André Lefevere

Lefevere, along with Gideon Toury, James Holmes and Jose Lambert, can be considered among the foremost scholars who have made translation studies an
autonomous discipline （独立学科 ） . Together with Susan Bassnett he
the ideological constraints—— not only to be limited in the
traditional political sense; and it would seem to be that grillwork of form, convention, and belief which orders our actions the economic provision—— the fact that the patron will give writers and rewriters a pension or will offer them a job to make sure that they could make a living the social status—— the patron will bestow certain proper social position to the translator with the purpose of further controlling the translator
translating because he is manipulated by the three important constraints: ideology(意识形态), poetics（诗学形态） and patronage（赞助人）.
“Translation is, of course, a rewriting of an original text. All rewritings, whatever their intention, reflect a certain ideology and a poetics and as such manipulate literature to function in a given society in a given way. Rewriting is manipulation, undertaken in the service of power, and in its positive aspect can help in the evolution of a literature and a society. ” (Lefevere 2010: preface)
envisaged that “neither the word, nor the text, but the culture becomes the
operational „unit‟ oen hailed as the “real breakthrough for
promoting that author and his works in different cultures.
② Translation as Manipulation
●Any translation implies a degree of manipulation of the source text for some purposes, because translation has to
Ⅱ. Lefevere’s Main Translation Theories
Lefevere was regarded as the pioneer leading “the cultural turn” in the translation studies. He discarded the traditional standard of a valid translation and placed translation activity in the social system. He regarded translation as rewriting and a translator frequently rewrites the original text while
②Poetics——
“what literature should (be allowed to) be”
literary devices, genres, motifs, prototypical characters and situations, and symbols
a concept of what the role of literature is, or should be, in the social system as a whole( 文学在整个社 会体制中的作用）
basic strategy the translator will adopt or the solutions the translator is to take while translating
Translation is a special way of ideology demonstration.
do with authority or power, which is precisely why it has been
and continues to be the subject of so many acrimonious debates. ●He views translation as a manipulating process that subject to a wide range of social and cultural conditions, so the focus of study should be on those socio-historical elements governing the receiving culture and its influence on the process
form of rewriting(改写理论) and the theory of manipulation(翻译操纵论).
Translation Theories Ⅰ. Theoretical Bases
① the Polysystem theory · Itamar Even-Zohar · 1970s · Literary is viewed as a polysystem · For translated literature as a system operating in the larger social, literary and historical systems of the target culture ② the Manipulation theory · Theo Hermans · 1980s · Descriptive study method (translation as a particular political activity, a unique cultural activity and a special literature activity, but not merely a transfer between the source text and the target text)
André Lefevere 安德烈·勒菲弗尔
Fiona
Brief Introduction
André Lefevere, who was born in Belgium in 1945 and died
in America in 1996,is a translation theorist. He studied at the
of translation.
Ⅲ. Three Factors in Rewriting and Manipulation ①Ideology——“what society should (be allowed to)be" (Andre
Lefevere, 2010: 14).
the translator‟s ideology the patronage‟s ideology the world‟s ideology
the field of translation studies”; it epitomized what is termed as “ the coming of age”
of the discipline , an increasing intercultural trend or cultural turn(文化转向).
His most important contributions are in comparative literary studies and translation studies in particular. Drawing upon the notions of polysystem theorists like Itamar Even-Zohar, Lefevere developed the idea of translation as a
the image of a literature work projected by translation the translating strategy
③ Patronage——
“something like the powers (persons, institutions)"
●Patronage “can take the form of individuals (such as the head of a state), political or religious institutions, social classes, publishers, the media or even the readers." ●Three Elements
●Rewriting theory studies the function of translation in the
receiving culture. ●Translation is the most evidently recognizable type of rewriting but also the most influential type of rewriting because it can introduce a writer and his works to another culture,
① Translation as Rewriting ●Rewriting——any form of adaption for the actual text in one way or another, such as plot summaries, reviews, critical articles and translations. This term refers to not only the process of translation but also the product of translation.
University of Ghent(比利时根特大学) from 1964 to1968 and then obtained his PhD at the University of Essex（英国埃塞克斯大学） in 1972. When he died he was the Professor of Germanic Studies at the University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）.