherresidual (adj.)Rest-; restlichresidue Rest, Rückstandresist (verb)widerstehenresistance (to sth)Resistenzresistant (to sth.) (adj.)widerstandsfähigrestoration Sanierungrestore (verb)Sanierenretention Be-, Zurückhaltenretention system Bewahrungsverfahrenreuse (noun)Wiederverwendung, Wiederverwertung reuse (verb)wieder verwenden, wieder verwerten rise ansteigen, erhöhenriver Flussrock Gesteinrunoff (water) Abflusssalt Salzsalinity Salzgehaltsalinization Versalzungsand Sandsanitary engineer Ingenieur für Sanitärtechniksanitary engineering Sanitärtechniksave species from extinction Arten vor dem Aussterben rettenscreen Siebsea Meer, Ozean, See, Weltmeersea bed Meeresbodenseawater Meerwasserseaweed Meeresalgen, Seetangseason (noun)Jahreszeitsediment Sediment, Ablagerungsediment load Sedimentfracht, Schlammlast sedimentation Sedimentablagerungsedimentation tank Sedimentationstankseep sickern, durchsickern, versickern, tropfen seepage Versickerungsemisolid halbfestsewage Abwassersewage dumping Abwasserversickerungsewage pollution Abwasserbelastungsewage sludge Klärschlamm, Abwasserschlammsewage (treatment) plant Klärwerk, Kläranlage,Abwasserbehandlungsanlagesewer Abwasserkanal, Kanalisationsrohrsewerage Kanalisation, Kanalisationsnetz, Kanalisierung sewer system Kanalisationsnetz, Kanalisationssystem shelter (noun)Beschirmung, Schutz; Unterschlupf,Zufluchtsraumshelter (verb)beschirmen, beschützensilt Treibsand, Schlammsite Standortsite improvement Standortverbesserungsite preparation Standortvorbereitungsite science Standortskundeslope Gefälle, Neigung; Hanglage; geol.: Senke sludge Schlammsnow Schneesoak down durchnässen, durchtränkensoak up aufsaugensoil Bodensoil damage Bodenschädensoil erosion Bodenerosionsoil science Bodenkundesoil stability Bodenstabilitätsolid festsource Quellespecies Biolog.:Artspore Spore spread (noun)Verbreitungstarvation Hunger, Hungertodstorage Speicherung, Lagerungstock Bestand;stream Bach, Strömung, Stromsubstance Substanz, Stoffsubsurface (adj.) unterirdischsuction line Saugrichtungsuction pipe Ansaugrohrsufficient ausreichend, genügendsurface water Oberflächenwassersurvival Überlebensurvive (verb)überleben(be) susceptible to sth für etw. anfällig seinsusceptibility (to sth.)Anfälligkeit (gegen/für etw.), Disposition sustainability Nachhaltigkeitsustainable (adj.)nachhaltigsustainable management nachhaltige Bewirtschaftung sustenance Lebensunterhaltswamp Sumpftap (noun)Abflusshahn, Anzapfungtap (verb)anzapfentrash Abfalltechnique for purification Reinigungsmethodetemperate (adj.)gemäßigt, temperierttemperature Temperaturethreat Bedrohungthreaten (verb)bedrohen, gefährdenthrive (verb)gedeihentrap einfangen, einschließentributary Nebenflusstoxin Gift, Giftstoffunconsolidated nicht verdichtetunearth (verb)abbauen, zutage fördernunpolluted sauber, unverschmutztuntreated water unbehandeltes Wasser(be) vulnerable to sth anfällig für, verletzbar seinviable (adj.)Biolog.: lebensfähig, entwicklungsfähig velocity Geschwindigkeitvulnerability to sth Anfälligkeit für etwas ; Verletzbarkeit, waste Abfallwaste disposal Müllbeseitigung, Abfallentsorgung waste management Abfallentsorgung, Abfallwirtschaft waste material Abfallstoffewaste reprocessing plant Abfallwiederaufbereitungsanlage wasteful verschwenderischwastepaper basket Papierkorbwastepaper collection Altpapiersammlungwastewater Abwasserwater Wasserwater-bearing formation Wasser führende Schichtwater-bearing stratum plural: strata Wasser führende Schichtwater consumption Wasserverbrauchwater cycle Wasserkreislauf water pollution Wasserverschmutzungwater pump Wasserpumpewater runoff Wasserabflußwatershed Wassereinzugsgebiet; Wasserscheide water shortage Wassermangel, Wasserknappheitwater supply Wasserversorgung, -bereitstellungwater supply system Wasserversorgungssystemwater table Wasserspiegelwater treatment Abwasserbehandlung, Wasseraufbereitung water works Wasserwerkeweed Unkrautwell Quelle, Brunnenwetlands Feuchtgebietewilderness Wildniswildfire risk Waldbrandgefahrwildlife Tiere in der freien Naturwildlife ecology Wildökologiewildlife management Wildbewirtschaftungwildlife preserve Wildschutzgebiet, Wildgehegewithdraw entnehmen, entziehenwood Holzwoodland Waldwoody holzigworld heritage site Welterbestätte; Stätte des Welterbesyield (noun)Ertragyield (verb)hervorbringen, produzierenzoology Zoologie。
Rise of Nazi Germany and Beginning of World
Key Dates Continued
President Hindenburg Names Hitler Chancellor in January 30, 1933. Street Violence February 27 Reichstag Fire—Legislature Building Burns Down March 5 New Elections: Nazis 288; Nationalists 52; Center 74; Socialists 120; Communists 81; Others 23—Nazis win only 44% of vote March 23, 1933—Reichstag passes (with huge majority) the Enabling Act which made Hitler dictator until April 1, 1937 July 14, 1933—Nazi Party was made only legal party November 12, 1933 Nazis win 92% of the vote Main Point: Only at this date does Hitler behave illegally July 1934-SS and Army purge the SA and they begin to secretly arm the army 1935 Denounces Versailles Treaty 1936 Remilitarizes the Rhineland
Adolph Hitler
Emblematic of German Problem:
Only success came in war—won a minor medal Believed that Germany ―stabbed in the back‖ Germany should have won the war Unemployed after the war—no jobs Couldn’t get into art school—claimed only Jews got in. He had no artistic talent Formed a paramilitary group to substitute for Germany Army—National Socialists
意境欧洲介绍德国英语作文
意境欧洲介绍德国英语作文Germany is a country in Western Europe.It is bordered to the north by the North Sea,Denmark,and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austriaand Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,and the Netherlands.The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate.With 81.8 million inhabitants,it is the most populous member state of the European Union,and home to the third-largest number of international migrants world wide.A region named Germania（The English word “Germany”derives from the Latin word Germania.The name “Germania”came into use after Julius Caesaradopted it from a Gallic term for the peoples east of the Rhine that could possibly have meant “neighbour”,or “men of forests”,or even “men with spears”） ,inhabited by several Germanic peoples, wasdocumented before AD 100.Beginning in the 10thcentury,German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire,which lasted until 1806.During the 16th century,northern Germany became the centre of the Protestant Reformation.As a modern nation-state,the country was firstunified amidst the Franco-Prussian War in 1871.After World War II,Germany was divided in 1949 into two separate states—East Germany and West Germany—along the lines of Allied occupation.Germany was reunified in 1990.West Germany was a founding member of the European Community in 1957,which became the European Union in 1993.It is part of the Schengen Area and adopted the euro in 1999.Germany is a federal parliamentary republic of sixteen states.The capital and largest city is Berlin.Germany is a member of the United Nations,NATO,the G8,the G20,and the OECD.It is a major power with the world's fourth largest economy by nominal GDP and the fifth largest in purchasing power parity.It is the second largest exporterand third largest importer of goods in the world.In absolute terms,Germany has the third biggest annual development aid budget in the world,while its military expenditure ranked seventh.The country has developed a high standard of living and a comprehensive system of social security.It holds a key position in European affairs and maintains a multitude of close partnerships on a global level.Germany is recognised as a scientific and technological leader in several fields.。
英文字母教学课程
目录
• Introduction to English Letters • Classification of English letters • Promotion of English letters • Spelling rules for English letters • The application of English letters
The Latin alphabet was introduced to Britain by the Roman invaders, and since then it has been under
one variable changes and developments
The modern English alphabet is a combination of letters from the
Promotion of Letter A
Summary word
Simple pronunciation
Detailed description
The pronunciation of letter A is relatively simple, similar to the Chinese character "A", with an open mouth shape, the tip of the tongue pressed against the lower gum, and the tongue slightly raised, resulting in a loud pronunciation.
02 Classification of English letters
常见的英语词缀
常见的英语词缀The English language is a rich and diverse language, with a vast vocabulary that continues to expand and evolve over time. One of the key features that contributes to the richness of the English language is the use of affixes - prefixes and suffixes that are added to the beginning or end of words to modify their meaning or grammatical function. These common English affixes play a crucial role in the formation of new words and the understanding of word meanings.Prefixes are affixes that are added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning. Some of the most common English prefixes include:re- - This prefix means "again" or "back," as in the words "rewrite," "rebuild," and "return."un- - This prefix means "not" or "the opposite of," as in the words "unhappy," "unaware," and "unfair."dis- - This prefix means "not" or "the opposite of," as in the words "disagree," "dislike," and "disconnect."in-/im-/ir-/il- - These prefixes all mean "not" or "the opposite of," as in the words "invisible," "impossible," "irregular," and "illegal."pre- - This prefix means "before" or "in front of," as in the words "preplan," "preapprove," and "prehistoric."sub- - This prefix means "under" or "below," as in the words "submerge," "subheading," and "submarine."super- - This prefix means "above" or "beyond," as in the words "superstar," "supersonic," and "supernatural."These are just a few examples of the many prefixes that are commonly used in the English language. By understanding the meanings of these prefixes, we can often decipher the meaning of unfamiliar words and learn new vocabulary more efficiently.Suffixes, on the other hand, are affixes that are added to the end of a word to modify its meaning or grammatical function. Some of the most common English suffixes include:-s/-es - These suffixes are used to form the plural of nouns, as in the words "cats," "dogs," and "boxes."-ed - This suffix is used to form the past tense of verbs, as in the words "walked," "talked," and "baked."-ing - This suffix is used to form the present participle of verbs, as in the words "walking," "talking," and "baking."-ly - This suffix is used to form adverbs from adjectives, as in the words "quickly," "slowly," and "carefully."-ful - This suffix means "full of" or "having the quality of," as in the words "beautiful," "helpful," and "joyful."-less - This suffix means "without" or "lacking," as in the words "careless," "hopeless," and "penniless."-ness - This suffix is used to form nouns from adjectives, denoting a state or quality, as in the words "happiness," "kindness," and "awareness."These are just a few examples of the many suffixes that are commonly used in the English language. By understanding the meanings of these suffixes, we can often decipher the meaning of unfamiliar words and learn new vocabulary more efficiently.In addition to prefixes and suffixes, the English language also makes use of other types of affixes, such as infixes and circumfixes. Infixes are affixes that are inserted into the middle of a word, rather than at the beginning or end. For example, in the word "abso-bloody-lutely," the infix "bloody" is inserted into the middle of the word "absolutely." Circumfixes, on the other hand, are affixes that are added both to the beginning and the end of a word. For example, the German word "ge-lach-t" (meaning "laughed") uses the circumfix "ge-...-t" to indicate the past tense.While prefixes and suffixes are the most common types of affixes used in the English language, these other types of affixes can also be found in certain words and expressions. Understanding the differenttypes of affixes and how they are used can be a valuable tool for expanding one's vocabulary and improving one's ability to comprehend and use the English language effectively.One of the key benefits of understanding affixes is that it can help us to decipher the meaning of unfamiliar words. By breaking down a word into its component parts - the root word and any prefixes or suffixes - we can often determine the meaning of the word based on the meanings of its individual parts. This can be particularly useful when encountering technical or specialized vocabulary, where the word may be derived from Latin or Greek roots.For example, let's take a look at the word "antidisestablishmentarianism." This is a long and complex word, but by breaking it down, we can understand its meaning:anti- = againstdis- = notestablish = to set up or create-ment = the act of-arian = relating to-ism = a system or movementSo, "antidisestablishmentarianism" refers to the opposition to the movement to separate the church from the state. By understandingthe meanings of the individual affixes, we can decipher the overall meaning of the word, even if we are not familiar with it.In addition to helping us understand the meaning of unfamiliar words, affixes can also be used to form new words and expand the English vocabulary. By combining different prefixes and suffixes with root words, we can create new words that convey specific meanings or nuances. This process of word formation is known as derivational morphology, and it is a key aspect of the evolution and growth of the English language.For example, the root word "act" can be combined with different affixes to create a variety of related words, such as:re-act (to act in response)act-ion (the process of acting)act-ive (characterized by action)act-or (a person who acts)act-ual (real or factual)This ability to create new words by combining affixes with root words is a powerful tool for expanding the English vocabulary and expressing more precise and nuanced meanings.In conclusion, the use of affixes, including prefixes and suffixes, is a fundamental aspect of the English language that contributes to itsrichness and diversity. By understanding the meanings and functions of these common affixes, we can improve our ability to comprehend and use the English language effectively, both in terms of understanding unfamiliar words and creating new ones. Whether you are a student, a writer, or simply someone who loves the English language, developing a strong grasp of affixes can be a valuable asset in your linguistic toolkit.。
诺曼底登陆的简介和历史意义英语作文
诺曼底登陆的简介和历史意义英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Normandy Landings, also known as D-Day, took place on June 6, 1944 during World War II. It was a massive Allied invasion on the beaches of Normandy, France, involving over 156,000 troops from the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and other countries.The invasion was a crucial turning point in the war, as it marked the beginning of the end for Nazi Germany's control over Europe. The Allies successfully established a beachhead in Normandy, allowing them to push further into France and ultimately liberate Western Europe from German occupation.The Normandy Landings were a major feat of military planning and coordination. Despite facing strong German defenses, the Allies were able to secure a foothold on the beaches and establish a bridgehead for further operations.The historical significance of the Normandy Landings cannot be overstated. The success of the invasion paved the way for the liberation of France and the defeat of the Axis powers in Europe.It also demonstrated the determination and unity of the Allied forces in their fight against tyranny and oppression.In conclusion, the Normandy Landings were a pivotal moment in World War II and a testament to the courage and sacrifice of the soldiers who participated in the operation. The invasion played a crucial role in securing victory for the Allies and shaping the course of history.篇2Hi everyone, do you know about the Normandy Landings? Let me tell you a little bit about it!The Normandy Landings, also known as D-Day, took place on June 6, 1944 during World War II. It was the largest seaborne invasion in history and marked the beginning of the liberation of German-occupied France. Allied forces, including troops from the United States, Britain, Canada, and other countries, landed on the beaches of Normandy in northern France.The invasion was a crucial turning point in the war, as it allowed the Allies to gain a foothold in Europe and eventually push back the German forces. The success of the Normandy Landings paved the way for the liberation of Western Europe and the eventual defeat of Nazi Germany.The Normandy Landings have great historical significance as they helped to bring an end to the brutality and devastation of World War II. They also demonstrated the strength and unity of the Allied forces in working together to achieve a common goal.So remember, the Normandy Landings were a key moment in history that helped to bring peace and freedom to millions of people. Let's never forget the bravery and sacrifice of those who took part in this important event!篇3The Norman Conquest, also known as the Norman Invasion of England, was a military operation led by William the Conqueror in 1066. It was a major event in English history which forever changed the course of the country.So, like, the Normans weren't from England, but from Normandy in France. And, um, William the Conqueror was like, "Hey, I want to be king of England!" So he gathered his army and sailed across the English Channel to invade England.The Norman Conquest is most famous for the Battle of Hastings in 1066, where William the Conqueror defeated King Harold II of England. And, like, William became the new king of England and changed everything!After the Norman Conquest, the Normans, like, took over England. They built castles, churches, and, like, changed the language to French. They also, like, introduced new laws and customs that, like, influenced English society for centuries.The Norman Conquest, like, had a huge impact on English history. It, like, united England with Normandy and, um, brought new ideas and culture to the country. It also, like, shaped the future of England and, um, influenced its development as a nation.So, like, the Norman Conquest was, um, a major event in English history that, like, changed everything. And, like, William the Conqueror became a, um, legendary figure in English history.篇4Normandy Landing, also known as D-Day, was a major military operation during World War II. It took place on June 6, 1944, when Allied forces invaded Normandy, France to liberate Europe from German occupation.The operation was carefully planned and executed by the Allies, with troops from the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and other countries participating. The invasion involved airborne landings, amphibious assaults, and a massive navalbombardment, and it marked the beginning of the end for Nazi Germany.The Normandy Landing was a turning point in the war because it opened up a second front in Europe, which put pressure on the German military and ultimately led to their defeat. The Allies were able to establish a foothold on the continent and later advance through France, Belgium, and into Germany. The success of the operation paved the way for the liberation of Western Europe and the end of the war.The Normandy Landing also had significant historical significance. It demonstrated the power of international cooperation and unity in the face of tyranny. The bravery and sacrifice of the soldiers who participated in the operation are remembered and honored to this day. The Normandy Landing remains a symbol of freedom and democracy, reminding us of the importance of standing up against oppression and injustice.In conclusion, the Normandy Landing was a crucial event in World War II that changed the course of history. Its legacy continues to inspire and remind us of the values of courage, sacrifice, and unity in the fight for peace and freedom.篇5Normandy Landing, also known as D-Day, was a major military operation during World War II. It took place on June 6, 1944, when Allied forces invaded the beaches of Normandy, France.The Allied forces, made up of troops from the United States, Britain, Canada, and other countries, launched the invasion to liberate Europe from the control of Nazi Germany. The operation involved landing thousands of troops on the beaches of Normandy in a carefully coordinated effort to overwhelm the German defenses.The Normandy Landing was a turning point in the war, as it marked the beginning of the end for the German forces. The Allies successfully established a beachhead in Normandy and were able to push inland, eventually liberating Paris and other parts of France from German occupation.The significance of the Normandy Landing cannot be overstated. It was the largest amphibious invasion in history and helped to secure a foothold for the Allies in Western Europe. The success of the operation paved the way for the liberation of Europe and the eventual defeat of Nazi Germany.In conclusion, the Normandy Landing was a crucial moment in World War II. It demonstrated the bravery and determinationof the Allied forces and ultimately helped to bring an end to the war. The sacrifices made by those who took part in the operation will always be remembered as a symbol of courage and heroism.篇6Normandy Landing is a very important thing in the history of World War II. It happened in 1944 in Normandy, France. It was a big operation where the Allied forces landed on the beaches of Normandy to fight against the Nazis.The Normandy Landing was planned for a long time before it happened. The Allied forces, which were made up of troops from the United States, Britain, Canada, and other countries, wanted to open up a second front in Europe to help the Soviet Union, which was fighting against the Nazis on the Eastern Front.On June 6, 1944, also known as D-Day, the Allied forces landed on five beaches in Normandy. The troops faced heavy resistance from the Nazis, but they managed to push through and make a beachhead. This was a turning point in the war because it meant that the Allies had successfully invaded Western Europe and could now start moving towards Germany.The Normandy Landing was a very important event in World War II because it helped the Allies defeat the Nazis. It alsoshowed the world that the Allied forces were strong and determined to win the war. The Normandy Landing is considered one of the greatest military operations in history and it will always be remembered as a key moment in the fight against the Nazis.In conclusion, the Normandy Landing was a very important event in World War II. It helped the Allies defeat the Nazis and showed the world that they were determined to win the war. The Normandy Landing will always be remembered as a key moment in history.。
奥登1939年9月1日英文原文
奥登1939年9月1日英文原文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1On September 1, 1939, the world witnessed a pivotal moment in history as Germany invaded Poland, marking the beginning of World War II. The invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, led by Chancellor Adolf Hitler, was a brazen act of aggression that violated international treaties and plunged Europe into a devastating conflict that would last for six years.The invasion of Poland came as a shock to the world, as it demonstrated Hitler's determination to pursue his expansionist policies at any cost. Despite warnings from other countries, including the United Kingdom and France, Germany pressed ahead with its military campaign, using blitzkrieg tactics to swiftly overwhelm Polish defenses.The Polish military, facing overwhelming odds, fought valiantly against the German forces but was ultimately no match for the superior firepower and resources of the invading army. Cities and towns across Poland were bombed and destroyed,and civilians were caught in the crossfire, suffering immense casualties and displacement.The invasion of Poland was a turning point in international relations, as it prompted the United Kingdom and France to declare war on Germany, formally marking the beginning of World War II. The conflict would go on to engulf much of the world, resulting in millions of deaths and widespread destruction.The events of September 1, 1939, serve as a stark reminder of the consequences of unchecked militarism and aggression. The invasion of Poland set off a chain reaction of events that would shape the course of history for years to come, leading to the rise of totalitarian regimes, the Holocaust, and the eventual defeat of the Axis powers.As we reflect on the events of that fateful day in 1939, we must remember the sacrifices of those who fought and died in the struggle for freedom and justice. The lessons of World War II continue to resonate today, reminding us of the need to uphold the values of peace, democracy, and human rights in the face of tyranny and oppression.篇2On September 1, 1939, German forces invaded Poland, marking the beginning of World War II. The invasion, known as the "Blitzkrieg" or lightning war, saw the rapid advance of German troops through Polish territory. The attack came as a shock to the international community, and on September 3, 1939, France and the United Kingdom declared war on Germany in response to the invasion of Poland.The invasion of Poland had been preceded by months of escalating tensions in Europe. Adolf Hitler, the leader of Nazi Germany, had long harbored expansionist ambitions and had already annexed Austria and Czechoslovakia in the years leading up to the invasion of Poland. The Polish government, led by President Ignacy Moscicki and Prime Minister Felicjan Slawoj Skladkowski, had been aware of the growing threat posed by Germany and had been seeking assurances of support from Western powers.Despite these efforts, the invasion of Poland caught the Polish military off guard. The German forces, equipped with tanks, aircraft, and artillery, quickly overwhelmed Polish defenses. Polish cities, including Warsaw, were subjected to intense bombing campaigns, causing widespread destruction and civilian casualties. The Polish army, though valiantly fighting backagainst the German forces, was ultimately unable to withstand the might of the German war machine.The international response to the invasion of Poland was swift. The League of Nations, the international organization established to preserve peace and security, condemned the invasion and called for a withdrawal of German forces from Polish territory. However, the League was unable to enforce its resolution, and the invasion proceeded unchecked.As the conflict in Poland escalated, tensions in Europe continued to rise. The Soviet Union, seeking to expand its influence in Eastern Europe, signed a non-aggression pact with Germany on August 23, 1939. The pact, known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, included a secret protocol that divided Eastern Europe into spheres of influence between Germany and the Soviet Union. The pact effectively paved the way for the partition of Poland between the two powers.In the weeks following the invasion of Poland, the conflict spread throughout Europe. In April 1940, Germany launched an invasion of Denmark and Norway, followed by the invasion of France, Belgium, and the Netherlands in May. The British Expeditionary Force, sent to support its European allies, was ultimately forced to evacuate from Dunkirk in June 1940.The invasion of Poland and the subsequent events that unfolded in Europe had far-reaching consequences. The war would ultimately claim millions of lives and result in widespread destruction across the continent. The atrocities committed during the war, including the Holocaust and the bombing of civilian populations, would forever scar the collective memory of humanity.On September 1, 1939, the world witnessed the outbreak of a conflict that would shape the course of history for generations to come. The invasion of Poland by German forces marked the beginning of a global conflagration that would engulf the world and forever change the face of Europe. The events of that fateful day serve as a stark reminder of the consequences of unchecked aggression and the importance of upholding peace and security in the face of tyranny.篇3September 1st, 1939 marks a crucial moment in history as it is the day when World War II officially began with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany. This event set off a chain reaction of events that would shape the course of the 20th century and beyond.On that fateful day, German forces invaded Poland from the west, north, and south. The invasion was preceded by weeks of escalating tensions and provocations from the Nazi regime, culminating in a staged attack on a radio station near the Polish-German border. This served as a pretext for Hitler to launch his long-awaited campaign to expand Germany's territory and influence in Europe.The Polish army fought bravely against the German invaders, but they were outnumbered and outgunned. The Luftwaffe's devastating bombing raids destroyed Polish cities and infrastructure, while the ground forces quickly advanced deep into Polish territory. The Polish government and military were forced to retreat to the east, where they hoped to regroup and continue the fight against the Germans.The invasion of Poland triggered the entry of Britain and France into the war, as they had pledged to defend Poland's sovereignty in the event of an attack. However, their response was limited to declaring war on Germany, as they wereill-prepared for a full-scale conflict at that time.The world watched in horror as the conflict in Europe escalated, with millions of lives at stake and the specter of another devastating world war looming on the horizon. Theinvasion of Poland was a stark reminder of the dangers of appeasing aggressive regimes and failing to stand up to tyranny and aggression.In conclusion, September 1st, 1939 is a date that will forever be remembered as the beginning of one of the darkest chapters in human history. The events of that day set in motion a chain of events that would lead to untold suffering, destruction, and loss of life. It serves as a stark reminder of the importance of vigilance, unity, and resolve in the face of aggression and tyranny. May we never forget the lessons of history and strive to build a more peaceful and just world for future generations.。